Section 1 Introduction Be Ree ae Cota ee eee CHAPTER 4 The Chemistry of Essential Oils . CHAPTER 5 Producing Therapeutic-Grade™ Essential Oil CHAPTER 6 How to Safely Use Essential OilChapter 1 Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny Essential Oils The Missing Link in Modern Medicine Plants not only play a vital role in che ecological balance of our planet, but they have also been intimately linked co the physical, emotional, and spiricual well- beeing of mankind since the beginning of time The plant kingdom continues to be the subject of an enormous amount of research and discovery. A high percentage of prescription drugs are based on naturally occurring compounds from plants. Each year millions of dollars are allocated to private laboratories and universities that are searching for new therapeutic compounds that lie undiscovered in the bark, roots, flowers, seeds, and foliage of jungle canopies; river bottoms; forests; hillsides; and vast wilderness regions throughout the world Essential oils and plant extracts have been woven into history since the beginning of time and are considered by many to be the missing link in modern medicine They have been sed medicinally to kill bacteria, fungi, and viruse and to combat insect, bug, and snake bites in addition to treating all kinds of mysterious maladies. Oils and extracts stimulate tissue and nerve regeneration. Essential oils also provide exquisite fragrances co balance mood, life spirits, dispel negative emotions, and create a romantic atmosphere What Is an Essential Oil An essential oil is that aromatic, volatile liquid that is within many shrubs, flowers, trees, roots, bushes, and seeds and that is usually extracted through steam distillation. The chemistry of an essential oil is very complex and may consist of hundseds of different and unique highly concentrated and far more potent than dried herbs because of the distillation process that makes them so concentrated. It requires a large volume of plant material to produce small amounts of a distilled essential oil. For example, ittakes 5,000 pounds of rose petals to produce 1 kilo of ros ol. Essential oils are also different from vegetable oils such as corn oil, peanut oil, and olive oil. Vegetable oils are greasy and may clog the pores. They also oxidize and become rancid over time and have no antibacterial properties. Most essential oils, on the other hand, do not go rancid and are powerful antimicrobials. Essential oils that are high in plant waxes, such as patchouli, vetiver, and sandalwood, if not distilled properly, could go rancid after time, particulaty if exposed to heat for extended periods of time Essential oils are substances that definitely deserve the respect of proper education. Users should have a basic knowledge about the safety of the oils, and having a basic understanding of the chemistry of essential oils is very helpful. However, itis difficult to find this knowledge taught in universities or private seminars. Chemistry books are difficult to understand for most people, and they don’t usually address the specific chemistry of essential oils. There is very little institutional information, knowledge, and training on essential oils and the scientific approach to their usage. The European communities have tight controls and standards concerning botanical extracts and who may administer them. Only practitioners with proper training and certification can practice in the discipline called “aromatherapy the United States, regulatory agencies have not recognized these disciplines or mandated the type and degree of training required to distribute and use essential oils, This means that in the United States, individuals can F » | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.3Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition call themselves “aromatherapists” after attending brief classes in essential oils and can apply oils to anyone— even though the so-called “aromatherapists” may not have the experience or training to properly understand and use essential oils. This may not only undermine and damage the credibility of the entire discipline of aromatherapy, but it can be dangerous to the patient. Essential oils are not simple substances. Each oil is a complex structure of hundreds of different chemicals A single essential oil may contain anywhere from 80 © 300 or more different chemical constituents. An essential oil like lavender is very complex with many of its constituents occurring in minute quantities—but all contributing to the oil’ therapeutic effects to some degree. To understand these constituents and their functions requires years of study. ven though an essential oil may be labeled as “basil” and have the botanical name Ocimum basilicum, ic can have widely different therapeutic actions, depending on its chemistry. For example, basil high in linalool or fenchol is sarily used for its antiseptic properties. However, basil in methyl chavicol is more anc-inflammatory than antiseptic. A third type of basil high in eugenol has both antiinflammatory and antiseptic effects. Additionally, essential oils can be distilled or extracted in differen ways that will have dramatic effects on their chemistry and medicinal action. Oils derived from a second or third distillation of the same plant material are usually not as potent as oils extracted during the first distillaion. Yer with certain oils, there may be additional chemical consticuents that are released only in che second or third distillation. Oils subjected to high heat and high pressure have a noticeable simpler and inferior profile of chemical constituents, since excessive heat and temperature fracture and break down many of the delicate aromatic compounds within the oil—some of which are responsible for its therapeutic action. In addition, oils that are steam distilled are far different from those that are extracted with solvents. OF greatest concern is the fact that some oils are adulterated, engineered, or “extended” with the use of synthetic-made compounds that are added to the oil For example, pure frankincense is often extended with colorless, odorless solvents such as diethylphthalate or ipropylene glycol. ‘The only way to distinguish the “authentic” from the “adulterated” is through analytical testing using gas chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and an optical refractometer. Unfortunately, a large percentage of essential oils mar- kketed in the United States fll in this adulterated catego- ry. When you understand the world of synthetic oils as well as low-grade oils cut with synthetic chemicals, you realize why the vast majority of consumers never know the difference. However, if you do know the smell of the pure oil or the technique for recognizing adulteration through scent, it may be possible to perceive a difference. Different Schools of Application Therapeutic reatment using essential ols follows three different models: the English, French, and German. “The English model puts small amount of an essential oil in a large amount of vegetable oil to massage the body for the purpose of relaxation and relieving stress. “The French model prescribes neat (undiluted) topical application of therapeutic-grade essential oils and/or the ingestion of pure essential oils. Typically few drops of an essential oil are added to agave nectar, honey, a small amount of vegetable oil, ot put on a piece of bread. Many French practitioners have found that taking the oils internally yields excellent benefits. “The German model focuses on inhalation of essential cils—the true aromatherapy. Research has shown that the effect of fragrance on the sense of smell can exert strong effects on the brain—especially on the hypothalamus (che hormone command center of the body) and limbic system (the seat of emotions). Some essential oils high in sesquiterpenes, such as mysth, sandalwood, cedarwood, vetiver, and melissa can dramatically increase oxygenation and activity in the brain, which may directly improve the function of many systems of the body. ‘Together, these three models show the versatility and power of essential oils. By integrating all three models with various methods of application such as Vita Flex, auricular technique, lymphatic massage, and Raindrop “Technique, the best possible results may be obtained. In some cases, inhalation of essential oils might be preferred over topical application, if the goal is to increase growth hormone secretion, promote weight loss, or balance mood and emotions. Sandalwood, peppermint, vetiver, lavender, and white fir oils are effective for inhalation. 4.4 | chapter + | Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's DestinyYesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1 Inother cases, however, topical application of essential oils would produce better results, particularly in the case of back or muscle injuries or defects. Topically applied, marjoram is excellent for muscles, lemongrass. for ligaments, and wintergreen for bones. For indigestion, a drop or two of peppermint oil taken orally or put in a glass of water may be very effective. However, this does not mean that peppermint cannot produce the same results when massaged on the stomach. In some cases, all three methods of application (topical, inhalation, and ingestion) are interchangeable and may produce similar benefits “The ability of essential oils co act on both the mind and the body is what makes them truly unique among natural therapeutic substances. The fragrance of some essential oils can be very stimulating—both psychologically and physically. The fragrance of other essential oils may be calming and sedating, helping to overcome anxiety or hyperactivity. On a physiological level, essential oils may stimulate immune function and regenerate damaged tissue. Essential oils may also combat infectious disease by killing viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens. Probably the two most common methods of essential oil application arecold-airdiffusingand neat (undiluted) topical application. Other modes of application include incorporating essential oils into the disciplines of reflexology, Vita Flex, and acupressure. Combining these disciplines wich essential oils enhances the healing response and often produces amazing results that cannot be achieved by acupuncture or reflexology alone. Just 1-3 drops of an essential oil applied to an acupuncture meridian or Vita Flex point on the hand or foot can produce results within a minute or two. Several years ago, a professor well known in the field of aromatherapy ridiculed the use of essential oils against disease. However, there are many people who are living proof that essential oils dramatically aided in the recovery of serious illness. Essential oils have been pivoral in helping many people live pain-free after years of intense pain. Patients have also witnessed firsthand how essential oils have helped with scoliosis and even restored partial hearing in those who were born deaf and complete hearing with someone who had had some loss of hearing. Forexample,awoman from Palisades Park, California, developed scoliosis after surviving polio as a teenager, which was further complicated by a serious fall that dislocated her shoulder. Suffering pain and immobility for 22 years, she had traveled extensively in a fruitless search to locate a practitioner who could permanently reset her shoulder. Upon learning about essential oils, she topically applied the oils of helichrysum and wintergreen, among others, to the shoulder. Within a short time her pain began to diminish and eventually was completely gone, and she was able to raise her arm cover her head for the frst time in 22 years When one sees such dramatic results, itis difficult to discredit the value and the power of essential oils and the potential they hold. One would certainly think that ic would be well worth investigating further. Iris so sad that many turn away because of traditional beliefs. Man’s First Medicine From ancient writings and traditions, it seems that aromatics were used for religious rituals, the treatment of illness, and other physical and spiritual needs. Records dating back 0 4500 BC describe the use of balsamic substances with aromatic properties for religious ricuals and medical applications. Ancient writings tell of scented barks, resins, spices, and aromatic vinegars, wines, and beers that were used in rituals, temples, astrology, embalming, and medicine. The evidence certainly suggests that the people of ancient times had a greater understanding of essential oils than we have today. “The Egyptians were mastets in using essential oils and other aromatics in the embalming process. Historical records describe how one of the founders of “pharaonic” ‘medicine was the architect Imhotep, who was the Grand Vizier of King Djoser (2780 - 2720 BC). Imhotep is often given eredie for ushering in the use of oils, herbs, and aromatic plants for medicinal purposes. In addition, the Egyptians may have been the first to discover the potential of fragrance. They cteated various aromatic blends for both personal use and for religious ceremonies. ‘Many hieroglyphics on the walls of Egyptian temples depict the blending of oils and describe numerous oil recipes. An example of this is the Temple of Edfu, located on the west bank of the Nile River. Over the centuries ic was buried beneath sand drifts, which preserved the temple nearly intact. The smaller of two hypostyle halls leads to a small room called a laboratory where perfumes and ointments were compounded. On the walls are hieroglyphics listing recipes for these aromatic perfumes, including two recipes for kyphi, a v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fitin Eaition | Essential Olle Desk Reterence | 1.5Essential Oils Desk Reference Fith Edition WE eee ere) ule ac aes blend of incense that contained frankincense, myrrh, honey, raisins soaked in wine, sweet flag, pine resin, and juniper. Another recipe was for “Hekenu” to anoint divine limbs. Similar medicinal formulas and perfume recipes were used by alchemists and high priests to blend aromatic substances for rituals. Wall before the time of Christ, the ancient Egyptians collected essential oils and placed them in alabaster vessels. These vessels were specially carved and shaped for housing scented oils. In 1922, when King Tutankhamen’s tomb was opened, some 50 alabaster jars designed to hhold 350 liters of oils were discovered. Tomb robbers had stolen nearly all of the precious oils, leaving the heavy jars behind that still contained traces of oil. The robbers literally chose oils over a king's wealth in gold, showing hhow valuable the essential oils were to chem. In 1817 the Ebers Papyrus, a medical scroll over 870 feet long, was discovered that dated back to 1500 BC. The scroll included over 800 different herbal prescriptions and remedies. Other scrolls described a high success rate in treating 81 different diseases. Many of the remedies contained myrth and honey. Myrrh is still recognized for its ability to help with infections of the skin and throat and to regenerate skin tissue. Because of its effectiveness in preventing bacterial growth, myrth was also used for embalming, 1.6 | Chapter 1 | Yosterday’s Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny ‘The physicians of Ionia, Attia, and Crete civilizations based on islands of the Sea, came to the cities of the Nile to increase their knowledge. At chs time, the school of Cos was founded and was attended by Hippocrates (460-377 BC), whom the Greeks, with perhaps some exaggeration, named the “Father of Medicine.” The Romans purified their temples and political buildings by diffusing essential oils and also used aromatics in their steam baths to invigorate themselves and ward off disease. Ancient cultures found that aromatic essences or oils could be extracted from the plant by variety of methods. ‘One of the oldest and crudest forms of extraction was known as enfleurage. Raw plant material such as stems, foliage, bark, or roots was crushed and mixed with olive cil, animal fat, and some vegetable oils. Cedar bark was stripped from the trunk and branches, ground into a powder, soaked with olive ol, and placed in a wool cloth. “The cloth was then heated. The heat pulled the essential cil out of the bark particles into the olive oil, and the ‘wool was pressed to extract the essential oil, Sandalwood oil was also extracted in ths fashion,eta err Enfleurage was also used to extract essential oils from flower petals. In fact, the French word enfleurage means literally “to saturate with the perfume of flowers.” For ‘example, petals from roses or jasmine were placed in {goose or goat fat. The essential oil droplets were pulled from the petals into the fat, and then separated from the fat. This ancient technique was one of the most primitive forms of essential oil extraction, Other extraction techniques were also used such as: Soaking plant parts in boiling water Cold-pressing Soaking in alcohol Steam distillation, meaning that as the steam travels upwards, it saturates the plant material, causing the plant membranes containing the oil to break open and release the oil, which then becomes a gas that travels with the steam into the condenser, where it returns to its oily texture and is then separated from the water. Many ancient cosmetic formulas were created from a base of goat fat. Ancient Egyptians made eyeliners, eye shadows, and other cosmetics this way. They also stained their hair and nails with a variety of ointments and perfumes. Fragrance “cones” made of wax and essential oils were worn by women of royalty who enjoyed the rich scent of the oils as the cones melted with the heat of the day. Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1 In the temples oils were commonly poured into evaporation dishes so that the aroma could fill the chambers associated with sacred rituals and religious rites throughout the day. Ancient Arabians also developed and refined the process of distillation, They perfected the extraction of rose water, which were popular in the Middle the Byzantine Empire (330 AD- 1400 AD). rose oil East dus The Bible contains over 200 references to aromatics, incense, and ointments. Aromatics such as frankincense, myrth, galbanum, cinnamon, cassia, rosemary, hyssop, aling the sick. In Exodus, the Lord gave the following recipe wo Moses for a holy anointing cil: ‘five hundred shekels” (about 1 gallon) “1wo hundred and fifiyshekels and spikenard were used for anointing and Myrrh Cinnamon Calamus “two hundred and ffiy shekels Cassia ‘five hundred shekels” Olive Oil “an bin” (about 1 1/3 gallons) Psalms 133:2 speaks of the sweetness of brethren dwelling together in unity: “It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down the beard, ceven Aaron's beard: that went down to the skitts of his garments.” Another scripcure that refers to anointing Fitin ation | Essential Olle Desk Reterence | 1.7Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition and the overflowing abundance of precious oils is Ecclesiastes 9:8: “Let thy garments be always white: and let thy head lack no ointment.” ‘The Bible also lists an incident where an incense of- fering by Aaron stopped a plague. Numbers 16:46-50 records that Moses instructed Aaron to take a censer, add burning coals and incense, and “go quickly into the congregation to make an atonement for them: for there is a wrath gone out from the Lord; the plague is begun.” The Bible records that Aaron stood between the dead and the living, and the plague was stayed. It is significane that according to the biblical and Talmudie recipes for incense, three varieties of cinnamon were in- volved. Cinnamon is known to be highly antimicrobial, anti-infectious, and antibacterial. The incense ingredi- ent listed as “stacte” is believed to be a sweet, myrth- related spice, which would make ic ant-infectious and antiviral as wel. “The New Testament records that wise men presented the Christ child with frankincense and myrth. There is another precious aromatic, spikenard, described in the anointing of Jesus: ‘And being in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his head, Mark 14:3. ‘The anointing of Jesus is also referred to in John 12:3: Then took Mary a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment. See additional bibl chapter. | references at the end of this Other Historical References Throughout world history, fragrant oils and spices have played a prominent role in everyday life. Herodotus, the Greek historian who lived from 484 BC to 425 BC, recorded that during the yearly feast of Bel, 1000 talents’ weight of frankincense was offered on the great altar of Bel in Babylon. ‘The Roman historian Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79) complained that “by our lowest reckoning India, China and the Arabian peninsula take from our empire 100 million sesterces every year, for aromatics’ Diodorus of Sicily lived in the 1* century BC and wrote of the abundance of frankincense in Arabia and how it “suffices for the service and worship of gods all the world over.” Napoleon is reported to have enjoyed cologne water made of