Tutorial Math 3171

Tutorial Math 3171
Page numbers refer to the 10. edition of Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig,
available at the College of Science Bookstore. Please be aware that in the pdf version of this book,
sometimes the exercises are slightly different.
Contents
Chapter 7
Problem Set 7.1 . . . . .
Supplementary Problems
Chapter 8
Problem
Problem
Problem
Problem
Set
Set
Set
Set
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.5
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Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Problem Set 10.1 . . . .
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 9
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Chapter 10
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2
2
6
12
15
20
27
34
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37
37
46
51
60
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66
66
69
73
77
82
86
98
101
108
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111
111
116
125
129
134
141
149
Chapter 7
Problem Set 7.1
Let
A=
1
4
1
2
C= 2
u=
8 ,
1.2
D=
4 ,
0 ,
2
1
2
0 ,
2.5
B = 5
4 ,
E = 4
v = 1 ,
3 ,
w = 10 .
7.1 Exercise 8. Find the following expressions, indicating which of the rules in equations (3) on page
260 and equations (4) on page 261 they illustrate, or give reasons why they are not defined.
3A + 2B = 3
1
4
8 + 2 5
4
0
15
12
12

24 + 10

8
0
2B + 3A = 3A + 2B
10
2
3
2
4
6
4
[by (3)(c)] .
[by (4)(c)]
2
13

2
8 =

8
17
[by (3)(a)]
12
1
1
1
0.2B 2.4A = A B = A (12B)
5
5
5
5
[by (3)(a)] .
0A + B = 0 + B = B + 0
=B
15
18
16 .
1
(A 12B)
5
5
2
1
3
= 5
5
4
2
[by (4)(a)]
3
2
60
53
5
32

100 =

45
10
60
24

4 + 48

4
36
26
12
4 12
4
4
3
= 5
5
4
96
48
12
7
5
53
5
32
26
5
12
20 .
9
2
7.1 Exercise 11. Find the following expressions, indicating which of the rules in equations (3) on
page 260 and equations (4) on page 261 they illustrate, or give reasons why they are not defined.
6C + 8D = 6 2
36
= 12
2
4 + 8
1
1
24

24 +

6
16
12
2(3C + 4D) = 6C + 8D
2
8
12

0 = 28

16
8
24 .
10
[by (4)(a)] .
0.4C 0.4D = 0.4(C D)
[by (4)(a)]
6
2
2
2
4
= (C D) = 2
5
5
0
1
2
1
18
3
5

4 =
0

2
3
5
0
5
1
5
8
5
6
(C + D) + E = C + (D + E)
[by (3)(b)]
= (D + E) + C
[by (3)(a)]

3 + 2

0
3
= 2
0(C E) + 4D = 0 + 4D = 4D + 0
= 4D
=4

0 + 4

2
3

3 + 2

1
0
2

0
4 =

4
1
1
1
1 .
[by (3)(a)]
[by (3)(c)]
3
2
1

0 =

2
A 0C = A 0 = A
12
8
4
0 .
[by (3)(c)].
1
1
(5u + 5v) w = 5(u + v) w
2
2
[by (4)(a)]
= 5
1.2
5(u + v) + 2w =
E (u v)
0 + 1 10

2
8
2.5
3
3.2

= 5 1 + 5

0.5
4
16
16

= 5 + 5

2.5
4
18
0 .
1.5
24
5 + 20 = 15 .

2.5
16
13.5
is not defined because the number of columns is not equal.
3.2
25.6
21.6

8(u + v) + w = 8 1 + 10 = 8 + 10 = 18 .

12
8
4
8
0.5
15v 3w 0u = 15v 3w 0 = 15v 3w
[by (3)(c)]
30
12

= 15 1 3 10 = 15 + 30

24
45
3
8
D u + 3C
42
= 15 .

21
is not defined because the number of columns is not equal.
1.2
6
9
6
1
9
0
4.5w 1.2u + 0.2v = w u + v = 10
2
5
5
2
5
8
2.5
+ 1
5
18

= 45 +
36
36
25
+
0

2
5
1
5
3
5
450 36 + 10
25
225 1
5
180 + 15 + 3
5
7.1 Exercise 17. Resultant of forces. If the above vectors u, v, w represent

sum is called their resultant. Calculate it.

1.2
2
4
0.8

0 + 1 + 10 = 11
r=u+v+w =

2.5
3
8
8.5
476
25
226
5
198
5
forces in space, their
7.1 Exercise 18. Equilibrium. By definition, forces are in equilibrium if their resultant is the zero
vector. Find a force p such that the above u, v, w, and p are in equilibrium.
We need p such that u + v + w + p = 0. Using the result from 7.1 Exercise 17, we obtain
0.8
11
p=
.
8.5
Problem Set 7.2

Let
A = 2
1
2
4 ,
B = 3
0 ,
a=
C = 2
2 ,
b = 1 .
7.2 Exercise 12. Showing all intermediate results, calculate the following expressions or give reasons
why they are undefined.
6
AA = 2
1
T
4 1
2
3
1
2
2 2 + (1) (1) + 3 3
= (2) 2 + 1 (1) + 4 3
1 2 + 2 (1) + (2) 3
14
21
1
4
2 (2) + (1) 1 + 3 4
2 1 + (1) 2 + 3 (2)
(2) (2) + 1 1 + 4 4
(2) 1 + 1 2 + 4 (2)
1 1 + 2 2 + (2) (2)
1 (2) + 2 1 + (2) 4
8 .
A2 = AA = 2
4 2
2
1
2 2 + (1) (2) + 3 1
2 (1) + (1) 1 + 3 2
2 3 + (1) 4 + 3 (2)
= (2) 2 + 1 (2) + 4 1
1 2 + 2 (2) + (2) 1
(2) (1) + 1 1 + 4 2
(2) 3 + 1 4 + 4 (2)
1 3 + 2 4 + (2) (2)
= 2
11
1 (1) + 2 1 + (2) 2
10 .
15
BBT = 3
(1) (1) + 3 3 + 0 0
(1) (3) + 3 1 + 0 0
(1) 0 + 3 0 + 0 2
= (3) (1) + 1 3 + 0 0
0 (1) + 0 3 + 2 0
(3) (3) + 1 1 + 0 0
(3) 0 + 1 0 + 0 2
00+00+22
0 (3) + 0 1 + 2 0
10
10
0 .
B = BB = 3
0
2
0 3
2
0
= (3) (1) + 1 (3) + 0 0
0 (1) + 0 (3) + 2 0
(1) (1) + 3 (3) + 0 0
(1) 3 + 3 1 + 0 0
(1) 0 + 3 0 + 0 2
(3) 3 + 1 1 + 0 0
(3) 0 + 1 0 + 0 2
00+00+22
03+01+20
0 .
3A 2B = 3 2
1
2
3
= 6
(3A 2B) = 9
9
T
3
6
0
1
12
3AT 2BT = (3A 2B)T
4 2 3
0
2
9

12 + 6

0
6
6
2
0

0 = 0

3
4
6 .
10
[by (10)(b) on page 267].
9
1
6
12 .
10
(3A 2B) a = 9
9
T
= 9
6 1
10
1
12
T
6 2
10
0
1
12
8 (1) + 0 (2) + 3 0
(9) (1) + 1 (2) + 6 0

=
9 (1) + 12 (2) + (10) 0
7 .
33
Aa = 2
4 1
1
2
is not defined because the number of columns of A is different from the number of rows of a.
AaT = 2
bT AT = (Ab)T

4 2 = 0

2
0
5
(Ab) = 2
1
T
1
1
2
10
4 1 = 3
2
1
1
10
=
[by (10)(d) on page 267].
9
ABC = (AB)C
[by (2)(b) on page 264]

1
= 2
1
2
= 1
4 3
2
0
6

0 2

2
2
8 2
4
2
ABa = (AB)a

2 =
25

0
25
0
11
11 .
[by (2)(b) on page 264]
= 1
8 1
is not defined because the number of columns of AB is different from the number of rows of a.
ABb = (AB)b
[by (2)(b) on page 264]
= 1
CaT = 2

8 1 = 10

30
4
1
2 1
= 2
2 2
0
0
is not defined because the number of columns of C is different from the number of rows of aT .
ab =

1
= 1 .
10
ba = 1 1
aA =
Bb = 3
1
2
0 .
4 =
2
11
0 1 = 10 .
2
1
2
0 2
bT Ab = bT (Ab)
[by (2)(b) on page 264]
= 1
aBaT = a(BaT )
10

3 = 32 .
[by (2)(b) on page 264]
4 1
2
1
0 3
1
0
0 1
0 2
2
0
0 3
11
T
aCCT = (aC) CT

1 = 3 .
= 1
= 2

2 2

0
2
#
16
[by (2)(b) on page 264]

1
1 1
"
=
1
CT ba = CT (ba)
"
=
[by (2)(b) on page 264]
0 =
"
14
#
.
Problem Set 7.3

7.3 Exercise 1. Solve the linear system using Gauss elimination.
3x + 8y =
5
8x 12y = 11
We shall express the system by its augmented matrix and row reduce the matrix. Thus, we are using
Gauss elimination.
# "
#
"
#
"
5
24
64
40
8row1
24 64 40
3
8
,
,
8 12 11
24 36 33
3row2
0 28 7
row2 + row1
So the original system is equivalent to the system
24x + 64y = 40
28y = 7
12
1
From the equation 28y = 7, we get that y = , and substituting this back in the original equation
4
3x + 8y = 5, we get that x = 1.
7.3 Exercise 5. Solve the linear system given by its augmented matrix using Gauss elimination.
13 12 6
4 7 73
4 5 11
This is the augmented matrix of the system
13x + 12y = 6
4x + 7y = 73
4x + 5y = 11
We shall row reduce the matrix. Thus, we are using Gauss elimination.
13 12 6
interchanged rows 1 and 3
4 5 11
,
4 7 73 , 4 7 73
4 5 11
13 12 6
52 65 143
13row1
4 5 11
,
0 12 84 row2 + row1 , 0 12 84
13 12
52
65
52 48
143
24
52
4row3
65 143
52 65 143
1
row2 ,
7
0
12
0
1
7
row3
17
12
84
1
,
0
0
0 17 119
row3 row1
0 1
1
0
7
0
row3 + row2
52x + 65y = 143

y= 7
Thus we have that y = 7, and by substituting this in the original equation 4x + 5y = 11, we get
x = 6.
7.3 Exercise 6. Solve the linear system given by its augmented matrix using Gauss elimination.
4 8
3
16
2 5 21
1
3 6
This is the augmented matrix of the system

4x 8y + 3z = 16
x + 2y 5z = 21
3x 6y + z =
7
13
We shall row reduce the matrix. Thus, we are using Gauss elimination.

16
1
2 5 21
4 8
3

2 5 21 , 4 8
3
16
,
1
3 6
1
7
3 6
1
7
1 2
5 21
0 0 17 68 row2 + 4row1 ,
0 0 14 56
row3 + 3row1
1 2 5 21
0 0
0 0
1 2 5 21
0 0
0 0 1
(1)
row2 ,
4
17
1
4
row3
14
4
.
row3 + row2
0

x + 2y 5z = 21
z=
4
Thus we have that z = 4, and by substituting this in the original equation x + 2y 5z = 21,
we get x + 2y = 1. Then we can put y equal to some arbitrary constant, y = s, and we get
x = 2s + 1.
2y 2z = 8
3x + 4y 5z = 8
Gauss elimination.
"
# "
#
0 2 2 8
3
4 5 8
,
,
3
4 5 8
0 2 2 8
"
3 4 5
0 1
1 4
#
(1)
row2
2

3x + 4y 5z = 8
y + z = 4
We put z equal to some arbitrary constant, z = t. Then from y + z = 4, we get that y = 4 t.
Substituting these values for y and z in the original equation 3x + 4y 5z = 8, we get that
8 + 16 + 4t + 5t
x=
= 8 + 3t.
3
14
y + z 2w = 0
2x 3y 3z + 6w = 2
4x + y + z 2w = 4
Gauss elimination.

