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McMurry
www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry
Chapter 2
Polar Covalent Bonds:
Acids and Bases
Modified by Dr. Daniela R. Radu
Electrostatic
potential maps
show calculated
charge
distributions
Colors indicate
electron-rich (red)
and electron-poor
(blue) regions
Arrows indicate
direction of bond
polarity
EN of O and N > H
Both O and N have lone-pair electrons oriented away from
all nuclei
2.4 Resonance
Resonance Hybrids
2,4-Pentanedione
HA + H 2O A + H 3O
" H 3O + $ " A $
#
%
#
%
K eq =
"# HA $% "# H 2O $%
HA + H 2O A + H 3O
" H 3O $ " A $
#
%
#
%
K a = K eq "# H 2O $% =
"# HA $%
+
pKa = log Ka
The free energy in an equilibrium is related to log of Keq
(G = RT log Keq)
A smaller value of pKa indicates a stronger acid and is
proportional to the energy difference between products
and reactants
The pKa of water is 15.74
H 2O + H 2O OH + H 3O +
" H 3O + $ "OH $
%#
%
K eq = #
2
"# H 2O $%
" H 3O + $ "OH $
%#
%
and K a = K eq "# H 2O $% = #
"# H 2O $%
Organic Acids:
characterized by the presence of positively
polarized hydrogen atom
Organic Acids
Organic Bases
Lewis Bases
-
-
-
Several types:
Dipole-dipole forces
Dispersion forces
Hydrogen bonds
Dipole-Dipole
Occur between polar molecules as a result of
electrostatic interactions among dipoles
Forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on
orientation of the molecules
Dispersion Forces
Occur between all neighboring molecules and arise
because the electron distribution within molecules that
isconstantly changing
Summary
Summary (Continued)
Answer
Do not make things too hard if we dont have to.
The lower the value of the pKa, the more acidic the
molecule is: