From Ethernet to EtherCAT:

why
change a winning team?
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

September 2016

From Ethernet to EtherCAT:

why change a winning team?
Why discuss the Bus System at all?
Benefits
ETG
Slide Master of Ethernet for Automation
2016
Ethernet Features an Overview
Slide Master Basics
Limiting Factors of Ethernet as Fieldbus Replacement
Layouts
Slides of Default
Presentation

Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

September 2016

Bus System and Control Architecture

Slides of Default
The
Bus System is the Core
Presentation
of
Architecture!
ETGthe
SlideControl
Master
2016
Slide Master Basics

ItLayouts
defines:
Example:
The Layout
system performance
1 Content with
Default
Your
choice of suppliers and
Table
components
Table
Menu
The overall cost of the control
system
(especially if there are only few
suppliers)
If you have the choice of centralized
controls or not

September 2016

Central vs. distributed control technology

a matter of philosophy
of Default
Slides
Slow
Bus Technologies demand distributed controls
Presentation
ETGSuper
Fast Bus Technologies enable centralized controls
Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Source: PC Control Magazine 3/2004

September 2016

Bus System and Control Architecture

Slides of Default
The
Bus System is the Core of the Control Architecture!
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Control

Cycle

Slide Master
Basics
Time
Layouts

Reaction
Time

Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default TableController

Table Menu

Bus Cycle
Time

September 2016

Bus System and Control Architecture

Slides of Default
Super
Fast Controls (such as PC based Controls)
Presentation
requires
a super fast bus technology!
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics

Brutus:
Layouts

Aircraft Engine with

47 l (!)Layout
Displacement,
Example:
1740
Content
with
h.p.
(550 kW) Power
Default Table

Table Menu

Brutus: Experimental Vehicle with WW1 BMW Aircraft engine, built by Auto & Technik Museum Sinsheim, Germany

September 2016

but inadequate tires.

Benefits of Ethernet for Automation

of Default
Slides
Ethernet
is in use for Controller/Controller communication since many
Presentation
years, as it saves money to use commodity technologies:
ETG Slide Master
2016
Examples:
Slide Master
Basics(originally developed for automotive applications)
CAN
Layouts
PC-based Controls
Example: Layout
1 Content
with
Windows
+ Linux
Default Table
Table
SoMenu
Automation benefits from the much larger IT Communication
Thus low cost hard- and software
If also on Fieldbus ( I/O, Sensor and Drives) Level: just one
communication technology remaining
Improvement also financed (and driven !) by others

September 2016

Ethernet Overview:
CSMA/CD, TCP/IP & others
of Default
Slides
Architecture
Presentation
ETGPhysical
Slide Master Layer: Signal, Cables +
2016
Wiring
Master Basics
SlideMedia
Access Control
Layouts
Example:
Name
Resolution
Layout
Content
with
1
Routing
Default Table
Table
IP,Menu
TCP + UDP

September 2016

This diagram was hand drawn by Robert M.

Metcalfe and photographed by Dave R. Boggs in
1976 to produce a 35 mm slide used to present
Ethernet to the National Computer Conference in
June of that year.

Ethernet Definition (Wikipedia)

Slides of Default

Ethernet
Presentation is a frame-based computer
ETG Slide Master technology for local area networks
networking
2016
(LANs).
Slide Master Basics
Layouts

ItExample:
defines
Layoutwiring and signaling for the physical
1 Content with
layer,
and frame formats and protocols for the
Default Table
Table Menuaccess control (MAC)/data link layer and
media
a common addressing format
Ethernet is standardized as IEEE 802.3.

It has become the most widespread LAN

technology in use during the 1990s to the
present, and has largely replaced all other LAN
standards such as token ring, FDDI, and
http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.3.html
ARCNET.
September 2016

ISO/OSI, IEEE 802 and TCP/IP

Slides of Default
ISO/OSI
Presentation

Model

7 Slide
Application
ETG
Master Layer
2016 contains a variety of commonly used protocols, such as

TCP/IP Model
5

Application Layer:
HTTP, FTP, Telnet, DHCP,...

file transfer, virtual terminal, and email

Slide Master Basics

6

Presentation Layer
manages the syntax and semantics of the information
transmitted
Example:
Layout between two computers

Layouts

1 Content with
5
Session Layer
Default
Table

establishes and manages sessions, conversions, or

Table Menu
dialogues between two computers
4

Transport Layer
splits data from the session layer into smaller packets for
delivery on the network layer and ensures that the
packets arrive correctly at the other end

Transport Layer: TCP + UDP

Handles communication among programs on a network.

Network Layer
controls the operation of a packet transmitted from one
network to another, such as how to route a packet.