2 3 3
6 2
0
1
1 2 0

6 2 , 0
1
1 2 0
,
2 3 3
1 2 4
2 3 3
6 2
2 3 3
6 2
1
1 2 0
1
1 2 0
, 0
0
0
7
7 14 0
row3 3row1
0
0
0
0 0
row3 7row2
4
1 2 4

2x 3y 3z + 6w = 2
y + z 2w = 0
We put z and w equal to arbitrary constants, z = s and w = t. Then from y +z 2w = 0, we get that
y = s + 2t. Substituting these values for y, z and w in the original equation 2x 3y 3z + 6w = 2,
2 3s + 6t + 3s 6t
= 1.
we get that x =
2
Problem Set 7.4

"
7.4 Exercise 1. Find the rank of the matrix
"
4 6
1 2
# "
,
1 2
2
4 6
1 2
#
.
4 6
"
,
1 2 3
0
0 0
#
row 2 +2row 1
Thus the rank is 1.

"
"
2a b
b
#
.
# 2a
b
2a b
.
,
b
2a2 b2
b
a
row 2 + row 1
0
2a
2a
If b = a = 0, the rank is 0. If a = 0 and b 6= 0, or if b = 0 and a 6= 0, the rank is 2. If a 6= 0 and

b 6= 0, the rank is 2, unless 2a2 b2 = 0, in which case the rank is 1.
15

6
0
4 6 0
4 6 0
4 6 0
0 1
.
1 4
0 9 1 row 2 + 3 row 1 ,
0 1
,

2
1 4
0
1 4
4 6 0
4 6
1 4
interchanged rows 2 and 3 , 0

0 9 1
0
4
.
0 37
row 3 + 9row 2
1
Thus the rank is 3.
2 2 1
7.4 Exercise 5 Find the rank of the matrix

0
2
2 2 1
2 2 1
4 8
, 0
0 4
0
4 8
.
0 4
4 8
2 3
row 3 row 1
2 2
,
0
8
.
1
0 1
row 3 row 2
2
4
Thus the rank is 3.
0 1
.
1
0
4
0 4
0
0 1

1 0 4 ,

0 4
0
1 0 4
0 1
0 4
1 0 4
0 1
0 0
Thus the rank is 2.
0 3 0
0 5
0 1
.
2
0 1 0
16
0
.
0
row 3 4row 2
0 3 0
0 3 0

0 1
0 5
, 0 1
2
0 1 0
0
0
0 5
.
1
0 0
row 3 row 1
3
Thus the rank of the matrix is 2.

2
8 16
16
4
8 16
16
4
8
16
0 24 60 126 row 2 8row 1
0
0
0 30
row 3 2row 1
2
,
2
8 16
2 16
2
.
2
8 16
2 16
0
16
12
12
row 4 row 1
16
0 24 60 126
0 24 60 126
1
,
.
0
0 30 75
12
0 12
row 3 + 2 row 1
interchanged rows 3 and 4 0

0
0
0 30
0
0
0 30
Thus the rank is 4.

5 2
1 0
0 4 1
2

1 4 11 2 .
5 2
1 0
1 4 11 2

0 4 1 2
0
2
,
1 4 11 2 5 2
2 0
1 4 11
0
2
2 0
4 1
1 0
2 0
1 4 11
5 row 2 + 2row 1 0
0 8 26
0 18
row 3 5row 1 , 0
56
10
1
18
0 interchanged rows 2 and 4
,
56 10
0 8 26
17
1 4 11
1
0
1 4 11
0
0
20 10 row 3 18row 2
0
0 10
row 4 + 8row 2
1
0
20 10
.
row 4 +
1
row 3
2
Thus the rank is 3.

7.4 Exercise 12. Prove that rank BT AT = rank AB.
From Theorem 6 on page 286, we know that the row space and the column space of a matrix A
have the same dimension, equal to the the rank of A. Since through transposition, the row space
becomes the column space and vice versa, it follows that the rank of a matrix is equal to the rank of
its transpose. From formula (10)(d) on page 267, we get rank AB = rank (AB)T = rank BT AT .
7.4 Exercise 17. Are the vectors a = [ 3 4 0 1 ], b = [ 2 1 3 5 ], c = [ 1 6 8 2 ]
linearly independent?
The question is: Does a + b + c = 0 = [ 0 0 0 0 ] imply = = = 0? If yes, then a,
b and c are linearly independent, if no, then they are linearly dependent. So we have to solve the
following system of equations:
3
2
1
0

6
4 1
= 0

0
3
8
0
1
5 2
So we should reduce the matrix:

1
5 2
3
2
1
6
6 4 1
4 1
0
0
3
8
3
8
5 2
1
5 2
0 21 14
0
3 8
0 21
14
row 2 4row 1
,
,
0 3
13
13 (8)
row 4 3row 1
0 13
7
row 4 + row 3
0 0 7
3
3

13 (8)
From the last row it is clear that = 0. This is so because 7
= 0. Hence from the
3
third row (and also from the second row), we get that = 0. From the first row we then get that
= 0. Thus the three vectors are linearly independent. You can check this online on the following
website:
http://www.math.odu.edu/~bogacki/cgi-bin/lat.cgi?c=li
So the answer in the back of the book is not correct.
18
1
1
2
7.4 Exercise 18. Are the vectors a =

1 1 1 1
d=
4 5 6 7
1
3
1
4

,b=
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5

,c=
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6

,
The question is: Does a + b + c + d = 0 = [ 0 0 0 0 ] imply = = = = 0? If yes, then

a, b, c and d are linearly independent, if no, then they are linearly dependent. We can multiply by
the least common multiple of the denominators (3457 = 420) and put a = [ 420 210 140 105 ],
b = [ 210 140 105 84 ], c = [ 140 105 84 70 ], d = [ 105 84 70 60 ].
So we have to solve the following system of equations:

420 210 140 105

210 140 105 84 0

140 105 84 70 = 0

105
So we should reduce the matrix:
420 210 140 105
210 140 105 84
140 105 84 70
60
420 210 140 105
420 280 210 168
420 315 252 210
2row 2
3row 3 ,
63
0 105 112 105
0 126 140 135
row 4 row 1
84
70
60
420 210 140 105

0
70
70
420 210 140 105
row 4 row 2
70 108
420 210 140 105
59
9row 2
6row 3 ,
420 210 140 105
5row 4
0 630 630 567
,
0
0 210 265
5row 3
0
0 210 324
3row 4
0 630 630 567
0
0 210 265
0 630 700 675
0 630 630 567
0
0 42 53
row
3
row
2
70
4row 4
420 336 280 240
420 210 140 105
row 2 row 1 0 630 630 567

,
row 3 row 1
0 630 672 630
105
84
.
row 4 row 3
From the last row it is clear that = 0. This is so because 59 = 0. Hence from the third row we
get that = 0. Then from the second row, we get that = 0. From the first row we then get that
= 0. Thus the four vectors are linearly independent. You can check this online on the following
website:
http://www.math.odu.edu/~bogacki/cgi-bin/lat.cgi?c=li
19
7.4 Exercise 19. Are the vectors a = [ 1 0 1 ], b = [ 1 1 0 ], c = [ 0 1 0 ] linearly independent?

The question is: Does a + b + c = 0 = [ 0 0 0 ] imply = = = 0? If yes, then a, b and
c are linearly independent, if no, then they are linearly dependent. It is clear that must be zero
(because of the third component of a). Then it is clear that must be zero (because of the first
component of b). Then must be zero as well (because of the second component of c). Thus the
vectors are linearely independent.
7.4 Exercise 24. Are the vectors a = [ 4 1 3 ], b = [ 0 8 1 ], c = [ 1 3 5 ], d = [ 2 6 1 ]
The question is: Does a + b + c + d = 0 = [ 0 0 0 ] imply = = = = 0? If yes, then
a, b, c and d are linearly independent, if no, then they are linearly dependent. More than three
vectors in R3 cannot be linearly independent. If three vectors in R3 are linearly independent, they
span R3 , thus the fourth vector can be obtained as a linear combination of the three others.
7.4 Exercise 25. Are the vectors a = [ 6 0 1 3 ], b = [ 2 2 5 0 ], c = [ 4 4 4 4 ]
The question is: Does a + b + c = 0 = [ 0 0 0 0 ] imply = = = 0? If yes, then a, b and
c are linearly independent, if no, then they are linearly dependent. From the second component, we
see that one should have = 2. Then from the first component we see that one should have = 0.
Then the third and fourth components in a + b + c would not sum to zero, unless = = 0.
Thus the only solution is = = = 0, and the vectors are linearly independent.
Problem Set 7.7

cos sin

7.7 Exercise 7. Showing the details, evaluate
sin cos
We shall do cofactor expansion along the first row, see formula (3a), page 294. We use this formula
with j = 1, because we do the expansion along the first row.

cos sin

= (1)1+1 cos cos + (1)1+2 sin sin
sin cos
= cos cos sin sin = cos( + ).
We have used (6), page A52 (Appendix 3.1).

cosh t sinh t

.
sinh t cosh t
20

cosh t sinh t

= (1)1+1 cosh t cosh t + (1)1+2 sinh t sinh t = cosh2 t sinh2 t = 1.
sinh t cosh t
We have used (20), page A53 (Appendix 3.1).

6 1
8

9
7.7 Exercise 11. Showing the details, evaluate 0 2

0
0 4
We shall do cofactor expansion along the first column, see formula (3b), page 294. We use this
formula with k = 1, because we do the expansion along the first column.

6 1

8

2

1

1 8
9
8

0 2
9 = (1)1+1 6
+ (1)2+1 0
+ (1)3+1 0

0 4
0 4
2 9

0
0 4

2
9

= 6
0 4

= 6[(2)(4) 9 0] = 48.

a b c

7.7 Exercise 12. Showing the details, evaluate c a b
b c a

a b c

c a b = (1)1+1 a a b + (1)1+2 b c b + (1)1+3 c c a

c a
b a
b c
b c a
= a(aa bc) b(ca bb) + c(cc ab) = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc.

0
4 1
5

0
3 2
4
.

1
3
0
1

2
1
1 1
We may add a multiple of one row to another row without changing the value of the determinant.
We add 4 times the third row to the second row and 2 times the third row to the fourth row. The
purpose of doing this is to get a column with as many zeros as possible. This gives us

0
0
4 1
5
4 1 5

0
3 2
3 2
4
0 12

=
.
1 3

1 3

0
1
0
1

2

1
1 1
0 5
1 1
21
We shall do cofactor expansion along the first column, see formula (3b), page 294. We use this

0

4 1 5

12 3 2
4 1 5

3 2
0 12

1+1
2+1

= (1)
3 0 1 + (1)
3
+
0
1
1 3

0 1

5 1 1
5

1
1
0 5
1 1

4
1
5
4
1
5

3+1
4+1

3 2 + (1)
3 2 =
+ (1)
1 12
0 12

5
3
1 1
0 1

4
1
5

3 2 = 4(3 2) (1)(12 + 10) + 5(12 + 15) = 17
= 12

5
1 1


0 0

2 8
0 0
.
0 0
1 5

0 0 2 2
4 7
We may add a multiple of one row to another row without changing the value of the determinant.
We add (2) times the second row to the first row. The purpose of doing this is to get a column
with as many zeros as possible. This gives us

0 9
4 7
0 0
0 0

8
0 0
0 0
2
2 8
.
=

0
0 0
0
1 5
1 5

0
0 0 2 2
0 2 2
We shall do cofactor expansion along the first column, see formula (3b), page

0 9

0 0

8
9
0 0
0

8
0 0
2

1+1
2+1

= (1)
1 5 + (1)
1
0 0
2 0
0

0
1
5

0 2 2
0 2
0
0 2 2
294. We use this

0

5 +

2

9

9 0 0
0
0

3+1
4+1
0 0 + (1)
+ (1)
0 8
0 8 0 0

0 2 2
0 1 5
22

9

0
0

1 5 = (2)(9)(2 + 10) = 18 12 = 216
= (2) 0

0 2 2
7.7 Exercise 17. Given the matrix
8 6 ,
16 12
find the rank by Theorem 3 and check by row reduction.
The rank of this matrix is either 1 or 2. If the rank is 2, by Theorem 3 we should be able to find a
2 2 submatrix with determinant different from zero. We check:

4

9

= 4(6) 9 (8) = 24 + 72 = 48 6= 0.
8 6
Since we have found a 2 2 submatrix with nonzero determinant, the rank is 2. If we had found
that the determinant is zero, then we would need to check whether there is another 2 2 submatrix
with nonzero determinant. Here is a list of all 2 2 submatrices:
"
# "
# "
#
4
9
4 9
8 6
,
,
.
8 6
16 12
16 12
Doing row reduction, we find
4
9
4
9
8 6 , 8 6
16 12
0
0 row 3 + 2 row 2
,
0 12 row 2 + 2 row 1 .
0 0
Since in reduced form, there are two nonzero rows, the matrix has rank 2.
4 6
6 10
10
,
0

The rank of this matrix is either 1, 2, or 3. If the rank is 3, by Theorem 3 we should be able to find
a 3 3 submatrix with determinant different from zero. We check

0 4 6

0 10
4 10
4 0

4 0 10 = 0
4
+ (6)

10 0
6 0
6 10

6 10
0
= 4(4 0 + 60) 6(40 0(6)) = 480 6= 0.
23
Since we have found a 3 3 submatrix with nonzero determinant, the rank is 3.

