An assignment

Presented for the internal calculation

Asked as by Prof Krishna Hachhetu of
Central depart of political science
T U, Kirtipur

GEOPOLITICS
Has its own
implication to domestic politics
With
reference to
Madhesi
uprising in Nepal

PRESENTED BY: SUJAN BANIYA

Acknowledge
The purpose of this assignment is to present the idea of how racial, religious and Ethnic Identities (a scope of
geopolitics) Shape the today Region's Politics, and while providing or justifying the topic with special reference of rising
of the madhesi people (ethnical groups who has been dominated, alienated and pressured to live as a second class
citizen) in the Asia Himalayan nation Nepal.
Today we are hearing every day there is internal conflict and war within nation rather between nation and nation, and
while other nation is directly involving in this kind of domestic conflict . while the major reason for such conflict is due
to the different geopolitics among different ethnical groups, religious groups, racial groups and cultural groups for
historical dominance , inequality of resources , predomination of power and cultural autonomy . Thou geopolitics has its
own scope The classical geopolitics was always underlined under the subject matter of international politics and
international relation with its geopolitical idea on which one nation is superior or inferior due to geopolitics . Classical
Geopolitics has been geographical determination between two nations, and is based on the assumption that geography
defines limits and opportunity in international politics: states and realize their geographical opportunities or became
the victim of their geopolitical situation, one purpose of grand strategy is to exploit ones attributes and an adversarys
geographical vulnerability
Since the end of soviet the multipolar world collapsed and the begin of cultural , ethnical , religious rights give birth
to new behavioral geopolitics which now has narrow the classic geopolitical idea while covering the within domestic
geopolitics( culture , ethnic , religious , social ) differences which affect the national politics , now geopolitics is not a
only international argument but it now cover the area of the domestic geopolitical differences where the special
territorial , indigenous groups , religious groups , cultural groups who have been under the government or elites control
and lack a basic supplement for basic needs and discriminated by the nation are fighting for their right . which can
bring the nation into any kind of situation from war to peace within nation from nation if there right are neglected .so
it directly influenced the domestic politics .As above world is now badly deteriorating due to internal domestic crisis in
internal politics where peace protest has transformed into with brutal war . Syria, Ukraine, Yemen and Iraq are some
of the current geopolitical conflict started within from the minority or differentiate group, where later international
intervention was occurred.

First, geopolitical discourse deals with compelling questions of power and danger in world affairs. The
critical point to grasp at the outset is that geopolitics is already involved in world politics; it is not
separate neutral commentary on it. Second, geopolitics is attractive because it purports to explain a
great deal in simple terms. It provides a framework within which local events in one place can be related
to a larger global picture. Many geopolitical narratives are unframed by essentialized oppositions
between us and them. Whole regions of the world are divided into oppositional zones, a frame working
we can call earth labeling.
Gerard Toal ,Tuathail, Dalby and Routledge, 2006.
Currently in 2072 BS my country Nepal has been also affected by such kind of ethnical conflict an inequality,
discrimination and alienation among the madhesi people makes them rise to their voice in the participation of their
ethnical community in national politics. Which has brought many humanitarian and economic crises while upper classes
centralized government failed to promote their demand.
Geo-politics and domestic politics
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on politics and Geopolitics is a method of
studying policy to understand, explain and predict political behavior through geographical variables. These include area
studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated. The
term geopolitics is understood and used in a variety of ways. Political geographers typically invoke the term with