Network Layer: IP (Internet Protocol),

This layer is used for basic communication, addressing
and routing.

Data Link Layer

transforms a stream of raw bits (0s and 1s) from the
physical layer into an error-free data frame (packets) for
the network layer

1/2

Medium Access Control (MAC)

IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD (Ethernet), 802.4 Token Bus
(ARCnet), 802.5 Token Ring, 802.11 Wireless,

Physical Layer
transmits signals across a communication medium

September 2016

Cables, connectors and physical aspects: ISO/IEC 11801,

parts also in IEEE 802.3

Ethernet Transmission Media (IEEE802)

1BASE5
Slides of Default UTP
10BASE2
Coax
Presentation
10BASE5
Coax
10BROAD36
ETG Slide Master Coax
10BASE-T
UTP, duplex mode unknown
2016
10BASE-THD
UTP, half duplex mode
10BASE-TFD
UTP, full duplex mode
Slide Master Basics
10BASE-FP
Passive fiber
10BASE-FB
Synchronous fiber
Layouts
10BASE-FL
Asynchronous fiber
100BASE-T2
Example: Layout Two-pair Category 3 UTP
100BASE-T4
Category 3 UTP
1 Content with Four-pair
100BASE-TX
Two-pair Category 5 UTP
Default Table
100BASE-FX
Two-strand Multimode Fibre
100BASE-VG
Four-Pair Category 3 UTP
Table Menu
1000BASE-T
Four-pair Category 5 UTP PHY
1000BASE-T X
Four-pair Category 6 UTP PHY
1000BASE-LX
Multimode Fibre
1000BASE-SX
Multimode Fibre or Singlemode Fibre
1000BASE-CX
X copper over 150-Ohm balanced cable PMD
1000BASE-BX10
Bidirectional single strand Singlemode Fibre
1000BASE-LX10
Two-strand Singlemode Fibre
1000BASE-PX10 -D Singlemode Fibre, Downstream, 10km
1000BASE-PX10 -U Singlemode Fibre, Upstream, 10km
1000BASE-PX20 -D Singlemode Fibre, Downstream, 20km
1000BASE-PX20 -U Singlemode Fibre, Upstream, 20km
1000BASE-KX
1m over Backplane
10GBASE-X
X PCS/PMA over undefined PMD
10GBASE-LX4
X fibre over 4 lane 1310nm optics
10GBASE-CX4
X copper over 8 pair 100-Ohm balanced
cable, 15m
10GBASE-R
R PCS/PMA over undefined PMD
10GBASE-ER
R fibre over 1550nm optics
10GBASE-LR
R fibre over 1310nm optics
10GBASE-SR
R fibre over 850nm optics

September 2016

10GBASE-W
10GBASE-EW
10GBASE-LW
10GBASE-SW
10GBASE-KR
10GBASE-KX4
10GBASE-LRM
10GBASE-T
40GBASE-SR4
40GBASE-LR4
40GBASE-CR4
40GBASE-KR4
100GBASE-SR10
100GBASE-LR4
100GBASE-ER4
100GBASE-CR10
100GBASE-CR4
100GBASE-KR4
100GBASE-KP4
100GBASE-SR4

W PCS/PMA over undefined PMD

W fibre over 1550nm optics
W fibre over 1310nm optics
W fibre over 850nm optics
Backplane Ethernet (802.3ap, 2007)
Backplane Ethernet (802.3ap, 2007)
multimode Fibre (802.3aq, 2006)
UTP (802.3an, 2006)
Multimode Fibre, 100m (802.3ba,2010)
Singlemode Fibre, 10km (802.3ba,2010)
Copper Cable Assembly, 10m
(802.3ba,2010)
Backplane Ethernet (802.3ba,2010)
Multimode Fibre, 100m (802.3ba,2010)
Singlemode Fibre, 10km (802.3ba,2010)
Singlemode Fibre, 40km (802.3ba,2010)
Twin-ax Copper Cable (802.3ba,2010)
Twin-ax Copper Cable (802.3bj,2014)
Copper Backplane (802.3bj,2014)
Copper Backplane (802.3bj,2014)
Multimode Fibre (802.3bm,2015)

Large variety of physical layers

Cabling Standards (Copper)

Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics

100 MHz

250 MHz

500 MHz

600 MHz

1000 MHz

1200 MHz

TIA/EIA
568 B.1/2
Cat. 5e

TIA/EIA
568 B.2-1
Cat. 6

TIA/EIA
568 B.2-10
Cat. 6a

TIA/EIA
568 B.2
Cat. 7

TIA/EIA
568 B.2
Cat. 7a

TIA/EIA
568 B.2
Cat. 8

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class D

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class E

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class EA

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class F

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class FA

ISO/IEC
11801:
Class G

CENELEC
EN50173-1
Class D

CENELEC
EN50173-1
Class E

IEEE 802.3
100BASE-TX
1000BASE-T

IEEE 802.3
10GBASE-T
(55m)

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

September 2016

CENELEC
EN50173-1
Class F

IEEE 802.3
10GBASE-T
(100m)

CENELEC
EN50173-1
Class G

Two or Four Pairs?