4 6
10
6 10
0 4 6 interchanged rows 1 and 2

10
,

0
6 10
0
4 0
10
10
,
0
4 6
,
3
0 10 15 row 3 + row 1
2
0 4 6
.
5
0 0 30 row 3 row 2
2
Since in reduced form, there are three nonzero rows, the matrix has rank 3.
1 1 2 4
0
2 0 4
,
4 8 8 8
The rank of this matrix is either 1, 2, or 3. If the rank is 3, by Theorem 3 we should be able to find
a 3 3 submatrix with determinant different from zero. We check:

1 1 2

1 2

0
2 0 = 0 + 2
0 = 0. (We have done cofactor expansion along the 2nd row.)

4 8

4 8 8

1 1 4 1 1
4

0
2 4 = 0
2
4

4 8 8 0 4 8

1 2 4

0 0 4

4 8 8

1 1 4

0
2
4
=
=0

row 3 4 row 1
0
0 0 row 3 + 2 row 2

1 2

= 0 + 0 4

4 8

1 2 4

2 0 4

8 8 8

1 2
4

= 2 0
4

4 0 8

= 0. (We have done cofactor expansion along the 2nd row.)

1 2 4

2 0 4
=

row 3 4 row 1
0 0 0

=0

row 3 + 2 row 2
There is no 3 3 submatrix with nonzero determinant,

thus the rank is not 3. But there are 2 2

1 1

submatrices with nonzero determinant, for example
= 2. Hence the rank is 2.
0
2
24

1 1 2 4
1 1 2
4
2 0 4
2 0
4
, 0
4 8 8 8
0 4 0 8
,
0
row 3 4 row 1
1 1 2 4
2 0 4
.
0 0 0 row 3 + 2 row 2
Since in reduced form, there are two nonzero rows, the matrix has rank 2.
7.7 Exercise 22. Solve the system of equations
2x 4y = 24
5x + 2y =
by Cramers rule. Check by Gauss elimination and back substitution. We write this system of
equations as
" # "
#" # "
#
x
2 4
x
24
A
=
=
y
5
2
y
0
By Cramers rule, which is Theorem 4 on page 298,

24 4

0
2
1 24 4

x=

=

det A
0
2
2 4

5
2

1
y=

det A
48
= 2,
4 (20)

2 24

2 24 5
0
120
=
= 5.
=

4 (20)
5
0
2 4

5
2
Gauss elimination gives

"
2 4 24
5
# "
,
2 4 24
0
12
60
"
#
row 2
,
5
row 1
2
2 4 24
0
#
(row 2)
Thus y = 5, and through back substitution into the first equation one finds x = 2.

= 1
3x + 2y
2y 3z =
4z =
x +
25
1 .
12
by Cramers rule. Check by Gauss elimination and back substitution. We write this system of
equations as

x
3 2
0
x
1

= 0 2 3 y = 2
y
A

z
1 0
4
z
1

1

2
1 2
0

1
1
=
2
2
3
x=
3
det A

1 0
4
0

1

1
y=
det A

1
z=
det A

Gauss elimination
2
2
0
2
2
0

3

0
3 1
0
1
0
2 3 =

3

1
1
4
0

1

0

3

4
30
=
= 1,
30
0

3

4
1
2
1
2
2
0

0

3

4
30
=
= 1,

30
0

3

4

3 2 1

0 2
2

3 2 1

1 0
1
0
=
0 2
2 =
= 0.

30
0
3 2

1 0
1
0 2 3

1 0
4
gives
2
0 1
2
,
1
4 1
2 3
0
1 0
1 0
2
interchanged rows 1 and 3 ,
0 1
0 2 3
3 2
0 2 3 2
,
0 2 12 2
row 3 + 3 row 1
1 0
4 1
0 2 3 2
.
0 0 15 0
row 3 row 2
Thus z = 0, and through back substitution into the second and first equations one finds y = 1 and
x = 1.
26

3x 2y +
2x +
z = 13
y + 4z = 11
x + 4y 5z = 31
by Cramers rule. We write this system of equations as

x
3 2
1
x
13

1
4
A
y = 2
y = 11
z
1
4 5
z
31

13 2

1

11
1
4

13 2

1

31

4 5
60
1
=
11
1
4 =
= 1,
x=

det A
60
1
3 2
31

4 5
2
1
4

1
4 5

3

2

3 13

1

1

1
=
2
11
4
y=
3
det A

1 31 5
2

1
13
11
31
2
1
4

1

4

5
180
=
= 3,
60
1

4

5

3 2 13

2
1
11

3 2 13

1

4 31
1
240
=
2
1 11 =
z=
= 4.

det A
60
1
3 2
1

4 31
2
1
4

1
4 5
Problem Set 7.8

7.8 Exercise 1.
1
1
2
4
.
Find the inverse of the matrix A =

3
5
2
27
Using formula (4 ) on page 304, we find
1
1 1
2
1
4
=
=
1
1
3

5

4
2
2

3

5
2
A1
2

5

1
1
4
=
3
4
1
2
3 1
3
1
2 4 4
8
1
5
1
5
2
2
4
5
4
We check using (1) on page 301:
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
#
"
1 0
4
2
4
2
4
8
8
4
1
= A1 A
=
I
=
AA =
=
5
3 5
3
1
1
0 1
5
2
2
4
2
4
2
7.8 Exercise 2.
"
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2 cos 2
#
.
Using formula (4 ) on page 304, we find
"
A1 =
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2 cos 2
1
=
cos2 2 + sin2 2
"
#1
1
=
cos 2 sin 2

sin 2 cos 2
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
"
=
"

cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
cos 2

"
#"
# "
#
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
1
0
AA1 =
=
=I=
sin 2 cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
0 1
"
=
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
#"
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2 cos 2
7.8 Exercise 5.
28
#
= A1 A
0 0

2
So A1 =
1 0
by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
5 4 1

1
0 0
1 0 0
1
0 0 1 0 0

0
row 2 + 2 row 1 ,
2
1 0 0 1 0
1
0
2
1
0
,

5 4 1 0 0 1
0 4 1 5 0 1
row 3 5 row 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 1 0
.
0 0 1 3 4 1
row 3 + 4 row 2
1 0 0
2 1 0
.
3 4 1
0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
AA1 =
2
2 1 0 = 0 1 0 = I =
5 4 1
3 4 1
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0
2
= A1 A.
2
1
0
1
0
=
3 4 1
5 4 1
7.8 Exercise 6.
4 0
4 0
0 1 0 0
0 8 13
0 3 5
1 0
13
0 8 13 0 1 0
, 0 1
8
0 3 5 0 0 1
0 3
5
1
4
0 0
29
1
row 1
4
1
1
0
0 row 2
8
8
0 0 1
1
0
0 0
1 0
4
13
1
0 1
,
0
0
8
8
1
3
row 3 3 row 2
0 0
0
1
8
8
So A1 =
1 0
1
4
0
0 1 0
5 13
row 2 13 row 3 ,
1
3
0 0
0
1
8
8
1
0
0
1 0 0
.
0 1 0
0
5
13
0 0 1
0 3
8
8 row 3
1
0
0
.
0
5 13
0 3
8

1
4 0 0
1 0 0
0
0
4
AA1 =
= 0 1 0
0 8 13
0
5
13
0 3 5
0 0 1
0 3
8
4
0
=I=
0 4 0 0
0 8 13 = A1 A.
5 13
0 3 5
0 3
8
0
7.8 Exercise 7.
1 0 0
0
0
1
0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 , 0 1 0 0 0 1
.

0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0
.
0
0
1
So A1 =
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
AA1 = A1 A
0 0 1 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 = I.
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
30
7.8 Exercise 8.
1 2 3
4
5
6
7 8 9
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 0
4 5 6 0 1 0 , 0 3 6 4 1 0 row 2 4 row 1 ,
7 8 9 0 0 1
0 6 12 7 0 1
row 2 7 row 1
0 0
0 3 6 4
1
0
0
0
0
1 2 1
row 3 2 row 2
We cannot finish this process, because on the left side we get a row all of whose entries are zero.
Thus A is not invertible. This is consistent with the fact that a matrix whose determinant is zero is
not invertible.
7.8 Exercise 10.
2
3
2

3
1
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
1 0 0
3

1

0 1 0 ,

3

0 0 1
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
3
1
3
1
2
3
3
2
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
1 0 0
0 1
1
1 1 0 row 2 + row 1
,
1
1
1
row 3 row 1
0
1
0 1
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
0 0
3 3
1
1
1 0
,
0 1
3
1
1
0 0
1
1
row 3 row 2
2
2
2
1
3
0
1 2 1 2 0
1 0
1 2
2
0 1 0
row 2 row 3 , 0 1
3 3
3
2 1
2
0 0 1
0 0
3 3
3
31
1
3
1
1
2
2
1 1
0 1
2
3
1
3
4
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
0
row 1
2
0
,

2
2
row 3
3
3
1
row
1
row 2

2
1
2
row 1 row 3
1 0 0 3 3
3
1
2
2
.
0 1 0
3
3
3
2
1
2
0 0 1
3
3
3
2
1
2
3 3
3
2
2
1
1
So A =
.
3
3
3
2
1
2
3
3
3
2 1
2
2
2
1
3 3
3
3
3
1 0 0
1 1
2
2
2 2
=I=
0
1
0
AA1 =
3 3
3

3
3
3
0 0 1
1 2
2 2
2
1
3 3
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
2 1
2
3 3
3
3
3 3
2
2 2 2
1
1
=

= A1 A.
3
3
3
3
3 3
1
2
1 2
2
3
3
3
3 3
3
1
1
2

4
1 2
.
= A
for A =
3
5
2
7.8 Exercise 11. Inverse of the square. Verify A2
1

1
1
1
1
3 1
2
4 2
4 2 4
A2 =
=
3
3
7
5
5
5
2
2
2
and by formula (4 ) on page 304, we find
7
1
2
1
1
4

A2
=
3 1
3

2 4 5
2

7

5

2
7
1
7
1
1 2
4
16
=
= 8
.
4
3 5
3
5
2
4
8
32

3
1
4
8
1
.
From 7.8 Exercise 1, we know that A =
5
1
2
4
1
1
3
3
2 4
8
8
4
A1 =
5
1
5
1
2
4
2
4
So we have verified that A2
1
So
1
7
8
16
=
5
3
4
8
2
= A1 .
7.8 Exercise 12. Prove the formula in the previous problem.
A2
1
= AA
1
= A1 A1 = A1
2
We have used formula (7) on page 306.
1
1
2

4
1 T
.
= A
for A =
3
5
2
7.8 Exercise 13. Inverse of the transpose. Verify that AT
1
1
5
2
A =
1
3
4
2
and by formula (4 ) on page 304, we find

3
3
3
5
2
4
1
1
= 1 2
=

AT
=
1
1

2
1
1
1
1

5
2

4 2
4 2
8

1

3

4
2
3
1
3

8
. So A1 T = 4
From 7.8 Exercise 1, we know that A1 =
5
1
1
2
4
8

1
T
So we have verified that AT
= A1 .
7.8 Exercise 14. Prove the formula in the previous problem.
I=I
33
2
.
1
2
.
1
I = AA1
We just use that AA1 = I, by definition.
T
IT = I = AA1
T
I = A1 AT
1
T
1
I AT
= A1 AT AT
1
T
AT
= A1
We take the transpose on both sides.

