1.

INTRODUCTION
The matrix converter providing directly ac-ac power conversion is one of the most interesting
members of the power converter family. Matrix converter firstly introduced in 1976 started to
improving after papers of Venturini and Alesina in 1980. The proposed method by these authors is
known as the Venturini method or the direct transfer function approach. In this method, gate-drive
signals for the nine bidirectional switches are calculated to generate variable-frequency and/or
variable-amplitude sinusoidal output voltages from the fixed-frequency and the fixed-amplitude input
voltages.
The MC has some advantages as follows according to traditional converter Energy regeneration
aptitude to the mains, Sinusoidal input and output currents, Controllable of input displacement factor
regardless of the load, Compact design due to the lack of dc-link components for energy storage.
But the matrix converter has also some disadvantages. First of all it has a maximum input output
voltage transfer ratio limited to 87 % for sinusoidal input and output waveforms. It requires more
semiconductor devices than a conventional AC-AC indirect power frequency converter, since no
monolithic bi-directional switches exist and consequently discrete unidirectional devices, variously
arranged, have to be used for each bi-directional switch. Finally, it is particularly sensitive to the
disturbances of the input voltage system.
The physical realization of the MC is very difficult, and the number of the devices in the power
circuit is higher than that of the inverter. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain an effective model and to test
it before constructing a working prototype of the MC. However, popular circuit-oriented simulation
software packages such as PSPICE, PSIM and MATLAB&SIMULINK have not got the model of an
MC as a standard block in their libraries.

2. BASIC TOPOLOGY
The matrix converter consists of 9 bi-directional switches that allow any output phase to be
connected to any input phase. The circuit scheme is shown in Fig.1. The input terminals of the
converter are connected to a three phase voltage-fed system, usually the grid, while the output terminal
are connected to a three phase current- fed system, like an induction motor might be. The capacitive
filter on the voltage- fed side and the inductive filter on the current- fed side represented in the scheme
of Fig.1 are intrinsically necessary. Their size is inversely proportional to the matrix converter
switching frequency.

Fig.2.1-Circuit scheme of a three phase to three phase matrix converter

With nine bi-directional switches the matrix converter can theoretically assume 512 (29)
different switching states combinations. But not all of them can be usefully employed. Regardless to
the control method used, the choice of the matrix converter switching states combinations (from now
on simply matrix converter configurations) to be used must comply with two basic rules. Taking into
account that the converter is supplied by a voltage source and usually feeds an inductive load, the input
phases should never be short-circuited and the output currents should not be interrupted. From a
practical point of view these rules imply that one and only one bi-directional switch per output phase
must be switched on at any instant. By this constraint, in a three phase to three phase matrix converter
27 are the permitted switching combinations.
A direct MC (DMC) is a single-stage converter with mn bidirectional power switches that
connects an m-phase voltage source to an n-phase load . The DMC of 33 switches,is the most
important from a practical point of view because it connects a three-phase source to a three-phase load,
typically a motor.

Sij(t)=1,switch on
0,switch off
The power filter at the input of the converter mitigates the high-frequency components of the
MC input currents, generating almost sinusoidal source currents and avoiding the generation of
overvoltages. Overvoltages are caused by the fast commutation of input currents due to the presence of
the short-circuit reactance of any real power supply. The inductance of the input filter Lf and capacitor
Cf provide series resonance for any harmonic coming from the three-phase mains and parallel
resonance for current harmonics generated in currents iA,iB, and iC through the operation of the
switches. When the frequency of these harmonics is close to the resonance frequency of the filter,
strong oscillations will appear. The design of the input filter is an important issue in the operation of
the DMC. Due to the presence of capacitors at the input of the DMC, only one switch on each column
can be closed. Furthermore,the inductive nature of the load makes it impossible to interrupt the load
current suddenly, and therefore, at least one switch of each column must be closed.
In order to develop a modulation strategy for the MC, it is necessary to develop a
mathematical model, which can be derived directly
vo = T(Sij)vi
ii=T(Sij)Tio
Where
vo=[va vb vc]T is the output voltage vector,
vi=[vA vB vC]T is the input voltage vector,
ii=[iA iB iC]T is the input current vector,
io=[ ia ib ic]T is the output current vector, and
T(Sij) is the instantaneous transfer matrix of the DMC as a function of the
switches Sij , which is defined as