reference to the geographical assumptions and understandings that influence world politics. Geopolitics can also be
defined as describing geographical setting and their relationship to political power and sorting out spatial framework
embracing political power units such as hemisphere, ocean, land and maritime boundaries, natural resources and
culture. as an interdisciplinary field encompassing topic as diverse as anthropology , cartography , demography ,
economics , geography , international security , military policy , natural resources policy , political science and other
subject . geopolitics is a multifaceted topic essential to understand the multifaceted ways geography and human
behavior have shaped and continue shaping historical current and emerging international political and security
matter ,. Geopolitics focuses on political power in relation to geographic space. In particular, territorial waters and land
territory in correlation with diplomatic history. Academically, geopolitics analyses history and social science with
reference to geography in relation to politics. Topics of geopolitics include relations between the interests of
international political actors, interests focused to an area, particular groups ,space, geographical element or ways,
relations which create a geopolitical system. Geopolitics is not geographical determination, but is based on the
assumption that geography defines limits and opportunity in international politics states and realize their geographical
opportunities or became the victim of their geopolitical situation, one purpose of grand strategy is to exploit ones
attributes and an adversarys geographical vulnerability.
[Geopolitics, the struggle over the control of spaces and places, focuses upon power. In nineteenth
and early twentieth century geopolitical practices, power was seen simply as the relative power of countries
in foreign affairs. In the late twentieth century, definitions of power were dominated by a focus on a countrys
ability to wage war with other countries. However, recent discussions makes geopolitics as a intervening
another country politics as nation cant have all the resources so geopolitics is a intervene through its defect
differences (promoting a certain group with in a nation) for energy, economy and future war preparation.
Colin flint, concept of geopolitics (2006]
While understand domestic politics A significant and growing literature on international relations (IR) argues that
domestic politics is typically an important part of the explanation for states' foreign policies, and seeks to understand
its influence more precisely. While arguing that what constitutes a domestic-political explanation of a state's foreign
policy choices has not been clearly elaborated. What counts as a domestic-political explanation is defined by opposition
to systemic or structural explanations. But these may be specified in several different wayswhich spell out twoeach
of which implies a different concept of domestic-political explanations. Or in simple form domestic politics are a system
of social networking and usage of power within the workplace or an organization. Domestic politics, or office politics,
affect everything from controlling the radio to getting a promotion or pay raise. If a systemic IR theory pictures states
as unitary, rational actors, then a domestic-political explanation is one in which domestic-political interactions in at
least one state yield a suboptimal foreign policy relative to some normative standard
As Colin says the classical relation between geopolitics and national politics were nothing but a control of space and
places and focus on the power which remains till the end of soviet where world two super giant were focused on
gaining more and more military power and distributing through its geopolitics. But as the collapse of soviet which was
basically an economic crises and ethnic domination reason now world is motivated to gain economy and indigenous,
ethnical, religious and cultural rights were uplifted among the groups. Which has certainly brought some human
development but had increased and started many war in world.
No nation is so rich that it have a availability of all kind of resources that is needed for the running of its crucial
interest .so it has to depend upon another nation but instead of depending modern geopolitics introduced the system of
influencing and intervene into that nation politics, supporting the cultural, ethnical, religious and indigenous group
which can easily bring that resources to domain nation. In some cases these domination and influencing goes so wrong
that it turned into the most violent conflict and humanitarian disaster which are as follow

Syria conflict
Syria a middle east country which has become the hotbed for the conflict in following days, the internal geopolitics has
turned so violent that international intervention allying with the different political, ethnical and religious group has
made the nation the most conflicted place in earth , million have died and migrated following the start of the conflict ,
where main cause of the conflict is ethnical , cultural , religious geopolitics .
The Syrian Civil War has been described as an "intensely ethnic, national and
sectarian geopolitical conflict. The cause of conflict can be seen in different ways
in central the unequal distribution of resources to the Sunni Muslim from the
dictator Assad a ruling minority Alawites government (with Alawites being a
largely syncretic Shiite Muslim offshoot from which President Assad's most senior
political and military associates are drawn) who mainly support the Shia Muslim ,
whereas Sunni were pushed back by military government and later Sunni group
formed an armed group9 free Syrian army) under the support of American and its
allied which main motto was to dethrone Assad . on the northern part its a war
between the ethnical group Kurdish and the isis where Kurdish want their own
state and isis is a terrorist group known to follow the strict Sunni Muslim and there motive is to make a Sunni Muslim
nation .whereas in other part its a war between isis, free Syrian army and Assad government or zigzag everywhere is
war in Syria.
Sudan ( Darfur war and break of south Sudan)
Sudan a African country which also faced the great ethnical, racial geopolitical sterility, which later change into the
most violent human massacre where fight between the two ethnical group bring the nation into two part north and
south Sudan, north Sudan is now youngest nation in our earth, where the major side fight for each other dominant
which is majorly known as war in .The W
ar in Darfur bring major
armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, that began in February
2003 when two major ethnical group began fighting the government
of Sudan, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab
population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a
campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted
in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment
of Sudan's president Omar al-Bashir for genocide, war crimes, and
crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court. One side
of the conflict was composed mainly of Sudanese military and police
and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited mostly among
Arabized indigenous Africans and a small number of Bedouin of the
Figure 1in
death
in 2003
by in
un sudan
in sudan
. death
2003
by un
northern Rizeigat; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur
remained uninvolved. The other side was made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily
from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. Although the Sudanese government publicly denies
that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and
coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several
hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations
forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a humanitarian crisis.
Yemen conflict
A year after the conflict in Yemen spread across the country, nearly half its 22 provinces are on the verge of famine and
most of the population need some form of aid, according to the United Nations. Yemen was already mired in a
humanitarian crisis before the violence escalated in March last year, but now its needs are beyond the international aid
agencies' current capacity to respond, the United Nations has said. The warring parties have agreed to a cessation of