We use formula (10)(d) on page 267
1
We right-multiply by AT
.
We get the desired result.
7.8 Exercise 15. Inverse of the inverse. Prove that A1
A1 A = I
1
A1 A
= I1
1
=I
A1 A1

1
= AI
AA1 A1

1
A1
=A
1
= A.
We use formula (7) on page 306

We left-multiply by A.
We get the desired result.
Supplementary Problems for Chapter 7
a b c
Supplementary Problem 1. Let A = d e f and suppose that det A = 6. Evaluate
g h i

d e f

(a) g h i .
a b c

d + 2a e + 2b f + 2c

.
g
h
i
(b)

a
b
c
Answer:
(a) The matrix can be obtained from the matrix A by first interchanging rows one and two, and
then interchanging rows two and three. Every time one interchanges two rows, the determinant gets
multiplied by 1. Since (1)(1) = 1, the determinant of the matrix is the same as the determinant
of A.
(b) Adding a multiple of one row to another does not change the determinant, so the determinant is
the same as in part (a), thus the same as that of A.
34
Supplementary Problem 2. Consider the following system of equations
2x +y +z = 3
5x 3y
= 2
x
+y z = 2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1)
Write the system (1) in the form AX = B.

Find A1 .
Use parts (a) and (b) to solve the system (1).
Solve the system (1) using Cramers rule.
Answer:
(a)

0
AX =
y = 2 = B
5 3
2
z
1
1 1
(b) We will take the transpose of the cofactor matrix divided by the determinant. First we calculate
the determinant.

2

5 3
1

= 2 (1) = 1
det A = +1
+ (1)

1
1
5 3
Next, we find the cofactor matrix.

5

5 3
3
0
0

+

+

1 1
1 1
1
1
1
2
2 1
1
1

+

[CofMat(A)] =

1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 1
2

1
+
+

3 0
5 0
5 3
Thus
A1 =
3 5 2
3 5 2

= 2 3 1

3 5 1
3 2 3
1
1
2 3 1 =
[CofMat(A)]T =
det A
1
3 5 1
11
5
.
1
(c)
y = A1 B =

3 2 3
5

5
2 =
1
2
19
(d)

3
1
1

1
2 3
0
x=
det A
2
1 1

= 11,

2
3
1

1
5 2
0
y=
det A
1
2 1
35

= 19,

2

1
3

1
= 6.
5
3
2
z=

det A

1
1
2
Supplementary Problem 3. Consider the following system of equations
ax +y +2z = 0
x +2y +z = b
2x +y +az = 0
(2)
(a) Determine for which values of a and b the system (2) has no solution.
(b) Determine for which values of a and b the system (2) has a unique solution.
(c) Determine for which values of a and b the system (2) has an infinite number of solutions.
Answer:
To find the answer to all three parts, it is best to first row-reduce the augmented matrix of the
system.

1 2 1 b
a 1 2 0
1 2 1 b , a 1 2 0 interchanged rows 1 and 2 ,
2 1 a 0
2 1 a 0
1 2
1
1 2 1 b
b
2 1 a 0
, 0 3 a 2 2b row 2 - 2row 1 ,
0
a 1 2 0
a 1
2
1
2
1
b
0
3
a 2 2b
,
0 1 2a 2 a ab
row 3 - arow 1
b
1 2
1
0 3
a2
2b
1 2a
(1 2a)(a 2)
(1 2a)(2b)
row 3 +
row 1
ab +
0 0 2a+
3
3
3
1 2
1
b
0 3
a2
2b
0 0 6 6a + (1 2a)(a 2) 3ab + (1 2a)(2b)
row 3 times 3
1 2
1
b
a2
2b
= 0 3
2
0 0 6 6a 2a + 5a 2 3ab 2b + 4ab
1 2
1
b
a2
2b
= 0 3
2
0 0 2a a + 4 (a 2)b
Now we need to look at the last line.
36
(a) If 2a2 a + 4 = 0 and (a 2)b 6= 0, then the the system hasrno solution. For this to happen
1
1
+ 2. For these two values of
lets first see when 2a2 a + 4 = 0. This occurs when a =
4
16
a, clearly (a 2) 6= 0, thus if in addition, b 6= 0, then there are no solutions.
r
1
1
2
+ 2.
(b) The system has a unique solution when 2a a+4 6= 0, this happens when a 6=
4
16
2
(c) The system has
r infinitely many solutions when 2a a + 4 = 0 and (a 2)b = 0. This happens
1
1
when a =
+ 2 and b = 0.
4
16
Chapter 8
Problem Set 8.1
Useful links for eigenvalues:
http://www.bluebit.gr/matrix-calculator/default.aspx
In particular, for characteristic polynomials:
http://wims.unice.fr/~wims/en_tool~linear~matrix.en.phtml
3
0
8.1 Exercise 1. Let A = 2

. Find the eigenvalues. Find the corresponding eigenvectors.
0 3
We need to find the values for which the equation Ax = x has a non-trivial solution, this means

T
T
0 0 . Such a solution exists if and only if det(A I) = 0.
a solution x = x1 x2
6
=

3

0
3

2
(3 ) = 0.
det(A I) =
=

2
0
3
3
and 2 = 3. To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to
2
put back in the original equation (A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are solutions to this
3
equation. For 1 = , we get
2
3 3
"
#
#
" #
0 0 "
0
0
x1
0
2 2
x1
=
=
=
.
3
3
3 x2
x2
0
x
0
2
0
3
2
2
2

T
Thus x2 = 0, and the corresponding eigenvectors are all nonzero multiples of x = 1 0 .
For 2 = 3, we get
"
#
"
#
" #
3
3
3
3
0
x
x
x
0
1
1
1
2
= 2
= 2 =
.
x2
x2
0
0
33
0 0
0
So we find the eigenvalues 1 =
37
Thus x1 = 0, and the corresponding eigenvectors are all nonzero multiples of x =

"
8.1 Exercise 2. Let A =
0 0
0 1
T
#
0 0

T
T
6
=

0

0

det(A I) =
= (0 ) (0 ) = 2 = 0.
0
0
So we find the eigenvalue = 0. It has algebraic multiplicity M0 = 2, because the characteristic
polynomial is 2 . To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to put back in the original
equation (A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are solutions to this equation. We get
# " # " #
#"
"
0
0
x1
00
0
.
=
=
0
0
x2
0
00
This equation is always satisfied, thus all nonzero vectors x are eigenvectors corresponding to the

T

T
eigenvalue = 0. The vectors x1 = 1 0
and x2 = 0 1
form a basis for the eigenspace of
the eigenvalue = 0. They are linearly independent, because
" #
" # " #
1
0
0
c1
+ c2
=
0
1
0
implies c1 = c2 = 0. Thus the eigenvalue = 0 has geometric multiplicity m0 = 2. The defect is
0 = M0 m0 = 2 2 = 0.
"
1 2
0 3
#

T
T
6
=

1
2

det(A I) =
= (1 ) (3 ) = 0.
0
3
So we find the eigenvalues 1 = 1 and 2 = 3. To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to
put back in the original equation (A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are solutions to this
equation. For 1 = 1, we get
"
#"
# "
#"
# " #
11
2
x1
0 2
x1
0
=
=
.
0
31
x2
0 2
x2
0
"
#
0 2
We shall reduce the matrix
. This gives
0 2
"
# "
#
0 2
0 2
,
.
0 2
0 0
row 2 row 1
38
So we get
"
0 2
#"
0 0
x1
x2
"
=
0
0
#
.

T
Thus x2 = 0, and we find that all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1 0
are eigenvectors
corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = 1.
For 2 = 3, we get
# " #
# "
#"
"
#"
0
2 2
x1
13
2
x1
=
.
=
0
0 0
x2
0
33
x2

T
Thus x2 = x1 , and we find that all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1 1
are eigenvectors
"
a 1
k a

T
T
6
=

a

1

det(A I) =
= (a ) (a ) + k = 0.
k a
So a = k and we find the eigenvalues 1 = a + k and 2 = a k. To find the

corresponding eigenvectors, we need to put back in the originalequation (A I)x = 0, and find
the vectors x which are solutions to this equation. For 1 = a + k, we get

"
#"
# "
# " #
a a + k
1
1
x1
k
0
x1
=
=
.

x2
x2
0
k
k
k
a a + k
#
1
. This gives
k
k
# "
#
"
k
1
k 1
,
.
0
0
row 2 + k row 1
k
k
"
So we get
"
#"
#
x1
k 1
"
=
.
x2
0

T
Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1
are eigenvectors corresponding to the
k
eigenvalue 1
= a + k.
For 2 = a k, we get

"
# "
#"
# " #
a a k
1
x
k
1
x
0
1
1
=
=
.

x
x
0
k
k
2
2
k
a a k
0
39
"
#
1
. This gives
k
k
"
# "
#
k
1
k 1
,
.
0
0
row 2 k row 1
k
k
k
So we get
#
#"
"
x1
k 1
0
Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x =
eigenvalue 2 = a k.
"
cos sin
sin
cos
x2
0
"
T
1 k
#
. Find the eigenvalues. Find the corresponding eigen-
vectors.

T
T
6
=

cos sin

det(A I) =
= (cos )2 + sin2 = 0.
sin
cos
p
p
So cos = sin2 = 1 sin2 = i sin and we find the eigenvalues 1 = cos +i sin
and 2 = cos i sin . To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to put back in the
original equation (A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are solutions to this equation. For
1 = cos + i sin , we get
"
#"
# "
#"
# " #
cos (cos + i sin )
sin
x1
i sin sin
x1
0
=
=
.
sin
cos (cos + i sin )
x2
sin i sin
x2
0
"
#
i sin sin
. This gives
sin i sin
"
# "
#
i sin sin
i sin sin
,
.
sin i sin
0
0
row 2 i row 1
So we get
"
i sin sin
0

eigenvalue 1 = cos + i sin .
For 2 = cos i sin , we get
"
cos (cos i sin )
sin
sin
#"
x1
x2
"
=
1 i
T
#"
cos (cos i sin )

40
x1
x2
0
0
#
.
"
=
i sin sin
sin
i sin
#"
x1
x2
"
=
0
0
#
.
"
"
i sin sin
sin
i sin sin
sin
. This gives
i sin
i sin
# "
,
i sin sin
0
#
row 2 + i row 1
So we get
"
i sin sin
0

value 2 = cos i sin .
8.1 Exercise 11.
Let A =
4 2 2
2 5
2 0
#"
1 i
x1
x2
T
"
=
0
0
#
.
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigen-
0
. Find the eigenvalues, with 1 = 4 given. Find the
3
corresponding eigenvectors.

T
T
a solution x = x1 x2 x3
6= 0 0 0 . Such a solution exists if and only if det(A I) = 0.