Slides of Default
Presentation

1000BASE-T

ETG Slide Master

two pairs:
2016

four pairs:

Slide
Masterpair
Basicssends
one

all four pairs send and

receive simultaneously

100BASE-TX

Layouts

one pair receives

Example: Layout
1 Content with
Encoding:
Default
Table

Encoding: PAM-5 TCM

4B5B MLT-3

5-level Pulse Amplitude (PAM-5)

with Trellis Coded Modulation
(TCM)

Multilevel Transmission Encoding

Table Menu

Tx

Rx

Rx/
Tx

Rx/
Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx/
Tx

Rx/
Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx/
Tx

Rx/
Tx

Rx

Tx

Rx/
Tx

Rx/
Tx

September 2016

IEEE 802.3: Media Access Control CSMA/CD

Slides of Default
Carrier-Sense
Multiple-Access with Collision-Detection
Presentation
ETGThe
Slide node
Master that wants to send checks if the media is available
2016
Carrier-Sense
Basics
SlideAllMaster
nodes
are equal and may send autonomously
Layouts
Multiple-Access
Example: Layout
with
1 Content
The sender
checks after sending if there was a collision
Default Table
Collision-Detection
Table Menu
maximum Ethernet propagation delay: 25.6 s (@10 MBit/s)
(determined by cable length & repeater delays)

Start Transmission
Carrier Sense
undisturbed Transmission

Collision Window
September 2016

Media Access Control CSMA/CD

Slides of Default
Presentation

Carrier

ETG Slide Master

2016

Sense

Slide Master Basics

Node A

Node B

Signal Propagation Delay

Node B

Node A

Layouts
Multiple
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Access /
Table Menu

A starts sending
Node A

Node B

Collision
B starts sending

Detection

September 2016

Node A

Collision

Node B

Ethernet Collision Domain

Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016

Hub

Slide Master Basics

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Hub

Hubs
half duplex
Hub
Cascading
& Length
limited

A
September 2016

Switched Ethernet Topology

Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016

Switch

Slide Master Basics

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Switch

full duplex
communication

Switches
full duplex
Switch sends
single cast
communication
only to the
destination port
September 2016

Queues avoid
collisions

Store and Forward vs. Cut-Through

Slides of Default
Most
Switches use the Store and Forward principle:
Presentation
ETGReceive
Slide Masterentire frame first, check FCS, then forward to destination port.
2016
Advantage: only healthy frames are forwarded.
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Disadvantage: large and variable forwarding delay
(ca. 10125 s, depending on frame length the buffer delay comes on
Example: Layout
1 Content
top) with
Default Table

Table Menu

Preamble

SFD

DA

SA

LEN

DATA

Pad

FCS

Only very few Switches make use of the Cut-Through principle:

Frames are forwarded shortly after receiving the destination address.
Advantage: shorter delay (ca. 57 s)
Disadvantage: corrupted frames are forwarded as well
Preamble

September 2016

SFD

DA

SA

LEN

DATA

Pad

FCS

Ethernet Packet
Slides of Default
Presentation

Minimum Frame Length: 84 Bytes

ETG Slide Master

2016

SFD

DA

SA

Slide Master Basics

Layouts
Preamble

Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

46-1500

LEN DATA

Length

46-0
Pad

Data Payload

Sender Address
Destination Address

4
FCS

12

Byte

Inter Frame
Gap

Frame Check
Sequence (CRC)

Padding Field

Start Frame Delimiter 10101011

Preamble 1010101010.....
used for Bit Synchronization

If the data length is <46 Byte, Padding Bytes are introduced to achieve a
minimum length of 46 Bytes (due to the CSMA/CD media access legacy)
The Length Byte has two meanings: if it is >0x05DC then it describes the
type of the payload (Ethertype, e.g. IP 0x0800 or ARP 0x0806 or
EtherCAT 0x88A4)
September 2016

Ethernet MAC-ID
Slides of Default
Medium
Access Control Address (MAC-ID) has to be unique
Presentation
ETGTwo
Fields of 3 Bytes:
Slide Master
2016
1. OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)
Slide Master Basics
2. Serial Number
Layouts
Example:
The Layout
OUI is assigned
1 Content
with
by
the
IEEE Standards
Default Table
Department (USA)
Table Menu
e.g. Beckhoff OUI :
0x00 01 05
http://standards.ieee.org/
develop/regauth/oui/
public.html

