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CHAPTER 7: MUSCULAR SYSTEM

I. Functions
1. Movement of the body
2. Maintenance of the body
3. Respiration
Muscle of the thorax
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Constriction of organs & blood vessels
Smooth muscles
7. Contraction of the heart
II. Characteristics
Skeletal muscle/Striated muscle
Characteristics:
1. Contractility
Shorten with force
2. Excitability
Respond to stimulus
3. Extensibility
Stretching after contracting
4. Elasticity
Recoil to original resting length
III. Structure
A. Connective Tissue Coverings (fascia)
Epimysium/Muscular Fascia: Dense
collagenous Sheath surrounding each
muscle
Perimysium: FIbrous CT -- Subdivides
each whole muscle into bundles
(Fasciculi)
Endomysium: Reticular CT -- Subdivides
each fascicle into fibers

B.

Figure 1:
Epimysium

Muscle Fiber Structure

A muscle fiber is a cylindrical fiber with several


nuclei at periphery
Sarcolemma: Cell Membrane,
where nuclei is located
Transverse Tubules / T tubules:
Tubelike invaginations bound
on the surface of sarcolemma

Occur at regular
intervals and extend
inward
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum ; Where sarcolemma
and T Tubules connect to each
other

High concentration of
Ca+
Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm,
contains myofibrils

Myofibrils: Threadlike
structure that extend
from one end of the
muscle fiber to the
other

Contains 2 kinds of
protein fiber which are
arranged in repeating
units -- Sarcomeres
a. Actin Myofilaments
b. Myosin Myofilaments
C. Actin Myofilaments (Thin Filaments)
Actin: two minute strands of
pearls twisted together;
attachment sites for myosin
myofilaments
F Actin: Consists of G Actin
which contains the active site
to which myosin heads attach
during contraction
Troponin: Attached along
specific intervals along actin
myofilaments ; Has bonding
sites for Ca+
Tropomyosin: Located along
groove between twisted
strands of actin myofilament
subunit.

Block myosinmyofilament binding

on unstimulated
muscle
No Ca+ = Tropomyosin
block attachment sites
on actin
With Ca+ = Ca+ binds to
Troponin = tropomyosin
exposes actin
attachment site

D. Myosin Myofilaments ( Thick myofilaments)


Myosin Head: Golf club, with ATPase,
which breaks down ATP
Hinge: Enables the head to move
Rod
Properties:
1. Head attaches binding sites of actin
2. Bend and straighten during contraction
3. Break down ATP = Release Energy
Cross bridge: Formed when myosin head
bind to the active site of G Actin
E. Sarcomere
A sarcomere the basic structural unit of a
skeletal muscle ; smallest portion capable of
contracting
Z Disc: cone shape Network of protein
fibers forming an attachment site for
actin
Light I (Isotropic) Band: Spans each Z
disc, contains actin only, ends at
myosin filament
A (Amisotropic) Band: Extends length
of myosin ; At the end of A band Actin
and myosin overlap
H Zone: Second light zone, located in
the center of sarcomere; Contains
myosin only ; why myosin and actin
dont overlap
M Line: Dark staining band, because of
protein desmin, located in the center of
sarcomere, where myosin is anchored
6 actin myofilaments surround a
myosin filament
Thin filaments extend across I band
and partly into A band
Alternating I band and A band of sarcomere
Striations

IV. Excitability of Muscle Fibers


A. Electrical charge difference
Excitation-contraction coupling: linking
electrical signal to contraction
The Cell membrane is polarized They have
an electrical charge difference across the cell
membrane

Positively charged outside

Negatively charged inside


Protein- is trapped inside
because the cell membrane is
impermeable to them
Action potential: Positive inside, negative
outside
Resting membrane potential: Negative inside,
positive outside
Resting membrane potential: The charge
difference caused my the uneven distribution
of ions. It develops because of:
1. The concentration of K+ inside is larger
than outside
2. The concentration of Na+ outside is
larger inside
3. Cell membrane is more permeable to K

ion channels
1. Non Gated/Leak: Open
always
2. Chemically Gated:
Closed unless a
neurotransmitter binds
to them

Ion channels
1. Ligand gated
2. Voltage Gated
Resting membrane potential is an equilibrium
in which the want of K+ to go out of the cell is
prohibited by the action of Na+ which attracts
more K+
Depolarization: Change in membrane potential
Repolatization: Change back to resting
membrane potential
Action potential: Rapid depolarization (Because
of opening na channels) and repolarization (Na
Close, K open); Action potential Contraction
B.

Motor Neurons: From somatic nervous system,


specialized nerve cells that stimulate muscles
to contract
Motor neurons generate action potential
Axons of neurons connect to sarcolemma then
enter the muscle & send out branches to
muscle fibers Each branch forms a
neuromuscular junction with a muscle fiber
Synapse: Cell to cell junction between a nerve
cell and a nerve cell/ effector cell
Neuromuscular junction: Located at the center
of a muscle fiber. Formed from:
1. Axonal ending: Small membrane sacs
(synaptic vesicles) Contain Ach
2. Motor end plate of muscle: Sarcolema,
Contains Ach receptor
Motor Unit: A single motor neuron & all the
fibers it affects
Axon Terminal: Presynaptic Terminal ; Muscle
fiber membrane: Post Synaptic terminal
Synaptic cleft: Space between presynaptic and
post synaptic terminal
Each presynaptic terminal contains synaptic
vesicles which contain acetycholine (Ach)

Neurotransmitter released by
presynaptic nerve that
stimulates/inhibits postsynaptic
cell
Action potential to presynaptic terminal Ca+
Channels open Ca+ ions enter presynaptic
terminal vesicles release acetycholine in
synaptic cleft through exocytosis
Acetycholine binds to acetycholine receptor
sites on Na+ channels in the muscle fiber
membrane Open Na+ channels Na+ to go
to postsynaptic cell muscle fiber Poststnaptic
depolarize reach threshold release action
potential Ach is removed from ligand gated
Na channels then close Acetylcholinesterace
which is attached to postsynaptic removes
acetycholine from synaptic cleft by breaking
them into acetic acid and choline Choline,
together with Na goes to presynaptic terminal
(recycle to make Ach)
Acetylcholinesterace: enzyme that breaks
down acetycholine to ensure that one action
potential in the neuron = one action potential
in the muscle fiber = one contraction only ;
They are attached to the post synaptic

C. Muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling: linking
electrical signal to contraction
Contraction happens when actin and myosin
slide past each other (Sliding filament model)

Sarcomeres (head-head
connection of myofibrils)
shorten

Myofibrils shorten

Entire muscle shorten

Actin and myosine do not


shorten

H zone and I band shorten

No change in A band
Action potential sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Adjacent to T tubules wrapped around
sarcomeres & penetrate anterior at A band I
Band junction) more permeable to Ca+ Ca+
goes to the sarcoplasm Ca binds to troponin
tropomyosin move into the groove with actin
Myosin attachment site on the actin
myofilament is exposed heads of the
myosin attaches to the exposed site in actin
myofilament creates Cross bridge between
actin and myosin filaments
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): energy for
contraction; energy released by metabolism
ATP ADP + P

Energy released from ATP is stored in


myosin head
Energy is used for the
movement of myosin head to
the center of the sarcomere
Actin and myosine slide past
ADP and P is released
ATP attaches to head of myosin Cross bridge
formation ADP and P Myosin original place
CONTINUE CYCLE

As long as Ca+ remains attached to the


troponin & ATP is available
Rigor mortis: No atp is available during death =
rigid muscles
During cross bridge formation, heat is released

In relaxation, sarcomeres lengthen which


requires an opposing force

Ca is transported back to sarcoplasmic


reticulum
Sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
that runs longitudinal and
surrounds each fibril, paired
terminl cisternae form
perpendicular cross channels;
Triad; 1 T Tubule and 2 terminal
cisternae
Attachment site on actin
myofilament is covered again
with tropomyosin to avoid cross
bridge
D. Muscle twitch, summation, tetanus,
recruitment
1. Muscle Twitch is the contraction of the all
muscle fiber in a motor unit in response to a
stimulus. It has 3 phases
1. Lag/Latent: Time between application
of stimulus and the start of contraction
Axon travels along the
neuromuscular junction
Release of Ach from
presynaptic to the synaptic
cleft bind to receptor
enter Na+ Action potential on
postsynaptic Release of Ca
from sarcoplasmic reticulum
cross bridge formation
2. Contraction: muscle contracts; It
results from the cross bridge formation
which increases the tension
Multiple motor unit summation: Stimuli
of creasing strength result in graded
contraction of increased force as more
motor units are recruited
Multiple wave summation: Stimulus of
increasing frequency increase force of
contraction
How to produce more muscle force:
Recruitment: Increasing
number of fibers contracting;
Maximum force happens when
all motor units in the muscle is
activated