4
2
2

5
0 = (4 )(5 )(3 ) 2 2(3 ) 2 2(5 )
det(A I) = 2

2
0
3
= (4 )(5 )(3 ) 32 + 8
= (4 )[(5 )(3 ) 8]
= (4 )(2 8 + 7) = (4 )( 7)( 1) = 0.
So we have found the eigenvalues 2 = 7 and 3 = 1, in addition to the given eigenvalue 1 = 4. To

find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to put back in the original equation (A I)x = 0,
and find the vectors x which are solutions to this equation. For 1 = 4, we get

44
2
2
x1
0 2 2
x1
0

54
0
0
x2 = 2 1
x2 = 0 .
2
0
34
x3
2 0 1
x3
0
41
0 2 2
0
. This gives
2 0 1
2 1
0 2 2
2 1
0 2 2 interchanged rows 1 and 2 ,

0
,

2 0 1
2 0 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
0 2 2
0 2 2
.
,
1
row 3 row 1
0 1 1
row 3 + row 1
0 0
0
2
So we get
2 1
x1

0 2 2 x2 = 0 .

0 0
0
x3
0

T
Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1 2 2
eigenvalue 1 = 4.
For 2 = 7, we get

47
2
2
x1
3
2 2
x1
0

57
0
0
x2 = 2 2
x2 = 0 .
2
0
37
x3
2
0 4
x3
0
2 2
2 2
0
. This gives
0 4
2 2
2
0 4
0
0
,
, 2 2
0 4
3
2 2
0 4
2 2
0 2 4
row
2
+
row
1
,
0
2
4
row 3 3/2 row 1
0 4
0 2 4
.
row 3 + row 2
0
0
0
So we get
0 4
x1

x2 = 0 .
0 2 4

0
0
0
x3
0
42

T
eigenvalue 2 = 7.
For 3 = 1, we get

41
2
2
x1
3 2 2
x1
0

51
0
0
x2 = 2 4
x2 = 0 .
2
0
31
x3
2 0
2
x3
0
3 2 2
0
2 4
. This gives
2 0
2
2 0
2
3 2 2
2 4
0
0
,
, 2 4

3 2 2
2 0
2
2 0 2
2 0 2
0 4 2
row
2
+
row
1
,
0 2 1
row 3 + 3/2 row 1
0 4 2
.
row 3 1/2 row 2

0 0 0
So we get
2 0 2
x1

0 4 2
x2 = 0 .
0 0 0
x3
0

T
eigenvalue 3 = 1.
3 5 3

0
4
6
0 0 1

T
T

3

5
3

4
6 = (3 )(4 )(1 ) = 0.
det(A I) = 0

0
0
1
So we have found the eigenvalues 1 = 3, 2 = 4 and 3 = 1. To find the corresponding eigenvectors,
we need to put back in the original equation (A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are
solutions to this equation. For 1 = 3, we get

33
5
3
x1
0 5
3
x1
0

43
6
6
x2 = 0 1
x2 = 0 .
0
0
13
x3
0 0 2
x3
0
43
From the last row we get that x3 = 0, and then from row 1 or row 2 we get that x2 = 0. Thus all

T
nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1 0 0
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue
1 = 3.
For 2 = 4, we get

34
5
3
x1
1 5
3
x1
0

44
6
6
x2 = 0 0
x2 = 0 .
0
0
14
x3
0 0 3
x3
0
From row 2 or row 3 we get that x3 = 0. Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x =
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 = 4.
For 3 = 1, we get

31
5
3
x1
2 5 3
x1
0

41
6
x2 = 0 3 6 x2 = 0 .
0
0
11
x3
0 0 0
x3
0
5 1 0
T
From row 2 we get that x2 = 2x3 . Then from row 1 we get that x1 = [(5(2)+3)/2]x3 = (7/2)x3 .

T
eigenvalue 3 = 1.
6 5

2
0
8
5 4
0

T
T

6

5
2

0 8 = (6 )[()2 + 32] 5(2 + 40) + 2(8 + 5)
det(A I) = 2

5
4
0
= 62 + 192 3 32 + 10 200 + 16 + 10
= 3 + 8 + 62 12 = 0.
By trial an error, we find that 1 = 2 is a solution. Then we divide 3 + 8 + 62 12 by 2,
which gives
3 + 8 + 62 12 = ( 2)(2 + 4 4) = ( 2)( 2)2 = ( 2)3
So we have one eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity M2 = 3. For = 2, we get

62
5
2
x1
4
5
2
x1
0

0 2 8
x2 = 2 2 8 x2 = 0
5
4
02
x3
5
4 2
x3
0
44
4 2
2 2 8 , 2 2 8
,

5
4 2
4
5
2
4 2
2 2 8
.
0
9 18
row 3 2 row 2
So we get
4 2
x1

2 2 8 x2 = 0 .

0
9 18
x3
0
From the last row we get x2 = 2x3 . Then from row 2 we get x1 = 1/2[(2)(2x3 )8x3 ] = 2x3 . We

T
can check that 5(2x3 )+4(2x3 )2x3 = 0. Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 2 2 1
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue = 2. We do not have more than one linearly
independent eigenvectors corresponding to this eigenvalue. Thus the geometric multiplicity m2 = 1,
and since the algebraic multiplicity M2 = 3, we find positive defect 2 = M2 m2 = 3 1 = 2.
0 1
2
1 0
0 . Find the eigenvalues. Find the corresponding eigenvectors.

T
T

2

0
1

1
1
1

det(A I) = 0
(4 )
0 = (2 )

2
2
2

1
0
4

1
[(2 )(4 ) + 1]
2

1
1
2
( 6 + 9) =
( 3)2
2
2
1
So we have found the eigenvalues 1 = and 2 = 3, and we notice that the algebraic multiplicity
2
M3 = 2. To find the corresponding eigenvectors, we need to put back in the original equation
45
1
(A I)x = 0, and find the vectors x which are solutions to this equation. For 1 = , we get
2
0
1
2 2
0
1
x
0
x
1
1
2
1
1

0
x2 = 0 0
x2 = 0 .
2
2
0
x3
1 x3
1 0
1
0
4
2
2
Taking the last row minus 2/3 times the first row, we get x3 = 0 and consequently x1 = 0. Thus all

T
nonzero multiples of the vector x = 0 1 0
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue
1
1 = .
2
For 2 = 3, we get
1
23
0
1
0 1 x 0
x1
1

5
1

x2
= 0
0
3
0 x2
0
= 0 .
2
2
x3
x3
0
1
0
43
1
0
1

T
We get that x3 = x1 and x2 = 0. Thus all nonzero multiples of the vector x = 1 0 1
are eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 = 3. We do not have more than one linearly
independent eigenvectors corresponding to this eigenvalue. Thus the geometric multiplicity m3 = 1,
and since the algebraic multiplicity M3 = 2, we find positive defect 3 = M3 m3 = 2 1 = 1.
Problem Set 8.3
4
3
5
5
. Is A symmetric, skew-symmetric, or orthogonal? Find the

4
3
5
5
spectrum of A, and compare with Theorem 1 on page 335 or Theorem 5 on page 337, whichever is
applicable. Show your work in detail.
3
4
3 4
"
#
1
0
5
5
5
5
=
AAT =
= I,
4
3
4 3
0 1
5
5
5 5
T
1
thus A = A and therefore A is orthogonal. The spectrum of A is the set of all eigenvalues of
A. So we need to find the values for which the equation Ax = x has a non-trivial solution, this

T
T
means a solution x = x1 x2
6= 0 0 . Such a solution exists if and only if det(A I) = 0.

3
4

2 16
5
5 3

=
+
= 0.
4

5
25
3

5
5
46
Thus
r
r
16
16
3
4
= = 1
= i ,
5
25
25
5
r
r
3
3
4
4
and 2 = i
. Thus the spectrum of A is
which gives us 1 = + i
5
5
5
5
(
r
r )
3
4 3
4
+i
, i
.
5
5 5
5
r
9
16
+
= 1 , and 1 and 2 are a pair of complex conjugates. So this is
Note that |1 | = |2 | =
25 25
consistent with the statement of Theorem 5 on page 337.
"
cos sin
sin
. Is A symmetric, skew-symmetric, or orthogonal? Find
cos
the spectrum of A, and compare with Theorem 1 on page 335 or Theorem 5 on page 337, whichever
is applicable. Show your work in detail.
"
AAT =
sin
"
cos sin
#"
cos sin
sin cos
cos
#
=
cos2 + sin2
cos sin sin cos
sin cos cos sin
sin2 + cos2
"
=
1 0
0 1
#
= I,
thus AT = A1 and therefore A is orthogonal. The spectrum of A is the set of all eigenvalues of
A. In 8.1 Exercise 10 we found that the eigenvalues are 1 = cos + i sin and 2 = cos i sin .
So
p the eigenvalues are a pair of complex conjugates, and they have absolute value |1 | = |2 | =
cos2 + sin2 = 1. This is consistent with the statement of Theorem 5 on page 337.
0 1
1
2
1 . Is A symmetric, skew-symmetric, or orthogonal? Find
0
1
1
2
AT =
1
2
1 0 1 = AT ,
1
0
2
0 1
47
thus A is skew-symmetric. The spectrum of A is the set of all eigenvalues of A. So we need to

find the values for which the equation Ax = x has a non-trivial solution, this means a solution

T
T
x = x1 x2 x3

1

0 1

2

1
1 1

0
1 = (2 + 1) (1)
1+ =
1

2
2
2

1

1 0
2

5

5
9
= 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 +
= 2 +
=
4
4
4

3
3
= i + i = 0
2
2
3
3
Thus we get 1 = 0, 2 = i and 3 = i. So the spectrum of A is
2
2

3
3
0, i, i .
2
2
The eigenvalues of A are pure imaginary or zero. So this is consistent with the statement of Theorem
1 on page 335.
0 1

0 1
1
0
0
0
0 1
AAT =
0 1
1
0
0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0 = 0 1 0 = I,
0
0
1
0 0
0 0 1
thus A is orthogonal. The spectrum of A is the set of all eigenvalues of A. So we need to find
the values for which the equation Ax = x has a non-trivial solution, this means a solution

T
T
x = x1 x2 x3

0

0
1

1
0 = ()2 (1 ) + (1)[(1 )]
0

1
0
0
= 2 (1 ) + (1 ) = (2 + 1)( + 1) = 0
Thus we get 1 = i, 2 = i and 3 = 1. So the spectrum of A is
{i, i, 1} .
48
There is one real eigenvalue and a pair of complex conjugates, and all eigenvalues have absolute value
1. So this is consistent with the statement of Theorem 5 on page 337.
2
1 2
3 3 3
2
2 1
3 3
3
2 2
1
3 3
3
2
1 2
3 3 3
2
2 1
T
A =
= A,
3 3
3
2 2
1
3 3
3
T
thus A is symmetric. One can check that AA = I, thus in addition to being symmetric, A
is also orthogonal. The spectrum of A is the set of all eigenvalues of A. So we need to find
the values for which the equation Ax = x has a non-trivial solution, this means a solution

T
T
x = x1 x2 x3

1
2
2

3
3
3

2
1
2
=

3
3
3

2
1
2

3
3
3
#

"
2

1
1
4
2 2 1
4
2 4 2 1
=
3
3
9
3 3 3
9
3 9 3 3

"

2
1
8 8
2

+
3
3
9 9
=

=
#
2

1
4
4 4 2 1

3
9
3 9 3 3
1 2
4
+ 2
9 3
9
16
8
8
+
27 27 9
1
1
2
1 8 8
2
= 3 + 2 + + 2 +
3
3
3
9
9 9 9

= 3 + 2 + 1 = ( 1) 1 2 = ( 1)(1 )(1 + )
49
Thus we get 1 = 1, 2 = 1 and 3 = 1. So the spectrum of A is

{1, 1} .
All eigenvalues are real. So this is consistent with the statement of Theorem 1 on page 335. The
result is also consistent with Theorem 5 on page 337, the matrix A, besides being symmetric, is also
orthogonal, and all eigenvalues have absolute value 1.
8.3 Exercise 12 (a). Prove that the product of two orthogonal matrices is orthogonal, and so is the
inverse of an orthogonal matrix. What does this mean in terms of rotations ?
An n n matrix A is orthogonal if AT A = I. If A and B are orthogonal, then (AB)T AB =

BT AT AB = BT IB = BT B = I, thus the product AB is an orthogonal matrix. We have used
formula (10)(d) on page 267.
1
T
T
= A.
For an orthogonal matrix, A1 = AT = A. From 7.8 Exercise 15, we know that A1