hostilities starting at midnight on April 10 and peace talks in Kuwait beginning a week later, the United Nations said on
Wednesday. There have already been several failed attempts to defuse the conflict, which has drawn in regional foes
Saudi Arabia and Iran. President Ali Abdullah Salah was forced to step down in 2011 after widespread protests against
his 33-year rule. A lengthy national dialogue ending in January 2014 failed to generate consensus on power-sharing
arrangements and the future of the south. The Houthis, rebels who hail from northern Yemen where they have fought
the government on and off for more than a decade, marched south in 2014, and by the end of the year had become the
dominant authority in nearly half the country's governorates. They tightened their grip on the capital in January 2015
after rejecting a draft constitution proposed by the government. The Houthis formed an alliance with Saleh, their former
foe, but it remains shaky. They now control the capital Sanaa and other major cities in central Yemen. President AbdRabbu Mansour Hadi fled to Riyadh in March 2015, where he set up a government in exile. That month a Saudi-led
coalition began a military campaign to support him and prevent the Houthis and forces loyal to Saleh from taking
control of the whole country. The internationally recognized government which the Houthis are fighting is now largely
confined to the southern city of Aden. Both the Houthis and the Saudi-led coalition have targeted civilians and some of
the attacks may have been crimes against humanity, U.N. sanctions monitors said earlier this year. Saudi Arabia has
long accused its arch foe Iran of trying to expand its influence in Yemen by helping the Houthis. Meanwhile separatists,
alarmed at the growing chaos in northern Yemen, have intensified calls for greater autonomy or an independent state
for the south. The separatists want to revive a southern socialist state that Saleh united with the north in 1990. They
initially joined the anti-Saleh protesters in 2011, but the two sides later
moved apart.Yemen's unity was troubled from the start and resulted in a
short but bloody civil war in 1994, won by the north. After that many
southerners viewed the north as an occupying force. Yemen has also been
affected by a nascent Islamic State movement and al Qaeda-linked
militants.Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula has expanded its foothold in
the country as the government focuses on its battle with the Houthi
rebels. The United States carries out air strikes against the Islamist
militants. Yemen is the poorest country in the Arab peninsula; it has to
import almost all its food, but the conflict has slowed shipments to a
trickle. The nation's infrastructure is badly damaged, and many health
centers and schools have been forced to close. More than 13 million
Figure 2.who control where of Yemen
people out of a population of 26 million need food aid. About 80 percent of
the population need some kind of aid More than 6,000 people have been killed and 30,000 injured since the start of the
Saudi-led military campaign half of them civilians 1 in 10 Yemenis are displaced, many of them living with host
families Almost 600 health facilities have closed because of damage, or shortages of supplies and medical staff. Others
are operating at much reduced capacity for the same reasons .More than 1.8 million children have been out of school
since mid-March 2015* As of January 2016, some 1,170 schools were unfit for use because of damage, or because they
were sheltering displaced people, or were occupied by armed groups More than 13 million people out of a population of
26 million need food aid. About 80 percent of the population need some kind of aid More than 6,000 people have been
killed and 30,000 injured since the start of the Saudi-led military campaign half of them civilians 1 in 10 Yemenis are
displaced, many of them living with host families .Almost 600 health facilities have closed because of damage, or
shortages of supplies and medical staff. Others are operating at much reduced capacity for the same reasons.
(Nepal is more than just Everest and Kathmandu, a guide to understand Terai and its people)
part 2
The Terai is a plain region which is found on the southern part of the long stretched Nepal. Until the mid-18th century,
the Terai was divided into several smaller kingdoms, and the forests were little disturbed. After the unification of Nepal
in the late 1760s, the rulers granted large areas of fertile land and forest resources to members of the royal family,
officials, priests and selected groups of the society. The beneficiaries of these grants had the right to collect revenues

from cultivated land and forest products. They appointed tax collectors who were also responsible for reclamation of
land and establishment of settlements. In the late 1920s, the Rana rulers ordered the clearing of forests and extraction
of timber for export to India in order to collect revenues. Cleared areas were subsequently used for agriculture .Tharu
people have been living in the Terai for many centuries and reputedly had an innate resistance to malaria. After malaria
was eradicated using DDT in the mid-1950s, people from the hills migrated to the Terai. Timber export continued to
1969. In 1970, the king granted land to loyal ex-army personnel in the districts of Jhapa, Sunsari, Rupandehi and Banka,
where seven colonies were developed for resettling about 7,000 people. They acquired property rights over
uncultivated forest and waste land, thus accelerating the deforestation process in the Terai.
The people now who live in Terai are called madhesi while there is still some contradiction about absolute madhesi as
Tharu are the prime owner of the Terai while other were later migrated when the malaria is desterilized . The Madhesi
are referred as Teraibasi Nepali are an indigenous ethnic group of Nepalese people who are natives of the Madhesh
plains of in Terai. The total land area of the Madhesh is less than 34,109 square kilometers (13,170 sq. mi) and
comprises 20 districts which account for 23.1% of Nepal's total area. According to the population census in 2011, the
Madhesi people made up about 35.9% of the total Nepalese population. In 2001, 47.79% of Nepal's total population of
23.2 million lived in Terai districts with a density of 329 persons/km2.Their name this name refers specifically to the
geographical location of the Terai plains where the Madhesi continue to practice agriculture, their chief means of
securing income and survival. With similar color, origin, culture and tradition like the boarder Indian. The Madhesi are
non-Nepali speaking people residing in Terai (plain) region of Nepal who are culturally distinct from the hill people
Within this large demographic several languages are routinely spoken and are largely dependent on geographical
situation. Many speak Hindi whilst other languages used include Maithili, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Santali and Northern
Bengali. The Madhesi peoples observe a number of varied faiths including Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Islam.
These people are historically, culturally alienated and dominated by the elite class or what so called supreme caste
who used to rule through centralized government in Kathmandu, since the period of shahs they were dominated as a
second class citizen due to their cultural and origin background. in modern period also Those who suffered most due to
the state sponsored migration of population in Terai were the tribal groups like the Tharu, Rajbangsis and Satars. Land
of many of those people was confiscated on one or the other excuse by the clever migrants. A sizeable chunk of those
people were forced to migrate to India. But those who stayed at home in Terai were virtually made Kamaiyas (paupers)
whose only means of survival was to work as slaves in the houses of the hill migrants. As if this was not enough, in
early 1980s a Commission on Internal and International Migration was constituted under Hark Gurung. In this report,
recommendation was made to clear whatever remaining forest that was left along the East West Highway with a view
to settling the hill migrants. Both under the rules of the kings and the Rana, big chunk of land in Terai used to be gifted
to the civil servants, army and family members of the ruling class in the name of birta. A policy was made by the
monarchical institution not to employ the Madhesi in civil service until they got hands from hill elites and even from the
Indian noble families. This deficit of trust towards the Madheshis and Tharus was one of the major reasons why their
presence in the civil service, judiciary and security agencies remained minimal. Even their presence in corporations,
industries and private sector agencies became far from satisfactory. Until mid-1950s, the Madheshis had to receive visa
from the government authorities to enter Kathmandu, the capital city. Even in the matter of citizenship, they were
discriminated a lot. The Madheshis comprise bulk of the stateless citizens in Nepal even to this day. All the major
political parties place several of their candidates in the Terai from the hill elites during the elections, but they never
allow any Madheshis candidate even for the namesake to give tickets in the elections from any of the hill
constituencies. In order to get rid of discrimination, the Terai Congress in 1950 gave a call for federal state for the Terai.
But the idea could not gain much of the currency as the party was defeated in 1959 General Election. After the
restoration of multi-party democracy in 1990, Nepal Sadbhavana Party was formed to protect the interests of the
Madhesi. This party also echoed its voice for federal state. Later on, the idea of federalism was picked by the
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Subsequently, in 2007 there was major Terai uprising, which was controlled only

when the government made formal agreement with the Madheshis leaders for the formation of single autonomous
Madhesh Pradesh with right to self-determination.
Despite all of this diversity, a majority of the Hindu Madhesi observe the rules and delicate structure of a caste society.
The Shah monarchy, so long in power in Nepal, and other groups such as the Chhetris and Bahuns have been
responsible for the political and cultural subjugation of the Madhesi in the past. Holding a monopoly over government,
the military and administration at various times in the past, these cultures extolled a one nation, one culture policy to
the detriment of the Madhesi and other minority groups. The Pahadi Chhetris for example, highlanders who viewed
the Madhesi as Un-Nepalese due to their appearance, initiated land grabs having moved into the Terai in the Twentieth
Century. Instilling a strict hierarchy of ownership they threatened Madhesi subsistence and disempowered them to
mount a political challenge.so they have been always dominated , alienated by the Nepalese higher caste centralized
government , The Madhesi are an exceptionally numerous group in comparison to many other indigenous groups. In
1991 the Madhesi population accounted for forty percent of the entire Nepali population. Little changed until the
Twenty First Century despite a peoples movement in the nineties. In the aftermath of a bloody civil war the Republic of
Nepal was established in 2008 and two ethnic Madheshis have since held the office of president and vice president.
Access to political recognition has improved and the Madhesi now reportedly have a greater chance of gaining paid
work and of securing legal aid. Unfortunately in the present day, though some problems have been addressed, others
remain and new ones have arisen. Civil service affairs continue to be conducted solely in the Nepali language, limiting
access to this important area to speakers of other previously mentioned dialects. More disturbing than this has been
the rise of minority factions such as the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (MJF), a group supposedly formed to fight for
Madhesi rights but which has been implicated in terror activities and human rights violations against other indigenous
and political groups. This faction has now splintered but non-Madhesi peoples are concerned over the ideology of
Madhesi movements like the MJF who they perceive to favor an assimilatory one Madhes, one province policy.
Evidently these fears echo those historically suffered by the Madhesi themselves and extremist factions do currently
pose a challenge to the peaceful coexistence of different groups in the region, threatening to effect an ironic reversal of
historical sufferings.
Madhesi andholan 2072 and there demand
Nepals new constitution was promulgated on 20th
September 2015. But that hardly satisfied the Madhesi
and
Tharus of Terai population.as there previous right
preserved in 2068 constitution were not accepted in
new constitution and they think the demarcation of
seven federal provinces in the constitution to be unfair .
Only a patch of eight districts in the region were given
the
status of state in Terai; while the remaining 14 districts
were carved with the hill districts with the sole purpose
of
converting the local people into minority. In doing so,
the
Madheshis and Tharus were sidelined in the entire
constitution making process due to the distrust towards
them. Of course, Vijay Kumar Gachhadar-led Madhesi
Janadhikar ForumDemocratic was initially involved in constitution drafting process, but later on he had no option left
but to quit the alliance as his voice was not entertained. Consequently, the major Madhesh-based parties did not sign
constitution which had serious flaws. Provision was made for 165 member parliament in the new constitution. But the
constituencies were developed in a way that the people of hill and mountain region get 100 seats, though their share in
Nepals total population is less than 50 per cent. On the other hand, the Terai region inhabits over half of the countrys
population, but it has been allocated only 65 seats. Because of the insensitivity towards the demands of the Madheshi

parties, a call was given by Unified Democratic Madhesi Front and Tharuhat/Tharuwan Joint Struggle committee for
indefinite strike in Terai beginning from August 8. The security personnel used excesses force to suppress the agitation.
Even the army was mobilized for this purpose. But the situation deteriorated fast. During last one-and-half month of the
protest, over 46 people, including the protesters and ten security personnel were killed. Besides, thousands of
protesters have been badly injured. Many people have taken asylum in India. Almost all the Terai districts have turned
into war-like zones. Immediately after the promulgation of constitution, the ruling political parties including Nepali
Congress and CPN-UML celebrated diwali, while the Madheshi political parties and Tharuhat Struggle Committee
observed it as a black day. Both within and outside the country, the new constitution was welcomed by one community,
but it was burnt by the others. The country is now widely polarized in support and against the constitution. China,
Pakistan and a few other countries have welcomed the new constitution, but India did not follow the suit, which is
ominous. Because it carry its self-interest among these madhesi people as they are closer linked to Indian culture
rather than hill .
Figure 3 a federal map madhesi and tharu wants
.The declaration of strike was announced on 23
September 2015 after Kathmandu became unable to provide the suitable solution and denounced the madhesi
andholan as unnecessary while centralized media also criticized the madhesi andholan which create the most inhuman
economic and humanitarian crisis which has severely affected Nepal and its economy , all the major road which are the
major financial transit were blocked by the madhesi as being a landlocked country and dependency on Indian goods
and due to lack of good road to another transit from china Nepal. They stress out that the strike will open up only if
these demands were fulfilled.
Formation of two autonomous states in the Terai one from Jhapa to Parasi to be called Mithila state with Janakpur as
its capital and the other from Chitwan to Kanchanpur to be called Buddha State with Lumbini as its capital;
Provision of 83 parliamentary seats in Terai; Reservation of seats for the Madheshis and Tharus in administrative,
security, judiciary and diplomatic services on the basis of their population; Adequate representation of Madhesi and
Tharus in decision-making process in all constitutional bodes, including in Public Service Commission at the central and
state levels; Formation of an independent commission to investigate the excesses done and punish the culprits.

Impact of strike and madhesh andolan

The ordinary household has been hard hit. Inability to get gas supplies for cooking has compelled the people to starve
for many days. Similarly, an acute shortage of kerosone as well as petrol and diesel has crippled the ordinary lives of
the people, particularly of the Kathmanduites who have been accustomed to LPG and petro-products so much so that
around a third of the national budget is currently being spent on the import of these items in the country.

Neither educational institutions nor industries have been

spared. Students find it very difficult to engage in creative
activities during off days. Experts have warned that this
might even increase frustration and mental stress among
the students over the years. In the employment sector,
factories and industries have put their employees on lay-off
in the absence of a working environment. This has hard hit
the wage labourers the most. Worse, industralists have been
compelled to pay heavy interest rates although they are not
being able to resume their work. Amid such a scenario, all
of us need to think of alternative ways of living and
economising
various aspects of our day-to-day
expenses.Nearly all sectors of the economy have taken a
severe hit, from tourism to transport to domestic factories to
Figure 4: A person selecting wood as cooking gas are
agriculture. The once vigorous construction industry had
already come to a standstill before the blockade due to quake fears, new enforcement of building code, and monsoon
issues, most reconstruction work has been put off until after the monsoon. Tourism, a mainstay of hard currency,
already saw 40% cancellation post-quake, since then new advisories from Germany to US have been issued due to
Madhesi related issues. many restaurants remain closed in tourist zones and transport remains at best a hack. Basic
goods, mostly imported from India, remain in short supply. Some 14 Nepali pharmaceutical factories remain shut,
causing widespread shortages in medicine, including for infectious diseases like Tuberculosis which of course do not
respect borders, some 90 percent of raw and packaging materials usually enter from Birgunj customs point . People
have resorted to illegal imports of medicines from India, putting patients at risk. The most acute shortages of medicines
in Kathmandu are for Intensive Care Unit such as high blood pressure, diabetes, anesthesia, injectable antibiotics, and
hyperbaric oxygen.In more remote areas zero supplies of medicines have come within 2 months, resulting in complete
lack of medicines including vaccines and Oxygen. Rice paddy production was already forecast to shrink by 18-20
percent due to several factors. The poor South Asian monsoon and chemical fertilizer shortage, improper seeds from
post-quake international donations not suited to climate account for some 10% of the expected crop (half of the crop
failure),
however due to the fuel crisis the figure is expected to worsen sharply as machinery and fertilizer are
affected.
manpower is limited due to mass overseas migration of young males, disproportionately leaving elderly and children
behind to tend to farms. To provide heat, people have been increasing turning to electric heaters, causing increasing
burden on electricity transmission and supply, with some 530 transformers having already exploded as of December
.