Result from
http://standards.ieee.org/cgi-bin/ouisearch
September 2016

Ethernet -TCP/IP Stack

of Default
Slides
Structure
allows one to exchange protocol layers
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016

8 Bytes

Slide Master Basics

UDP-Hdr.
20 Bytes (IP-Port)

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

TCP-Header
(IP-Port)

Table Menu

UDP-Data
TCP-Data

IP-Header
(IP-Address)

PROT

20 Bytes

IP-Data

Ethernet-Header
(MAC-ID)
September 2016

08-00

22 Bytes
46...1500 Bytes Ethernet-Data

CRC

Addressing: MAC-ID, IP Address, Host Name

of Default
Slides
Structure
allows one to exchange protocol layers
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics

Host
Name

Host Name
Resolution

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

(DNS/DHCP/
HTTP/FTP)

CX_001387

TCP-Header
(IP-Port)

TCP

Address
Resolution

IP-Header
(IP-Address)

PROT

21 (FTP), 80 (HTTP)

Ethernet-Header
(MAC-ID)

08-00

169.254.254.88

0E 01 05 D0 13 A7
September 2016

Ethernet

Internet Protocol (IP)

Name Resolution:
which IP-Address has www.ethercat.org?
Slides of Default
Services
for Name Resolution (Examples):
Presentation
Slide Master
ETGlocal
files with static entries (hosts, lmhosts)
2016
%systemroot%\system32\drivers\etc
Slide Master Basics

Layouts
DNS: Domain Name Service.
Example:
System
Layoutof distributed Data bases with
1 Content with
Name IP-Address Assignment
Default Table
Table Menu

September 2016

Host Name Resolution:

Domain Name Service Working Principle
Slides of Default
1.
Entry in Cache of the DNS Server?
Presentation
2.
if not:
ETG Slide
Masterask next superior
2016 DNS Server
Slide Master Basics
3.
authorative Server
Layouts
distributes data
Example: Layout
to all
1 Content
withothersv

authorative
DNS Server

Default Table

Table Menu

DNS Server

Changes may take time to propagate through the

system (all caches have to be updated)
September 2016

ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016

TCP Address:
Port Number

Slide Master Basics

If no entry in ARP Cache

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

MAC-ID ?

IP Address

Table Menu

Ethernet
Address:
MAC-ID

Send ARP Request (Broadcast)

with IP Address and MAC ID
FF FF FF FF FF FF

Node answers with MAC-ID

and both MAC-ID and IP-Address
These are entered in ARP Cache

Communication starts
September 2016

Internet Protocol (IP)

of Default
Slides
Datagram
with 20 Byte Header
Presentation
ETGUnsecured
Data Transport from a source address to a destination
Slide Master
2016
address
Master Basics
SlideHeader:
Address, Header-Checksum, Protocol Information, Time to Live,
Layouts
Fragmentation Information etc.
Example: Layout
1 Content
Supports
with Routing between Networks
Default Table
Table
IP-Address:
Network- and Host Address
Menu
IP-Address resolution via ARP 0x0806

20 Bytes

version

Hdr Len
Service Type
Total Length
16 bit Identification
Flags
13 bit Fragment Offset
8 bit Time to Live
8bit Protocol
16 bit Header Checksum
32 bit Source IP address
32 bit Destination IP address
Options (if any), padding
IP Datagram Data (up to 65535 Bytes)

Ethernet SA DA 0800
September 2016

IP Header and Data

CRC

Problem: Shortage of IP Addresses

Slides of Default
IPv4:
32bits = 232= 4,294,967,296 nodes maximum, out of which only
Presentation
3.706.650.624
can be used (Rest: Class D+E + Special Usage)
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Estimated Internet Users worldwide: 3,611,375,813

(June 30, 2016)
Source: Internet World Stats www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
September 2016

IP Address distribution
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

World map of 24 hour relative average utilization of IPv4 addresses

observed using ICMP ping requests
September 2016

Internet Census 2012

IP Adresses per Country

Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016

As of:
Slide Master Basics
12/31/2003
Layouts

2003
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

As of:
6/8/2016

2016
September 2016

Source: http://www.bgpexpert.com/addressespercountry.php

IPv4 Address Exhaustion now in final stage

Default
Slides
Onof February
3, 2011, the Internet
Presentation
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
ETG Slide Master
2016
allocated the last 5 blocks of IPv4
addresses
Slide
Master Basics to the 5 Regional Internet
Registries (RIR)
Layouts
Example: Layout

1 Content
On April
with 19, 2011, APNIC
Default
TablePacific), ran out of addresses.
(Asia
Table Menu

Ral Echeberra,
Chairman of the Number Resource
Organization (NRO),
Feb 3, 2011
the official representative of the five RIRs:
This is an historic day in the history of the Internet, and one we have
been anticipating for quite some time. The future of the Internet is in
IPv6. All Internet stakeholders must now take definitive action to deploy
IPv6.