1
1 1
1 T
, so A is orthogonal.
= A
Thus A
We know from equation (6) on page 336 that the matrix of a rotation (at least in dimension 2), has
determinant 1. Indeed, cos2 + sin2 = 1. We shall limit the discussion to dimension 2, because
in dimension 3 or more, there are distance preserving transformations other than rotations and
reflections. The determinant of a matrix of a reflection at a line through the origin is equal to 1.
To convince yourself of this, look at what the matrix
"
#
1
0
0 1

1
0
1
0
does to the basis vectors
and
. You will find that they are mapped to
and
.
0
1
0
1
Thus this is a reflection at the the x-axis, and the determinant of this matrix is 1. For any line
through the origin, if we want a reflection
at this
"
# line, we can do a change of basis, do the same
1
0
transformation with the given matrix
, and then change the basis back to the standard
0 1
basis. Since this implies multiplying by a change of basis matrix and its inverse, the determinant of
this transformation will still be 1. So for any reflection at a line through the origin in dimension
2, the corresponding matrix will have determinant 1. It is clear that the only distance preserving
mappings in dimension 2 are rotations, or reflections at lines through the origin. Thus the composition of rotations and reflections must be either a rotation or a reflection. Orthogonal matrices are
distance preserving. Thus an orthogonal matrix with determinant 1 corresponds to a rotation, and
an orthogonal matrix with determinant 1 corresponds to a reflection. We deduce:
The composition of two rotations is a rotation.
The composition of a rotation and a reflection is a reflection.
The composition of a reflection and a rotation is a reflection.
The composition of two reflections is a rotation.
8.3 Exercise 15. Are the eigenvalues of A + B sums of the eigenvalues of A and of B?
50
#
#
"
0 4
0 1
. A has eigenvalues 1, B has eigenvalues 2, and A + B has
and B =
Let A =
1 0
1 0
eigenvalues 10. This counter-example shows that the eigenvalues of A + B are not sums of the
eigenvalues of A and of B.
"
8.3 Exercise 17. Show that the inverse of a skew-symmetric matrix is skew-symmetric.
A matrix is skew-symmetric if AT = A. From 7.8 Exercise 14, we know that AT

1
T
= (A)1 = A1 .
Thus A1 = AT
1
= A1
T
Problem Set 8.4

is similar to an n n
8.4 Exercise 1. Similar matrices have equal eigenvalues. An n n matrix A
1
= P AP. Let
matrix A if there exists a (non-singular) matrix P such that A
"
#
"
#
3
4
4
2
A=
and P =
.
4 3
3 1
then x = Py is an eigenvector of A. (One could also show that
Show that if y is an eigenvector of A,
in the book there is a misprint,
if x is an eigenvector of A, then y = P1 x is an eigenvector of A;
we are not computing the eigenvectors of P.)
We get P
1
=
2
"
1 2
3 4
1
=
2
= P1 AP = 1
A
2
"
"
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
#"
. Thus
3
4 3
#"
3 1
"
=
25 12
50 25

we must solve the characteristic equation det A
I = 0. This gives
To find the eigenvalues of A,

I y = 0.
2 = 600 + 625, so 1 = 5 and 2 = 5. We put this back in the equation A
For 1 = 5, we get
"
#"
# " #
30 12
y1
0
=
.
50 20
y2
0

T
Thus y = 2 5
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = 5. You can check that
"
#" # " #
4
2
2
2
x = Py =
=
3 1
5
1
is an eigenvector of A corresponding to the same eigenvalue.
For 2 = 5, we get
"
#"
# " #
20 12
y1
0
=
.
50 30
y2
0
51
Thus y =
3 5
T

#
#" # "
"
2
3
4
2
=
x = Py =
4
5
3 1

= P1 AP. Let
matrix A if there exists a (non-singular) matrix P such that A
0 0 2
2 0 3
and P = 0 1 0 .
0
3
2
A=
1 0 1
3 0 5
We get P1 =
5 0 3
0 1
3 0
0
, by cofactor expansion or Gauss-Jordan elimination. Thus
2
= P1 AP =
A
5 0 3
0 1
3 0
0 0 2
2 0 3
15 0
26
0 3 2 0 1 0 = 6 3
0
10
2
1 0 1
3 0 5
8 0 14

I = 0. This gives
(15 )(3 )(14 ) + 26[(8)(3 )] = (3 )[(15 )(14 ) + 208]
= (3 )(2 2) = (3 )( + 1)( 2)
Thus we
have found the eigenvalues 1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 2. We put this back in the equation
I y = 0.
A
For 1 = 3, we get

12 0
26
y1
0

6 0

10
y2 = 0 .
y3
0
8 0 17

T
It follows that y1 = y3 = 0, thus y = 0 1 0
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue
1 = 3. You can check that

2 0 3
0
0

x = Py =
0 1 0 1 = 1
3 0 5
0
0
52

For 2 = 1, we get

16 0
26
y1
0

6 4

10
y2 = 0 .
8 0 13
y3
0

T
It follows that 8y1 = 13y3 , and 4y2 = 6y1 10y3 , thus y = 26 1 16
is an eigenvector
corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 = 1. You can check that
2 0 3
26
4
= 1
0
1
0
1
x = Py =
3 0 5
16
2
For 3 = 2, we get

13 0
26
y1
0

6 1
10
y2 = 0 .
8 0 16
y3
0

T
It follows that y1 = 2y3 , and y2 = 6y1 10y3 , thus y = 2 2 1
2 0 3
2
1
2 = 2
0
1
0
x = Py =
3 0 5
1
1
1
matrix A if there exists a (non-singular) matrix P such that A = P AP. Let
2 0 12
0 1 0
A=
2 4 4 and P = 1 0 0 .
2 0 12
0 0 1
0 1 0
= P = PT , by cofactor expansion
1
0
0
We get P1 =
0 0 1
0 1 0
2 0 12
0
= P1 AP = 1 0 0 2 4 4 1
A
0 0 1
2 0 12
0
53
or Gauss-Jordan elimination. Thus
1 0
4 2
0 0
= 0 2 12
0 1
0 2 12

I = 0. This gives
(4 )[(2 )(12 ) (2)12] = (4 )(2 10) = (4 )( 10) = 0
Thus we have found the eigenvalues
I y = 0.
A
For 1 = 4, we get
1 = 4, 2 = 0, 3 = 10. We put this back in the equation
y1

6 12
y2 = 0 .
2 8
y3
0

T
It follows that y2 = y3 = 0, thus y = 1 0 0

0 1 0
1
0

x = Py =
1 0 0 0 = 1
0 0 1
0
0
For 2 = 0, we get

4 2 4
y1
0

0 2 12 y2 = 0 .

0 2 12
y3
0

T
It follows that y2 = 6y3 , thus y = 2 6 1
is an eigenvector

0 1 0
2
6

x = Py =
1 0 0 6 = 2
0 0 1
1
1
corresponding to the eigenvalue

For 3 = 10, we get

6 2 4
y1
0

0 12 12 y2 = 0 .

0 2 2
y3
0

T
It follows that y2 = y3 , thus y = 1 3 3

0 1 0
1
3

x = Py =
1 0 0 3 = 1
0 0 1
3
3
54
8.4 Exercise 10. Let
"
A=
4 1
Find an eigenbasis of A and diagonalize A.

We need to find two linearly independent eigenvectors of A. First we need to find the eigenvalues.
So we need to look at the characteristic polynomial:
det(A I) = (1 )(1 ) 0 = 0.
Thus we get the eigenvalues 1 = 1 and 2 = 1.
We put this back in the equation A I x = 0.
For 1 = 1, we get
"
#"
#
0
0
x1
"
=
.
4 2
x2
0

T
It follows that x2 = 2x1 , thus x = 1 2
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = 1.
For 2 = 1, we get
# " #
#"
"
0
x1
2 0
.
=
0
x2
4 0

T
It follows that x1 = 0, thus x = 0 1
Thus we have found an eigenbasis:
(" # " #)
1
0
,
.
2
1
Since we have a basis of eigenvectors, we construct a matrix P, with the eigenvectors of A as column
vectors:
"
#
1 0
P=
.
2 1
Then we get
"
D = P1 AP =
0 1
#
.
Note that all the entries of D are zero, except those on the main diagonal. On the main diagonal
appear the eigenvalues of A, in the same order as we have used the corresponding eigenvectors as
column vectors to construct P.
"
A=
19
42 16
#
.

We need to find two linearly independent eigenvectors of A. First we need to find the eigenvalues.
det(A I) = (19 )(16 ) + 294 = 2 + 3 10 = ( 2)( + 5) = 0.
55
Thus we get the eigenvalues 1 = 2 and 2 = 5.

For 1 = 2, we get
"
#"
#
21 7
x1
"
=
.
42 14
x2
0

T
For 2 = 5, we get
# " #
#"
"
0
x1
14 7
.
=
0
x2
42 21

T
2 = 5.
(" # " #)
1
1
,
.
3
2
vectors:
"
#
1 1
P=
.
3 2
Then we get
"
D = P1 AP =
#
.
0 5
0 0
A=
12
2 0
.
21 6 9

We need to find three linearly independent eigenvectors of A. First we need to find the eigenvalues.
det(A I) = (6 )(2 )(9 ) = 0.
Thus we get the eigenvalues 1 = 6, 2 = 2 and 3
For 1 = 6, we get
0
0 0
12 4 0
21 6 3
56
= 9.
x1

x2
= 0 .
x3
0
It follows that x2 = 3x1 and 3x3 = 21x1

sponding to the eigenvalue 1 = 6.
For 2 = 2, we get
4
0
12
0
21 6
+ 6x3 , thus x =
x1
1 3 1
T
is an eigenvector corre-

0
x2 = 0 .
x3
7
0

T
It follows that x1 = 0 and 6x2 = 7x3 , thus x = 0 7 6
is an eigenvector corresponding to the
eigenvalue 2 = 2.
For 3 = 9, we get

3
0 0
x1
0

12

7 0
x2 = 0 .
21 6 0
x3
0

T
It follows that x1 = x2 0, thus x = 0 0 1
3 = 9.
1
0
0

3 , 7 , 0 .
1
6
1
vectors:
1 0 0
.
3
7
0
P=
1 6 1
Then we get
6 0 0
.
0
2
0
D = P1 AP =
0 0 9
A=
1 2 2
2 4
2 1
1
.
4

det(A I) = (1 )[(4 )2 1] 2[2(4 ) 2] 2[2 2(4 )]
57
= (1 + )[(4 )2 1] = 0
Thus 1 = 1. Putting (4 )2 1 = 0, we
back in the equation A I x = 0.
For 1 = 1, we get
0 2 2
2 5
1
2 1
5
get 4 = 1, thus 2 = 3 and 3 = 5. We put this
x1

x2 = 0 .

x3
0

T
It follows that x2 = x3 and x1 = 3x3 , thus x = 3 1 1
is an eigenvector corresponding to
the eigenvalue 1 = 1.
For 2 = 3, we get

4 2 2
x1
0

2 1
x2 = 0 .
2 1
1
x3
0
We can reduce this:
4 2 2
2 1
1
2 1
1
2 1 1
2 1
, 4 2 2 , 4 2 2 , 0 4 0 .
1
2 1
1
2 1
1
0 0
0
0 0 0

T
It follows that x2 = 0 and x3 = 2x1 , thus x = 1 0 2
is an eigenvector corresponding to
For 3 = 5, we get

6
2 2
x1
0

2 1
1
x2 = 0 .
2
1 1
x3
0
We can reduce this:
6
2 2
2 1
1
2 1
, 6
,
1
2
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
2 1
6
,
2
2
0
2 2

T
It follows that x2 = x3 , and then x1 = 0. Thus x = 0 1 1
is an
0
3
1

1 , 0 , 1 .
1
1
2
2 1
0 1
.
1
0
2 2
eigenvector corresponding to
vectors:
3
1 0
0 1
P=
1
.
1 2 1
58
Then we get
D = P1 AP =
1 0 0
0 3 0
.
0 0 5
1 1 0
.
1
1
0
A=
0
0 2
det(A I) = (2 )[(1 )2 1]
Thus 1 = 2. Putting (1 )2 1 = 0, we get 1 = 1, thus 2 = 2 and 3 = 0. We put
this back in the equation A I x = 0.
For 1 = 2, we get

3 1 0
x1
0

1 3 0 x2 = 0 .