3. PERFORMANCE
This section gives a short description of what are the performance of a matrix converter. A
qualitative analysis of some performance parameters is carried out. Some numerical results based on
simplified model of a matrix converter system are also shown.
3.1 THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Since no energy storage components are present between the input and output side of the matrix
converter, the output voltages have to be generated directly from the input voltages. Each output
voltage waveform is synthesized by sequential piecewise sampling of the input voltage waveforms.
The sampling rate has to be set much higher than both input and output frequencies, and the duration
of each sample is controlled in such a way that the average value of the output waveform within each
sample period tracks the desired output waveform. As consequence of the input-output direct
connection, at any instant, the output voltages have to fit within the enveloping curve of the input
voltage system. Under this constraint, the maximum output voltage the matrix converter can generate
without entering the over- modulation range is equal to 3/2 of the maximum input voltage: this is an
intrinsic limit of matrix converter and it holds for any control law. Entering in the over- modulation
range, thus accepting a certain amount of distortion in the output voltages and input currents, it is
possible to reach higher voltage transfer ratio . In Fig.2 the output voltage waveform of a matrix
converter is shown and compared to the output waveform of a traditional voltage source inverter
(VSI). The output voltage of a VSI can assume only two discrete fixed potential values, those of the
positive and negative DC-bus. In the case of the matrix converter the output voltages can assume either
input voltage a, b or c and their value is not

time-invariant: the effect is a reduction of the switching

harmonics.

(a)

VSI

(b) Matrix converter

Fig.3.1 Output voltage waveforms generated by a VSI and a matrix converter.

3.2 THE INPUT CURRENT

Likewise to the output voltages, the input currents are directly generated by the output
currents, synthesized by sequential piecewise sampling of the output current waveforms. If the
switching frequency of the matrix converter is set to a value that is much higher than the input and
output frequency, the input currents drawn by the converter are sinusoidal: their harmonic spectrum
consists only of the fundamental desired component plus a harmonic content around the switching
frequency. In Fig.3 the input current drawn by a matrix converter for a 2 kHz switching frequency is
shown. It can be noted that the amplitude of the switching harmonic components is comparable to the
fundamental amplitude. It is then obvious that an input filter is needed in order to reduce the harmonic
distortion of the input line current to an acceptable level. It follows that care should be used in
speaking about matrix converters as an all silicon solution for direct AC/AC power conversion, since
some reactive components are needed. The matrix converter performance in terms of input currents
represent a significant improvement with respect to the input currents drawn by a traditional VSI
converters with a diode bridge rectifier, whose harmonic spectrum shows a high content of low-order
harmonics. By the light of the standards related to power quality and harmonic distortion of the power
supply this is a very attractive feature of matrix converter.

Fig. 3.2- Matrix converter input current and harmonic spectrum (switching frequency 2kHz)

3.3 THE INPUT POWER FACTOR CONTROL

The input power factor control capability is another attractive feature of matrix converters,
which holds for most of the control algorithms Despite of this common capability it is worth noting
that a basic difference exists with respect to the load displacement angle dependency. For instance, the
algorithm does not require the knowledge of the load displacement angle in order to fully control the
input power factor. On the contrary, the algorithm does require the knowledge of the load
displacement angle whenever the reference input power factor is different from unity. From an
algorithm computational burden point of view this is a drawback, since it implies additional quite
heavy calculations.

Fig. 3.3 - Matrix converter input line-to-neutral voltage, instantaneous input current
and its average value. Switching frequency 2kHz.

4. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MATRIX CONVERTER

4.1 THE BI-DIRECTIONAL SWITCH REALIZATION AND COMMUTATION
A first key problem is related to the bi-directional switches realization. By definition, a
bidirectional switch is capable of conducting currents and blocking voltages of both polarities,
depending on control actual signal . But at present time a true bi-directional switch is still not available
on the market and thus it must be realized by the combination of conventional unidirectional
semiconductor devices. Fig.5 shows different bi-directional switch configurations which have been
used in prototype and/or proposed in literature . Another problem, tightly related to the bi-directional
switches implementation, which has represented a main obstacle to the industrial success of the matrix
converter, is the commutation problem. The commutation issue basically rises from the absence, in the
matrix converters, of static freewheeling paths. As consequence it becomes a difficult task to safely
commutate the 20 current from one bi-directional switch to another, since a particular care is required
in the timing and synchronisation of the switches command signals.
a) Diode bridge with a single IGBT
b) Two anti-paralleled IGBT
c) Two anti-paralleled NPT-IGBT

Fig 4.1 Diode bridge with a single IGBT. Fig 4.2 Two anti-paralleled IGBT with series diodes

Fig 4.3 Two anti-paralleled NPT-IGBTs with reverse blocking capability

4.1.1 REALIZATION WITH DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS
The diode bridge bidirectional switch cell arrangement consists of an insulated gate bipolar
transistor (IGBT) at the centre of a single-phase diode bridge arrangement as shown in Fig. 5(a). The
main advantage is that both current directions are carried by the same switching device, therefore, only
one gate driver is required per switch cell. Device losses are relatively high since there are three
devices in each conduction path. The direction of current through the switch cell cannot be controlled.

This is a disadvantage, as many of the advanced commutation methods described later require this.
The common emitter bidirectional switch cell arrangement consists of two diodes and two IGBTs
connected in antiparallel as shown in Fig. 5(a). The diodes are included to provide the reverse blocking
capability. There are several advantages in using this arrangement when compared to the previous
example. The first is that it is possible to independently control the direction of the current. Conduction
losses are also reduced since only two devices carry the current at any one time. One possible
disadvantage is that each bidirectional switch cell requires an isolated power supply for the gate drives.
The common collector bidirectional switch cell arrangement is shown in Fig. 5(b). The conduction
losses are the same as for the common emitter configuration. An often-quoted advantage of this
method is that only six isolated power supplies are needed to supply the gate drive signals . However,
in practice, other constraints such as the need to minimize stray inductance mean that operation with
only six isolated supplies is generally not viable. Therefore, the common emitter configuration is
generally preferred for creating the matrix converter bidirectional switch cells. Both the common
collector and common emitter configurations can be used without the central common connection, but
this connection does provide some transient benefits during switching. In the common emitter
configuration, the central connection also allows both devices to be controlled from one isolated gate
drive power supply.
4.1.2 INTEGRATED POWER MODULES
It is possible to construct the common emitter bidirectional switch cell from discrete
components, but it is also possible to build a complete matrix converter in the package style used for
standard six-pack IGBT modules. This technology can be used to develop a full matrix converter
power circuit in a single package, as shown in Fig. 6.
This has been done by Eupec using devices connected in the common collector configuration
(Fig.7) and is now available commercially . This type of packaging will have important benefits in
terms of circuit layout as the stray inductance in the current commutation paths can be minimized.
If the switching devices used for the bidirectional switch have a reverse voltage blocking
capability, for example, MOS turn-off thyristor (MTOs), then it is possible to build the bidirectional
switches by simply placing two devices in antiparallel.

Fig. 4.4 - Power stage of a matrix converter

Fig. 4.5 The Eupec ECONOMAC matrix module

4.1.3 CURRENT COMMUTATION
Reliable current commutation between switches in matrix converters is more difficult to
achieve than in conventional VSIs since there are no natural freewheeling paths. The commutation has
to be actively controlled at all times with respect to two basic rules. These rules can be visualized by
considering just two switch cells on one output phase of a matrix converter. It is important that no two
bidirectional switches are switched on at any instant, as shown pictorially in Fig. 8(a). This would
result in line-to-line short circuits and the destruction of the converter due to over currents. Also, the
bidirectional switches for each output phase should not all be turned off at any instant, as shown in Fig.
8(b). This would result in the absence of a path for the inductive load current, causing large
overvoltages.15

(a)

(b)

Fig 4.6- (a) Avoid short circuits on the matrix converter input lines. (b) Avoid open circuits on
the matrix converter output lines.
These two considerations cause a conflict since semiconductor devices cannot be switched
instantaneously due to propagation delays and finite switching times.