September 2016

The solution:
IPv6 with 3.4 x 1038 Addresses!
Slides of Default
IPv6:
128bits = 2128=
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
nodes maximum
2016
Basics
SlideorMaster
approximately
4.8 x 1028 for every person alive
Layouts

Example:
or approximately
4.5 x 1015 for each observable star in the known
Layout
1 Content
universe
with
Default Table

IPv6 Header

Table Menu

40 Bytes

Version

Traffic Class
16bit Payload Length
Source IP address, Bits 0..31
Source IP address, Bits 32..63
Source IP address, Bits 64..95
Source IP address, Bits 96..127
Destination IP address, Bits 0..31
Destination IP address, Bits 32..63
Destination IP address, Bits 64..95
Destination IP address, Bits 96..127

Flow Label
Next Header

Hop Limit

However: relatively slow adoption rate of this new internet protocol generation
(Sept 3, 2016: 13%* of the Google users use IPv6)
September 2016

* Source: www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics/

The intermediate solution: Private Addresses

of Default
Slides
Private
IP Addresses, non routable:
Presentation
10.0.0.0
to 10.255.255.255
ETG Slide Master
2016
172.16.0.0
to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0
to 192.186.255.255
Slide
Master Basics
Layouts

Example:
local Network Class B
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

172.16.20.3

172.16.17.103

Table Menu

IP-Device
172.16.20.2

IP-Device
172.16.20.1

IP-Device
September 2016

IP-Device

172.16.1.1

180.1.1.1

172.16.17.102

IP-Device

Router

www

172.16.17.101

IP-Device

but: IP Masquerading (NAT), Proxy,

(communication from local network to
internet only)

IP Routing: Functionality
Slides of Default
Classless
Inter-Domain Routing
Presentation
ETG Slide
MasterSubnet: Address resolution with ARP
1.
within
2016

Slide Master Basics

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

194.175.173.88

2. if Destination IP Address outside Subnet: send Data with Destination

IP Adresse and Gateway-MAC-ID

3. Private Networks (non routable IP Addresses) cannot be reached from

outside (IP-Masquerading)
September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

Wants to FTP with 194.175.173.88

FTP control: well known port 21 (TCP)

FTP

194.175.173.88
from
port 21

TCP
to
port 21

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

TCP passes TCP Datagram to IP

10.13.2.2

194.175.173.88
from
IP
10.13.2.2
to
194.175.173.88

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

September 2016

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

IP compares IP Addresses according

to subnet mask

Subnet mask 255.255.0.0

11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

own IP Address 10.13.2.2

00001010 00001101 00000010 00000010

Destination 194.175.173.88

11000010 10101111 10101101 01011000

194.175.173.88
result: Net ID parts differ, therefore
different net, data has to be forwarded
to gateway

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

What is the MAC ID of the Gateway?

Node A sends ARP request
broadcast with what is the MAC ID of
IP Address 10.13.102.1?
Gateway answers with ARP response:
I am 10.13.102.1 and my MAC194.175.173.88
ID is

Node A enters this MAC ID in ARP

cache

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

September 2016

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

ARP cache of Node A (cmd: arp a)

Internet Address

Physical /MAC address

Type

10.13.102.1

00-a0-f9-02-d0-70

dynamic

10.13.2.3

00-05-01-0a-03-02

dynamic

194.175.173.88

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

IP Address:

10.13.2.2

Subnet Mask:

255.255.0.0

Gateway:

10.13.102.1

Ethernet MAC ID:

00-01-01-02-03-04

Ethernet driver packs the IP datagram

in an Ethernet packet and sends it to
the gateway

10.13.2.2

194.175.173.88
from
Ethernet
01-01-01-02-03-04
to
00-a0-f9-02-d0-70

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

internal
IP Address:
Subnet Mask:
Ethernet MAC ID

10.13.102.1
255.255.0.0
00-a0-f9-02-d0-70

external
IP Address
Subnet Mask:
Gateway
Ethernet MAC ID

168.12.41.52
255.255.0.0
168.12.78.234
00-03-47-4A-1A-FF

Gateway unpacks IP datagram from

Ethernet frame

10.13.2.2

September 2016

from
IP 194.175.173.88
10.13.2.2
to
194.175.173.88

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table
B

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

September 2016

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

internal
IP Address:
Subnet Mask:
Ethernet MAC ID

10.13.102.1
255.255.0.0
00-a0-f9-02-d0-70

external
IP Address
Subnet Mask:
Gateway
Ethernet MAC ID

168.12.41.52
255.255.0.0
168.12.78.234
00-03-47-4A-1A-FF

Gateway replaces local IP Address by

its own external IP Address (NAT, IP
Masquerading)
from
IP 194.175.173.88
10.13.2.2
168.12.41.52
to
194.175.173.88