0
0 0
x3
0

T
It follows that x1 = x2 = 0, thus x = 0 0 1
1 = 2. For 2 = 2, we get

1 1 0
x1
0

1 0
x2 = 0 .
0
0 4
x3
0

T
It follows that x3 = 0 and x1 = x2 , thus x = 1 1 0
is an eigenvector corresponding to the
eigenvalue 2 = 2. For 3 = 0, we get

1 1 0
x1
0

1 1 0 x2 = 0 .

0
0 2
x3
0

T
It follows that x3 = 0, thus x = 1 1 0
3 = 0. Thus we have found an eigenbasis:

0
1
1
0 , 1 , 1 .

1
0
0
59
vectors:
0 1
1
.
0
1
1
P=
1 0
0
Then we get
0 0
.
0
2
0
D = P1 AP =
0
0 0
Problem Set 8.5

8.5 Exercise 2. Let
"
A=
1+i
1 + i
#
.
Is A Hermitian? Skew-Hermitian? Unitary? Find its eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

"
T =
A
1 i
= A, thus A is skew-Hermitian. Since the column vectors do not form

1i
0
an orthonormal system, A is not unitary.
To find the eigenvalues, we need to look at the characteristic polynomial:
det(A I) = (i )(0 ) (1 + i)(1 + i) = 2 i (i2 1) = 2 i + 2 = 0.
r
r
r
i
i
9
9
i
i2
2 = + = 2i, and 2 = = i.
Thus 1 = +
2
4
2
4
2
4

For 1 = 2i, we get
"
#"
# " #
i
1+i
x1
0
=
.
1 + i 2i
x2
0

T
Note that the second row is obtained by multiplying the first row by i 1. Thus x = 1 + i i
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = 2i.
For 2 = i, we get
"
#"
# " #
2i
1+i
x1
0
=
.
1 + i
i
x2
0

T
Note that the first row is obtained by multiplying the second row by 1 i. Thus x = 1 + i 2i
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 = i.
60
8.5 Exercise 3. Let

1
i 2
4
A=
.
1
i 2
4

1
i 2
4
T =
A
, thus A is not Hermitian and not skew-Hermitian. Since the column vectors
1
i 2
4
do not form an orthonormal system, A is not unitary. Note that the inner product of one column
vector with another is zero, but the norm of each individual column vector is not one.
1
2
det(A I) =
+ 2 = 0.
4
1
1
1
= i 2, and therefor 1 = i 2 and 2 = + i 2.
4
4
4
1
For 1 = i 2, we get
4
#"
"
# " #
i 2 i 2
x1
0
=
.
x2
0
i 2 i 2

T
1
Thus x = 1 1
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = i 2.
4
1
For 2 = + i 2, we get
4
#"
"
# " #
i 2
i 2
x1
0
=
.
x2
0
i 2 i 2
Thus
Thus x =
1 1
T
is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 =
8.5 Exercise 4. Let
"
A=
0 i
i 0
1
+ i 2.
4
#
.

"
T =
A
0 i
#
T A = I, the matrix A is unitary.
= A, thus A is skew-Hermitian. Since A
i 0
det(A I) = 2 + 1 = 0.
Thus 1 = i and 2 = i.
61

For 1 = i, we get
#
"
#"
i
i
x1
i i
x2
"
#
.

T
Thus x = 1 1
For 2 = i, we get
# " #
#"
"
0
x1
i i
.
=
0
x2
i i

T
Thus x = 1 1
8.5 Exercise 5. Let
i 0
A=
0
.
0 0 i
0 i
0 0
T A = I, the matrix A is unitary.

T = 0 i 0 = A, thus A is skew-Hermitian. Since A
A
0 0 i
det(A I) = (i )2 (i ) = 0.
Thus 1 = i and 2 = i. Note that the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue i is Mi = 2.

For 1 = i, we get

0 0 0
x1
0

0 2i 0 x2 = 0 .

0 0 0
x3
0

T

T
Thus x2 = 0, and x = 1 0 0
and x = 0 0 1
are two linearly independent eigenvectors
corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 = i. Thus the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue i is
mi = 2, and the defect i = Mi mi = 0.
For 2 = i, we get

2i 0
0
x1
0

0 0
0
x2 = 0 .
0 0 2i
x3
0

T
Thus x1 = x3 = 0, and x = 0 1 0
8.5 Exercise 6. Let
A=
2 2i
0
2 + 2i
2 + 2i
.
2 2i
0
0
62
2 + 2i
T = 2 2i
= A, thus A is Hermitian. Since the column vectors do not form
0
2
+
2i
A
0
2 2i
0
an orthonormal system, A is not unitary.
det(A I) = [2 (2 2i)(2 + 2i)] (2 + 2i)(2 2i)()
= (2 8) 8() = (2 16).
Thus 1 = 0, 2 = 4 and 2 = 4.

For 1 = 0, we get

0
2 + 2i
0
x1
0

2 2i

0
2 + 2i
x2 = 0 .
0
2 2i
0
x3
0

T
Thus x2 = 0, and x = 2 + 2i 0 2 + 2i
1 = 0.
For 2 = 4, we get

4 2 + 2i
0
x1
0

2 2i 4 2 + 2i x2 = 0 .

0
2 2i 4
x3
0

T
Thus (2 + 2i)x2 = 4x1 and (2 2i)x2 = 4x3 , therefore x = 2 + 2i 4 2 2i
is an eigenvector
For 3 = 4, we get

4
2 + 2i
0
x1
0

2 2i
4
2 + 2i
x2 = 0 .
0
2 2i
4
x3
0

T
Thus (2 + 2i)x2 = 4x1 and (2 2i)x2 = 4x3 , therefore x = 2 + 2i 4 2 2i
is an
eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 3 = 4.
8.5 Exercise 9. Let
"
A=
3 2i
3 2i
"
, x=
1+i
1i
#
.
T Ax.
Is A Hermitian or skew-Hermitian? Find x
"
T =
A
3 + 2i
3 + 2i
2
"
Ax =
#
, thus A is not Hermitian and not skew-Hermitian.
2
3 2i
3 2i
#"
1+i
1i
63
"
=
2(1 + i) + (3 2i)(1 i)
(3 2i)(1 + i) + 2(1 i)
"
=
2 + 2i + 3 5i 2
3 5i + 2 + 2 2i
"
T Ax =
x
1i 1+i
3 3i
"
=
3 3i
1 7i
#
= (1 i)(3 3i) + (1 + i)(1 7i)
1 7i
= 3 6i 3 + 1 6i + 7 = 8 12i
A=
2i
1+i
2i
1 1 + i
, x = i .
T Ax.
T =
A
1i
2i
, thus A is skew-Hermitian.
1 i 2i i

i
1 1 + i
i
i2 + i i + i2

0
2i
i + 2i2
Ax =
1
i =
1 + i 2i
i
i
i i2 2i2 + i2
1
T Ax =
x
i i i
= 2 i

2i

2 i = 2i i2 2i + i2 = 4i
2i
1 i 4
, x = i .
i
3
0
A=
4 0 2
i
T Ax.
1 i 4
T = i 3 0 , thus A is Hermitian.
A
4 0 2
1 i 4
1
Ax =
i 3 0 i
4 0 2
i

=

64
1 + i2 4i
i + 3i
4 2i
4i
2i
4 2i
T Ax =
x
1 i i
4i
2i
4 2i
= 4i 2i2 + 4i 2i2 = 4
8.5 Exercise 14. Show that BA = AB for A and B in Example 2. Show that this equality holds
for any n n Hermitian matrix A and skew-Hermitian matrix B.
"
#"
#
3i 2 i
4
1 + 3i
A
=
BA = B
2 i
i
1 3i
7
"
=
8 4i + i 3i2
"
AB =
"
=
12i + 2 7i + 3i2 3i 9i2 + 14 7i
1 3i
1 + 3i
#"
12i 2 + 7i 3i2
#
=
2 7i 3i2 + 7i
3i
2+i
2 + i
"
1 19i 23 10i
5 3i
8 + 4i i + 3i2
3i + 9i2 14 + 7i 2 + 7i + 3i2 7i
"
=
1 + 19i
5 + 3i
23 + 10i
#
.
Thus for A and B in Example 2, BA = AB. In general,

T
A)
T =A
TB
T = A(B) = AB,
BA = (B
because of formula (10)(d) on page 267, and because A is Hermitian and B is skew-Hermitian.
8.5 Exercise 15. Show that any square matrix may be written as the sum of a Hermitian and a
skew-Hermitian matrix. Give examples.
1
T ) and S = 1 (A A
T ). Then A = H + S, and H
T = H and S
T = S. Construct
Let H = (A + A
2
2
your own examples.
8.5 Exercise 16. Prove that the product of two unitary n n matrices and the inverse of a unitary
matrix are unitary. Give examples.
B)
T AB = B
TA
T AB = B
T IB = B
T B = I. Construct your own examples.
(AB)T AB = (A
1 )T A1 = (A
T )1 A1 = (A1 )1 A1 = AA1 = I. We have used the results of 7.8 Exercises
(A
14 and 15. Construct your own examples.
65
Chapter 9
Problem Set 9.1
9.1 Exercise 4. Let P : (1, 4, 2), Q : (1, 4, 2). Find the components of the vector v with initial
point P and terminal point Q. Find v. Sketch v. Find the unit vector u in the direction of v.
v1 = 1 1 = 2, v2 = 4 4 = 8, v3 = 2 2 = 4.
1
1
v
=p
[2, 8, 4] = [2, 8, 4].
Thus v = [2, 8, 4]. u =
2
2
2
|v|
94
(2) + (8) + (4)
9.1 Exercise 4. Let P : (0, 0, 0), Q : (3, 7, 3). Find the components of the vector v with initial
point P and terminal point Q. Find v. Sketch v. Find the unit vector u in the direction of v.
v1 = 3 0 = 3, v2 = 7 0 = 7, v3 = 3 0 = 3.
v
1
1
Thus v = [3, 7, 3]. u =
[3,
7,
3]
=
=q
[3, 7, 3].
|v|
5
2
2
2
3 + ( 7) + (3)
9.1 Exercise 6. Find the terminal point Q of the vector v with components 4, 0, 0 and initial point
P : (0, 2, 13). Find |v|.
Q : (0 + 4, 2 + 0, 13 + 0) = (4, 2, 13).
|v| =
42 + 02 + 02 = 4.
1
1
9.1 Exercise 7. Find the terminal point Q of the vector v with components , 2,
and initial
4
2

7
3
point P :
, 2,
. Find |v|.
4
4

Q:
7 1
3 1
, 2 + 2, +
4 4
4 2

=
s
3
5
, 0,
.
2
4
|v| =
2
2
1
69
+ 22 +
=
.
2
4
9.1 Exercise 10. Find the terminal point Q of the vector v with components 0, 3, 3 and initial
point P : (0, 3, 3). Find |v|.
Q : (0 + 0, 3 + (3), 3 + 3) = (0, 0, 0).
|v| =
(02 + (3)2 + 32 = 3 2.
9.1 Exercise 13. Let a = [2, 3, 0] = 2i + 3j; b = [4, 6, 0] = 4i 6j; c = [1, 5, 3] = i + 5j + 3k;
d = [0, 0, 2] = 2k. Find b + c, c + b.
b + c = [4, 6, 0] + [1, 5, 3] = [4 1, 6 + 5, 0 + 3] = [3, 1, 3] = 3i j + 3k.
c + b = [1, 5, 3] + [4, 6, 0] = [1 + 4, 5 6, 3 + 0] = [3, 1, 3] = 3i j + 3k.
66
d = [0, 0, 2] = 2k. Find 6c 3d, 3(2c d).
6c 3d = 6[1, 5, 3] 3[0, 0, 2] = [6, 30, 18] [0, 0, 6] = [6, 30, 12] = 6i + 30j + 12k.
3(2c d) = 3(2[1, 5, 3] [0, 0, 2]) = 3([2, 10, 6] [0, 0, 2]) = 3[2, 10, 4] = [6, 30, 12] = 6i +
30j + 12k.
d = [0, 0, 2] = 2k. Find 2a + 5b, 2a 5b.
2a + 5b = 2[2, 3, 0] + 5[4, 6, 0] = [4, 6, 0] + [20, 30, 0] = [24, 24, 0] = 24i 24j.
2a 5b = 2[2, 3, 0] 5[4, 6, 0] = [4, 6, 0] [20, 30, 0] = [24, 24, 0] = 24i + 24j.
9.1 Exercise 21. Let p = [2, 3, 0], q = [0, 6, 1], u = [2, 0, 4]. Find the resultant in terms of
components and magnitude.
r = p + q + u = [2, 3, 0] + [0, 6, 1] + [2, 0, 4] = [4, 9, 3]. Thus the components of the resultant are
p
4, 9, 3. Its magnitude is 42 + 92 + (3)2 = 106.