4.1.4 BASIC CURRENT COMMUTATION

The two simplest forms of commutation strategy intentionally break the rules given above and
need extra circuitry to avoid destruction of the converter. In overlap current commutation, the
incoming cell is fired before the outgoing cell is switched off. This would normally cause a line-to-line
short circuit but extra line inductance slows the rise in current so that safe commutation is achieved.
This is not a desirable method since the inductors used are large. The switching time for each
commutation is also greatly increased which may cause control problems. Dead-time commutation
uses a period where no devices are gated, causing a momentary open circuit of the load. Snubbers or
clamping devices are then needed across the switch cells to provide a path for the load current. This
method is undesirable since energy is lost during every commutation and the bidirectional nature of the
switch cells further complicates the snubber design. The clamping devices and the power loss
associated with them also results in increased converter volume.
4.1.5 CURRENT DIRECTION BASED COMMUTATION
A more reliable method of current commutation, which obeys the rules, uses a four-step
commutation strategy in which the direction of current flow through the commutation cells can be
controlled. To implement this strategy, the bidirectional switch cell must be designed in such a way as
to allow the direction of the current flow in each switch cell to be controlled. Fig. 9 shows a schematic
of a two-phase to single-phase matrix converter, representing the first two switches in the converter
shown in Fig. 1. In steady state, both of the devices in the active bidirectional switch cell are gated to
allow both directions of current flow. The following explanation assumes that the load current is in the
direction shown and that the upper bidirectional switch (SAa ) is closed. When a commutation to SBa
is required, the current direction is used to determine which device in the active switch is not
conducting. This device is then turned off. In this case, device is turned SAa2 off. The device that will
conduct the current in the incoming switch is then gated, SBa1 in this example. The load current
transfers to the incoming device either at this point or when the outgoing device (SAa1 ) is turned
off.The remaining device in the incoming switch (SBa2 ) is turned on to allow current reversals. This
process is shown as a timing diagram in Fig. 10; the delay between each switching event is determined
by the device characteristics.

10

Fig. 4.7. Two-phase to single-phase matrix converter

4.1.6 SOFT-SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
In many power converter circuits, the use of resonant switching techniques has been proposed
and investigated in order to reduce switching losses. In matrix converters, resonant techniques have the
additional benefit of solving the current commutation problem. The techniques developed fall into two
categories: resonant switch circuits and auxiliary resonant circuits. All these circuits significantly
increase the component count in the matrix converter, increase the conduction losses, and most require
modification to the converter control algorithm to operate under all conditions.

11

5. MODULATION TECHNIQUES

5.1 BASIC MODULATION SOLUTION

The modulation problem normally considered for the matrix converter can be stated as follows.
Given a set of input voltages and an assumed set of output currents

(1)

find a modulation matrix M(t)such that

(2)

In (2), is the voltage gain between the output and input voltages.
(3)

(4)

12

There are two basic solutions as shown in equation 3 and 4.

The solution in (3) yields i=o, giving the same phase displacement at the input and output ports,
whereas the solution in (4) yields i=-o ,giving reversed phase displacement. Combining the two
solutions provides the means for input displacement factor control.
This basic solution represents a direct transfer function approach and is characterized by the fact
that, during each switch sequence time (Tseq), the average output voltage is equal to the demand
(target) voltage. For this to be possible, it is clear that the target voltages must fit within the input
voltage envelope for any output frequency. This leads to a limitation on the maximum voltage ratio.

Fig. 5.1. Illustrating maximum voltage ratio of 50%

5.2 VENTURINI MODULATION METHODS
The modulation solutions in (3) and (4) have a maximum voltage ratio (q) of 50% as
illustrated in Fig. 14. An improvement in the achievable voltage ratio to 3/2 (or 87%) is possible by
adding common-mode voltages to the target outputs as shown in (5).

Vo=qVim
...(5)

The common-mode voltages have no effect on the output line-to-line voltages, but allow the target
outputs to fit within the input voltage envelope with a value of q up to 87% as illustrated in Fig. 15.The
common-mode voltages have no effect on the outputline-to-line voltages, but allow the target outputs
to fit within the input voltage envelope with a value of up to 87% as illustrated in Fig. 15.
The improvement in voltage ratio is achieved by redistributing the null output states of the converter
(all output lines connected to the same input line) and is analogous to the similar well-established
technique in conventional dc-link PWM converters. It should be noted that a voltage ratio of 87% is

13

the intrinsic maximum for any modulation method where the target output voltage equals the mean
output voltage during each switching sequence.Venturini provides a rigorous proof of this fact.

Fig. 5.2 - Illustrating voltage ratio improvement to 87%

The first method attributable to Venturini is defined by (3) and (4). However, calculating the
switch timings directly from these equations is cumbersome for a practical implementation. They are
more conveniently expressed directly in terms of the input voltages and the target output voltages
(assuming unity displacement factor) in the form of (6).

...(6)

This method is of little practical significance because of the 50% voltage ratio
limitation.Venturinis optimum method employs the common-mode addition technique defined in (5)
to achieve a maximum voltage ratio of 87%. The formal statement of the algorithm, including
displacement factor control, in Venturinis Algorithm is rather complex and appears unsuited for real
time implementation. In fact, if unity input displacement factor is required, then the algorithm can be
more simply stated in the form of (7)

...(7)

Note that, in (7), the target output voltages vj include the common-mode addition defined in
(5). Equation (7) provides a basis for real-time implementation of the optimum amplitude Venturini
method which is readily handled by processors up to sequence (switching) frequencies of tens of
kilohertz. Input displacement factor control can be introduced by inserting a phase shift between the

14

measured input voltages and the voltages vk inserted into (7). However, like all other methods,
displacement factor control is at the expense of maximum voltage ratio.

Fig.5.3 Typical waveforms (a) Phase output voltage (b) Load current

15

6. PRACTICAL ISSUES
6.1 INPUT FILTERS
Filters must be used at the input of the matrix converters to reduce the switching frequency
harmonics present in the input current. The requirements for the filter are as follows:
1) to have a cutoff frequency lower than the switching frequency of the
converter;
2) to minimize its reactive power at the grid frequency;
3) to minimize the volume and weight for capacitors and chokes;
4) to minimize the filter inductance voltage drop at rated current in order to avoid a reduction in the
voltage transfer ratio.
It must be noticed that this filter does not need to store energy coming from the load. Several
filter configurations like simple LC and multistage LC have been investigated . It has been shown that
simple LC filtering, as shown in Fig. 17, is the best alternative considering cost and size. The matrix
converter is expected to be the pure silicon converter, because it does not need large reactive
elements to store energy.

Fig. 6.1 Matrix converter with LC filter.[1]

However, a recent study revealed that a matrix converter of 4 kW needed a larger volume for
reactive components than a comparable dc-link inverter , although this solution had not been optimized
for volume. Some preliminary research works have been reported concerning the size reduction of the
input filter . Due to the LC configuration of the input filter, some problems appear during the power-up
procedure of the matrix converter. It is well known that an LC circuit can create overvoltage during
transient operation. The connection of damping resistors, as shown in Fig. 17, to reduce overvoltages
is proposed. The damping resistors are short circuited when the converter is running. The damping
resistors connected in parallel to the input reactors is proposed in Fig.6.2.

16

Fig. 6.2- L-C filter with parallel damping resistors[1]

6.2 OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
In a matrix converter, over voltages can appear from the input side, originated by line
perturbations. Also, dangerous over voltages can appear from the output side, caused by an overcurrent
fault. When the switches are turned off, the current in the load is suddenly interrupted. The energy
stored in the motor inductance has to be discharged without creating dangerous over voltages. A clamp
circuit, as shown in Fig. 19, is the most common solution to avoid over voltages coming from the grid
and from the motor. This clamp configuration uses 12 fast-recovery diodes to connect the capacitor to
the input and output terminals. A new clamp configuration uses six diodes from the bidirectional
switches to reduce the extra diodes to six . A different overvoltage protection strategy replaces the
clamp by varistors connected at the input and at the output terminals, plus a simple extra circuit to
protect each IGBT . A controlled shutdown of the converter without using a clamp has been proposed.
This strategy uses controlled freewheeling states to reduce the motor current to zero, avoiding the
generation of over voltages.