neroli and other ingredients so much that he ordered 162 bottles of it. After conquering Jerusalem, one of the things the Crusaders brought back to Europe was solidified essence of roses. ‘The 12"-century herbalist Hildegard of Bingen used herbs and oils extensively in healing. This Benedictine nun founded her own convent and was the author of numerous works. Her book, Physica has more than 200 chapters on plants and their uses for healing. The Rediscovery “The reintroduction of essential oils into modern medicine first began during the late 19° and early 20* During World War I, the use of aromatic essences in and military hospitals became widespread. One physician in France, Dr. Monciére, used essential oils extensively for their antibacterial and wound-healing properties and developed several kinds of aromatic ointments René-Maurice Gattefossé, PhD, a French cosmetic chemist, is widely regarded as the father of aromatherapy. He and a group of scientists began studying essential oils in 1907. In his 1937 book, Aromatherapy, Dr. Gattefossé told the real story of his now-famous use of lavender essential oil that was used to heal a serious burn. The tale has assumed mythic proportions in essential oil literature. His own words about this accident are even. more powerful than what has been told over the year. Dr. Gattefossé was literally aflame—covered in burn- ing substances—following a laboratory explosion in July 1910. After he extinguished the lames by rolling fon a grassy lawn, he wrote that “both my hands were covered with rapidly developing gas gangrene.” He fur 4.8 | chapter + | Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's DestinyYesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1 Rané-Maurice Gattefossé, PAD ‘Jean Valnet, MD ther reported that “just one rinse with lavender essence stopped the gasification of the tissue. This treatment was followed by profuse sweating and healing which began the next day.” Robert B. Tisserand, editor of The International Journal of Aromatherapy, searched for Dt. Gattefossé's book for 20 years. A copy was located and Tisserand edited the 1995 reprint, Tisserand noted that Dr. Gattefossé’s burns “must have been severe to lead to gas gangrene, avery serious infection.” Dr. Gattefossé shared and friend Jean Valnet, a medical doctor practicing in Paris. Exhausting his supply of antibiotics as a physician in Tonkin, China, during World War II, Dr. ‘Valnet began using essential oils on patients suffering, battlefield injuries. To his surprise, the essential oils is studies with his colleague showed a powerful effect in fighting infection. He was able to save the lives of many soldiers who might otherwise have died. Two of Dr. Valnet’s students, Dr. Paul Belaiche and Dr. Jean-Claude Lapraz, expanded his work. ‘They clinically investigated the antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic properties in essential oils. In 1990, Dr. Daniel Pénoél, a French medical doc- tor, and Pierre Franchomme, a French biochemist, col- laborated together to co-author the first reference book that cataloged the various medical properties of over 270 essential oils and how to use them in a clinical en- vironment. Their work was based on Franchomme's laboratory experience and Pénodl’s clinical experience of administering the oils to his patients. ‘The book, Jean-Claude Lapraz, MD Danie! Pénosl, MD published in French, was titled laromathérapie exacte- ‘ment and became the primary resource for dozens of authors worldwide in writing about the medical ben- efits of essential oils. Health-minded people the world over have learned the value of using high quality natural herbs. Interestingly, ‘most therapeutic herbs can be distilled into an essential oil. The key difference is that of concentration. ‘The essential oil can be from 100 to 10,000 times more concentrated—and therefore more potent—than the herb itself. Even though they are many times ‘more potent than natural herbs, essential oils, unlike prescription drugs, very rarely generate any negative side effects, which carties profound implications for those ‘wanting to maintain or regain their health naturally. Sometimes the effects of administering essential oils are so dramatic that the patients themselves call it “miraculous.” And while no one fully understands “why” or “how” essential oils provide such significant benefits, the fact is that they do, With pure essential oils, mi ions of people can find relief from disease, infections, pain, and even mental difficulties. ‘Their therapeutic potential is enormous and is only just beginning to be tapped, Because of the research bein scientists and doctors, the heal g conducted by many power of essential oils is again gaining prominence. Today, it has become evident that we have not yet found permanent solutions for dreaded diseases such as SARS, the Ebola virus, hanta virus, AIDS, HIV, and new strains of tuberculosis and influenza like bird and swine flu Fith Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.9Essential Oils Desk Reference | Fifth Edition Essential oils may assume an increasingly important role in combating new mutations of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. More and more researchers are undertaking serious clinical studies on the use of essential oils to combat these types of diseases. Research conducted at Weber State University in cooperation with D. Gary Young, as well as other documented research, indicates that most viruses, fungi, and bacteria cannot live in the presence of most essential oils, especially those high in phenols, carvacrol, thymol, and terpenes. It may also help us understand why a notorious group of thieves, reputed to be spice traders and perfumers, was protected from the Black Plague as they robbed the bodies of the dead and dying during the 15th cencury. A vast body of anecdotal evidence (testimonials) suggests that those who use essential oils are less likely to contract infectious diseases. Moreover, ol users who do contract an infectious illness tend to recover faster than those using antbioties Our modern world has only begun the discovery of the power of God's healing oils—something thar the ancient world knew well. Their time was one without laboratories, manufacturing facilities, high technology and equipment, or chemicals. The earth and its healing gifts were the ancient world’s medicine—something our modern world should take note ofand embrace. Modern medicine is certainly not without its miracles. Millions of lives have been saved in crisis and malfunctions of the body. Bur the way to live with strength and vitality without pain and disease lies in what God has created, not in what man has altered. Essential oils are no longer the missing link in modern medicine. Millions of people are applauding their power, and millions more are being introduced and educated to their potential each year. As more and more health practitioners, doctors, scientists, and users ofall ages venture into the world of this ancient knowledge, the methods of medicine will take on new dimensions, and exciting discoveries will be made that will benefit mankind today and tomorrow. Biblical References Cedarwood Leviticus 14:51—"And he shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the house seven times.” Leviticus 14:52—“And he shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and: the runs water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the salt.” Numbers 19:6—"And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast if into the midst of the burning of the heifer. Numbers 24:6—“As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the rivers side, as the trees of lign aloes, which the Lord hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters.” 2 Samuel 5:11—"And Hiram king of Tyre sent ‘messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons: and they built David an house.” 2 Samuel 7:2—"That the king said unto Nathan the prophet, See now, I dwell in an house of cedar, but the ark of God dwelleth within curtains.” 2 Samuel 7:7—"In all she places wherein Thave walked with all che children of Israel spake Ta word with any of the tribes of Israel, whom I commanded to feed my people Israel, saying, Why build ye not me an house of cedar?” 1 Kings 4:33—"And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that isin Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out ofthe wall: he spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes.” 1 Kings 5:6—"Now therefore command thou that they hew me cedar trees out of Lebanon: and my servants shall be with thy servants: and unto thee will 1 a for thy servants according to all that thou shalt appoint: for thou knowest that shere is notamong us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians.” 1 Kings 5:8—“And Hiram sent to Solomon, saying, I have considered the things which thou sentest to me for: and I will do all thy desire concerning timber of cedar, and concerning timber of fir” 4.10 | chapter + | Yesterday's wisdom, Tomorrow's DestinyYesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1 1 Kings 5:10—"So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all his desire.” 1 Kings 6:9—"So he built the house, and finished it; and covered the house with beams and boards of cedar.” 1 Kings 9:11—"(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir trees, and with gold, according to all his desire.) chat then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.” 2 Kings 19:23—"By thy messengers thou hast reproached the Lord, and hast said, With the multitude of my chariots Iam come up to the height of the mountains, tothe sides of Lebanon, and will cut down the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the lodgings of his borders, and into the forest of his Carmel.” 1 Chronicles 22:4—“Also cedar trees in abundance: for the Zidonians and they of Tyre brought much cedar wood to David.” 2 Chronicles 1:15—"And the king made silver and ‘gold at Jerusalem as plenteous as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the vale for abundance.” 2 Chronicles 2:8—"Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for I know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon; and behold, my servants shall be with thy servants,” 2 Chronicles 9:27—“And the king made silver in Jerusalem as stones, and cedar trees made he as the sycomore trees that are in the low plains in abundance.” Ezra 3:7—“They gave money also unto the masons, and to the carpenters; and meat, and drink, and oil, unto them of Zidon, and to them of Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea of Joppa, according, to the grant that they had of Cyrus king of Persia.” Isaiah 41:19—"I will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil tee; I will sec in the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together.” Ezekiel 17:3—"And say, ‘Thus saith the Lord God: A great eagle with great wings, longwinged, full of feathers, which had divers colours, came unto Lebanon, and took the highest branch of the cedar:” Ezekiel 17:22—“Thus saith the Lord God; I will also take of the highest branch of the high cedar, and will set it; [will crop off from the top of his young twigs a tender one, and will plant if upon an high mountain and eminent: Ezekiel 17:23—“In the mountain of the height of Israel will I plane it: and it shall bring forth boughs, and bear fruit, and be a goodly cedar: and under it shall dwell all fowl of every wing; in the shadow of the branches thereof shall they dwell.” Zechariah 11:2—“Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, © ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest ofthe vintage is come down.” Cinnamon Revelation 18:13—"And cinnamon, and odours, and, ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.” Fir 1 Kings 6:15—“And he built the walls of the house within with boards of cedar, both the floor of the house, and the walls of the ceiling: and he covered them on the inside with wood, and covered the floor of the house with planks of fr” 1 Kings 6:34—"And the two doors were of fir tee: the two leaves of the one door were folding, and the ewo leaves of the other door were folding.” 1 Kings 9:11—"(Now Hiram the king of Tyre had furnished Solomon with cedar trees and fir trees, and with gold, according to all his desire) that then king Solomon gave Hiram twenty cities in the land of Galilee.” 2 Kings 19:23—"By thy messengers thou hast reproached the Lord, and hast said, With the multitude of my chariots I am come up to the height of the ‘mountains, to the sides of Lebanon, and will cut down the tall cedar trees thereof, and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter inco the lodgings of his borders, «and into the forest of his Carmel.” 2 Chronicles 2:8—“Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon: for | know that thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon; and, bbchold, my servants shall be with thy servants.” Fitth Egition | Essential Oils Desk Ret anEssential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition 2 Chronicles 3:5—“And the greater house he cicled swith fir tree, which he overlaid with fine gold, and sec thereon palm trees and chains.” Psalms 104:17—“Where the birds make their nests: «as forthe stork, the fir tees are her house.” ‘The Song of Solomon I:17—“The beams of our house care cedar, and our rafters of fir.” Isaiah 14:8—"Yea, the fr trees rejoice a chee, and the cedars of Lebanon, saying, Since thou art laid down, no feller is come up against us.” Isaiah 37:24—"By thy servants hast thou reproached the Lord, and hast said, By the multi-tude of my chariots am I come up to the height of the mountains, to the sides of Lebanon; and I will cut down the tall cedars thereof, «and the choice fir trees thereof: and I will enter into the height of his border, and the forest of his Carmel.” Isaiah 41:19—"T will plant in the wilderness the cedar, the shittah tree, and the myrtle, and the oil ree; I will secin the desert the fir tree, and the pine, and the box tree together:” Isaiah 55:13—“Instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree, and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle tree: and it shall be to the Lord for a name, for an everlasting sign [that] shall not be cut off” Isaiah 60:13—"“The glory of Lebanon shall come unto thee, the fir tre, the pine tree, and the box together, to beautify the place of my sanctuary: and I will make the place of my feet glorious.” Ezekiel 27:5—"“They have made all thy ship boards of fir trees of Senir: they have taken cedars from Lebanon to make masts for thee.” Ezekiel 31:8—"The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chestnut trees were not like his branches; nor any tree in che garden of God was like unto him in his beauty” Hosea 14:8—"Ephraim shall say, What have I to do any more with idols? I have heard him, and observed him: Tam like a green fir tee. From me is thy fruit found.” Nahum 2:3—"The shield of his mighty men is made red, the valiant men are in scarlet: the chariots shall be with flaming torches in the day of his preparation, and the fir trees shall be terribly shaken.” Zechariah 11:2—“Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks ‘of Bashan: for the forest of the vintage is come down.” Frankincense Leviticus 215—"And thou shale put oil upon it, and lay frankincense thereon: i a meat offering,” Leviticus 216—"And the priest shall burn the memorial oft, part of the beaten corn thereof, and part of the oil thereof, with all the frankincense thereof: it is an offering made by fire unto the Lord.” 11 —"But if he be not able to bring two turtledaves, or two young pigeons, then he that sinned shall bring for his offering the tenth pare of an ephah. of fine lour for a sin offering; he shall pur no oil upon it, neither shall he put any frankincense thereon: for it is asin offering” Leviticus Leviticus 6:15—"And he shall take of it his handful, of the flour of the meat offering, and of the oil thereof, and all the frankincense which is upon the meat offering, and shall burn it upon the altar for a sweet savour, even the memorial of it, unto the Lord.” Leviticus 247—"And thou shale put pure frankin- cense upon each row, that it may be on the bread for a memorial, even an offering made by fire unto the Lord.” Numbers 5:15—“Then shall the man bring his wife ‘unto the priest, and he shal bring her offering for her, the tenth pert of an ephah of barley meal: he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance.” 1 Chronicles 9:29—"Some of them also were appointed to oversee the vessels, and all the instruments of the sanctuary, and the fine flour, and the wine, and the oil, and the frankincense, and the spices.” Nehemiah 13:5—"And he had prepared for him a great chamber, where aforetime they laid the meat offerings, the frankincense, and the vessels, and the tithes of the corn, the new wine, and the oil, which was commanded 20 be given to che Levites, and the singers, and the porters; and the offerings of the priest.” Nehemiah 13:9—"Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers: and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat offering and the frankincense.” 4.42 | chapter + | Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's DestinyYesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's Destiny | Chapter 1 ‘The Song of Solomon 3:6—"Who is this that cometh ‘out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with all powders of the merchant?” “The Song of Solomon 4:6—"Until the day break, and the shadows fice away, I will get me to the mountain of myrrh, and co the hill of frankincense.” “The Song of Solomon 4:14—"Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices: Matthew 2:11—"And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshiped him: and when they had ‘opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts gold, and frankincense, and myrrh.” Revelation 18:13—“And cinnamon, and odours, and ‘ointments, and frankincense, and wine, and oil, and fine flour, and wheat, and beasts, and sheep, and horses, and chariots, and slaves, and souls of men.” Hyssop Leviticus 14:49—"And he shall take to cleanse the house two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop.” Leviticus 14:51—"And he shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and che living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the house seven times.” Leviticus 14:52—*And he shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and with the running water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the scarlet.” Numbers 19:6—"And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer.” Numbers 19:18—"And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle i upon the cent, and upon al the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that rouched a bone, or ‘one slain, or one dead, ofa grave.” 1 Kings 4:33—"And he spake of trees, from the cedar tree that isin Lebanon even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall: he spake also of beasts, and of | fowl, and of creeping things, and of fishes.” Psalms 51:7—"Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.” John 19:29—"Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put if to his mouth.” Hebrews 9:19—"For when Moses had spoken every precept to all the people according to the law, he took. the blood of calves and of goats, with water, and scarlet ‘wool, and hyssop, and sprinkled both the book, and all the people.” Myrrh Esther 2:12—‘Now when every maid’s turn was come to go in to king Ahasuerus, after that she had been twelve months, according to the manner of the women, (for so were the days of their purifications accomplished, ro wit, six months with oil of myrrh, and six months with sweet odours, and with opher things for the purifying of the women;)” Psalms 45:8—"All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they hhave made thee glad.” Proverbs 7:17—"I have perfumed my bed with myrrh, aloes, and cinnamon.” “The Song of Solomon 1:13—"A bundle of myrth és ‘my well-beloved unto me; he shall lie all night betwixt iy breasts.” “The Song of Solomon 3:6—"Who is this that cometh ‘out of the wilderness like pillars of smoke, perfumed with myrth and frankincense, with all powders of the ‘merchant?” “The Song of Solomon 4:6—"Unuil the day break, and the shadows flee away, [will get me to the mountain of myrth, and to the hill of frankincense.” “The Song of Solomon 4:14—"Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense; myrth and aloes, with all the chief spices:” “The Song of Solomon 5:1—"I am come into my garden, my sister, [my] spouse: I have gathered my myrth with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb with iy honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O beloved.” “The Song of Solomon 5:5—"I rose up to open to my beloved; and my hands dropped with myrrh, and my Firth Eoition | Essential Oils Deak Reference | 1.13Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition fingers wich sweet smelling myrth, upon the handles of the lock.” ‘The Song of Solomon 5:13—“His cheeks are as a bed of spices, as sweet flowers: his lips lik lilies, dropping sweet smelling myrrh.” Mathew 2:11—"And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshiped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented unto him gifts; gold, and frankincense, and myrth.” Mark 15:23—"And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrth: but he received it not.” John 19:39—"And there came also Nicodemus, which at the first came to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrth and aloes, about an hundred pound weight.” Myrtle Zechariah 1:8—l saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle trees that were in the bottom; and behind him were there ted horses, speckled, and white.” Zechariah 1:10—“And the man that stood among the myrtle trees answered and said, These are they whom the Lord hath sent to walk to and fro through the earth.” Zechariah 1:11—"And they answered the angel of the Lord that stood among the myrtle trees, and said, We have walked to and fro through the earth, and, behold, all the earth sitceh still, and is at rest.” Spikenard “The Song of Solomon 4:14—"Spikenard and saffron; calamus and cinnamon, with all trees of frankincense, myrrh and aloes, with all chief spices.” Mark “And being in Bethany in the house of ‘Simon the leper, as he sat at meat, there came a woman. having an alabaster box of ointment of spikenard very precious; and she brake the box, and poured it on his, head.” John 12:3—"“Then took Mary a pound of ointment ‘of spikenard, very costly, and anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his fee with her hair: and the house was filled with the odour of the ointment.” | chapter Yesterday's Wisdom, Tomorrow's DestinyChapter 2 How Essential Oils Work Essential Oil Chemistry Essential oils are volatile liquids and aromatic compounds found within shrubs, flowers, trees, roots, bushes, and sceds that are usually extracted through steam distillation, How many ways can essential oils affect your daily life? An Austrian study" reported that inhaling the odors of orange and lavender essential oils in a dental office reduced anxiety and improved mood. Applying the essential oils of bergamot, lavender, and frankincense in sweet almond carrier oil in hand massage was found to have a positive effect on pain and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer.’ And finally, patients in a Taiwan hospital with symptoms of irritable bowel disease improved significantly after ingesting enteric- coated peppermint oil capsules compared to those who received a placebo Whether used orally, topically, or simply inhaled, essential oils ate supportive of our physical, emocional, and spiritual health Essent 1 Oil Con: juents Essential oils are composed of hundreds of chemical constituents. Lavender oil, for example, contains approximately 200 different constituents, of which linalyl acetate, linalool, cis-beta-ocimene, trans-beta cacimene, and terpinene-4-ol are the major components. The power of an essential il lies in its chemical compounds and their synerg Thereare 13 categories of essential oil constituents. We will list each categ such compounds, The information below has been adapted from: The Chemistry of Essential Oils by David Stewart, PhD. This book is highly recommended, 1, Allkanes: Few essential oils contain alkanes, and those that do usually contain less than 1 percent. The alkanes undecane, dodecane, and hexadecane are found in ginger oil. Alkane alcohols are found in lemon oil and ginger oil. The alkane-aldehyde octanal is in rose, lavender, and citrus oils. Decanal s found in coriander, lemongrass, and mandarin oils, Rose oil stands alone as an essential oil that contains 11 to 19 percent alkanes, which may be why this exquisite oil exhibits so many unique 2. Phenols: Common phenols found in essential oils are terpinen-I-ol-4 (melaleuca and marjoram), thymol (thyme and mountain savory), and eugenol (clove, cinnamon, basil, and bay laurel). Phenol is lang, Phenols are believed to be antiseptic and antibacterial. They can be helpful to the immune system but are very strong and may 3. ‘Terpenes: This constituent class is the most com. mon of all. Dr. Stewart estimates there are 1,000 monoterpenes and as many as 3,000 sesquiter- penes found in essential oils. Triterpenes and tet aterpenes are found only in trace amounts in the pressed citrus oils orange, tangerine, lemon, grape fruit, and lime and also in solventextracted oils like jasmine and neroli ‘The monoterpenes alpha-pinene, d-limonene, Himo nene, beta-phellandrene, and ocimene are abundant n pine, orange, balsam fir, ginger, and frankincense Sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene, guaiene, and al- pha-farnesene are found in black pepper, patchouli, and German chamomile. Oils with high sesquiter pene contents include cedarwood, patchouli, san f 1» | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.15Essential Olls Desk Reference Fith Edition dalwood, and myrsh. Terpenes are responsible for a multitude of therapeutic effects in essential oils. 4, Alcohols: The names of these constituents end in -ol, Borneol is found in lavadin; citronellol, in rose; linalool, in rosewood; alpha-terpincol, in melaleuca; and lavendulol, in lavender. Alcohols are energizing, cleansing, antiseptic, and antiviral. 5. Ethers: ‘This constituent form is not as common in essential oils as others like terpenes, alcohols, or ketones. Anethole is found in anise; clemeicin, in elemi; estragole, in tarragon; and myristicin, in rnucmeg. Ethers are balancing and calming, help release emotions, and have an antidepressant effec. 6. Aldehydes: The names of these constituents end in “al” or “aldehyde.” Benzoic aldehyde is found in onycha; cinnamaldehyde, in cassia; cuminal, in cumin; neral, in melissa; and phellandral, in eucalyptus dives. Aldehydes are antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. 7. Ketones: A strong, distinctive odor characterizes ketones, whether for good or ill depends on one’s taste. Camphor is found in rosemary; fenchone, in fennel; jasmone, in jasmine; pentanone, in myrth; piperitone, in peppermint; beta-thujone, in westet red cedar; and alpha-vetivone, in vetiver. Ketones o fer decongesting and analgesic benefits and promote healing, [chapter 2 | How Essential Oils Work rr ent 10. acids: These constit a minor part of an esse recognize because they always have the word “acid” in their name. Examples are aminobenzoic acid found in mandarin; cinnamic acid, in cinnamon; oil. They are easy to geranic acid, in geranium; and valerinic acid, in valerian. Carboxylic acids are stimulating and cleaning and react with alcohols to make esters. Esters: Oils composed mainly of esters include rch and wintergreen. ‘The names of esters end in “ate.” Linalyl acetate is found in. bergamot; netyl acetate, in helichrysum; isobutyl angelate, in Roman chamomile; citronellyl formate, in geranium; and menthyl acetate, in peppermint. Esters are soothing, balancing, antifungal, and stress and emotional releasing. Oxides: These are oxygenated hydrocarbons. Examples are bisabolol oxide found in German chamomile; pipertone oxide, in peppermint; linalool oxide, in hyssop; rose oxide, in rose; sclareol oxide, in clary sage; and humulene oxide, in clove. The most prevalent oxide is 1,8-cineole found in eucalyprus CE. globulus, rosemary, and thyme. Oils with this oxide are known for respiratory-decongesting and sinus-clearing benefits Lactones: This consticuent group is characterized by congue-twisting names. Bergaptene is found inerry fennel essential oik; furanogermacrene, in. mysth; and umbelliferone, in anise. Lactones exh antiseptic, antiparasitic, and antiinflammatory properties, according to Dr. Daniel Péniel. 12.Coumarins: Dr. Stewart notes that coumarins are a subgroup of lactones and are found widely in nature. Because there is a similarity to the name of the blood-thinning drug Coumadin, he explained that coumarins and Coumadin are not similar. One is natural, one synthetic, and they have very different chemical formulas. Coumatins have the fragrance of freshly cut hay or grass. In fact, when you mow your lawn, you are releasing coumarins into the air. They are found in fleabane, lavandin (in very minute quantities, and cassia essential oils. Coumarins have anciviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. 13. Furanoids: Furanoids or furans are lactones or coumarins with names starting with “furano-” or “furo-” or end with “furan.” Some essential oils with franoids are photoroxic (they amplify the effects of the sun) like bergamot, ruta (graveolens), grapefruit, and lemon. Others, like myrsh, mandarin, sweet orange, and tangerine are not. Myrrh is interesting in that it contains more furanoid compounds than any other essential oil (up to 27 percent), yet it is not phototoxic. Furanoids can have the benefits of lactones or coumarins. How Essential Oils Work | Chapter 2 ren een oe With this brief explanation of constituent chemistry, lavender's compounds can be categorized as linalyl acetate (ester), linalool (alcoho), cis-beta-ocimene and trans-beta-ocimene (monoterpenes), and terpine- 4-ol (alcohol). Frankincense essential oil constituents tell us that it is composed of monoterpenes (alpha- pinene, limonene, sabinene, myrcene, alpha-thuyene, paracymene) and the sesquiterpene beta caryophyllene. Purity and Strength of Essential Oil Constituents (One of the factors that determine the purity of an oil is its chemical constituents. These constituents can be affected by a vast number of variables including the part(s) ofthe planc from which the oil was produced, soil condition, fertilizer (organic or chemical), geographical region, climate, altitude, harvesting methods, and distillation processes. For example, common thyme (Zhymus vulgari) produces several different chemotypes (biochemically ‘unique variants within one species) depending on the conditions of its growth, climate, and altitude, One chemotype of thyme will yield an essential oil with high levels of thymol, depending on the time of year it is distilled. ‘The later ics distilled in the growing season (ie., mid-summer or fall), the more thymol the oil will contain. Filth Edition | Essential Oils Deak Reference | 1.17Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Proper cultivation assures that more specific chemotypes like Thymus oulgaris will maintain a good strain of thymol, whereas when wildcrafting, a grower may produce linalol and eugenol thyme on the same mountainside, ‘An example of this was shown in studies at the University of Ege botany department in Tamir, Turkey, where it was found that among Origanum compactum plants within a 100-square-foot radius, one plant would be very high in carvacrol and another would be high in another compound. Wildcrafcing plants cannot guarantee the same chemotype, even on the same hillside. ‘The key to producing a therapeutic-grade essential oil is to preserve as many of the delicate aromatic compounds within the essential oil as possible. Fragile aromatic chemicals are easily destroyed by high temperature and pressure, as well as contact with chemically reactive metals such as copper or aluminum, This is why all therapeutic-grade essential oils should be distilled in stainless steel cooking chambers at low pressure and low temperature “The plane material should also be free ofherbicidesand other agrichemicals. These can react with the essential oil during distillation to produce toxic compounds. Because many pesticides are oil-soluble, they can also mix into the essential oil. Although chemists have successfully recreated the main constituents and fragrances of some essential oils in the laboratory, these synthetic ols lack therapeutic benefits and may even carry risks. Why? Because essential oils contain hundreds of different chemical compounds, which, in combination, lend important therapeutic properties to the oil. Also, many essential oils contain molecules and isomers that are impossible to manufacture in the laboratory. Young Living requires all distillers who want to sell to Young Living co submit samples to be analyzed to ensure that all the compounds are present at the right percentage to be therapeutic. You can have pure oils, but if the plants are distilled ac che wrong time of day or with incorrect distillation procedures, the compounds that make the oils therapeutic will not be there, and you will not have a therapeutic-grade profile. In addition, Young Living requires that the farms and the essential oil distillation facilities be subject to site inspection. Of oil samples submitted between May 2007 and October 2011 by distillers wanting to partner with Young Living, over 34 percent did not meet Young, Living standards and were rejected. Because Young Living extensively interacts with the users who purchase essential oils, the company is able to monitor human response to and determine the actual therapeutic benefit of various oils, thereby comparing the constituents of different oils to determine their maximum, health-giving potential Quality and efficacy are moving, evolving targets, and no one understands this more than Young Living. Science and Application Essential oils have a unique ability to penetrate cell membranes and diffuse throughout the blood and tissues. The unique, lipid-soluble structure of essential oilsis very similar to the makeup of our cell membranes. “The molecules of essential oils are also relatively small, which enhances their ability to penetrate into the cells. When topically applied to the feet or elsewhere, essential oils can travel throughout the body in a matter of minutes. ‘The ability of some essential oils, like clove, to decrease the viscosity or thickness of the blood can also enhance circulation and immune function. Adequate circulation is vital to good health, since it affects the function of every cell and organ, including the brain. Research indicates that when essential oils are diffused, they can increase atmospheric oxygen and provide negative ions, which in turn inhibits bacterial growth. ‘This suggests that essential oils could play an important role in air purification and neutralizing odors. Because of their ionizing action, essential oils have the ability to break down potentially harmful chemicals and render them nontoxic. In the human body, essential oils stimulate the secretion of antibodies, neurotransmitcers, endorphins, hormones, and enzymes. Oils containing limonene have ‘been shown to prevent and slow the progression of cancer. ‘Other ils, like lavender, have been shown to promote the growth of hair and increase the rate of wound healing “They increase the uptake of oxygen and ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the fuel for individual cll. [chapter 2 | How Essential Oils WorkHow Essential Oils Work | Chapter 2 European scientists have studied the ability of ‘essential oils to work as natural chelators, binding with hheavy metals and petrochemicals and ferrying them out of the body. ‘Today approximately 300 essential oils are distilled or extracted, with several thousand chemical constituents and aromatic molecules identified and registered. ‘The quantity, quality, nd type of these aromatic compounds will vary depending on climate, temperature, and distillation factors. Ninety-cight percent of essential oils produced today are used in the perfume and cosmetic industry. Only about 2 percent are produced for therapeutic and medicinal applications. Because essential oils are composites of hundreds of different chemicals, they can exert many different effects on the body. For example, clove oil can be simultaneously antiseptic and anesthetic when applied topically. It can also be anticumoral. Lavender oil has been used for burns, insect bites, headaches, PMS, insomnia, stress, and hair growth, Imporcandy, because of their complexity, essential oils do not disturb the body's natural balance or homeostasis: if one constituent exerts too strong an effect, another constituent may block or counteract, it. Synthetic chemicals, in contrast, usually have only ‘one action and often disrupt the body's homeostasis. Standards and Testing AFNOR/ISO Standards In1926AFNOR (Association Francaisde Normalisation) was founded co act as a standards-serting body for a variety of products and services. These represent general standards set fora specific group of essential oils. David Stewart, PRD, contacted AFNOR and was told chat this agency sets minimum standards by which quality, safety, reliability, and performance requirements described in French, European, and International Standards can be validated. ‘The ISO (International Organization for Standard- ization) is a worldwide federation that includes 130 countries and is based in Switzerland, ISO sets stan- dards for a variety of products, not just essential oils. ISO standards for essential oils are the same as those of AFNOR. According to Dr. Stewart, “AFNOR does not certify essential oils but has set reference standards to be used by professional and commercial buyers and sellers. Because the majority of essential oils are purchased by the flavor and fragrance industries, AFNOR standards for essential oils deal only with the few chemical components of importance to those industries. These standards do not address the hundreds of minor and trace components of a na ara oil chat are necessary to its cherapeutic properties Also, AENOR and ISO have standards for only a fraction of the vast number of natural essential oils availabl copaiba, pine, spruce, and Moroccan chamomile (i.e. blue tansy) are just a few of the examples of essential oils that have no ISO or AFNOR standard. In the absence of these standards, Young Living has created its own standards based on the true medicinal effects of the essential oil in actual therapeutic applications. the marketplace. Helichrysum, cinnamon, Young Living Standards For the past 12 years, Young Living has compiled an essential oil reference library that has over 280,000 compound references. Using this proprietary information, Young Living developed its own standards to guarantee the highest possible therapeutic value for the oils. Young Living’s research and quality control labora- tories in Utah have three gas chromatograph (GC) in- struments, one of which also has a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The Ecuador laboratory also has a GC-MS. Gary Young has stated that these instruments are the only ones in the world that are matched and calibrated to the instruments used at the National Center for Sci- entific Research in France (CNRS: Centre National de a Recherche Scientifique) by Dr. Hervé Casabianca. ‘Asa general rule, if two or more marker compounds in an essential oil fall outside the prescribed percentages, the oil does not meet Young Living Therapeutic Grade” essential oil standards. A Lavender oil produced in one region of France might have a slightly different chemistry than that grown in another region and as a result may not meet v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 ith Eaition | Ee Oils Desk Reference | 1.19Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition the standard. It may have excessive camphor levels (1.0 instead of 0.5), a condition that might be caused by distilling lavender that was too green, or the levels of lavandulol may be too low due to certain weather conditions at the time of harvest. By comparing the gas chromatograph chemistry profile of a lavender essential oil with the Young Living therapeutic-grade standard, one may also distinguish true lavender from various species of lavandin (hybrid lavender). Usually lavandin has high camphor levels, almost no lavandulol, and is easily identified. However, Tasmania produces a lavandin that yields an essential cil with naturally low camphor levels chat mimics the chemistry of crue lavender. Only by analyzing the chemical fingerprint of this Tasmanian lavandin using high resolution gas chromatography and comparing it with che Young Living therapeutic-grade standard for genuine lavender can this hybrid lavender be identified, Testing Instruments In the United States, few companies use the proper an- alytical instruments and methods to properly analyze es- sential oils. Most labs use equipment best suited for syn- thetic chemicals—not for natural essential oil analysis. Young Living Essential Oils uses the proper instruments and has made serious efforts to calibrate Young Living’s GC-MS instruments to the column- wall thickness set by Dr. Hervé Casabianea, Laboratory Director of Natural Product Research, at CNRS labs in France. This ensures identification of more compounds that otherwise might be missed. In addition to operating its analytical instruments with the same calibration as the CNRS laboratories, Young Living is continually expanding its analytical chemical library in order to perform more thorough chemical analysis. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Properly analyzing an essential oil by gas chromatog- raphy is a complex undertaking, The injection mixture, column diameter and length, and oven temperature must fall within certain parameters. Unless individuals have gone to France and ‘Turkey as Gary Young has and have been trained in the analytical procedures of gas chroma- tography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS), they will not understand how to accurately test essential ols ‘The GC column length should be at least 50 or 60 meters. However, almost all labs in the United States use a 30-meter column that is not long enough to achieve proper separation of all the essential oil constituents. While 30-meter columns are adequate for analyzing synthetic chemicals and marker compounds in vitamins, minerals, and herbal extracts, they are far too short to properly analyze the complex mosaic of natural chemicals found in an essential oi longer column also enables double-phased ramping, which makes it possible to identify constituents that occur in very small percentages by increasing the separation of compounds. Without a longer column, it ‘would be extremely difficult ro identify these molecules, especially if they are chemically similar to each other or to a marker compound. Following GC analysis, the oil is run through an MS instrument to get an even greater separation and can find up to another 25 to 75 minor compounds. “Then with the optical refractometer, the rotation of the molecules is measured, which helps to identify if they are natural or synthetic. While gas chromatography (GC) is an excellent tool for dissecting the anatomy of an essential oil, it doeshave limitations. Dr. Brian Lawrence, one of the foremost experts on essential oil chemistry, has commented that sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between natural and synthetic compounds using GC analysis. If synthetic linalyl acetate is added to pure lavender, a GC analysis cannot really tell whether that compound is synthetic or natural, only that ics linalyl acetate. Adding a chiral column can help, however, in distinguishing between synthetic and nacural oils. “This addition allows the chemist o identify structural varieties of the same compound. Chiral Columns Some constituents have what is called chiral polarity (che “ch” is pronounced with a hard "k” sound, “ki- ral’). This means they have a “left” or “right” version called enantiomers. To sce the perfect example of “chiralry” bring your hhands up, palms facing you. They are mirror images but «exactly opposite. They are different in that you could not ppuca right-handed glove on your lefthand. The term used. 1 identify rotating tothe right is dextrorrary, or “A,” and rotating to the lf, levorouary, or “L” 4.20 | Chapter 2 | How Essential Os WorkHow Essential Oils Work | Chapter 2 Two chiral forms of the constituent carvone, The lft ‘enantiomer is found in dil and caraway, while the form on the right is found in spearmint essential oil Young Living uses an optical refractometer to identify the optical rotation of molecules. If the “d” or “T" form deviates from what is listed in a chiral library of left and right enantiomers, the oil will be sent either to Dr. Casabianca or to our laboratory for further chiral column testing. This testing is more detailed and will identify a marker that reveals a synthetic origin. That oil would then be rejected. ‘This complexity is why oils muse be analyzed by a chemist specially trained on the interpretation of a gas chromatography chart. The chemist examines the entire chemical fingerprint of the ol to determine its purity and. potency, measuring how various compounds in the oil ‘occur in relation to each other. If some chemicals occur in higher quantities than others, these provide important clues to determine ifthe oil is adulterated or pute. Adulteration is such a major concern that each essential oil Young Living offers is tested initially by independent European analytical laboratories, and every subsequent batch of essential oil is tested by Young Living’s highly trained research and quality control scientists. Batches that do not meet established standards are rejected and returned. Adulteration of essential oils will become more and. more common as the supply of top-quality essential oils dwindles and demand continues to increase. These adulterated essential oils will jeopardize the integrity of aromatherapy in the United States and may put many people at risk. Adulterated Oils and Their Dangers Today much of the lavender oil sold in America is the hybrid called lavandin, grown and distilled in China, Russia, France, and Tasmania. Iti brought into France and cut with synthetic linalyl acetate to improve the fragrance. Then propylene glycol, DEP, or DOP (solvents that have no smell and increase the volume) are added, and itis sold in the United States as lavender oil. Often lavandin is heated to evaporate the camphor and then is adulterated with synthetic linalyl acetate. Most consumers don't know the difference and are happy to buy i for $7 to $10 per half ounce in health food stores, beauty salons, grocery and department stores, and through mail order. This is one of the reasons why itis important to know about the integrity of the company or vendor from which you purchase your essential oils Frankincense is another example of a commonly adulterated oil. ‘The frankincense resin that is sold in Somalia costs between $30,000 and $35,000 per ton. A great deal of time—I2 hours or more—is required to properly steam-distill this essential oil from the resin, making the oil very expensive. Frankincense oil that sells for $25 per ounce or less is cheaply distilled with gum resins, alcohol, or other solvents, leaving the essential oil laden with harmful chemicals. Sadly, when . and adulterated oils cause rashes, burns, or other irritations, people wonder why they do not get the benefit they expected and conclude that essential oils do not have much value. these cut, synthe Some commercial statistics show that one large, USS. corporation uses twice as much of a particular essential oil a is naturally grown and produced in the entire world! Where are these “phantom” essential oils coming fom? In France production of tue lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) dtopped from 87 tons in 1967 to only 12 tons in 1998. During this same period, the worldwide demand for lavender oil grew over 100 percent. So where did essential oil marketers obtain enough lavender to meet the demand? They probably used a combination of synthetic and adulterated oils. There v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fitin Cation | Essential Oils Desk Reterence | 1.21Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition are huge chemical companies on the east coast of the USS. that specialize in creating synthetic chemicals that mimic every common essential oil. For every kilogram of pure essential ol that is produced, iis estimated that there are between 10 and 100 kilograms of synthetic oil created. Adulterated and mislabeled essential oils present dangers for consumers. One woman who had heard of the ability of lavender oil to heal burns used “lavender oil” purchased from a local health food store when she spilled boiling water on herarm. But the pain intensified and the burn worsened, so she later complained that lavender oil was worthless for healing burns. When her “lavender” oil was analyzed, it was found 0 be lavandin, the hybrid lavender that is chemically very different from pure Lavandula angustifolia. Lavandin contains high levels of camphor (12-18 percent) and can itself burn the skin, In contrast, true lavender contains virtually no camphor and has burn-healing agents not found in lavandin. Adulterated oils chat are cut with synthetic extenders can be very detrimental, causing rashes, burning, and skin irritations. Petrochemical solvents such as pylene glycol and diethylphthalate can cause allergic actions, besides being devoid of any therapeutic effects. Some people assume that because an essential oil is “100 percent pure,” i will not burn their skin, This not true, Some pure essential oils may cause skin invitation if applied undiluted. If you apply straight oregano il to the skin of some people, it may cause severe reddening. Citrus and spice oils like orange and cinnamon may also produce rashes. Even the terpenes in conifer oils like pine may cause skin irviation on sensitive people. Some writers have claimed that a few compounds, when isolated from the essential oil and tested in the lab, can exert harmful effects. Even so-called “nature- identical” essential oils (structured essential oils that have been chemically duplicated using 5 to 15 of the essential oil’s primary chemical compounds in synthetic form) can produce unwanted side effects or toxicities. Isolated compounds may be harmful; however, pure essential oils, in most cases, are not. This is because natural essential oils contain hundreds of different compounds, some of wi effects of other compounds. balance and counter the Many tourists in Egypt are eager to buy local essential cil, especially lotus oil. Vendors convince the tourists that the oils are 100 percent pure, going so far as to touch a lighted match to the neck of the oil container to show that the oil is not diluted with alcohol or other petrochemical solvents. However, this test provides no reliable indicator of purity. Many synthetic compounds tha are not flammable can be added to an essential cil, including propylene glycol. In addition, flammable solvents can be added to a vegetable oil base that will cause it t0 catch fire. Furthermore, some natural essential oils high in terpenes can be flammable. Powerful Influence of Aromas “The fragrance of an essential oil can directly affect everything from your emotional state to yout lifespan. “The mechanics ofthe sense of smell have been described as working like a lock and key or an odor molecule fitving a specific receptor ste. When a fragrance is inhaled, the odor molecules travel up the nose where they are trapped by olfactory membranes that are well protected by the ining inside the rose. Each odor molecule fits like a litle puzzle piece into specific receptor cell sites that line a membrane known as the olfactory epithelium, Each one of these hundreds of millions of nerve cells is replaced every 28 days. When stimulated by odor molecules, this lining of nerve cells triggers electrical impulses to the olfactory bulb in the brain. ‘The olfactory bulb then transmits the impulses to the gustatory center (where the sensation of taste is perceived), the amygdala (where emotional memories are scored), and other parts of the limbic system of the brain. Because the limbic system is directly connected to those parts of the brain that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, memory, stress levels, and hormone balance, essential oils can have profound physiological and psychological effects. ‘An Taalian scientist named Luca Turin proposed that rather than the “lock and key” theory of olfaction, it is the vibrational properties of molecules that enable us to distinguish smells. After earning his PhD in physiology at University College London, Turin worked as a researcher for the CNRS at the Villefranche Marine 4.22 | chapter 2 | How Essential Oils workeae red Station, Turin’s theory has received much support including a paper published in 2004 that shows that odor descriptions seem to correspond more to vibrational frequency than molecular shape (See hetp wikipedia, orghwiki/Luca_Turin). The sense of smell is the only one of the five senses directly linked to the limbic lobe of the brain, the emotional control center. Anxiery, depression, fear, anger, and joy all emanate from this region. The scent of a special fragrance can evoke memories and emotions before we are even consciously aware of it. When smells are concerned, we react first and think later, All other senses (ouch, taste, heari gs and sight) are routed through the thalamus, which acts as the switchboard for the brain, passing stimuli onto the cerebral cortex (¢he conscious thought center) and other parts of the brain. The limbic lobe (a group of brain structures that includes the hippocampus and amygdala located below the cerebral cortex) can also directly activate the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is one of the most important parts of the brain, acting as our hormonal control center. It releases chemical messengers that can affect everything from sex drive to energy levels. ‘The production of growth hormones, sex hormones, thyroid hormones, and neurotransmitters such as. serotonin, are all governed by the hypothalamus. Thus, the hypothalamus is referred to as the “master gland” Chapter 2 Essential oils—thros their fragrance and unique molecular structure—can directly stimulate the limbic lobe and the hypothalamus. Nor only can the inbalation of essential oils be used to combat stress and emotional trauma, but it can also stimulate the production of hormones from the hypothalamus. This results in increased thyroid hormones (our energy hormone) and growth hormones (our youth and longevity hormone). Essential oils may also be used o reduce appetite and produce significant reductions in weight because of their ability to stimulate the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, a section of the brain that governs our feeling of satiety or fullness following meals. In a large clinical study:* Alan Hirsch, MD, used fragrances, including peppermint, w tigger significance weight losses in a large group of patients who had previously been unsuccessful in any type of weight-management program. During the course of the six-month study involving over 3,000 people, the average weight loss exceeded 30 pounds. According to Dr. Hirsch, some patients actually had to be dropped from the study’ to avoid becoming underweight Another double-blind, randomized study by Hirsch documents the ability of aroma to enhance libido and sexual arousal. When 31 male volunteers were subjected to the aromas of 30 different essential oils, each one exhibited a marked increase in arousal, {th Edition | Essential Olle Desk Reference | 1.23Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition based on measurements of brachial penile index and the measurement of both penile and brachial blood pressures. Among the scents that produced the most sexual excitement was a combination of lavender and pumpkin fragrances. This study shows that fragrances enhance sexual desire by stimulating the amygdala, the emotional cencer of the brain. In 1989 Dr. Joseph Ledoux at New York Medical University discovered that the amygdala plays a major role in storing and releasing emotional trauma.‘ From thestudies of Dr. Hirsch and Dr. Ledoux, the conclusion can be drawn that aromas may exert a profound effect in triggering a response from this almond-shaped neuro-structute. In studies conducted at Vienna and Berlin Un sities, researchers found thar sesquiterpenes found essential oils such as vetiver, patchouli, cedarwood, sandalwood, and frankincense can increase levels of coxygen in the brain by up to 28 percent (Nasel, 1992). Such an increase in brain oxygen may lead to a height- ened level of activity in the hypothalamus and limbic systems of the brain, which can have dramatic effects on not only emotions, learning, and attitude bur also fon many physical processes of the body such as im- mune function, hormone balance, and energy levels. High levels of sesquiterpenes also occur in melissa, myrth, cedarwood, and clove oils. People who have undergone nose surgery or suffer olfactory impairment may find it dificult or impossible to detect a complete odor. The same is true of people who use makeup, perfume, cologne, hair sprays, hair coloring, perms, or other products containing synthetic odors. ‘These people may not derive the full physiological and emotional benefits of essential oils and their fragrances. Proper stimulation of the olfactory nerves may offer a powerful and entirely new form of therapy that could be used as an adjunct against many forms of illness. Essential oils, through inhalation, may occupy a key position in this relatively unexplored frontier in medicine. ENDNOT 1, Leber et a Ambit orf tage sd lender os nyse Improv seins em fice, Pot Bebe 3003 Sp 18860-2993 3 2. Chang SY of ne hand nang oi nese ad Skqroion nhc pans nih ermal cane, Taran Kah Hee 2b Aug st. a. Enercon pepper cpm the rem of boncldiomesrrpctn, nda th). oar 197 moa 4. Hh, AR tnaliin of Oran Weigh Reduction, a/b 1994 ae 306 5. lan Hin MD, FACP, Dr: Hin hide Somat, Harper Cis 194,93 Dew 2058023079 6 LeBow JE Rainalsing Thou Emin, ah Sop. 1989 24 | Chapter 2 | How Essential Ole WorkChapter 3 Scientific Research and Documentation Essential Oil Science In 1937 che man who coined the term “aromatherapy Dr. René Maurice Gattefossé, published the first modern book on the discipline of using essential oils therapeutically. In the forward to his groundbreaking work, Dr. Gattefossé wrote, “Besides their antiseptic and bactericidal properties widely used today (in part thanks to our work), essential oils possess anti-toxic and antiviral properties, have a powerful vitalizing action, an undeniable healing power and extensive therapeutic properties, as we have demonstrated and this work documents.” From time immemorial,” he wrote, “in every country aromatic plants have always been considered the most effective treatment for the diseases afflicting mankind, In that the volatile part is the most effective any cases, the essential oil is used, which is evidence Acthe time his book was published, Dr. Gattefosséob- served, “The numerous papers, theses and observations made on this subject by the large number of scientists interested since 1907 when our work on the subject com enced, and published in journals and special bulletins, are hard and sometimes impossible to find. From this humble, modern-day beginning, research- ers and scientists from around the world have contin- ued Gattefossé’s work. Surely Dr. Gattefossé would be gratified to know that his beloved essential ols remain on the cutting edge of science in solving problems he never could have imagined. An Agricultural Practice Births Killer Microbes In 2009, 35 million pounds of antibiotics were used in che United States. A whopping 70 percent of those antibiotics went to pigs, chickens, and cows. This overuse ‘of antibiotics, according to the Associated Press, “has led to a plague of drug-resistant infections that killed more than 65,000 people in the ULS. last year—more than prostate and breast cancer combined.” Thirteen percent of the antibiotics administered to animals are simply for the purpose of making them grow faster, This over-medicating of animals has resulted in killer, antibiotic-resistant strains of malaria, tuberculosis, and staph Antibacterial soaps containing the chemical triclo san have become the answer to this problem. However a meta-analysis of 27 studies showed that soaps with triclosan in the concentrations purchased by consumers ‘were no more effective than plain soap in preventis fectious illness symptoms and reducing bacterial levels on the hands Even worse news is that many virulent strains of bac- teria are now resistant to triclosan, E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tu berculoss are able to fight criclosan with a cellular mech- anism called a bacterial efflux pump that discharges the antibacterial agent and any other antimicrobial or anti biotic away from the cell. A recent study’ documented that the bacteria Rhodospirillum rubrum used this exact action against triclosan. Chicago hospitals and nursing homes reported an increase ofadrug-resistant bacteria Klebsiellapnewmoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) that kills 40. percent of its vietims. The superbug Clostridium difficile (C-diff, for Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.25Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition short) sickens about 500,000 Americans a year, causing 15,000 to 20,000 deaths. It is now considered a rival to MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus The New, But Ancient, Weapon Against Drug-resistant Bacteria [As the number of antibiotics known to fight these virulent killers dwindles, the amazing natural power of essential oils has captured researchers’ attention. A 2008 study by D. Gary Young, ND; Sue Chao; Craig Oberg, PhD; and Karen Nakaoka, PhD, published in the Flavour and Fragrance Journal, reported that 78 out of 91 essential oils tested inhibited MRSA.