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

10.13.2.2

168.12.41.52
Gateway
10.13.102.1

internal
IP Address:
Subnet Mask:
Ethernet MAC ID

10.13.102.1
255.255.0.0
00-a0-f9-02-d0-70

external
IP Address
Subnet Mask:
Gateway
Ethernet MAC ID

168.12.41.52
255.255.0.0
168.12.78.234
00-03-47-4A-1A-FF

compares IP addresses according to

subnet mask
decides to forward the datagram to
next gateway
finds MAC-ID of next gateway194.175.173.88
(ARP)
packs datagram in Ethernet frame
with MAC-ID of next gateway
sends it to the next gateway and
so on

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

September 2016

IP Routing: Example
Slides of Default
Presentation
ETG Slide Master
2016
Slide Master Basics
Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Traceroute for Chinese Website

from Germany

1-5
6-9
10-13
14
15-17
18
19-23
September 2016

Frankfurt, Germany
Denver, CO, USA
Ashburn, VA, USA
New York, NY, USA
Beijing, China
Xian, China
Taiyan, China

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

20 Bytes

of Default
Slides
Connection
oriented data transport, carried in IP data
Presentation
ETG
SlidePoint
Master to point between exactly two host ports
2016
Reliable: Transfers are acknowledged, Order of sequential packets
Slide Master Basics
maintained
Layouts
Example:
DataLayout
transferred as a stream of bytes
Content
with
1
Good
for protocols needing to move streams of data
Default Table
HTTP, FTP, SMTP
TableMenu
16 bit source port number
16 bit destination port number
32 bit sequence number
Only works with unicast
32 bit acknowledgement number
IP addresses
HDR LEN
(reserved)
flags
16 bit window size
No broadcast
16 bit TCP checksum
16 bit urgent pointer
or multicast
TCP data
(theoretically up to 65495 Bytes,
typically restricted by the implementation)

IP

SA

DA 0800

September 2016

IP-HDR (Protokoll=06)

TCP Header and Data

IP Header and Data

CRC

TCP Handshaking
of Default
Slides
Establish:
Three way handshake between two hosts
Presentation
Host
1 sends SYN (synchronize) to host 2
ETG Slide
Master
2016 Host 2 sends ACK to host 1 along with its own SYN
Slide Master Basics
Host 1 sends ACK to host 2

Host 1

Host 2
SYN
ACK,
SYN
ACK

Layouts
Example: Layout
1 Content with
Default Table

Table Menu

Terminate: Four way handshake

Host 1 sends FIN (final) to host 2
Host 2 send ACK to host 1
Host 2 (in a separate message) sends FIN to host 1
Host 1 sends ACK to host 2

Host 1

Host 2
FIN
ACK
FIN
ACK

it takes some time to establish/terminate a connection!

September 2016

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

8 Bytes

of Default
Slides
Simple
datagram-oriented data transport, carried in IP data
Presentation
ETGNon-guaranteed
delivery of data
Slide Master
2016
Packets may be delivered out of order or may not be delivered at
Slide Master Basics
all!
Layouts
Example:
Less
overhead than TCP
Layout
Content
with for broadcast and multicast applications
1
Needed
Default Table
TableSuitable
for request / response type protocols (polling)
Menu
SNMP
TFTP
16 bit source port number
16 bit destination port number
16 bit UDP length
16 bit UDP checksum
DHCP / BOOTP
UDP data
(theoretically up to 65507 Bytes,
typically restricted by the implementation)

IP

SA

DA 0800

September 2016

IP-HDR (Protokoll=17)

TCP Header and Data

IP Header and Data

CRC

Network Layer Protocols

of Default
Slides
ARP,
Address Resolution
Presentation
Protocol.
ETG Slide Master
2016
DRARP, Dynamic RARP.
Master Basics
SlideInARP,
Inverse Address Resolution
Layouts
Protocol.
Example: Layout
with
1 Content
IP, Internet
Protocol.
Default Table
Table
IPv6,
Internet Protocol version 6.
Menu
MPLS, Multi-Protocol Label
Switching.
RARP, Reverse Address Resolution
Protocol.

September 2016

found in RFC 826 (ARP):

The world is a jungle in general,
and the networking game
contributes many animals.
At nearly every layer of a network
architecture there are several
potential protocols that could be
used.