As issue of post-quake vulnerability became lost

in the increasingly vocal information war
between Kathmandu and New Delhi, a major
humanitarian crisis has erupted at a time when
international agencies are stretched very thin
due to El Nino related agricultural disasters as
well as exploding conflict in Syria, Yemen, and
their spawned refugee crises. UNICEF has
followed with a warning echoing US embassy
statements about the looming humanitarian
disaster, citing 3 million children at risk of
disease and death in Nepal alone.On a separate
note, while governments focus on immediate
needs and politics, misanthropes take advantage
of the situation, in particular Human trafficking;
Figure 5. Passenger using the roof of bus to travel as fuel is
some 400 girls whom have entered India from
insufficient to run more bus.
Nepal have gone missing.in terai At least 40
people, including children and several police, have died in violent demonstrations that began in August and escalated
last month when protesters blocked the border entry points between Nepal and India, cutting off vital supplies,
including petrol and cooking gas, to the landlocked country.Government officials have claimed that India has been
providing tacit support to the protesters, by refusing to let trucks enter Nepal, a charge that India reject .
The strike was only halted only nepalese primeminister k p sharma oli visited the india , and talk between the different
madhesi party and other major party are still under going .

Conclusion
Almost every day we can hear and read about geopolitical tensions and ethnic conflicts in different corners of the
world. For years Iran and the Strait of Hormuz have been the center of attention. Syria, too, has been regularly in the
news, as have been countries Israel, Egypt, Libya and Bahrain. However, its is not just about the Middle East.
Geopolitical conflicts are, unfortunately, part of the human experience: they range from Latin America (e.g. Chile),
Europe (e.g. Yugoslavia) and Africa (e.g. Rwanda and Burundi) to South Asia Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (e.g. East
Timor), East Asia (e.g. Tibet) and ukraine .
The geopolitical situation of the early 21st century gave a new boost to studies of the regional structuralization
principles for the geopolitical and geo-economic space of the entire continent.This revived the conceptions formulated

by Halford Mackinder in the early 20th century and his opponent, Nicholas Spykman, somewhat later. They offered very
original approaches to the regional geopolitical structuralization of the world and the identification of the functional
value of its spatial segments . but today the geopoliticsl theory now doesnt stay on the two different country terrotarial
structure it has evolved from the boarder to the home grown problem , now geopolitics has its own deep rooted
conception instead of one world , one people , brotherhood perception of world it is leading toward different group of
people , different religious groups , different racial group .
Globalization stimulates intensification and deepening of political, economic and cultural interactions within and
between regions, bringing about the actual widening of certain regions at the expense of adjoining political areas.
Accordingly, considering the geopolitics and geo-economics of this region, one has also to take into account adjoining
regions/states. This necessitates applying the term Great to the regions under consideration.. Autarchic development
belongs to the times of classical geopolitics. Today, under the conditions of globalization, none of the states can
achieve self-sufficiency, at least from the point of view of economic expediency. This is reflected in the processes
underway in each of the segments of the all continent and among them.. This means that achieving a full
understanding of them requires a wide, macro-regional approach to the structuralization of the allexpanse..The
countries included in the world , it could be said, have no common past, ideologies, ethnic affiliation, or axiological
systems. This means that they would not be able to organize and administer themselves, or move toward the common
development trends of theworld and the entire planet. In fact, some integration potential of the Pivot Area is rooted in
the common historical past of the peoples of earth lived side by side in nearly all the empires, which inevitably caused
ethnic mixing and cultural, linguistic, economic, and technological affinity). So far, however, the sociopolitical and
historical writings have failed to provide objective descriptions of these historical periods and events that, in turn,
greatly interfere with the speedy integration of the Pivot Area and the all continent as a whole.
Until there is no equal distribution , protection and oppurtunity among the people there is always a chance that
geopolitcs will play its own implicational role in the domestic or international politics to create any form, which could
lead to any form of crisis , peace or war .