‘ Lemongrass, lemon myrtle, mountain savory, cinnamon, and melissa essential oils had the highest rates of inhibition against MRSA. The oil blends R.C., Motivation, and Longevity had the strongest inhibition of ol blends tested. Cinnamon essential oil was tested and found wo enhance the antimicrobial drug clindamycin against C. difficile? The chemical constituentsof Eucalyptus globulus, aromadendrene, 1,8-cineole, and globulol were tested along with cinnamon essential oil against multidrug- resistant bacteria. The 2010 study reported, “The oil exerted a marked inhibition against mulkidrug-resistanc bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococei (VRE), and Enterococcus faealis”® The individual constituents worked in “a synergistic effect.” ‘A British study tested geranium and lemongrass essential oil vapors against antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant bacteria including MRSA, vancomycin- resistant Enteroccoci (VRE), Acinetobacter bawmanii, and Clostridium difficile. "The combined oil vapor effected an 89 percent reduction of airborne bacteria.” Pneumonia Superbug Strikes California On March 23, 2011, it was reported that medical facilities in Los Angeles County, California, had been hit with 356 cases of a multiesistant pneumonia with a high mortality rate. Most cases were in long-term care facilities but some cases have been found in hospitals. The bacterium is called Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, or CRKB. It causes pneumonia- like symptoms and has a double-wall cell chat defends against che super-antibiotics called carbapenem. The Mercury News quoted infectious disease expert Dr. Brad Spellberg, a physician at County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, who said, “This is scary stuff. It cannot be treated with any antibiotic that we know of. .. We're at the point with some of this [resistant bacteria] that ‘we're just mixing a bunch of crap together, throwing it at the patient and crossing our fingers.”* Almost 40 years ago, German researchers found that an essential oil blend was more effective against respiratory microorganisms than broad-spectrum antibiotics. Included in that group of respiratory microorganisms was Klebsiella pnewmoniae. Will essential ols stand up to the new drug-resistant version of this bacterium? Essential oils have proven to be effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), so itis very likely thac once again, the natural remedy will tiumph. Essential Oil Complexity: A Weapon Against Bacterial Resistance ‘An infectious disease specialise at Louis Stokes Cleveland V.A. Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Dr. Louis B. Rice, warned, “There are strains out there, and they are becoming more and. more common, that are resistant to virtually every antibiotic we have.""” Antibiotics may crumble before these “germs on steroids,” but essential oils do nor “The multieude of chemical constituents that make up a single essential oil present bacteria with a Gordonian kknot that cannot be solved. The mosaic of hundreds of chemical constituents simply do not allow for bacterial resistance, Beginning in 2000, scientists began to notice this ‘unexpected gift of essential ols. Ina study onan essential cil-containing dentifrice on dental plaque microbial composition, researchers observed, “Additionally, there was no evidence of the development of bacteria resistance to the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils or the emergence of opportunistic pathogens.” A study of lemon verbena and lemongrass essential ofl against the bacteria that causes ulcers caused the scientists to marvel about the power of lemongrass, “Resistance to lemongrass did not develop even after 10 sequential passages, whereas resistance to clarithromycin developed under the same conditions.” Chapter 2 | Scintiic Research and DocumentationScientific Research and Documentation | Chapter 3 ‘Two antiseptic mouthwashes were compared for their control of plaque and gingivitis. While the chemically based mouthwash can cause brown spots on the teeth and tongue, the essential oil mouthwash was effective with no adverse effects and “no evidence of antimicrobial resistance." In 2009 essential oils were tested against several common and hospital-acquired bacterial and yeast isolates (6 Staphylococcus strains including MRSA, 4 Streptococcus strains, and 3 Candida strains including Candida kruse), Theol tested were eucalyptus, tea tree, thyme white, lavender, lemon, lemongrass, cinnamon, grapefruit, clove bud, sandalwood, peppermint, Kunzea, and sage. “The strongest inhibition was observed with thyme white, lemon, lemongrass, and cinnamon oils, while the other oils showed “considerable efficacy.” The control ‘group produced no efficacy. The conclusion: ... essential oils represent a cheap and effective antiseptic topical treatment option even for antibiotic-tesistant strains [such] as MRSA and antimycotic-resistant Candida species." Worldwide Research ‘The U.S. National Library of Medicine (www. pubmed.gos) is the largest medical library inthe world. Ie contains nearly 12 million books and research pa- pers. Essential oils are represented in almost 10,000 medical studies, “The most recent research on essential oils includes a wide array of topics. Italian researchers studied the neuroprotective effects of bergamot. In Iceland, researchers tested basil against otitis media (ear infection). Texas Southern University researchers looked at the antioxidanc and free radical scavenging power of essential oils. In Germany, a study observed the effects of myrtol (from myrtle), eucalyptus, and orange oil for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ‘We now know i is feasible to wash away Salmonella ‘enreriea contamination on grape tomatoes with thyme cil, thymol, and carvacrol instead of a chlorine-based washing solution. This 2010 study at the University of Delaware concluded that thymol was the most effective without affecting color or taste of the tomatoes. Brazilian scientists studied the gastroprotective activity of clove oil, while Iranian researchers discovered the healing advantages of lavender essential il in healing episiotomies following childbirth. The immune- ‘modifying and antimicrobial effects of eucalyptus oil were studied, and frankincense oil was found to induce ‘tumor cell specific toxicity atthe University of Oklahoma by HLK. Lin, PRD. Clinical research during the last several decades indicates that essential oils have enormous potential to treat conditions ranging from acne to obesity. “The following are just a few examples of the on- going research in the world of natural solutions for dysfunction and disease. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) has been reviewed for its ability to block pain, relieve headaches’, combat indigestion", boost mental alertness", induce weight Joss”, kill lice”, and inhibit tumor growth.” ‘Melaleuca (M. alternifolia) has been used to treat acne kill fungi®, and inhibit bacteria growth." Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) fights travel sickness, reduces athero-sclerosis”, protects. blood vessels, acts as a local anaesthetic”, and has anti convulsant properties.” Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) has been researched for its action against tooth decay" as well as its antifungal” and anticonvulsant activities." Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinali) has been shown to enhance alertness, combat fungi such as Candida albicans, and act as an antioxidant. Orange (Citrus aurantium) halts fungus infection" and inhibits tumor formation." Limonene, an important component of orange and lemon oil has demonstrated similar tumor-suppressing effects in studies at Indiana University.” Basil (Ocimum basilicum) has been shown to have anticancer properties.” Eucalyptus (E. radiata) has been studied for reducing inflammation", improving cerebral blood flow, inhibiting Candida growth, and treating bronchitis” v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fitin Edition | Eesential Oils Desk Reference | 1.27Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Many other documented benefits of aromatics have been recorded in recent medical literature. Research conducted at two universities was published in 2002 showing that 58 percent of 60 essential oils and 5 essential oil blends showed general cancer inhibition of 50 percent or better.¥ Researchers continue to open new frontiers of study on the health-supporting effects of essential oils. Abstracts for the studies mentioned here (and more) can be found in Appendix D. Whether the topic is mood enhancement, memory, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety in a dental office, cancer, or antiinflammatory action, current medical research on essential oils can be found by searching the PubMed website. Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Antibiotics ‘The following are test data comparing the antimi cxobial ability between essential oils (cinnamon and oregano) and antibiotics (pe and ampicillin). The method is disk diffusion and the results are the mean value of three replicates. These preliminary data indicate that essential oils of cinnamon and oregano are comparable with penicillin and ampicillin in inhibitory activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aures. Excherichie Staphylococcus Loading ——colizonc of aurews20ne of Material amount (ul)* inhibition (cm) inhibition (em) Penicillin 3 ° 32 6 o 34 % ° 36 12 e 3 Ampicilin 3 19 26 6 2a 26 % 25 27 1 26 28 Cinnamon 3 24 24 6 28 28 3 3 30 12 30. 32 Oregano. 3 26 32 6 33, 36 3 z 36 iz EE} 38 + The concentation of pein = 1.76 uni “The concentration ofampclin = 5 yy Upcoming Research by D. Gary Young D. Gary Young, ND, has as many as three new studies being prepared for publication on Boswellia sacra known as Sacred Frankincense in collaboration with Cole Woolley, PhD; Mahmoud Suhail, MD; and HK Lin, PhD. A study is also process on one of che South American essential oils. ENDNOTES: 1, Mm wd Nene stp miki ep Ames os Dee 39, 20 2 Allo AE Lao EL, Ly 88: Comune Asc Sape ina ast Ray 0. Doras appl S13. 3. Myce BEG, ea. Chaco of Tian Hatten Ree Nate Asimobul Rocce Mechanar rm IH, Aplin hed May 210 NL Te No 0p SUC SIIS 4, Chow, rg DG; Iter of chica Sapper {SRSA by een i, Flan Fg J 3908 25488-49, 5. Shar AR ta Tainan om Cnsamamam sac bk ‘een ol reduce he cdma rae of Clodam diicene,) Fd S207 fan 2095 8 {6 Mupring Se Sergi propre othe wen somadrdene 118 cl rom he ena Buc goa gi ne Spe amd abi stant pathogen 3010 Necture 7, Dotan AL, Manes WE, Duns K Eada ¥ Vapour pe cise of ‘Sel cl opin ambled bc eng MRSA, Tipp Mid 3009 Apes 38732 1 Eres 356 pthc fun coe med ato, The Mey Nan Mah 24011 9, Chan SC Youn her Naku Kahiin of Mille Reaun Supa ares MRSA) by Rel Oi Fea gr 308: 23404 10. lick A. Ring Tet olson Unie by Anionic, The New Br Ties Fray 7, 2010. hp yes Dosa, heehee pe Cha CH, lt fn emma conning deo deta plage ‘obi amp, rm 200 Sp Spee No) 2050 12 Obao etal Antinicbi acini ese agai Haha pr edbacr 303 3020715. 18, Snes A Esc col of plage and gh J Pride 200580 Supt S86. 1. Warne PH, eal The bees mul ea ine Reman a nical nema eo promang oe bel que inom, / Camm Se 2008 O70 9927, 1 Goede. fet of pepper end xcs el persis ou sep slalom dann np po tof peppermint oo pc ping in ma: pciiary allan ld mel nes hp Pr 193 abssc3124 17. Demet WN, ol. Oli Semon nd Suid Acie, Compa FO vey N. Ge, Eo pp. 39-46. 1. Mins, ta Emoto qs flo adh ina thr fe inhuman. Peep. 194 Jun ( 010710. 19, Hin A.A Scone Guide o Wei Lon Rag MA: Baa, 197 echo cps Comploen Thr Na Major 196 Ag 2097 21 Ramil Inbon of a mammary aioe by momar, Cr ingens 1989 Nort) 161 22 Base, ta Acme stay of ete cl ena bey in the treamen one adj Ase 1980 0a 1515558. 28. Nemell ea Amin acy of te ee oof Maes se eae lagu in i Sr Parmed 198NG 38894 4.28 | Ghapter a | Scientific Research and Documentation © Copyrigh 2011 | v5.0Scientific Research and Documentation | Chapter 3 24. Cox eal. The mode of ini scon fh ental of Maa ‘ere eo. 1 App Mei 200 81785. 25. 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Seve Naw Se: Exel in Cane Reach, Mane Te, ‘igh Youn Uni Uatey of Nea as eps ag 200. v5.0 | © Copyright 2011 Fitth Edition | Essential OMChapter 4 The Chemistry of Essential Oils Understanding Essential Oil Chemistry Unlike synthetic chemicals, essential oil chemicals are diverse in their effects. No two oils are alike Some constituents, such as aldehydes found in lavender and chamomile, are antimicrobial and calming. Eugenol, found in cinnamon and clove, is antiseptic and stimulating Kerones, found in lavender, hyssop, and patchouli stimulate cell regeneration and liquefy mucous. Phenols, found in oregano and thyme oil, are highly antimicrobial At the March Integrated Aromatic Medicine in Grasse, France, Dr 2000 International Symposium on Bérangere Amal-Schnebelen presented a paper showing the antibacterial properties of essential oils against several infectious agents, Spanish oregano and cinnamon essential oils tested above 95 percent efficiency against Candida albicans, E face life-threatening, drug-resistant viruses and bacteria, Ten years later, with MRSA no longer found only in hospitals but throughout che community, essential oils are researched as potential tools to overcome the microbial drug resistance problem, Key Chemical Constituents in Essential Oils and Their Effects Constituent Representative Oil Effect. Sesquiterpenes, predominant in vetiver, cedarwood, Ketones Sage Mucolytic and sandalwood, are soothing co inflamed tissue and Aldehydes Laisa Calming can also produce profound effects on emotions and ers Tavesider Balancing Rormonal balance Ethers Tarragon Balancing The complex chemistry of essential oils makes them Alcohols Ravinwsara Toning ideal for killing and preventing the spread of bacteria, ‘Phenols Mountain Savon Scimulan since microorganisms have a difficult ime mutating in Terpenes Pine Scimvlan the presence of so many different antiseptic compounds. VEGETABLE OIL EUGENOL—An Medium-chain carbon structure aromatic molecule OCH» cH, (Laurie Acid) found in several \ sty en Acid ead | essential oils i} HUI OW OA including clove. 1ttdtd dtd | Clove oil has 4 | been used asan OH a ark nn am am mtiseptic for ISN ees ie ec Rae HH HH HHH Essential Olle Desk Reference | 1.31Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus _slobulus) essential oils were found “to possess degrees of antibacterial activity against Gram (+) and Gram () bacteria. ... These results support previous studies oon these oils and suggest an additional option to treat MRSA infections.”! ‘The essential oils of ravintsara, melissa oregano, moun tain savory, clove, cumin, cistus, hyssop, and frankincense are highly antibacterial and contain immune supportive properties that have been documented by many rescarch- es, such as Daniel Pénodl, MD, and Pierre Franchomme, These oils are found in varying amounts in the immune support and antimicrobial essential blends presented late inthis book Basic Chemical Structure ‘The aromatic constituents of essential ols (ie. terpenes, monoterpenes, phenols, aldchydes, etc.) are constructed from long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which have a predominantly ring-like chemical structure. Links of carbon atoms form the backbone of these chains, with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other carbon atoms attached at various points of the chain, Essential oils are chemically different from fatty oils (also known as fatty acids). In contrast to the simple linear carbon-hydrogen structure of fatty oils, essential oils have a far more complex ring structure and contain sulfur and nitrogen atoms that fatty oils do not have. The terpenoids found in many essential oils are actually constructed out of the same basie building block—a five-carbon molecule known as isoprene. When ewo isoprene units link together, they create a ‘monoterpene; when three join, they create sesquiterpene; and so on. Some of the largest molecules found in essential oils are triterpenoids, which consist of 30 carbon atoms or six isoprene units linked together. Carotenoids, which consist of 40 carbons or eight isoprene units, only occur in essential oils in tiny quantities because they are too heavy to be extracted via steam Different constituents in an essential oil can exert different effects. For example, German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) contains azulene, a dark blue compound that has powerful anti-inflammatory compounds. German chamomile also contains bisobolol, a compound studied for its sedative and. mood-balancing properties. Other compounds in German chamomile perform different functions such. as speeding up the regeneration process of tissue. Essential Oil Constituent Categories ‘There are 13 categories or fa constituents. We will list each category and examples of oils containing such compounds. (The information below has been adapted from The Chemistry of Essential Oils by David Stewart, PhD, which is highly recommended, and also from laromathérapie exactement by Pierre Franchomme and Daniel Pénoél.) 1, Allaanes: Few essential oils contain alkanes, and those that do usually contain less than 1. percent. The alkanes undecane, dodecane, and hexadecane are found in ginger oil. Alkane alcohols are found in lemon oil and ginger oil. The alkane-aldchyde ‘ctanal is in rose, lavender, and citrus oils. Decanal is found in coriander, lemongrass, and mandarin oils. s of essential oil Rose oil stands alone as an essential oil that contains 11 to 19 percent alkanes, which may be why this exquisite oil exhibits so many unique characteristics. The alkane-aldehydes decanal and tundecanal have an orange and orange/floral scent. 2. Phenols: Common phenols found in essential oils are terpinen-I-ol-4 (melaleuca and marjoram), thymol (thyme and mountain savory), and eugenol (clove, cinnamon, basil, and bay laurel). Phenol is found in very minute quantities (<1%) in cass cinnamon, and ylang ylang. Phenols are believed to be antiseptic and antibacterial; they are oxygenated hydrocarbons and have antioxidant properties. They can be helpful to the immune system but are very strong and may cause skin irritation, Phenols are also found in anise, fennel, calamus, and tarragon. 3. Terpenes: This constituent class is the most common of all. Dr. Stewart estimates there are 1,000 monoterpenes and as many as 3,000 sesquiterpenes found in essential oils. Triterpenes 4.82 | chapter 4 | The Chemisiry of Essent outsThe Chomistey of Essential Oils | Chapter 4 and tetraterpenes are found only in trace amounts in the pressed citrus oils orange, tangerine, lemon, grapefruit, and lime and also in solvent-extracted oils like jasmine and netoli ‘The monoterpenes alpha-pinene, d- I-limonene, beta-phellandrene, and ocimene are abundant in pine, orange, balsam fir, ginger, and frankincense. Sesquiterpenes beta-caryophyllene, guaiene, and allpha-farnesene are found in black pepper, patchouli, and German chamomile, Oils with high sesquiterpene contents include cedarwood, patchouli, sandalwood, and myrrh, Sesquiterpenes are antiseptic, anti inflammatory, and immune-stimulating, Terpenes are responsible for a multitude of therapeutic effects in essential oils, including antiviral properties. Research from the Universities of Berlin and Vienna show increased oxygenation around the pineal and pituitary glands when inhaling sandalwood and frankincense. 4, Alcohols: The names of these constituents end in “ol.” Borneol is found in lavadin; citronellol in rose; linalool, rosewood: alpha-terpineol, melalewca (M, alternifolia); and lavendulol, lavender. Alcohols are energizing, cleansing, antiseptic, and antiviral. Terpene alcohols are antibacterial, immune stimulating, and work as a diuretic and a general tonic. This family includes borneol, citronellol, nerol, geraniol, and terpineol. Dr. Gattefossé considered terpineols to be decongestants. These terpene alcohols are found in geranium and melaleuca (M. alternifolia). 5. Ethers: This constituent form is not as common in essential oils as others like terpenes, alcohols, or ketones. ‘The ether anethole is found in anise; elemeicin, in elemi; estragole, in tarragon; and my! nutmeg. Ethers are balancing, calming, help release emotions, and have an antidepressant effect. 6. Aldehydes: The names of these constituents end in “al” or “aldehyde.” Benzoic aldehyde is found in onycha; cinnamalde- hyd, in cassia; cuminal, in cumin; neral, in melissa; and phellandeal, in eucalyptus (E. dive). 7. Ketones: A strong, Aldehydes are antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and calming when inhaled. Some ean be irritating when applied topically. They are found in cassia, cinnamon bark, and lemongras. ve odor characterizes ketones, whether for good or ill depends on one's taste. Ketones generally end in “-one” like carvone, found in spearmint. Camphor is found in rosemary: fenchone, in fennel; asmone, in jasmine; pentanone, in myrth; piperitone, in peppermint; beta-thujone, in western red cedar; and alpha-vetivone, in vetiver. Ketones offer decongesting and analgesic benefits, promote healing (cell regeneration), and cleanse receptor sites 8. Carboxylic acids: These consticuents ate always a minor part ofan essential oil. They are easy to recog nize, always having the word “acid” in their name. Examples are aminobenzoic acid found in mandarin; cinnamic acid, in cinnamon; gers acid, in geranium; and valerinic acid, in valerian. Carboxylic acids are stimulating and cleaning and react with alcohols to make esters. 9. Esters: Oils composed mainly of esters include birch and wintergreen. Esters are soothing and stress relieving, The names of estes end in “ate.” Linalyl acetate is found in bergamot; neryl acetate, in helichrysumy isobutyl angelate, in Roman chamomile; citronellyl formate, in geranium; and menthyl acetate, in peppermint. Other oils containing esters are cistus, citronella, clary sage, love, petirgrain, spruce, and ylang ylang. Esters are soothing and balancing, antifungal, and ‘emotionally releasing 10. Oxides: These are oxygenated hydrocarbons. Examples are bisabolol oxide, found in German chamomile; pipertone oxide, in peppermint; linalool oxide, in hyssop: rose oxide, in rose; sclareol ‘oxide, in clary sage; and humulene oxide, in clove ‘The most prevalent oxide is 1,8-cineole, found in ‘eucalyptus (E. globulus), rosemary, and thyme. Oils with this oxide are known for respiratory- decongesting and sinus-clearing benefits. Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk RetEssential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition 11. Lactones: This constituent group is characterized by tongue-twisting names. Bergaptene is found in fennel essential ol; furano- germacrene, in myrsh; and umbelliferone, in anise. Lactones exhibit antiseptic, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory properties according to Dr. Daniel Péniel. 12. Coumarins: Dr. Stewart notes that coumarins are a subgroup of lactones and are found widely in nature. Because there is a similarity to the name of the blood-thinning drug, Coumadin’, he explained that coumarins and Coumadin are not similar. ‘One is natural, one synthetic, and they have very different chemical formulas. ‘Coumarins have the fragrance of freshly cut hay or grass. In fact, when you mow your lawn, you are releasing coumarins into the ait. They are found in fleabane, lavandin (in very minute quantities), and cassia essential ils. Coumarins have anti antifungal properties. 13. Furanoi coumarins with names starting with “furano-” of “furo- or end with “furan.” I, antibacterial, and Furanoids or furans are lactones or Some essential oils with furanoids are phototoxic (they amplify the effects of the sun) like bergamot, ruta, grapefruit, and lemon. Others, like myrrh, mandarin, sweet orange, and tangerine are not. ‘Myrrh is interesting in that it contains more furanoid compounds than any other essential oil (up to 27 percent), yet it is not phototoxic. Furanoids can have the benefits of lactones or With this brief explanation of constituent chemistry, lavender’s compounds can be categorized as linalyl acetate (ester), linalool (alcohol), cis-beta-ocimene and trans- beta-ocimene (monoterpenes), and terpine-4-ol (alcoho) Frankincense essential oil constituents tell us that it is composed of monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, limonene, sabinene, myrcene, alpha-thuyene, paracymene) and the amazing sesquiterpene beta caryophyllene. Essential Oil Constituents with Actions ‘The following are individual constituents, their major action, and the ols in which they are found, referenced from Daniel Pénoél's book l'aromathérapie exactement. Chemotypes AA single species of plant can have several different che- motypes based on chemical composition. This means that basil (Ocimum basilwm) grown in one area might produce an essential oil with a completely different chemn- istry than a basil grown in another location. The plant's growing environment, such as soil pH and mineral con- tent, can dramatically affect the plant's ultimate chemis- ey as well. Different chemorypes of basil are listed below: Ocimum basilicum CT linalol fenchol (Germany) — antiseptic Ocimum basilicum CT methyl chavicol (Reunion, moro, or Egypt)— anti-inflammarory -Ocimun basilicum CT eugenol (Madagascat)—anti- inflammatory, pain-relieving Another species of plant chat occurs in a variety of different chemorypes is rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Rosmarinus officinalis CT camphor is high in camphor, which serves best as a general stimulant and works synergistically with other oils, such as pepper (Piper nigrum), and can be a powerful energy stimulant. Rosmarinus officinalis CT cineole is rich in 1,8-cincole, which is used in other countries for pulmonary congestion and to help with the elimination of toxins from the liver and kidneys. Young Living offers this chemotype of rosemary because ofits great value. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) CT verbenon is high in verbenon and isthe most gentle of the rosemary chemotypes. It offers powerful regenerative properties and has outstanding benefits for skin care. ‘Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) also has several different chemotypes. Two of these are: Thymus vulgaris CT thymol is germicidal and anti- inflammatory. Thymus vulgaris CT linalool is anti-infectious. The power of an essential oil lies in its chemical compounds and in their powerful synergy. Lavender Chapter 4 | The Chemistry of Essential OilsThe Chomistey of Essential Oils | Chapter 4 Different Essential Oil Species ‘Chamomile (Roman) 1, Chamaemelum nobile (Syn. Anthems nobilis) ‘Chamomile (German) 2. Matricaria recutita ‘Chamomile (Morrocan) 3. Ormenis mista (Syn. Chamaemelum nobile) Nota true chamomile but sold as such because it contains chamazulene. Cinnamon 1. Ginnamomum verum (cinnamon bark) 2. Cinnamomum zeylanicum 3. Cinnamomum aromaticun (Chinese cinnamon) Eucalyptus 1. Eucalyptus citriodona 2. Eucalyptus dives 3. Eucalyptus globulus 4. Eucalyptus polybractea 5. Fucalyprus radiata Frankincense Boswellia ameero Socotra) Boswellia bhaw-dajiana Boswellia bullata Socotra) Boswellia carteri Boswellia dalzilit Boswellia dioscorides Socotra) Boswellia elongata (Socotra) Boswellia frereana . Boswellia neglecta 10. Boswellia ogadensis 11. Boswellia papyrifera YEN aw ae 12, Boswellia pirottae 13, Boswellia popoviana (Socotra) 14, Boswellia rivae 15. Bonwellia sacra 16. Boswellia serrata 17. Boswellia socotrana (Socotra) Juniper 1. Juniperus communis 2. Juniperus oteosperma 3. Juniperus communis sp alpine Lavandin 1, Lavandula x hybrida abrialis 2. Lavandula intermedia sar. Groso Lavandula hybrida reydovan Lavandula x intermedia Super thas a higher linalyl acetate and «ster content Lavender 1. Lavandula angustifolia (also known as. officnali) 2. Lavandula latifolia 1,8-cincole 3. Lavandula vera (thought once to be the original species now ‘grown in Bulgaria.) 4, Lavandula stoechas (also known as Spanish lavender) 5. Spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia) known for its strong incole/eamphor content. 3. 4 Lemon 1. Citrus limon 2. Verbena (Lippia citriodona) lemon-scented verbena Lemongrass 1. Cymbopogon flecuosus (Sri Lanka) 2. Gymbopogon citratu (India) Marjoram 1. Origanum majorana terpinen-d (sweet) 2. Thymus mastichina cineole (wild-growing Spanish) Melaleuca 1. M. alternifolia terpinene-4-olifera M. cajupusii monoterpenes M, lewcadendron M. linariifolia cineolifera M. quinguenervia cineolifera M. quinguenervia nerolidolifera ~ sesquiterpenes 7. M. uncinata monoterpenes avaen Myreh 1. Commiphora myrrha 2. Commiphora molmol 3. Commiphora orniflia Socotra) 4, Commiphora parvifolia (Socotra) 5. Commiphora socotrana (Socotra) Orange 1, Citrus auransium (bitter) Cistrus sinensis (sweet) Salvia ofiinalis Sage lanvandiulifolia Salvia sclarea(clary sage) Salvia apiana 2. Sage 1 2 3. 4 oil, for example, contains approximately 200 different constituents, of which linalyl acetate, linalool, cis-beta- ene, trans-beta-ocimene, and terpi major components. consticuents. 1e-4-ol are the DNOTES: value of essential oils with their hundreds of chemical No one need ever dismiss essential oils as simple perfumes. Now you can understand the complexity and 1s Tbe tl Ac of el me mei lt pint Nedicin-emne Supine tes (MRSA, mean 2010 eras. v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fittn Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.95ReeChapter 5 Producing Therapeutic-Grade™ Essential Oils Therapeutic-Grade Essential Oils As we begin to understand the power of essential oils in the realm of personal, holistic health care, we will ap preciate the necessity for obtaining the purest essential oils possible. For this reason, the entire process of obtaining oils must be carefully watched over from the beginning to the end. No matter how costly pure al oils may be, there can be no substitutes Just as chemists can synthetically “copycat” the con stituents ofa pure essential ol, many essential oil compa nies today label their els “therapeutic” even though they meeting any standard at all, Young Living was the first to establish guidelines that define what a therapeutic es sential oi is and to create oils that met or exceeded any known medicinal standard. Therapeutic-grade essential oils Natural ols organic) and certtied ols ~~ _ Ai Extended or atered oils Synthetic or natureidentical ols — Grades of Essential Oils Four grades of essential oils are produced today 1. Synthetic or nature-identical oils (created in a laboratory) 2. Extended or altered oils (fragrance grade 3. Natural oils (orgas oil-standard tests but may not contain any or just and certified oils (pass a few therapeutic compounds) 4, Therapeutic grade essential oils (pure, medicinal steam-disiled essential oils containing all desired the market and can be ereated cheaply and then sold in places like health food and drug stores or novelty and tourist shops for a very low price. They have no therapeutic efficacy and may even be harmful. For instance, fragrance-grade lavender may have a harmful effect instead of a healing effect on newly burned skin. Extended or altered oils may have an essential oi base but ate “enhanced” with certain lab-created constituents to increase volume or fragrance. Due to chemical impurities or an antagonistic balance among oil constituents, these oils may be either ineffective or ceven cause negative effects USDA Weakens the Purity of the Organic Label ‘Natural” and “organic” oils focus on growing a natural, chemical-free environment but are not concerned with exactness of the time of harvest and the distillation to maximize the the apeutic potency of an essential oil. Such oils may be labeled “100% Pure Certified” or “Natural” but may have subtherapeutic values, and because of a 2011 decision to allow genetically modified alfalfa to be planted anywhere,’ the very word “Organic” may soon not guarantee freedom from GMO contamination. If one GMO plant is approved, the door has been opened. Seed to Seal Young Living Essential Oils is the only company dedicated to the medicinal use and application of essential oils that is able rantec essential oil quality from seed to seal Living provides to consumers d through steam distillation from a wide ith € | Essontiat oils Desk Reference | 1.37Essential Oils Desk Reference | Fifth Edition . Literally, from the plant seed that is dropped into the soil to the essential oil sealed in the amber bottle eat eee Me eas a ed beginning to end to ensure quality and purity of Young Living Therapeutic-Grade™ essential oils. variety of plants, roots, bushes, trees, and resins and are as powerful and pure as the botanicals from which they are derived. The life-giving energy of the essential oils that is carefully distilled from nacure cannot be duplicated in a sterile laboratory. Synthetic constituents may be similar we but have none of the living plant energy that holds the God-given medicinal value of the oil that is released from the plant itself. In The Living Energy Univene by Gary Schwartz, PRD, and Linda Russek, PhD, the authors discuss the theory of “systemic memory.” They note that the aromatic compounds contained in roses, for example, will have a different systemic memory than the very same aromatic compounds created chemically in a laboratory. On page 146 of their book, they write: “This impli- cation may help explain why aromatherapy and other such as herbs work. When the distiller natural reme extracts the ‘essential’ oils from a plant, he or she may be extracting the ‘essential’ systemic memories that reflect the wholeness of the plants themselves in addition 0 the unique combination of physical components that comprise the individual plants.” This is why Young Living takes so much care to capture the pure energy of the plants and guard the entire Seed to Seal process. 1.38 | Chapter 6 | Producing Therapeutic Years of experience have resulted in knowing the ‘optimum species with the most therapeutic potential and the optimal time and manner to cultivate and harvest them, Equally important, the freshly distilled oil is filtered and stringent laboratory testing verifies the potency of the oil and desired chemical structure. The oil is then poured into bortles in Young Living’s clean-room facility and shipped. Young Living'sSced to Seal process guarantees genuine, pure essential oil that has the highest therapeutic efficacy. “This guarantee includes oils distilled from plants grown ‘on Young Living’ own farms, sourced from experienced distillers of many generations, or purchased from distillers who have been directed and taught distilling techniques by Gary Young. Young Living’s essential oils continue to be used worldwide in mote clinical and university studies than any other essential oils today Seed Herbs are selected for the proper genus, species, and chemotype. Whether seeking clove oil from Madagascar, cistus from Spain, or helichrysum from Corsica, Young, Living experts constantly travel across the globe to verify plant, cultivation, and extraction quality co ensure absolute integrity of the essential oil.Cultivation Young Living’s essential oils are extracted from both wildcrafted and cultivated herbs, from established part- nerships with growers and distillers all over the world. Some oils come from herbs cultivated in rural areas of countries such as Madagascar, Indonesia, and Brazil, harvested by indigenous peoples who have untold years of experience with the plants and their growing con- ditions. Other oils come from Young Living farms in Ecuador, France, and the United States, where organic practices are adhered to with great care and exactness. Organic Herb Farming “The key to producing oils with genuine therapeutic quality starts with the proper cultivation of the herbs in the field. * Plantsshould be grown on virgin land uncontaminated by chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, or herbicides. They should also be grown away from nuclear plants, factories, interstates, highways, and heavily-populated cities, if possible # Because robust, healthy plants produce higher qual- ity essential oils, the soil should be nourished with enzymes, minerals, and organic mulch. The mineral content of the soil is crucial ro the proper develop- ment of the plant, and soils that lack minerals result in plants that produce inferior oils ‘© Land and crops should be watered with deep-well, cor water-shed water. Mountain stream water is best because of its purity and high mineral content. Municipally treated water or secondary run-off water from residential and commercial areas ‘ean introduce undesirable chemical residues into the planc and the essential il. Different varieties of plants produce different qualities of oils. Only those plants that produce the highest quality essential oil should be selected. Harvesting The timing of the harvest is one of the most important factors in the production of therapeutic-grade oils. Ifthe planes are harvested at the wrong time of the season or even at the incorrect time of day, they may distill into a substandard essential oil. In some instances, changing, harvest time, by even a few hours, can make a huge difference. For example, German chamomile harvested in the morning will produce oil with far more azulene (a powerful ant-inflammatory compound) than chamomile harvested in the late afternoon, Other factors that should be taken into consideration during the harvest include the amount of dew on the leaves, the percentage of plant in bloom, and weather conditions during the two weeks prior to harvest. Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.39Essential Oils Desk Reference | Fifth Editionr eee _ SSA. See Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.41Essential Oils Desk Reference Fitth Edition To prevent herbs from drying out prior to being distilled, distillation facilities should be located as close to the field as possible. Transporting herbs to distillation facilities hundreds or thousands of miles away the risk of exposure to pollutants, dust, mold, and petrochemical residues Young Living continues to expand and develop strategic partnerships with growers and distillers throughout the world. ‘A master distiller must oversee the entire process by harvesting at just the right time for the plant maturity and distilling with the proper temperature, pressure, and time, which varies with different plant material. Young Living often experiments with innovative distillation techniques on its farms to maximize thi apeutic potency of the oils. Other oils are distilled traditionally using techniques thar have been passed down through generations from father to son. Steam distillation is a separation process for materials that are temperature sensitive like essential oils. Following are three methods of steam distillation 1.42 | Chapter § | Producing Therapou SC eee) Simple distillation. ‘The plant material is loaded into the extraction chamber filled with water, which is heated to soften the plant fiber so that the oil molecules can be released. As steam begins to rise, the oil molecules are released as vapors, which are carried with the steam into the con- denser. The cooling water in the condenser converts the steam to water and the vapors to oil The oil and water mixture continues to flow into the separator where the oil rises to the top of the water so that it can be drained off into containers. Clove and n uutmeg are distilled this way. Hydro-distillation. Resinous material like frankin- cense and myrrh are extracted through the method of hydro-distllation. The resin is nmersed in boiling water that is in con- stant motion while steam is injected into the chamber. The resinous gas is then released into the steam, which carries it to the condenser where the ste: gradually cooled to a liquefied form. n and vapor are The water and oil mixture travels into the separator s0 that the oil can flow to the top of the water and be poured off into containers. Resinous materials such as frankincense and myrth are distilled in this manner. Traditional method of steam distillation is still used around the world, istillation. Today, the traditionalDifferent Forms of Esse Se ae a Ce tse! sin equipment design and processing cee et huge differences in essential oil Coury core eee eetcts Pee eee eee) eens the use of Py eee St eee ee ey Plant material is loaded into the extraction chamber and tightly compacted. As the boiler heats the water, steam is released into the bottom of the chamber and starts to travel upward, saturating the material, The steam impregnates the plane fiber, causing it to release the oil molecule as a gas from the molecule pocket or channel. Then the steam carries the gas to the condenser where it goes through a phase-change con: densation as it passes through the cooling process in the swan neck and liquefies into water and oil The water and oil mixture then flows into the separa: tor where the oil can rise to the cop of the water to be poured off into containers, ries the released oil vapor into the condenser where the water and oil vapor convert to aliquid and flow into the separator so that the oil can rise to the top of the water and be drained off There are many variables in steam distillation, Subtle differences in equipment design and processing condi: tions can translate into huge differences in essential oil quality. The size and material of the extraction chamber, the type of condenser and separator, and the temperature and pressute can all have a huge impact on the oil quality Distillation is as much a science as itis an art. If the pressure of temperature is too high, or if the cooking are constructed from reactive materials, the MO war ea Coot eee rer) # for their therapeutic properties and Pee ec melaleuca, and other essential pee oils. Expressed oils should only be Pees sourced from organically grown eee et: Cee) Re ete ated) Set) 3 nerapeutic-Grade ils | Chapter 5 Peete nr) a a eee They are obtained trom the grain alcohol extraction of a concre eee mean Ce an eet ed nt ocd This method of extraction is used ek ee een ny Cee ed Pee en pee ey oil may not be therapeutic g Vertical steam distillation offers the for protecting the therapeutic benefits and quality reatest potential of essential oils, In ancient distillation, low pressure (6 pounds or lower) and low temperature were extremely importanc to produce the therapeutic benefits. The late Marcel Espieu, who was president of the Lavender Growers Association in Southern France for 20 years, maintained that the bese oil quality can only be produced when the pressure is zero pounds during distillation, Temperature also has a distinct effect. At certain temperatures, the oil fragrance and chemical constituents become altered. High pressures and high temperatures seem co cause harshness in the oil. Even the oil pH and. the polarity are greatly affected For example, cypress requires a minimum of 24 hours of distillation ar 265° F and 5 pounds of pressure to extract most of the therapeutically-active constituents. If distillation time is cut by only two hours, 18 to 20 constituents will be missing from the resulting cil nvever, most commercial cypress oil is distilled for only 2 hours and 15 minutes! This short distillation time allows the produc + to cut costs and produces cheaper oil, since money is saved on the fuel needed to generate the steam, It also causes less wear and ear con equipment. Sadly, ic results in oil with little or no therapeutic value Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.43Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Young Living Lavender Farms use steam distillation to separate aromatic constituents (essential oils) from plant materials. This method protects the complex therapeutic compounds found in essential oils. 4. Heat Source: A hor plate heas the water and converts ‘Young Living Lavender Farms have large, stainles steel i into steam, chambers to produce essential ols. When distilling lavender, it can take as much as 12,500 liters of lavender ‘At Young Living Lavender Farms, the correct temperature pasa ail Neve punk d's palsad ar aoeniaT a ofthe steam is crucial, and the degree of heat is determined by the plant being distilled. Ac the farm, gas heaters warm 5. Condenser: Stcam and essential oils rise to the top of the water that is stored in massive holding tanks. the chamber, where they are channeled into a cooling arca called the condenser. Cold water surrounds the 2. ‘Thermometer: A thermometer is placed inside the ee He esha ac apie aw cee condenser tube, causing the steam and the volatile plant ‘essences to turn back into liquid. ‘The distillers at Young Living Lavender Farms use a valve to control steam temperature, and_ pressure for extracting essential oil 3. Water Flask: The water is boiled to produce steam, and the steam is routed to and forced below the plant material As the steam rises, the aromatic oils are removed. ‘The same system, on a larger scale, is used at Young Living Lavender Farms. 6. Collecting Flask: The newly condensed esental oil and water dep into a collecting flask. Because oll is lightceehan water, the ol wll loa to the top ofthe ask where it can be collected for us. ‘The collecting flasks at Young Living Lavender Farms are located one floor below the still. There, the essential ols are protected from sunlight exposure and kept cool. This 4, Distillation Chamber: ‘The “cooking” chamber is filled __ protects the therapeutic qualities until the oil is collected with plant material. As che steam rises through the plants, __ and stored in dark glass or stainless stel containers. the aromatic essential oils are release. Young Living Lavender Farms’ water tanks hold gallons ‘of water. As water is turned to steam, i is piped to the bottom of the stainless steel chambers. 1.44 | Chapter 6 | Producing Therapoutic-Grade Essential Oils © Copyrigm 2011 | v6.0Producing Therapoutic-Grade Essential Oils | Chapter § Plant Parts Used to Distill Essential Oils Mandarin Eucalyptus radiata | Spikenard Wood/Bark/ Orange Fleabane ‘Tarragon Twigs/Needles ‘Tangerine Geranium ‘Thyme Balsam fir Hyssop ‘Wintergreen Blue cypress Gum/Resin: Idaho tansy Cassia Ylang ylang Copaiba Laurus nobilis Root Cedar Elemi Ledum Angelica ‘Cedarwood Flowering tops Frankincense Lemongrass Ginger ‘Cinnamon Blue Tansy Frankincense, Sacred | Manuka Mugwort Cypress Clary sage Galbanum Marjoram Patchouli Douglas fir Clove (bud) Myrrh Melaleuca alternifolia | Spikenard Emerald cypress Davana Styrax benzoin (Tea tree) Valarian Juniper Geranium Melaleuca cajeput | Vetiver Lemon myrtle German chamomile | Leaves/Stems (Cajeput) Manuka Goldenrod Basil Melaleuca ericifolia Seed Palo santo Helichrysum Cassi ‘Melaleuca quingue- | Anise Pine Lavandin. stus nervia (Niaouli) Black pepper Ravintsara Lavender Citronella Melissa Cardamom Rosewood Ledum Citrus hystrix Mountain savory Carrot seed Sandalwood Roman chamomile | Dill Myrtle Celery seed. Spruce Yarrow Dorado azul Ocotea Coriander Tsuga Elemi ‘Oregano, Cumin ‘Western red cedar Fruit/Rind Eucalyptus blue Palmarosa Fennel White fir Bergamot Eucalyptus citriedora | Peppermint ‘Nutmeg, Grapefruit Eucalyptus dives Petitgrain, Juniper Eucalyptus globulus | Rosemary Lemon Eucalyptus Sage Lime polybractea Spearmint Pressure/Temperature Chart for Distilling Several Therapeutic-Grade Essential Oils Starting oll Optical Pressure Distilling Distilling Essential Oi! Material Production _Rotation in pounds _ Temp. Time Cypress 2000 Ib im 24 0 220 24 hrs. Pine 1000 1b im 2 0 180 Shes Myrtle 500 ki 1k 22 12 200 7-9 hs Palmarosa ‘600 kd 1K 6 200 4 hrs Lemongrass 650k 175K 0 2302.75 hrs Citronella 150 Ib im 0 5 225 45 hrs Rosewood 500 ki 1k 4 30 287 hrs Cinnamon 1300 Ib Sot 0 5 225-235 9-24 hrs. Clove 450k Silt 0 10 29 18 hrs Eucalyptus (E.globulus) 250 Ib im 5 225 3:18 hrs Melaleuca (M. alternifolia) 1000 16 10-15 Ib 3 218 23 hrs. Geranium 500 Ib an 5 12 200 13 hrs. Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.45Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition In France, lavender produced commercially is often distilled for only 15 to 20 minutes at 155 pounds of pressure with a steam temperature approaching 350° F, Although this high temperature, high pressure oil costs less to produce and is easily marketed, itis of poor qual- Ie retains few, if any, of the therapeutic properties of high-grade lavender distilled at zero pounds of pressure for a minimum of 1 hour and 15 minutes. In many large commercial operations, distillers intro- duce chemicals into the steam distillation process to in- crease the volume of oil produced. Chemical trucks may even pump solvents directly into the boiler water. This production by as much as 18 percent. These icals inevitably leach into the distilling water and the essential oil, Fracturing the molecular struc ture of the oil and altering both its fragrance and thera- peutic value. These chemicals remain in the oil aftr ic is sold because itis impossible ro completely separate them from the oil Another way that essential oil producers increase the quantity of the oil extracted is through redistillation. This refers to the repeated distillation of the plant mat to maximize the volume of oil by using second, third, and fourth stages of steam distillation. Each successive distillation generates a weaker and less potent essential oil. Such essential oils are also degraded due to prolonged exposure to water and heat used in the redistillation process. This water can hydrolize oF oxidize the oil and begin to chemically break down the constituents responsible for its aroma and therapeutic properties. Combining Traditional Steam Distillation with Modern Technology tapestries of literally hundreds of chemical components, some of which— even in small quantities—contribute important therapeutic benefits The key to preserving as many as possible ofthese delicate aromatic constituents is to steam-distll plant material in small batches using low pressure and low heat. This is the traditional method of distillation that has been used for centuries in Europe but is being abandoned in favor of high-volume pressure cookers designed to operate at over 400° F and use over 50 pounds of pressure. Even more important, the cooking chamber where the plants are distilled should be constructed of a non- reactive metal, preferably stainless steel, to reduce the possibility of the essential oil being chemically altered bby more reactive metals such as aluminum or copper. No solvents or synthetic chemicals should be used or added to the water used to generate steam because they might jeopardize the integrity of the essential oil. Even the addition of chemicals to water used in a closed-loop, hheat-exchange system of the condenser can be risky, since there is no guarantee that they will be completely isolated from the essential oil Iris unfortunate that many essential oils distilled commercially are processed using boiler water laden with chemicals and descaling agents Absolutely no pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, ‘or agricultural chemicals of any kind should be used in the cultivation of herbs earmarked for distillation, “These chemicals—even in minute quantities—can react with the essential oil and degrade its purity and q and render it therapeutically less effective. During distillation, pesticide residue leaches out of the plant material with the extracted essential oil, Essential Oil Production Producing pure essential oils is very costly. It often requires several hundred or even thousands of pounds of raw plant material to produce a single pound of «essential il. For example, itcan take 2-3 tons of melissa plant material to produce one pound of melissa oil. Its extremely low yield explains why it sells for $9,000 to $15,000 per kilo. Ie takes 5,000 pounds of rose petals to produce approximately one pint of rose oil. Iris not difficult co understand why these oils are so expensive. “The vast majority of ols are produced for the perfume industry, which is only interested in their aromatic quali- ties. High pressures, high temperatures, and chemical solvents are used in this distillation process to produce greater quantities of oil in a shorter time. To most peo- pile, these oils carry a pleasant aroma, but they lack true therapeutic properties. Many of the important chemical constituents necessary to produce therapeutic results are er flashed off with the high heat or are not released. from the plant material. Testing At Young Living, each essential oil must pass extensive testing to ensure an optimal bioactive profile. Young Living uses its own internal labs, as well as third-party testing from essential oil experts in other countries, to validate the purity and potency of essential oils. 1.48 | Chapter 6 | Producing Therapoutie-Grade Essential OilsProducing Therapeutic-Grade Essential Oils | Chapter § Routine Quality Tests for Each Batch of Oil * Third-party Test: Confirmation testing done by an independent laboratory '* Gas Chromatography (GC): Separates and measures the percentage of plant biochemical constituents (usually 100-500 in number) in the essential oil ‘© Refractive Index: Measures the average type of molecular bonds for biochemical constituents in the essential oil © Specific Gravity: Measures how heavy (dense) the essential oil is compared to water © Optical Rotation: Measures the average chiral orientation of molecules in the essential oil © Flash Point: Measures the combustible “flash” temperature of the essential oil ‘Testing Done by Research for All Essential Oils * Gas Chromatography-Mass. Spectroscopy (GC- 'MS): The GC separates the plant biochemical volatile constituents. The MS enables greater identification on ‘main constituents by name, but notall. The MS breaks the compounds with electron impact into many dif- ferent pieces to match the corresponding compound found in the chemical library of 200,000 compounds attached to the instrument. * Chiral Gas Chromatography: Separates and deter- the percentage of chiral molecules in the essen- tial oil. Chiral: Left-handed and right-handed orienta- tion of molecules (-,, d-limonene and limonene). * Solid-phase Microextraction (SPME): A tcchnol- ogy in which a small, handheld device is used for ex- tracting a small sample of essential oil vapors directly from plants. The device is then inserted into a GC or GC-MS to analyze the essential oil of the plant. * High-performance Liquid — Chromatography (HPLC): Separates and measures the percentage of water-soluble plant biochemical constituents and high molecular weight molecules in the essential oil. Sealing “The final step in Young Living’s Seed to Seal process is carefully sealing each bottle of essential oil in Young Living’ own clean-room facility and shipping it to members worldwide. Summary The Benefits of Therapeutic-Grade Essential Oils 1. Essential oils are small enough in molecular size chat they can quickly penetrate the tissues of the skin 2. Essential oils are lipid-soluble and are capable of penetrating cell membranes, even if the membranes, have hardened because of an oxygen deficiency. According to Jean Valnet, MD, essential oils can affect every cell of the body within 20 minutes and are then metabolized like other nutrients. 3. Essential oils, according to researchers atthe University of Vienna, stimulate blood flow, which increases oxygen and nutrient delivery. 4. Essential oils are some of the most powerful antioxidants as determined by the ORAC test developed at Tufts University. 5. Essential oils are antibacterial, antifungal, anti-infec- tious, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, and antisep- tic. Some essential oils have been shown to destroy all tested bacteria and viruses. 6. Essential oils may detoxify the cells and blood in the body. 7. Essential oils containing sesquiterpenes have the ability o pass the blood-brain barrier. 8, Essential oils are aromatic, and when diffused, may air purification by increasing ozone and negative ions in the area, eliminating odors from cooking, bacteria, mold, animals, and other sources, and filling the air with afresh, aromatic scent 9. Essential oils promote emotional, physical, and spiritual well-being. Literally, from the plant seed that is dropped into the soil to the essential oil scaled in the amber bottle in Young Living’s clean room, the Seed to Seal process is carefully supervised from beginning to end co ensure quality and purity of Young Living Therapeutic-Grade essential oils. ENDNOTES: 1. By ton, “Geely Mail A OF "ebay 8, 201 v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fith Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.47Chapter 6 How to Safely Use Essential Oils Basic Guidelines for Safe Use Guidelines are important to follow when using essential oils, especially if you are unfamiliar with the oils and their benefits. Many guidelines ate listed below and are elaborated on throughout the chapter However, no list of do's and don'ts can ever replace common sense. It is foolish to dive headlong into a pond when you do not know the depth of the water. The same is true when using essential oils. Start gradually and patiently find what works best for you and your family members. Storage 1. Always keep a botde of a pure vegetable oil (e.g. V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, olive oil, almond oil, or more fe rant massage oils such as Sensation, Relaxation, Ortho Ease, ot Ortho Sport) handy when using essential oils. Vegetable oils will dilute essential oils ifthe essential oils cause discomfort or skin itritation, 2. Keep bottles of essential oils tightly closed and store them in a cool location away from light. If stored properly, essential oils will maintain their potency 3. Keep essential oils out of reach of children. Treat the Children love the oils and will often go through an entire bottle in a very short time. They want to give ‘massages and do the same things they see you do. Usage 4, Essential oils rich in menthol (such as peppermint) should not be used on the throat or neck area of children under 18 months of age 6 Angelica, bergamot, grapefruit, lemon, o Bes tangerine, and other citrus oils are photosensitive and may cause a rash or dark pigmentation on skin exposed to direct sunlight or UV rays within 1-2 days after application, Keep essential oils away from the eye area and pur them directly into ears. Do not handle contact lenses or rub eyes with essential oils on your fingers. Even in minute amounts, many essential oils may damage contacts and will irritate eyes Pregnant women should consult a health-care professional when starting any type of health program. Oils are safe to use, but one needs to use common sense. Follow the directions and dilute with V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex until you become familiar with the oils you are using, ant women have said chat they feel a Many preg very positive response from the unborn child when the oils are applied on che skin, but that is each woman's individual experience Epileptics and chose with high blood pressure should consult their health-cate professional before using essential oils, Use extra caution with high ketone oils such as basil, rosemary, sage, and tansy ils People with allergies should test a small amount of oil on an area of sensitive skin, such as the inside of the upper arm, for 30 minutes before applying the oil on other arcas of the body The bottoms of feet are safe locations to apply essential oils topically Direct inhalation of essential oils can be a deep and intensive application method, particularly for cespiratory congestion and illness. However, this method should noc be used more chan 10-15 times throughout the day without consulting a health h Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.49Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Essential Oils Certified as GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe), or as food additives, by the FDA Single Oils Jasmine. ......624,GS FA | Tangerine... Anise... ++ + GSFA | Juniper seve GS FA | Tarragon... ‘Angelica . GSFA — | Laurusnobilis....... GS FA | Thyme ........ Balsam fir, Idaho. -FA | Lavender. -GSFA | Tuga... Basil .......0...-.GSFA | Lavandin.... -GSFA | Valerian. Bergamot - :GSFA | Lemon..... GSFA | Vetiver Cajuput. <-FA | Lemongrass.........GSFA | Wintergreen .. Cardamom .. FA | Lime.. -GSFA | Yarrow... Carrot sed... <-FA | Mandarin -GSFA — | Ylang ylang Cassia... -GSFA — | Marjoram.......... GS FA Gedarwood...s.ssscse-FA | Melaleuca (4. aleniflia)..FA | Blends Celery seed . FA | Abundance = GS FA | Mountain savory Chamomile, Roman... GS FA | Melissa... Chamomile, German . GS FA | Myrrh. Cinnamon bark & leaf GS FA | Myrtle. -GSFA | Believe... GS FA FL | Citrus Fresh .. GS FA — | Christmas Spirit Ciseus sees FA |Netolic ccc. GSFA | DiGize. Citronella ........5.GSFA | Nutmeg...........,GSFA | EndoFlex.. Citrus Finds = GSFA — | Onycha Siyrax fencoin) GS FA | Gratitude . Clary sage « -GSFA — | Orange .. 2GSFA | Joys... eee Clove. . -GSFA — | Oregano . -GSFA — | JuvaCleanse. 2GSFA | Palmarosa..........GSFA | Juva Flex. GSFA — | Patchouli.. GS FA FL | Longevity -GSFA — | Pepper...... -GSFA — | Thieves -GSFA — | Peppermint.........GSFA | M-Grain.. Petitgrain -GSFA | Purif vesss GS FA FL | Relieve It.. ces GSFA | Sacred Mout GS FA — | White Angelica Zac EM -GSFA | CODE: . GS FA FL GS FA GS FA FL ~ GS FA FL Frankincense. Galbanum. .. Geranium .......... GS FA Ginger. . OSPA\ FA | GS Generally regarded assafe Goldenrod, cs GS FA FL (GRAS) Grapefiuic. GS FA + OS FA FA FDA-approved food additive Helichrysum . GS FA va FA [imal | Flavoring ges Hyssop... GS FA » GS FA FL membranes unless jon is strongly recommended if skin becomes painfully irritated or if oil accidentally gets into eyes. Flushing the area with a vegetable oil should minimize discomfort almost immediately. DO NOT flush with water! Essential oils are oil-soluble, not water-soluble. Water will only spread the oils over a larger surface, possibly worsening the problem. Use V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, coconut oi, olive oil, or other vegetable oil to flush the essential oils. Keep eyes closed, be patient, and the sting will quickly dissipate. 1.50 | Chapter 6 | How to Sately Use Essential Oils {© Copyrigm 2011 | v6.0How to Safoly Uso Essential Oils | Chapter 6 professional, Also, inhalation of essential oils is NOT recommended for those with asthmatic conditions. 12, Before taking GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) essential oils internally, test your reactions by diluting one drop of essential oil in one teaspoon of an oil-soluble liquid like blue agave, olive oil, or rice milk. If you intend to consume more than a few drops of diluted essential oil per day, we recommend first consulting a health professional. 