Transport Layer Protocols

Default
Slides
AH,ofIP
Authentication Header.
Presentation
AX.25.
ETG
CBT,
Based Trees.
SlideCore
Master
2016
DVMRP, Distance Vector Multicast Routing
Protocol.
Slide
Master
BasicsGateway Protocol.
EGP,
Exterior
Layouts
ESP, Encapsulating Security Payload.
GGP, Gateway to Gateway Protocol.
Example: Layout
1 Content
GRE, Generic
Routing Encapsulation.
with
Default
HMP,
Host Monitoring Protocol.
Table
ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol.
Menu Internet Control Message Protocol for
Table
ICMPv6,
IPv6.
IDPR, Inter-Domain Policy Routing Protocol.
IFMP, Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol.
IGAP, IGMP for user Authentication Protocol.
IGMP, Internet Group Management Protocol.
IGRP, Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
IP in IP Encapsulation.
IPPCP, IP Payload Compression Protocol.
IRTP, Internet Reliable Transaction Protocol.
ISO-IP.
L2TP, Level 2 Tunneling Protocol.
Minimal Encapsulation Protocol.
MLD, Multicast Listener Discovery.
Mobility Header

September 2016

MOSPF, Multicast Open Shortest Path First.

MTP, Multicast Transport Protocol.
NARP, NBMA Address Resolution Protocol.
NETBLT, Network Block Transfer.
NVP, Network Voice Protocol.
OSPF, Open Shortest Path First Routing
Protocol.
PGM, Pragmatic General Multicast.
PIM, Protocol Independent Multicast.
PTP, Performance Transparency Protocol.
RDP, Reliable Data Protocol.
RSVP, Resource ReSerVation Protocol.
SCTP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol.
SEND, SEcure Neighbor Discovery.
SDRP, Source Demand Routing Protocol.
SKIP, Simple Key management for Internet
Protocol.
ST, Internet Stream Protocol.
TCP, Transmission Control Protocol.
TMux, Transport Multiplexing Protocol.
TP/IX.
UDP, User Datagram Protocol.
UDP-Lite, Lightweight User Datagram Protocol.
VMTP, Versatile Message Transaction
Protocol.
VRRP, Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

Application Layer Protocols (I)

of Default
Slides
ACAP,
Application Configuration Access
Presentation
Protocol.
ETG
AgentX.
Slide Master
2016
AODV, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector.
APEX, Application Exchange Core.
Master
Basics Tunnel Management Protocol.
Slide
ATMP,
Ascend
Layouts
AURP, AppleTalk Update-based Routing
Protocol.
Example: Layout
1 Content
Authentication
Server Protocol.
with
Default
BFTP,
Background File Transfer Program.
Table
BGP, Border Gateway Protocol.
Menu Bootstrap Protocol.
Table
BOOTP,
CFDP, Coherent File Distribution Protocol.
Chargen, Character Generator Protocol.
CLDAP, Connection-less Lightweight X.500
Directory Access Protocol.
COPS, Common Open Policy Service.
CRANE, Common Reliable Accounting for
Network Element.
Daytime, Daytime Protocol.
DCAP, Data Link Switching Client Access
Protocol.
DHCP, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
DHCPv6, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
for IPv6.
DIAMETER.
DICT, Dictionary Server Protocol.
September 2016

Discard, Discard Protocol.

DIXIE.
DMSP, Distributed Mail Service Protocol.
DNS, Domain Name System.
DRAP, Data Link Switching Remote Access
Protocol.
DTCP, Dynamic Tunnel Configuration Protocol.
Echo.
EMSD, Efficient Mail Submission and Delivery.
EPP, Extensible Provisioning Protocol.
ESRO, Efficient Short Remote Operations.
ETFTP, Enhanced Trivial File Transfer
Protocol.
Finger.
FTP, File Transfer Protocol.
GDOI, Group Domain of Interpretation.
Gopher.
HOSTNAME.
HSRP, Hot Standby Router Protocol.
HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol.
ICAP, Internet Content Adaptation Protocol.
ICP, Internet Cache Protocol.
iFCP, Internet Fibre Channel Protocol.
IKE, Internet Key Exchange.
IMAP, Interactive Mail Access Protocol.

