4.

0 Results
4.1 Standard curve for the methylene blue dye from the stock solutions.
Table 1: Absorbance at 664 nm read at different dye concentrations
Dye Concentration (mg/l)
0.00
3.33

Dye Concentration
(mg/25ml)
0.0000
0.0832

Absorbance
at 664 nm
0.0000
1.5480

6.67

0.0167

1.6180

10.00

0.2500

1.7670

13.33

0.3330

1.9940

16.67

0.4170

2.1050

Standard Curve for the Methylene Blue Dye

2.5
2

f(x) = 0.12x + 0.35

R = 0.85

1.5

Absorbance at 664 nm

Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)

1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Dye Concentration (mg/l)

Figure 1: Standard Curve for Methylene Blue Dye

4.2 The dye concentration (mg/l), C e obtained from the standard curve of methylene
dye, Figure 1 from their respective absorbance read at every 15 mins interval.
Table 2: Absorbance at 664nm of control and PC activated at every 15 mins interval and
respective dye concentration (mg/l), C e
Contact

C e , mg/l

Absorbance at 664 nm

Time, min

Control

PC activated

Control

PC activated with

0
15
30
45
60

1.297
0.579
0.510
0.496
0.382

with carbon
1.297
0.493
0.452
0.339
0.262

7.7398
1.9024
1.3415
1.2276
0.3008

carbon
7.7398
1.2033
0.8699
-0.0488
-0.6748

Ce is concentration of dye solution in mg/l which is obtained from standard curve

according to the respective absorbance read at 664 nm. The standard curve has equation
which is y = 0.1233 x + 0.345, where y is absorbance at 664 nm while x is the dye
concentration in mg/l.
For Control:
When t = 0, y = 1.297, 1.297 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 7.7398
When t = 15, y = 0.579, 0.579 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 1.9024
When t = 30, y = 0.510, 0.510 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 1.3415
When t = 45, y = 0.496, 0.496 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 1.2276
When t = 60, y = 0.382, 0.382 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 0.3008
For PC activated:
When t = 0, y = 1.297, 1.297 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 7.7398
When t = 15, y = 0.493, 0.493 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 1.2033
When t = 30, y = 0.452, 0.452 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = 0.8699
When t = 45, y = 0.339, 0.339 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = -0.0488
When t = 60, y = 0.262, 0.262 = 0.123 x + 0.345, x = -0.6748
4.3 Removal Efficiency, % of methylene blue dye by activated carbon immobilized with
fungal biomass over time.
Table 3: Removal efficiency in each contact time
Contact Time, min
0
15
30
45

Efficiency, %
0
84.45
88.76
100.63

60
By using

C 0C e
C0

108.72
x 100% where C0 is initial dye concentration at the beginning of

batch biosorption starts which is at 0 minutes and Ce is the dye concentration at every 15
mins interval after the batch biosorption started.
At t = 0 min, Efficiency =

7.73987.7398
7.7398

x 100% = 0%

At t = 15 min, Efficiency =

7.73981.2033
7.7398

x 100% = 84.45%

At t = 30 min, Efficiency =

7.73980.8699
7.7398

x 100% = 88.76%

At t = 45 min, Efficiency =

7.7398+ 0.0488
7.7398

x 100% = 100.63%

At t = 60 min, Efficiency =

7.7398+ 0.6748
7.7398

x 100% = 108.72%

4.4 Amount of adsorption at equilibrium, qe in mg/g

Table 4: Amount of adsorption at equilibrium in each contact time for activated
carbon
Contact Time,

qe,

ln qe

ln Ce

Ce/qe,

min
0
15

mg/g
0.000
3.2683

1.1843

2.0464
0.1851

l/g
0.3682

30
45
60

3.4350
3.8943
4.2073

1.2340
1.3595
1.4368

-0.1394
-

0.2532
-0.0125
-0.1604

By using this formula, qe = (C0 Ce)V/W where V is volume of dye which is 50 mL or

0.05 L and W is the biomass weight which is 0.1 g.
0.05
At t = 0 min, qe = (7.7398 - 7.7398) x 0.1 = 0
At t = 15 min, qe = (7.7398 - 1.2033) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.2683

At t = 30 min, qe = (7.7398 - 0.8699) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.4350

At t = 45 min, qe = (7.7398 + 0.0488) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.8943

At t = 60 min, qe = (7.7398 + 0.6748) x

0.05
0.1

= 4.2073

Table 5: Amount of adsorption at equilibrium in each contact time for control

Contact Time,

qe,

ln qe

ln Ce

Ce/qe,

min
0
15
30
45
60

mg/g
0
2.9187
3.1992
3.2561
3.7195

1.0711
1.1629
1.1805
1.3136

2.0464
0.6431
0.2938
0.2051
-1.2013

g/l
0.6518
0.4193
0.3770
0.0809

By using this formula, qe = (C0 Ce)V/W where V is volume of dye which is 50 mL or

0.05 L and W is the biomass weight which is 0.1 g.
0.05
At t = 0 min, qe = (7.7398 - 7.7398) x 0.1 = 0
At t = 15 min, qe = (7.7398 1.9024) x

0.05
0.1

= 2.9187

At t = 30 min, qe = (7.7398 1.3415) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.1992

At t = 45 min, qe = (7.7398 1.2276) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.2561

At t = 60 min, qe = (7.7398 0.3008) x

0.05
0.1

= 3.7195

Table 6: Comparison of ln Ce and ln qe of Control and Activated Carbon

Control

With Activated Carbon

ln qe
-

ln Ce
2.0464

ln qe
-

ln Ce
2.0464

1.0711

0.6431

1.1843

0.1851

1.1629

0.2938

1.2340

-0.1394

1.1805

0.2051

1.3595

1.3136

-1.2013

1.4368

Table 7: Comparison of Ce (mg/L) and Ce/qe (g/L) of Control and Activated Carbon
Control

With Activated Carbon

Ce (mg/L)
7.7398

Ce/qe (g/L)
-

Ce (mg/L)
7.7398

Ce/qe (g/L)
-

1.9024

0.6518

1.2033

0.3682

1.3415

0.4193

0.8699

0.2532

1.2276

0.3770

-0.0488

-0.0125

0.3008

0.0809

-0.6748

-0.1604

4.5 Plotting of Equilibrium data using Freundlich (In q e vs In Ce) and Langmuir
(Ce/qe vs Ce) isotherms

1.6

R = 0.66

1.4
1.2
1

In qe

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

5.5

In Ce

Figure 2: Freundlich (In qe vs In Ce) Plot for PC activated with carbon

0.4
0.3
0.2

Ce/qe

0.1
R = 0
0
-2

-0.1
-0.2

Ce
Figure 3: Langmuir (Ce/qe vs Ce) Plot for PC activated with carbon

10

1.4
R = 0.77
1.2
1
0.8

In qe

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

In Ce
Figure 4: Freundlich (In qe vs In Ce) Plot for Control

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

R = 0.24

Ce/qe 0.3

Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
Linear (Y-Values)

0.2
0.1
0
0

Ce
Figure 5: Langmuir (Ce/qe vs Ce) Plot for Control