Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Functions
1. Movement of the body
2. Maintenance of the body
3. Respiration
Muscle of the thorax
4. Production of body heat
5. Communication
6. Constriction of organs & blood vessels
Smooth muscles
7. Contraction of the heart
II. Characteristics
Skeletal muscle/Striated muscle
Characteristics:
1. Contractility
Shorten with force
2. Excitability
Respond to stimulus
3. Extensibility
Stretching after contracting
4. Elasticity
Recoil to original resting length
III. Structure
A. Connective Tissue Coverings (fascia)
Epimysium/Muscular Fascia: Dense
collagenous Sheath surrounding each
muscle
Perimysium: FIbrous CT -- Subdivides
each whole muscle into bundles
(Fasciculi)
Endomysium: Reticular CT -- Subdivides
each fascicle into fibers
B.
Figure 1:
Epimysium
Occur at regular
intervals and extend
inward
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum ; Where sarcolemma
and T Tubules connect to each
other
High concentration of
Ca+
Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm,
contains myofibrils
Myofibrils: Threadlike
structure that extend
from one end of the
muscle fiber to the
other
Contains 2 kinds of
protein fiber which are
arranged in repeating
units -- Sarcomeres
a. Actin Myofilaments
b. Myosin Myofilaments
C. Actin Myofilaments (Thin Filaments)
Actin: two minute strands of
pearls twisted together;
attachment sites for myosin
myofilaments
F Actin: Consists of G Actin
which contains the active site
to which myosin heads attach
during contraction
Troponin: Attached along
specific intervals along actin
myofilaments ; Has bonding
sites for Ca+
Tropomyosin: Located along
groove between twisted
strands of actin myofilament
subunit.
on unstimulated
muscle
No Ca+ = Tropomyosin
block attachment sites
on actin
With Ca+ = Ca+ binds to
Troponin = tropomyosin
exposes actin
attachment site
ion channels
1. Non Gated/Leak: Open
always
2. Chemically Gated:
Closed unless a
neurotransmitter binds
to them
Ion channels
1. Ligand gated
2. Voltage Gated
Resting membrane potential is an equilibrium
in which the want of K+ to go out of the cell is
prohibited by the action of Na+ which attracts
more K+
Depolarization: Change in membrane potential
Repolatization: Change back to resting
membrane potential
Action potential: Rapid depolarization (Because
of opening na channels) and repolarization (Na
Close, K open); Action potential Contraction
B.
Neurotransmitter released by
presynaptic nerve that
stimulates/inhibits postsynaptic
cell
Action potential to presynaptic terminal Ca+
Channels open Ca+ ions enter presynaptic
terminal vesicles release acetycholine in
synaptic cleft through exocytosis
Acetycholine binds to acetycholine receptor
sites on Na+ channels in the muscle fiber
membrane Open Na+ channels Na+ to go
to postsynaptic cell muscle fiber Poststnaptic
depolarize reach threshold release action
potential Ach is removed from ligand gated
Na channels then close Acetylcholinesterace
which is attached to postsynaptic removes
acetycholine from synaptic cleft by breaking
them into acetic acid and choline Choline,
together with Na goes to presynaptic terminal
(recycle to make Ach)
Acetylcholinesterace: enzyme that breaks
down acetycholine to ensure that one action
potential in the neuron = one action potential
in the muscle fiber = one contraction only ;
They are attached to the post synaptic
C. Muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling: linking
electrical signal to contraction
Contraction happens when actin and myosin
slide past each other (Sliding filament model)
Sarcomeres (head-head
connection of myofibrils)
shorten
Myofibrils shorten
No change in A band
Action potential sarcoplasmic reticulum
(Adjacent to T tubules wrapped around
sarcomeres & penetrate anterior at A band I
Band junction) more permeable to Ca+ Ca+
goes to the sarcoplasm Ca binds to troponin
tropomyosin move into the groove with actin
Myosin attachment site on the actin
myofilament is exposed heads of the
myosin attaches to the exposed site in actin
myofilament creates Cross bridge between
actin and myosin filaments
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): energy for
contraction; energy released by metabolism
ATP ADP + P
Myosin Head
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca reuptake pump
2.
Types of fatigue:
1. Physiological contracture: muscles
incapability of relaxing/contracting
Too little ATP
2. Physiological: CNS
VII. Effect of fiber type on activity Level
Myoglobin: More blood supply, thus darker
appearance
Exercise increases:
Blood supply
Number of mitochondria
Number of myofibrils and myofilaments
2.
Isotonic
Length changes not the tension
Concentric: muscle tension
increases as the muscle
shortens
Eccentric: Tension is
maintained but the opposing
resistance causes the muscle
to lengthen