Abstract

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, that is the first law of
thermodynamics. Basic modes of heat transfer such as conduction, convection and
radiation are being further studied for the purpose of application through energy
harvesting. The researchers were fascinated with the idea of scavenging heat from
various motorcycle exhausts as a form of renewable energy.
(needs conclusion and methods gamay)

Introduction
At the present, energy crisis is one of the leading world problems. Through
this, alternative means of producing energy are made and the idea of recycling is
deeply embedded in the minds of the people. Philippines is one of the leading Asian
countries that uses the cars as mode of transportation from personal use to public
utility vehicles. From the Department of Transportation and Communication Land
Transportation Office (DOTC LTO) for 2014 shows a total of 681,033 registered
motor vehicles in the country and 711,910 for the year 2015. A study by the
Philippine Institute for Development studies (2013) revealed that 86 percent of
motor vehicles were private, 13 percent for hire and 1 percent government owned.
In physics, energy is the property of objects which can be transferred from
one object to another and converted into different forms. Heat is energy that
spontaneously passes between a system and its surroundings. Heat is only present
when there is temperature difference. From the first law of thermodynamics, it
states that energy, no matter what form, just transforms. Exhaust is heat energy
that is dissipated from the combustion process it underwent. Heat transfer principle
says that the heat travels at various modes from conduction, convection to
radiation. It is the very purpose of the researchers to take advantage of these three
modes of heat transfer to scavenge exhaust which is another form of heat energy.
In theory, the temperature gradient of a thermoelectric generator can provide
a small amount voltage which can be used to produce electricity. Thermoelectric
generator, also called a Seebeck generator, was discovered by Thomas Johann
Seebeck way back 1821. The said device can be used in recovering waste heat and
converting it into other form of energy which is electrical. Almost all activities today
in the modern world are being run by machine wherein it produces heat and release
it to the environment as waste heat. This study aims to utilize the waste heat
discharged by machines, especially on radiator inlet pipe from the engine, with the
use of thermoelectric generators.

Literature Review
Heat is a form of energy which transfers between bodies which are kept
under thermal interactions. When a temperature difference occurs between two
bodies or a body with its surroundings, eat transfer occurs. There are basically three
modes of heat transfer, namely, conduction, connection and radiation. In this study,
the focus is in conduction. Conduction is the mode of heat transfer when one part of
an object is in physical contact. Hence, Fouriers Law of Conduction can be applied
which is Q= kAdT/dx. Where Q is the heat flow rate by conduction, k is the thermal
conductivity of the material and A is the cross sectional area of the material.
Seebeck effect
The electrons will be excited because of the increase in temperature from the hot
side/ This causes the electrons to move from the hot side towards the cool side. As a
result, a polarity is created due to the high temperature gradient. Thus, creating a
more positive side and a more negative side.

The conversion of temperature difference to electric current and vice-versa is termed as

thermoelectric effect. In 1981, Thomas Johann Seebeck found that a circuit with two dissimilar metals
with different temperature junctions would deflect a compass magnet. He realised that there was an
induced electric current, which by Ampere's law deflect the magnet. Also electric potential or voltage
due to the temperature difference can drive the electric current in the closed circuit.
To measure this voltage, one must use a second conductor material which generates a different
voltage under the same temperature gradient. Otherwise, if the same material is used for
measurement, the voltage generated by the measuring conductor would simply cancel that of the first
conductor. The voltage difference generated by the two materials can then be measured and related to
the corresponding temperature gradient. It is thus clear that, based on Seebeck's principle;
thermocouples can only measure temperature differences and need a known reference temperature to
yield the absolute readings.
The principle behind it states that

V- Voltage difference between two dissimilar metals

a- Seebeck coefficient
Th - Tc - Temperature difference between hot
and cold junctions

There are three major effects involved in a thermocouple circuit: the Seebeck,
Peltier, and Thomson effects.
The Seebeck effect describes the voltage or electromotive force (EMF) induced by
the temperature difference (gradient) along the wire. The change in material EMF
with respect to a change in temperature is called the Seebeck coefficient or
thermoelectric sensitivity. This coefficient is usually a nonlinear function of
temperature.

Peltier effect describes the temperature difference generated by EMF and is the
reverse of Seebeck effect. Finally, the Thomson effectrelates the reversible
thermal gradient and EMF in a homogeneous conductor. Thermocouples generate an
open-circuit voltage, called the Seebeck voltage that is proportional to the
temperature difference between the hot and reference junctions:

Since thermocouple voltage is a function of the temperature difference between

junctions, it is necessary to know both voltage and reference junction temperature
in order to determine the temperature at the hot junction. Consequently, a
thermocouple measurement system must either measure the reference junction
temperature or control it to maintain it at a fixed, known temperature.