13, Beaware that reactions to essential oils, both topically and orally, can be delayed as long as 2-3 days. 14, Add 1-3 drops of undiluted essential oils directly to bath water. If more essential oil is desired, mix the oil first into bath salts or a bath gel base before adding to the bath water. Generally, never use more than 10 drops of essential oils in one bath. ‘When essential oils are put directly into bath water without a dispersing agent, they can cause serious discomfort on sensitive skin because the essential oils tend to float, undiluted, on top of the water. Chemical Sensitivities and Allergies Occasionally, individuals beginning to use quality essential oils will suffer rashes or allergic reactions. This may be due to using an undiluted spice, conifer, or citrus oil, or it may be caused by an interaction of the oil with residues of synthetic, petroleum-based, personal- care products that have leached into the skin ‘When using essential oils on a daily basis, itis impera- tive to avoid personal-care products containing ammo- nium of hydrocarbon-based chemicals. These include {quaternary compounds such as quaternariums and poly- {quaternariums. These chemicals can be fatal if ingested, «specially benzalkonium chloride, which, unfortunately, is used in many personal-care products on the market. Other chemicals such as aluminum compounds, FD&C colors, formaldehyde, all parabens, tale, thimersol, mercury, and titanium dioxide, ust to name a few, are all toxic to the body and should be avoided. ‘These compounds are commonly found in a variety of hand creams, mouthwashes, shampoos, antiperspirants, after-shave lotions, and hair-care products. Other compounds that present concerns are sodium lauryl sulfate, propylene glycol—extremely common in everything from toothpaste to shampoo—and aluminum salts found in many deodorants. OF particular concern are the potentially hazardous preservatives and synthetic fragrances that abound in virtually all modern personal-care products. Some of these include methylene chloride, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methyl ethyl ketone. These are not only toxic, but they can also react with some compounds in natural essential oils. The result can be a severe case of dermatitis or even septicemia (blood poisoning). A dlassic case of a synthetic fragrance causing widespread damage occurred in the 1970s. AETT (acetylethylcetramethyltetralin) appeared in numerous brands of personal-care products throughout the Us States. Even afier a series of animal studies revealed that i caused significant brain and spinal cord damage, the FDA refused to ban the chemical. Finally, che cosmetic industry voluntarily withdrew AFTT after allowing it to be distributed for years How many other toxins masquerading as preservatives or fragrances are currently being used in personal-care products? Many chemicals are easily absorbed through the skin due to its permeability. One study found that 13 percent of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and 49 percent of DDT (a carcinogenic pesticide) can be absorbed into the skin upon topical contact (Steinman, 1997). Once absorbed, they can become trapped in the fatty subdermal ayers of skin where they can leach into the blood scream. Even in small concentrations, these chemicals and synthetic compounds are toxic and can compromise one’s health. Chemicals can remain trapped in fatty tissues underneath the skin for several months or years until a topical substance like an essential oil starts to move them from their resting place and cause them to come out of the skin in an uncomfortable way. Besides skin itvitation, you could experience nausea, headaches, and other slight temporary effect. Ics all about what chemicals were used, how much, how long, and pethaps the level of toxicity in your body. Essential oils have been known to digest toxic substances, and so when they come in contact with chemical residue on the skin, the oils start to work against them. ‘The user may mistakenly assume that the threat of an interaction between oils and synthetic cosmetics used Fittn Eation | Essential Olle Desk Reference | 1.51Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition months before is small. However, a case of dermatitis is always a possibility. Essential oils do not cause skin problems, rashes, or eruptions on the skin, but they may only indirectly as they go afier the chemicals. Do not make the mistake of blaming the essential oils, Just be glad this chemical residue is coming out of your body. You can always reduce the amount of oil you are using or stop the use of any oil for a couple of days and then start again slowly. You can also use V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, other vegetable or massage oils, or natural creams to dilute the ols. Before You Start Always skin test an essential oil before using it. Each person's body is different, so apply oils to a small area first. Apply one ol or blend ata time. When layering oils that are new to you, allow enough time (3-5 minutes) for the body to respond before applying a second oil. Use a small amount when applying essential oils to skin that may carry residue from cosmetics, personal- care products, soaps, and cleansers containing synthetic chemicals. Some of them—especially petroleum-based chemicals—can penetrate and remain in the skin and fatty tissues for days or even weeks after usc. Essential oils may work against such chemicals and toxins built up in the body from chemicals in food, water, and work environment. If you have this kind of an experience using essential oils, it may be wise to reduce or stop using them for a few days and start an internal cleansing program before resuming regular use of essential oils. In addition, double your water intake and keep flushing those toxins out of your body. You may also want to try the following alternatives to a detoxification program to determine the cause of the problem: * Dilute 1-3 drops of essential oil in 1/2 ssp. of V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, massage oil, or any pure vegetable oil, such as almond or olive. More dilution may be needed, as necessary. * Reduce the number of oils used at any time *+ Use single oils or oil blends, one ata time * Reduce the amount of oil used * Reduce the frequency of application * Drink more purified or distilled water * Ask your health-care professional to monitor detoxification. + Test the diluted essential oil on a small patch of skin for 30 minutes. If any redness or irritation results, dilute the area immediately with a pure vegetable or massage oil. Then cleanse with soap and water. * If skin irviation or other uncomfortable side effects persist, discontinue using the oil on that location and apply the oils on the bottoms of the feet. You may also want 0 avoid using products that contain the following ingredients to eliminate potential problems: + Cosmetics, deodorants, and skin-care products containing aluminum, petrochemicals, or other synthetic ingredients + Perms, hair colors or dyes. hair sprays, or gels containing synthetic chemicals; avoid shampoos, toothpaste, mouthwash, and soaps containing synthetic chemicals such as sodium laurel sulfate, propylene glycol, or lead acetate + Garden sprays, paints, detergents, and cleansers containing toxic chemicals and solvents You can use many essential oils anywhere on the body except on the eyes and in the ears. Other oils may irritate certain sensitive tissues. See recommended dilution rates in the chapters for singles and blends. Keep “hot” oils such as oregano, cinnamon, thyme, cucalyptus, mountain savory, lemon, and, orange essential oils or blends such as Thieves, PanAway, Relieve It, and Exodus II out of reach of children. These types of oils should always be diluced for both children and adults. Children need to be taught how to use the oils so that they understand the safety issue. Ifa child or infant swallows an essential oil, do the following: * Seek immediate emergency medical attention, if necessary. + Give the child milk, cream, yogurt, or another safe, oil-soluble liquid to drink. NOTE: If your body pH is low. your body will be acidic; therefore, you could also have less ofa response cr pethaps a minimal negative reaction to the oils. 4.82 | Chapter @ | How to Safely Use Essential OilsTopical Application Many oils are safe to apply directly to the skin. Lavender is safe to use on children without dilution. However, you must be sure what you are using is not lavandin labeled as lavender or genetically altered lavender. When applying most other essential oils on children, dilute the oils with carrier oil. For dilution, add 15-30 drops of essential oil to 1 o7. of quality carter oil, as mentioned previously. Cartier oils such as V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex extend essential oils and provide more efficient use. When massaging, the vegetable oil helps lubricate the skin. ‘When starting an essential oil application, depending ‘on which oil you use, you may want to test for skin sensitivity by applying the oil first to the bottom of the feet. See the Vita Flex foot charts in Chapter 16 to identify areas of best application. Scart by applying 3-6 drops of a single or blended oil, spreading i over the bottom of each foot When applying essential oils to yourself, use 1-2 drops of oil on 2-3 locations twice a day. Increase to four times a day if needed. Apply the oil and allow it to absorb for 2-3 minutes before applying another oil or before getting dressed to avoid staining clothing, As a general rule, when applying oils to yourself or another person for the first time, do not apply more than owo single oils or blends at one time, How to Safoly Use Essential Oils | Chapter 6 ‘When mixing essential oil blends or diluting essential oils in a carrier oil, i is best to use containers made of glass or earthenware, rather than plastic, Plastic particles can leach into the oil and then into the skin once it is applied. Before applying oils, wash hands thoroughly with soap and water. Massage Start by applying 2 drops of a single oil or blend on the skin and massaging it in. If you are working on a large area, such as the back, mix 1-3 drops of the selected essential oil into 1 sp. of pure cartier oil such as V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, a massage oil, or any other oil of your choice such as jojoba, almond, olive, andlor grape seed. Keep in mind that many massage oils such as olive, almond, jojoba, or wheat germ oil may stain some fabrics. Acupuncture Licensed acupunctutists can dramatically increase the effectiveness of acupuncture by using essential oils. ‘To start, place several drops of essential oil into the palm of your hand and dip the acupuncture needle tip into the oil before inserting it into the person. You can premix several oils in your hand if you wish to use more than one oil. Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk RetEssential Oils Desk Reference Fitth Edition Acupressure ‘When performing an acupressure treatment, apply 1-3 drops of essential oil to the acupressure point with your finger. Using an auricular probe with a slender point to dispense oil may enhance the application. Start by pressing f applying pressure to any particular pressure point too long. You may continue along the acupressure points and meridians or use the reflexology or Vita Flex points as well. Once you have completed small point stimulations, massage the general area with the essential il and then releasing. Avoid Warm Compress For deeper penetration, use a warm compress after applying essential oils. Completely soak the cloth or towel by placing it in comfortably hot water. By the time you wring out the cloth and shake it, it will be a nice, warm temperature to be placed on the location. Then cover the cloth loosely with a dry towel or blanket to seal in the heat. Leave the cloth on for 1 30 minuces, Remove the cloth immediatly if there isa Cold Packs Apply essential oils on the location, followed by cold water or ice packs when treating inflamed or swollen tissues, Frozen packages of peas or corn make excellent ice packs that will mold to the contours of the body 1.54 | Chapter 6 | How to Safely Use Essential Oils part and will not leak. Keep the cold pack on until the swelling diminishes. For neurological problems, always use cold packs, never hot ones. Layering This techniqu cone ata time. For example, rub marjoram over a sore muscle, massage it into the tissue genely unl ehe area is dry, and then apply a second oil such as peppermint until the oil is absorbed and the skin is dry. Then layer consists of applying multiple oils ‘on the third oil, such as basil, and continue massaging, Making a Compress * Rub 1-3 drops on the location, diluted or neat, depending on the oil used and the skin sensitivity at that location, * Cover the location with a hor, damp rowel, * Cover the moist towel with a dry towel for 10-30 minutes, depending on individual need. As the oil penetrates the skin, you may experience a ‘warming or even a burning sensation, especially in areas where the greatest benefits occur. If burning becomes uncomfortable, apply V-6 Vegetable Oil Complex, a massage oil, or any pure vegetable oil such as olive or almond to the location.— ail on ea) ea A second type of application is very mild and is suitable for children or those with sensitive skin. + Place 5-15 drops of essential oil into a basin filled with warm water, + Water temperature should be approximately 100° F, (38° C), unless the patient suffers neurological conditions; in that case, use cool water. + Vigorously agitate the water and let it stand for 1 minute, * Place a dry face cloth on top of the water to soak up oils that have floated to the surface, + Wring out the water and apply the cloth on the location. To seal in the warmth, cover the location with a thick towel for 15-30 minutes. Bath Adding essential oils co bath water is challenging because oil does nor mix with water. For even dispersion, mix 5~10 drops of essential oil in 1/4 cup of Epsom salts ‘or bath gel base and then put the cup under a running, faucet and gradually add water. This method will help the oils dispers n the bath evenly and prevent stronger oils from stinging sensitive areas. You can also use premixed bath gels and shampoos containing essential oils as a liquid soap in the shower ‘or bath. Lather down with the bath gel, let it soak in, How to Safely Use Essontial Oils Chapter 6 and then rinse. To maximize benefits, leave the soap ‘or shampoo on the skin or scalp for several minutes to allow the essential oils to penetrate. You can create your own aromatic bath gels by placing 5-15 drops of essential oil in 1/2 o2. of an unscented bath gel base and then add to the bath water as described above Shower Essential oils can be added to Epsom salts and used in the shower. There are special shower heads containing an attached receptacle that can be filled with the essential oil/salts mixture. This allows essential oils 10 not only make contact with the skin but also diffuses the fragrance of the oils into the air. The shower head receptacle can hold approximately 1/4 to 1/2 cup of bath salts Start by adding 5-10 drops of essential oil to 1/4 cup of bath salt. Fill the shower head receptacle with the oil/salt mixture. Make sure neither oils nor salts come in contact with the plastic seal on top of the recepracle. This should provide enough salt material for about 2-3 showers. Some shower heads have a bypass feature that allows the user to switch from aromatic salt water to regular tap water. Fitth Edition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.55Essential Oils Desk Reference | Fifth Edition al Ar The longer essential oils stay in contact with the skin, the more likely they are to be absorbed. The ART Night Reconstructor or ART Day Activator lotions, Sandalwood Moisture Cream, or Boswellia Wrinkle Cream may be layered on top of the essential oils to reduce evaporation of the oils and enhance penetration. T is may also help seal and protect cuts and wounds, Do not use ointments on burns until they are at least three days old; however, Lavaderm Cooling Mist spray may be used immediately to provide comforting relief for minor burns, abrasions, dryness, and other skin Diffused oils alter the structure of molecules that c odors, rather than just masking them. They also increase oxygen availability, produce negative ions, and release natural ozone, Many essential oils such as lemongrass orange, grapefruit, melaleuca (alternifolia—tea tree), eucalyptus (E. globulus), lavender, frankincense, and lemon, along with essential oil blends (Purification, Melrose, and Thieves), are extreme cli effective for inating and destroying airborne germs and bacteri A cold-air diffuser is designed to atomize a micro-fine ist of essential oils into the air, where they can remain 1.86 | Chapter 6 | How to Safely Use Essential Ol suspended for several hours. Unlike aroma lamps or candles, a diffuser disperses essential oils without heating ‘or burning, which can render the oil therapeutically less c toxic compounds. Research shows that cold-air diffusing certain oils may: beneficial and even crea * Reduce bacteria, fungus, mold, and unpleasant odors * Relax the body, relieve tension, and clear the mind + Help with weight management + Improve concentration, alertness, and mental catty + Stimulate neurotransmitters + Stimulate secretion of endorphins + Stimulate growth hormone production and receptivity + Improve the sccreton of IgA antibodies that fight candida * Improve digestive function + Improve hormonal * Relieve headaches Guidelines using * Check the viscosity or thickness of the oil you want to diffuse. Ifthe oil has too much natural wax and is too thick, it could plug the diffuser and make cleaning difficultCoes + Start by diffusing oils for 15-30 minutes a day. As you become accustomed to the oils and recognize their effects, you may increase the diffusing time to 1-2 hours per day. * By connecting your diffuser to a timer, you can gain better control over the length and duration of diffusing. For some respiratory conditions, you may diffuse the oils the entire night. * Do not use more than one blend at a time in a diffuser as this may alter the smell and the therapeutic benefit. However, a single oil may be added to a blend when diffusing. + Place the diffuser high in the room so that the oil mist fall through the air and removes the odor- causing substances. + Ifyou want to wash the diffuser before using. different oil blend, use Thieves Household Cleanser with warm ‘water or any natural soap and warm water. * If you do not have a diffuser, you can add several drops of essential oil to a spray bortle with 1 cup purified water and shake. You can use this to mist your entire house, workplace, or car. + Air Freshener Oil Recipe: 20 drops lavender 5 drops lime 10 drops lemon 5 drops grapefruit 6 drops bergamot Diffuse neat or mix with 1 cup of distilled water in a spray bottle; shake well before spraying. How to Safoly Uso Essential Oils | Chapter 6 Other Ways to Diffuse Oils + Add your favorite essential oils to cedar chips to make your own potpourri. + Purscented cedar chips in your closets or drawers to deodorize them. + Sprinkle a few drops of conifer essential oils such as spruce, fir (all varieties), cedar, oF pine onto logs in the fireplace. As the logs burn, they will disperse an ‘evergreen smell. This method has no therapeutic benefit, however. + Puressential oils on cotton balls or tissues and place them in your car, home, work, or hotel heating or air conditioning vents. + Pura few drops of oil in a bowl or pan of water and set it on a warm stove. + Onadamp cloth, sprinkle few drops of one of your purifying essential oils and place the cloth near an in- take duct of your heating and cooling system so that the air can carry the aroma throughout your home Humidifier and Vaporizer Essential oils make ideal additions to humidifiers or 1s, Always check the viscosity of the oil, because if iis too thick, it could plug the humidifier or make it difficult co clean, v5.0 | © Copyignt 2011 Fitth Eoition | Essential Oils Desk Reference | 1.57Essential Oils Desk Reference | fith Edition Singles: Balsam fir, frankincense, peppermint, lemon, ‘eucalyptus (E, radiata), melaleuca (M. alternifolia), lavender, ylang ylang, and others of your choice. Blends: Purification, Thieves, Raven, Melrose, Joy, RutaVala, The Gift, White Angelica, Sacred Mountain, and many more NOTE: Test the oil before diffusing it in the vaporizer or humidifier; some essential oils may damage the plastic parts of vaporizers. Other Uses Direct Inhalation + Place 2 or more droy into the palm of your lefe hand ch the flat palm of your right hand. Cup your hands together over your nose and ‘mouth and inhale deeply. (Do not touch your eyes!) and rub clockwise + Add several drops of an essential oil to a bowl of hot (not boiling) water. Inhale the steaming vapors that rise from the bowl. To increase the intensity of the oil vapors inhaled, drape a towel over your head and bowl before inhaling. + Apply oils to a cotton ball or tissue (do not use synthetic fibers or fabric) and place it in the ar vent of your car. * Inhale directly. Indirect or Subtle Inhalation (wearing as a perfume or cologne) + Rub 2 or more drops of oil on your chest, neck, upper sternum, wrists, or under your nose and ears, and enjoy the fragrance throughout che day. + There are many necklaces with different type of vessels hanging on chem into which you can pour a particular oil ro use throughout the day. + ‘There are clay-type medallions to hang around your neck or fasten with a clip on your clothing onto which you can put a few oils drops to give off a gentle fragrance the entire day. Vaginal Retention For systemic health problems such as candida or vaginitis, vaginal retention is one of the best ways for the body to absorb essential oils. + Mix 20-30 drops of ese carrier oil, oil in 2 tablespoons of + Apply this mixture to a tampon (for internal infection) or sanitary pad (for external lesions) Insert and retain for 8 hours or overnight. Use tampons or sanitary pads made with organic cotton, Rectal Retention A retention enema isthe most efficient way to deliver essential oils co the urinary trace and reproductive organs. Always use a sterile syringe. + Mix 15-20 drops of essential oil in a tablespoon of carrier oil. + Place the mixture in a small syringe and inject into the rectum, + Retain the mixture through the night (or longer for best results). + Clean and disinfect the applicator afer each use. 1.58 | Chapter @ | How o Safely Uso Essential Os