Application Layer Protocols (II)

of Default
Slides
IPFIX,
IP Flow Information Export.
Presentation
IPP, Internet Printing Protocol.
ETG
IRC,
Internet
Slide
Master Relay Chat.
2016
ISAKMP, Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol.
Slide
Master Basics
iSCSI.
Layouts
IUA, ISDN Q.921-User Adaptation.
Kerberos.
Example: Layout
1 Content
Kermit. with
Default
L2F,Table
Layer 2 Forwarding.
L2TP, Level 2 Tunneling Protocol.
MenuLightweight Directory Access Protocol.
Table
LDAP,
LDP, Label Distribution Protocol.
LDP, Loader Debugger Protocol.
LFAP, Light-weight Flow Admission Protocol.
LMTP, Local Mail Transfer Protocol.
LPR.
MADCAP, Multicast Address Dynamic Client
Allocation Protocol.
MASC, Multicast Address-Set Claim.
MATIP, Mapping of Airline Traffic over Internet
Protocol.
Mbus, Message Bus.
MGCP, Multimedia Gateway Control Protocol.

September 2016

Mobile IP.
MPP, Message Posting Protocol.
MSDP, Multicast Source Discovery Protocol.
MTP, Mail Transfer Protocol.
MTQP, Message Tracking Query Protocol.
MUPDATE, Malbox Update.
NAS, Netnews Administration System.
NFILE.
NFS, Network File System.
NNTP, Network News Transfer Protocol.
NTP, Network Time Protocol.
ODETTE-FTP, ODETTE File Transfer Protocol.
OLSR, Optimized Link State Routing.
Ph.
Photuris.
POP, Post Office Protocol.
Portmapper.
PPTP, Point to Point Tunneling Protocol.
PWDGEN, Password Generator Protocol.
Quote, Quote of the Day Protocol.
RADIUS, Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service.
RAP, Internet Route Access Protocol.
RIP, Routing Information Protocol.

Application Layer Protocols (III)

of Default
Slides
RIPng.
Presentation
Rlogin.
ETG
RLP,
Location Protocol.
SlideResource
Master
2016
RMCP, Remote Mail Checking Protocol.
RSIP, Realm Specific IP.
MasterRTP
Basics
Slide
RTCP,
Control Protocol.
Layouts
RTP, Real-Time Transport Protocol.
RTSP, Real Time Streaming Protocol.
Example: Layout
1 Content
RWhois,with
Referral Whois Protocol.
Default
SACRED,
Table Securely Available Credentials.
Send, Message Send Protocol.
MenuSimple File Transfer Protocol.
Table
SFTP,
SGMP, Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol.
SIFT/UFT, Sender-Initiated/Unsolicited File
Transfer.
SIP, Session Initiation Protocol.
SLP, Service Location Protocol.
SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
SMUX.
SNMP, Simple Network Management Protocol.
SNPP, Simple Network Paging Protocol.
SNTP, Simple Network Time Protocol.
SOCKS.
SRTCP, Secure RTCP.
SRTP, Secure Real-time Transport Protocol.

September 2016

SSP, Switch-to-Switch Protocol.

STATSRV, Statistics Server.
STUN, Simple Traversal of UDP Through NAT.
SUA, Signalling Connection Control Part User
Adaptation Layer.
Syslog.
SYSTAT.
TACACS.
TBRPF, Topology Broadcast based on
Reverse-Path Forwarding.
Telnet.
TFTP, Trivial File Transfer Protocol.
Time, Time Protocol.
TRIP, Telephone Routing over IP.
TSP, Time Stamp Protocol.
TUNNEL.
UMSP, Unified Memory Space Protocol.
UUCP.
VEMMI, VErsatile MultiMedia Interface.
WebDAV, Web Distributed Authoring and
Versioning.
Whois.
Whois++.
Z39.50.

Ethernet Introduction: Summary

of Default
Slides
Ethernet
is the technology described in the IEEE 802.3 standards
Presentation
ETGThe
Slide term
Master Ethernet is mistakingly used for a suite of network
2016
technologies: Ethernet, IP, TCP, UDP, FTP, HTTP and more, which are
Slide
Master
Basics
also
referred
to as the Internet Technologies
Layouts
Stacking of protocol layers and thus tunneling of protocols is a key
Example: Layout
feature
1 Content
withof the Internet Technologies.
Table
Default
Ethernet
is used on a large variety of physical layers.
Table Menu
Switching topologies have replaced collision domains CSMA/CD is
legacy technology, hubs are outdated.
TCP/IP is a powerful protocol implemented in rather complex software
stacks.

September 2016

Unmodified Ethernet
for Industrial Automation?
of Default
Slides
What
looks like a good idea in the first place seems to be pretty complex
Presentation
ETGAchieving
Slide Master Real Time Performance with unmodified Ethernet seems to
2016
require a lot of IT know how and looks challenging
Master Basics
SlideEven
those that claimed to make use of unmodified Ethernet throughout
Layouts
now use FPGAs instead of standard MACs
Example: Layout
with details can be found in the Industrial Ethernet comparison
1 Content
Further
Default Table
available for download here:
Table Menu
www.ethercat.org/pdf/english/Industrial_Ethernet_Technologies.pdf

September 2016