Power Transmission, Distribution and

Utilization
Lecture# 8: Characteristics and performance
of power transmission line
Dr.Hadeed AhmedSher
AssistantProfessor,EED
KFUEIT,Pakistan

Slide credits
This presentation is based on the textbook by
D. P. Kotari

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Contents

Introduction
Generalized circuits constants
Classification of a transmission line
Short transmission line
Voltage regulation
Medium transmission line
Comparison of T and model
Assignment # 3

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Introduction
Load flow is maintained such that the voltage
at various nodes is kept approx. constant.
We assume that the transmission (T/M) line is
feeding a balanced load.
Per phase system is usually adopted for the
analysis.
Therefore, we can safely assume that a T/M
line is a two port network.
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Generalized Circuit Constants

Sending end parameters
Voltage Vs
Current Is

Receiving end parameters

Voltage VR
Current VR

This two port network is

Passive (No electrical source source )
Linear ( Impedances does not change with current)
Bilateral ( Impedances are independent of direction of current flow)

Such two port network can be represented as

Equivalent T network as shown above.
Equivalent network
Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

Generalized Circuit Constants

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

Generalized Circuit Constants

We can further simplify these equations as

ABCD are generalized circuit constants.

The relationship between the sending end and
the receiving end parameters is.
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Generalized Circuit Constants

Not that these constants are complex
numbers and the following is true (very
important).

AD-BC=1
For symmetrical network
A and D are equal ,dimensionless and close to 1
B is in ohms ( Its angle is close to 90o)
C is in mhos
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Classification of a T/M line

We classify a T/M because the distance
change its characteristics and hence the
performance.
Short transmission line ( <=100 km)
Medium transmission line ( 100-250 km)
Long transmission line (>250 km)

All subscripts with S represents sending end.

All subscripts with R represents receiving end.
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Short Transmission line

For total 50 Hz shunt admittance (jCL) is
small enough to negligible. Therefore, the
circuit is simple. Here L is the length.

Ref. slide # 7 the matrix can be written as

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

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Short Transmission line

A =1
The sending end and receiving end voltage are roughly
same i.e VS = VR+VZ

B= Z
It is the T/M line impedance

C=0
Because IS=IR and hence no current diverts to the
shunt conductance

D= 1
The sending end and receiving end currents are equal.
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Short Transmission line

= P.F
IS=IR
IR is the
resistive
drop
IX is the
reactive drop
Add them to
get the VS
Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

12

Short Transmission line

Based on the phasor diagram we can write
This is based on Pythagorean theorem
C2=A2+B2

Rearranging the terms

Remember Cos2+Sin2=1
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Short Transmission line

Further simplification results in

Neglecting higher order terms

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Short Transmission line

Here,
The terms with R and X represents the drop across
the line

This holds true for lagging power factor.

For leading power factor the relation between
R and X is subtraction.

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Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is required to keep the voltage
constant.
Rise in voltage at receiving end (percentage of full load
voltage), when full load at a specified power factor is
thrown off:
% regulation = [(VRO-VRL)/VRL] *100

VRO= Receiving end voltage at no load

VRL= Receiving end voltage at full load
For short T/M line
|VRO|= |VS|
|VRL|= |VR|
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Voltage Regulation
Therefore,
Percentage Regulation = (|VS|-|VR|)/|VR|

The numerator here is nothing but the voltage

drop as per the phasor diagram.
The above expression is for lagging power
factor.
For leading power factor the + change to -.
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Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation becomes negative when,
XsinR> RcosR
Or tanR(leading) > R/X

Zero voltage regulation (IDEAL CONDITION)

tanR= R/X = cot
cot= tan (/2- )
Hence , R =(/2- )

Remember cot is reciprocal of tan .

Here is the angle of transmission line impedance.
is power factor angle.
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Medium Transmission Line

Spans over more than 100 km distance. Much used in
small countries like Nepal, Bhutan etc.
Charging currents due to shunt parameters can not be
neglected.

Line admittance is lumped at the receiving end ( L

model).
Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

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Medium Transmission Line

ABCD constants are

Nominal T representation of such T/M line is

Looking from the load

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

20

Medium Transmission Line

Substituting the values in last term

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

21

Medium Transmission Line

Pi model is the last of the three models of T/L.
It is reverse of T i.e. the admittance is divided
into two ends.

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

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Medium Transmission Line

Nominal T and Nominal are not equal
Although both represent the same T/M line
is better than T for some reasons.
We dont increase the number of nodes. Hence
reduced order modeling.
The shunt two branches are close to the load and
source impedance and hence we can combine them.
Therefore, only series impedance is left. Thus load
flow studies are easier
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Comparison of T and model

In T we have 3 nodes.
In we have 2 nodes.
In T the Capacitance is in
the middle and cannot be
combined.

Dr.Sher

Figures from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

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Assignment # 3
Derive the ABCD constants for an
unsymmetrical network.

Dr.Sher

Figure from the textbook Modern Power Systems Analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath

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