Fig. 6.3 Matrix converter with clamp[1]

6.3 RIDE-THROUGH CAPABILITY
Ride-through capability is a desired characteristic in modern drives . A common solution is to
decelerate the drive during power loss, receiving energy from the load inertia to feed the control
electronics and to magnetize the motor. This is achieved by maintaining a constant voltage in the dclink capacitor. Matrix converters do not have a dc-link capacitor and, for this reason, the previously
mentioned strategy cannot be used.

17

Fig. 6.4 Configuration to achieve ride-through capability

Fig. 20 shows a configuration proposed to provide short-term ride-through capability to a
matrix converter using the clamp capacitor as the source for a switch-mode power supply which feeds
the converter control circuit. After detection of a perturbation in the power supply, the motor is
disconnected from the grid, but the switches of the matrix converter do not interruptthe motor currents.
By applying the zero voltage vector (short circuit of the motor leads), the stator currents and the energy
stored in the leakage inductance increases. The disconnection of the active switches originates the
conduction of the clamp capacitor. This energy is then used to feed the control circuits. A flux and
speed observer is used to restart the drive from nonzero flux and speed conditions in the shortest time.

18

7. SIMULATIONS AND RESULT

Fig 7.1 Simulink Model for Venturini Algorithm Based Modulation of Matrix Converter

Fig.7.2 Switching Scheme for Matrix Converter Using Nine Bidirectional Switches

19

Fig.7.3 Modulation Technique (Using Venturini Algorithm)

Fig.7.4 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S11

20

Fig.7.5 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S12

Fig.7.6 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S13

Fig.7.7 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S21

21

Fig.7.8 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S22

Fig.7.9 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S23

Fig.7.10 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S31

22

Fig.7.11 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S32

Fig.7.12 Generation of Gate Signal for Switch S33

Fig.7.13 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"a"

23

Fig.7.14 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"b"

Fig.7.15 Sum of all the three duty cycles for input phase"c"

24

8.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

After two decades of research effort, several modulation and control methods have been
developed for the matrix converter, allowing the generation of sinusoidal input and output
currents, operating with unity power factor using standard processors. The most important
practical implementation problem in the matrix converter circuit, the commutation problem
between two controlled bidirectional switches, has been solved with the development of highly
intelligent multistep commutation strategies. The solution to this problem has been made possible
by using powerful digital devices that are now readily available in the market.
Another important drawback that has been present in all evaluations of matrix converters
was the lack of a suitably packaged bidirectional switch and the large number of power
semiconductors. This limitation has recently been overcome with the introduction of power
modules which include the complete power circuit of the matrix converter
Now, the matrix converter faces a very strong competition from the VSI with a threephase active front end (AFE). This fully regenerative VSI-AFE topology has similar operating
characteristics of sinusoidal input and output currents and adjustable power factor. In addition, the
technology is mature and well established in the market. The real challenge for the matrix
converter is to be accepted in the market. In order to achieve this goal, the matrix converter must
overcome the VSI-AFE solution in terms of costs, size, and reliability.
Future work should focus on the improvement of the developed code to control the
switching of the converter switches to obtain a better performance of the direct matrix converter.
The design of accurate voltage measurement and high sensitivity current direction detection
circuits is necessary. Since safe commutation depends solely on either reliable detection of the
load current direction or accurate voltage measurement. Besides, improvement of both
measurement circuits would solve the exiting problems.
Futhermore, future work would focus on the implementation of soft computing techniques
in matrix converter.

25

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IEEE, Marco Rivera, Member, IEEE, Johan W. Kola,Fellow, IEEE, and Patrick W. Wheeler,
Member, IEEE
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to AC Matrix Converters, Proceedings of IEEE/PESC98, pp. 746-752.

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