Universidad Autnoma del Estado de Mxico

Facultad de Qumica
Ingeniera Qumica
Ingles D2.
Marcela Vzquez Rodrguez.

Biomaterials and Biotechnology: The development of controlled drug delivery

systems and the foundation of tissue engineering.
New generations of synthetic biomaterials are being developed at a rapid pace for
use as three-dimensional extracellular microenvironments to mimic the regulatory
characteristics of natural extracellular matrices (ECMs) and ECM-bound growth
factors, both for therapeutic applications and basic biological studies. Recent
advances include nanofibrillar networks formed by self-assembly of small building
blocks, artificial ECM networks from protein polymers or peptide-conjugated
synthetic polymers that present bioactive ligands and respond to cell-secreted
signals to enable proteolytic remodeling. These materials have already found
application in differentiating stem cells into neurons, repairing bone and inducing
angiogenesis. Although modern synthetic biomaterials represent oversimplified
mimics of natural ECMs lacking the essential natural temporal and spatial
complexity, a growing symbiosis of materials engineering and cell biology may
ultimately result in synthetic materials that contain the necessary signals to
recapitulate developmental processes in tissue- and organ-specific differentiation
and morphogenesis.
Starting from the plastic industry, today melt extrusion has found its place in the array
of pharmaceutical manufacturing
operations.
This
video reviews the process
Alumna: Marcela
Vzquez
Rodrguez.
technology with regard to the set up and specific elements of the extruder as well as
its application. Melt extrusion processes are currently applied in the pharmaceutical
field for the manufacture of a variety of dosage forms and formulations such as
granules, pellets, tablets, suppositories, implants, stents, transdermal systems and
ophthalmic inserts. As a specific area the manufacture of solid dispersions, in
particular, solid molecular dispersions using the melt extrusion process is reviewed.
Melt extrusion is considered to be an efficient technology in this field with particular
advantages over solvent processes like co-precipitation. Potential drawbacks like
the influence of heat stress and shear forces on the drug active have been overcome
in a number of examples with drugs of different chemical structure. Examples of
suitable excipients and recent findings like self-emulsifying preparations are
presented.

VOCABULARY.
Espaol
Biomateriales

English
biomaterials

Biotecnologia

Biotechnology

Ingenieria de Tejidos

Tissue Engineering

Polimeros.

Polymers.

Proteolitica

proteolytic

Sintetico.

Synthetic.

Maquina de extrusion.

Extrusion machine.

Meaning
A biomaterial is any substance
that has been engineered to
interact with biological systems for
a medical purpose - either a
therapeutic (treat, augment, repair
or replace a tissue function of the
body) or a diagnostic
Biotechnology is the use of living
systems and organisms to develop
or make products, or "any
technological application that uses
biological
systems,
living
organisms or derivatives thereof,
to make or modify products or
processes for specific use
Tissue engineering is the use of a
combination of cells, engineering
and materials methods, and
suitable
biochemical
and
physicochemical
factors
to
improve or replace biological
functions. Tissue engineering
involves the use of a scaffold for
the formation of new viable tissue
for a medical purpose.
is
a
large
molecule,
or
macromolecule, composed of
many repeated subunits. Because
of
their
broad
range
of
properties,[4] both synthetic and
natural polymers play an essential
and ubiquitous role in everyday life
any of a group of enzymes that
break the long chainlike molecules
of proteins into shorter fragments
(peptides) and eventually into their
components,
amino
acids.
Proteolytic enzymes are present in
bacteria, archaea, certain types of
algae, some viruses, and plants;
they are most abundant, however,
in animals.
the combination of two or more
parts, whether by design or by
natural processes. Furthermore, it
may imply being prepared or made
artificially, in contrast to naturally.
Is a high-volume manufacturing
process in which raw plastic is
melted and formed into a
continuous
profile.
Extrusion
produces
items
such
as
pipe/tubing,
weatherstripping,
fencing, deck railings, window
frames, plastic films and sheeting,

Redes Nanofibrillar

networks Nanofibrillar

Microambientes

microenvironments

Farmacos.

Drugs.

thermoplastic coatings, and wire

insulation.
ecent advances in polymer
materials
design
seek
to
incorporate functionality, enhance
existing properties, and reduce
weight without compromising
mechanical
properties
or
processability.
a small or relatively small usually
distinctly
specialized
and
effectively isolated biophysical
environment (as of a nerve cell)
In
pharmacology,
a
pharmaceutical drug, also called a
medication or medicine, is a
chemical substance used to treat,
cure, prevent, or diagnose a
disease or to promote well-being