If all motor units are activated


= actions will be jerky and
quick
If recruited gradually, some are
in tetanus while some are
recruited, crontractions are
slow, smooth and sustained
thus smooth relaxation
happens
Summation: Increasing force in
the muscle fibers within the
muscles ; One contraction is
added to another; Low
frequency = longer relaxation
Tetanus: Sustained relaxation,
NO RELAXATIO; Ca builds up in
myofibrils cross bridge
formation & Cycling
Treppe: Increase in force during the
first few contraction
3. Relaxation: Muscle relaxes
V. Fiber types
They are classified based on differences in rod
portion of the myosin filament
1. Slow Twitch
Type I Myosin slowest but can
sutain the most; aerobic only
2. Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic
Fatigue resistance, rely on
aerobic and anaerobic
Type IIa in the middle
3.

Fast twitch glycolytic


Type IIb myosin as the fastest
but cannot sustain
Fatigable, anaerobic only, w/
glycerin

VI. Energy requirements for muscle contraction


ATP is derived from:
1. Aerobic production
2. Anaerobic production
3. Creatine phosphate ATP
4. 2 ADP 1ATP + 1 AMP
A.
Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria,
breaks down glucose ATP + CO2 + H2O ; It
can also process lips, amino acid; Slow twitch
fibers; 38 ATP produced

Anaerobic breaks down glucose ATP +


Lactate ; Fast twitch; 2 ATP produced
Type II break down glucose Lactate
Shuttled to Type I ATP / blood to produce
more glucose
B.
Energy can be stored through creatine
phosphate which is produced from an excess
ATP from relaxation 1 atp
ATP Dependent enzymes

Myosin Head

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca reuptake pump

Na/K pump for resting membrane


potential
If Atp declines:

An enzyme transfers one P from ADP to


another ADP 1ATP + 1AMP
AMP triggers a switch from
anaerobic to aerobic respiration
of blood glucose and fatty acids
Recovery Oxygen Consumption: Amount of O2
needed in chemical rx to:
1. Lacate Glucose
2. Replenish ATP and Creatine Phosphate
3. Replenish O2 in the lungs, body,
muscles
C. Fatigue is the temporary state of reduced
work capacity, without fatigue Structural
damage
What causes fatigue
1. Acidosis and ATP depletion: Increase of
anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration:
Breaking down of glucose
Lactate and protons Low pH
Ineffectiveness of Ca
Increase in lactate are seen in
patients with mitochondrial
disorders and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease

2.

Oxidative Stress: increase in ROS


production Break down of protein,

lipid and nucleic acid


ROS trigger interleukin (1L)-6
Mediator of inflammation
3.

Local inflammatory reactions: TLymphocytes, a type of WBC, go to


heavily worked muscles

Types of fatigue:
1. Physiological contracture: muscles
incapability of relaxing/contracting
Too little ATP
2. Physiological: CNS
VII. Effect of fiber type on activity Level
Myoglobin: More blood supply, thus darker
appearance
Exercise increases:
Blood supply
Number of mitochondria
Number of myofibrils and myofilaments

Hypertrophy: Enlargement of muscle


Aerobic exercise: increase vascularity,
greater hypertrophy of slow twitch
fibers
Intense anaerobic: Greater hypertrophy
of fast than slow
Atrophy: Decrease in size
Weight training: type IIB myosine will be
replaced by type IIa
Satellite cells: undifferentiated cells below
endomysium which will come out in case of
injury
Muscle tone: Constant tension produced by
body muscles over long periods of time
Asynchronous contraction: smooth, steady
muscle contraction
A. Types of muscle contraction
1. Isometric
Length does not change but the
tension

2.

Isotonic
Length changes not the tension
Concentric: muscle tension
increases as the muscle
shortens
Eccentric: Tension is
maintained but the opposing
resistance causes the muscle
to lengthen

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