1. What is the main importance of synthetic biomaterials?

Biomaterials are being developed at a rapid pace for use as three-dimensional
extracellular microenvironment.
2. What are the characteristics of synthetic biomaterials?
Characteristics of natural extracellular matrices (ECMs) and ECM-bound growth
factors, both for therapeutic applications and basic biological studies
3. What are the new developments mentioned in the video?
Recent advances include nanofibrillar networks formed by self-assembly of small
building blocks, artificial ECM networks from protein polymers or peptide-conjugated
synthetic polymers that present bioactive ligands and respond to cell-secreted
signals to enable proteolytic remodeling.
4. Where would you have found the application of these materials?
Materials engineering and cell biology may ultimately result in synthetic materials
that contain the necessary signals to recapitulate developmental processes in
tissue- and organ-specific differentiation and morphogenesis.
5. Which are the elements created for the extrusion machine?
Melt extrusion processes are currently applied in the pharmaceutical field for the
manufacture of a variety of dosage forms and formulations such as granules, pellets,
tablets, suppositories, implants, stents, transdermal systems and ophthalmic inserts

Studies of genomic copy number changes in human cancers reveal

signatures of DNA replication stress.
Human cancer is characterized by the presence of genomic instability. Recently it
cataloged the presence of a specific class of genomic aberrations. Genomic
instability is a feature of most human cancers to play an important role both in cancer
development and response to therapy. We can distinguish various types of genomic
instability. One type predisposes accumulation of point mutations. For example, the
inheritance of a defective form of the MYH base excision repair gene leads to
somatic G: C-T: A mutations in colorectal cancers. In addition, germline mutations in
genes nucleotide excision repair that facilitate the accumulation of UV mutations,
resulting in skin cancer. And recent evidence suggests repair strand DNA breaks ()
by homologous recombination may be associated with the accumulation of point
mutations.
Any of the deletions of coordination common in human cancers have characteristics
that suggest they are passenger mutations: are hemizygous target genes and mostly
lack tumor suppressor function. It is assumed that there is little pressure for positive
or negative selection for mutations in human cancer passengers. Consequently, the
nature of these mutations can help provide insights into the mechanisms that lead
to genomic instability in human cancers .a few years ago, and others proposed a
model to explain the high frequency mutations in human cancers. This model, known
as the model of DNA damage to cancer development, proposes that the deregulation
of genes control growth induces DNA replication and DNA damage, which in turn
activate the ATM-p53 pathway, it is leading to cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and / or
senescence. The progression of precancerous lesions of cancer is associated with
inactivation of the p53 pathway-ATM, by targeted mutations. This analysis showed
common preferential orientation, consistent with the DNA damage being due to the
stress of DNA replication. Other studies have supported these initial observations.
Additionally, evidence has in various experimental systems that activate these to
induce collapse of the replication forks and DNA replication-dependent induction of
DNA DSBs.

Vocabulary.
Spanish

English

Cancer

Cancer

Can start any place in the

body. It starts when cells grow
out of control and crowd out
normal cells. This makes it
hard for the body to work the
way it should.

Genomica

Genomic

Genomics is the study of the

entire set of genes found in
living things, including humans,
plants,

animals

and

even

viruses. More specifically, it

refers to the analysis of the
genomes of organisms

Terapia.

Therapy

Therapy

is

remediation

the

attempted

of

health

problem, usually following a

diagnosis.

Mutation puntual.

Point mutations

is a type of mutation that

causes a single nucleotide
base substitution, insertion, or
deletion of the genetic material,
DNA or RNA

ADN

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a
molecule that carries most of
the genetic instructions used in
the

growth,

development,

functioning and reproduction of

all known living organisms and
many viruses.

Hemizygous

Hemizygous

Having only a single copy of a

gene instead of the customary
two copies. All the genes on
the single X chromosome in
the male are 'hemizygous.

Dao

Damage.

Physical harm that is done to

something or to someone's
body.

problems

that

are

caused by a mistake, wrong

action, etc. : bad or harmful
effects

on

situation,

person's reputation, etc.

Apoyo

supported

To

bear

the

weight

of,

especially from below; keep

from falling, sinking, or slipping

Colapso.

collapse

To break apart and fall down

suddenly. To fall down or
become unconscious because
you are sick or exhausted. to
completely relax the muscles
of your body because you are
very tired, upset, et

Senesencia.

senescence

The state of being old. The

process of becoming old. The
growth phase in a plant or plant
part.

1. What is the main idea of the video?

Such as cancer faces today and that new treatments are being administered to
patients.
2. We identify human cancer as other cancer?
Human cancer is characterized by the presence of genomic instability.
3. Which is genomic instability?
A feature of most human cancers to play an important role both in cancer
development and response to therapy.

4. Regarding the video mentions, what is one of the types of genomic

instability?
One type predisposes accumulation of point mutations. For example, the
inheritance of a defective form of the MYH base excision repair gene leads to
somatic G: C-T: A mutations in colorectal cancer.
5. What causes mentioned to produce skin cancer?
Germline mutations in genes nucleotide excision repair that facilitate the
accumulation of UV mutations, resulting in skin cancer.