9.1 Exercise 22. Let p = [1, 2, 3], q = [3, 21, 16], u = [4, 19, 13]. Find the resultant in terms
of components and magnitude.
r = p + q + u = [1, 2, 3] + [3, 21, 16] + [4, 19, 13] = [0, 0, 0]. Thus the components of the
resultant are 0, 0, 0. Its magnitude is 02 + 02 + 02 = 0.

9.1 Exercise 24. Let p = [1, 2, 3], q = [1, 1, 1], u = [1, 2, 2]. Find the resultant in terms of
r = p + q + u = [1, 2, 3] + [1, 1, 1] + [1, 2, 2] = [1, 1, 0]. Thus the components of the resultant
are 1, 1, 0. Its magnitude is 12 + 12 + 02 = 2.

9.1 Exercise 25. Let u = [3, 1, 6], v = [0, 2, 5], w = [3, 1, 13]. Find the resultant in terms of
r = u + v + w = [3, 1, 6] + [0, 2, 5] + [3, 1, 13] = [6, 2, 14]. Thus the components of the resultant
are 6, 2, 14. Its magnitude is 62 + 22 + 142 = 236.

9.1 Exercise 26. Equilibrium. Find v such that p, q, u in Exercise 21 and v are in equilibrium.
We need to find v such that p + q + u + v = 0. We already know that p + q + u = r = [4, 9, 3].
Thus v = r = [4, 9, 3].
67

4
17
11
1
. Find p such that u, v, w and
9.1 Exercise 27. Let u = [8, 1, 0], v = , 0, , w = , 1,
2
3
2
3
p are in equilibrium.

We need to find p such that u + v + w + p = 0. Thus

1
4
17
11
p = u v w = [8, 1, 0] , 0,
, 1,
= [0, 0, 5].
2
3
2
3
9.1 Exercise 28. Unit Vector. Find the unit vector in the direction of the resultant in Exercise 24.
The unit vector needs to have absolute value equal to 1:

r
[1, 1, 0]
1 1
u=
=
= , ,0 .
|r|
2
2 2
9.1 Exercise 29. Restricted resultant. Find all v such that the resultant of v, p, q, u with p, q,
u as in Exercise 21 is parallel to the xy-plane.
The resultant is parallel to the xy-plane if its z-component is zero. From
r = v + p + q + u = [v1 , v2 , v3 ] + [2, 3, 0] + [0, 6, 1] + [2, 0, 4] = [v1 + 4, v2 + 9, v3 3],
we get that v3 = 3. Thus v = [t, s, 3], with s, t R.
9.1 Exercise 30. Find v such that the resultant of p, q, u, v with p, q, u as in Exercise 24 has no
component in x- and y-directions.
r = p + q + u + v = [1, 2, 3] + [1, 1, 1] + [1, 2, 2] + [v1 , v2 , v3 ] = [1 + v1 , 1 + v2 , v3 ].
Thus v1 = v2 = 1, and therefore v = [1, 1, t], with t R.
9.1 Exercise 31.
xy-plane.
For what k is the resultant of [2, 0, 7], [1, 2, 3], and [0, 3, k] parallel to the
The resultant is parallel to the xy-plane if its z-component is zero. From

r = [2, 0, 7] + [1, 2, 3] + [0, 3, k] = [3, 5, 10 + k],
we get that k = 10.
68
Problem Set 9.2

9.2 Exercise 6. Let a = [1, 3, 2], b = [2, 0, 4], c = [2, 3, 3]. Find |a + c|2 + |a c|2 2(|a|2 + |c|2 ).
|a + c|2 + |a c|2 2(|a|2 + |c|2 )

= (a + c) (a + c) + (a c) (a c) 2(|a|2 + |c|2 )
= a a + a c + c a + c c + a a a c c a + c c 2(|a|2 + |c|2 )
= a a + c c + a a + c c 2(|a|2 + |c|2 )
= |a|2 + |c|2 + |a|2 + |c|2 2(|a|2 + |c|2 ) = 0 = [0, 0, 0].
9.2 Exercise 7. Let a = [1, 3, 2], b = [2, 0, 4], c = [2, 3, 3]. Find |a c|, |a||c|.
|a c| = |[1, 3, 2][2, 3, 3]| = | 2 9 + 6| = | 5| = 5.
p
p

|a||c| = (1)2 + 32 + 22 22 + (3)2 + 32 = 14 22 = 2 7 11.
9.2 Exercise 8. Let a = [1, 3, 2], b = [2, 0, 4], c = [2, 3, 3]. Find 4a 7b, 28a b.
4a 7b = 4[1, 3, 2] 7[2, 0, 4] = [4, 12, 8] [14, 0, 28] = 56 + 0 + 224 = 168.
28(a b) = 28([1, 3, 2] [2, 0, 4]) = 28(2 + 0 + 8) = 168.
9.2 Exercise 9.
Let a = [1, 3, 2], b = [2, 0, 4], c = [2, 3, 3]. Find 12a b + 12a c, 12a (b + c).
12a b + 12a c = 12[1, 3, 2] [2, 0, 4] + 12[1, 3, 2] [2, 3, 3]

= [12, 36, 24] [2, 0, 4] + [12, 36, 24] [2, 3, 3]
= 24 + 0 + 96 24 108 + 72 = 12
12a (b + c) = 12[1, 3, 2] ([2, 0, 4] + [2, 3, 3])
= [12, 36, 24] [4, 3, 7] = 48 108 + 168 = 12
9.2 Exercise 13. Prove the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
69
This is equation (6) on page 363: |a b| |a||b|. By the definition of the dot product, we have
a b = |a||b| cos
if
a 6= 0 and b 6= 0,
ab=0
if
a = 0 or b = 0.
Since | cos | 1, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality follows.

9.2 Exercise 15. Prove the parallelogram equality. Explain its name.
The parallelogram equality is given in equation (8) on page 363, and reads as follows:
|a + b|2 + |a b|2 = 2(|a|2 + |b|2 ).
The proof is immediate:
|a + b|2 + |a b|2 = (a + b) (a + b) + (a b) (a b)
= a a + a b + b a + b b + (a a a b b a + b b)
= 2a a + 2b b = 2(|a|2 + |b|2 ).
So we see that in a parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the two diagonals is equal to the sum of
the squares of the four sides.
9.2 Exercise 16. Triangle inequality. Prove equation (7) on page 363: |a + b| |a| + |b|.
|a + b|2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a a + a b + b a + b b
= |a|2 + 2a b + |b|2 |a|2 + 2|a b| + |b|2
70
|a|2 + 2|a||b| + |b|2 = (|a| + |b|)2

Going from the second line to the last line, we have used the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, |a b|
|a||b|. So we have |a + b|2 (|a| + |b|)2 , and since the absolute value is always non-negative, we can
take square roots on both sides to obtain |a + b| |a| + |b|.
9.2 Exercise 20. Let p = [6, 3, 3], A : (1, 5, 2), B : (3, 4, 1). Find the work done by the force p
acting on a body if the body is displaced along a the straight segment AB from A to B. Sketch AB
and p. Show the details.
We use formula (9) on page 364: W = |p||d| cos = p d. We have p = AB = (3, 4, 1) (1, 5, 2) =
[2, 1, 1]. Thus W = [6, 3, 3] [2, 1, 1] = 12 + 3 + 3 = 18.
9.2 Exercise 24. Let a = [1, 1, 0], b = [3, 2, 1], and c = [1, 0, 2]. Find the angle between a + c and
b + c.
a + c = [1, 1, 0] + [1, 0, 2] = [2, 1, 2], b + c = [3, 2, 1] + [1, 0, 2] = [4, 2, 3]. Using formula (4) on page
362, we find that the angle between a + c and b + c is
arccos
8+2+6
16
[2, 1, 2] [4, 2, 3]
= arccos
= arccos 0.1389 Rad , or 7.96 .
|[2, 1, 2]||[4, 2, 3]|
22 + 12 + 22 42 + 22 + 32
3 29
9.2 Exercise 28. Find the angles of the triangle with vertices A : (0, 0, 2), B : (3, 0, 2), and C : (1, 1, 1).
Sketch the triangle.
We have AB = (3, 0, 2) (0, 0, 2) = [3, 0, 0], BC = (1, 1, 1) (3, 0, 2) = [2, 1, 1] and CA =
(0, 0, 2) (1, 1, 1) = [1, 1, 1].
= arccos
AB (CA)
[3, 0, 0] [1, 1, 1]
1
= arccos
= arccos 54.74 ,
|AB||CA|
32 + 02 + 02 12 + 12 + 12
3
= arccos
[2, 1, 1] [3, 0, 0]
2
BC (AB)
= arccos
= arccos 35.26 ,
|BC||AB|
22 + 12 + 12 32 + 02 + 02
6
= arccos
CA (BC)
[1, 1, 1][2, 1, 1]
= arccos
= arccos 0 = 90 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
|CA||BC|
1 +1 +1 2 +1 +1
9.2 Exercise 29. Parallelogram. Find the angles of the vertices are A : (0, 0), B : (6, 0), C : (8, 3)
and D : (2, 3).
Note that in a parallelogram, the angles opposite to each other are equal. So we only have to find two
of the angles. Of course one could use formula (4) on page 362, but this unnecessarily complicated.
If you sketch the parallelogram, you will find that
2
2
= = arccos
= arccos 56.3 .
22 + 32
13
Here is the angle at vertex A. Then = = 180 123.7 .
71
9.2 Exercise 31. For what values of a1 are [a1 , 4, 3] and [3, 2, 12] orthogonal?
The vectors are othogonal if their dot product is zero.
[a1 , 4, 3] [3, 2, 12] = 3a1 8 + 36.
Thus a1 =
28
.
3
9.2 Exercise 32. Planes. For what c are 3x + z = 5 and 8x y + cz = 9 orthogonal?

The normal vectors are [3, 0, 1] and [8, 1, c]. The planes are orthogonal if their normal vectors are
orthogonal. Thus the dot product of the normal vectors needs to be zero:
[3, 0, 1] [8, 1, c] = 24 + c.
So when c = 24, the planes are orthogonal.
9.2 Exercise 33. Unit vectors. Find all unit vectors a = [a1 , a2 ] in the plane orthogonal to [3, 4].
Because for two vectors to be orthogonal, their dot product needs to be zero, it is clear that [a1 , a2 ]
needs to be a multiple of [4, 3]. Furthermore, the length of a needs to be 1. Thus we find a =
1
1
1
[4, 3] = [4, 3] and a = [4, 3].

5
5
42 + 33
9.2 Exercise 36. Let a = [1, 1, 1], b = [2, 1, 3]. Find the component of a in the direction of b. Make
a sketch.
We use formula (11) and figure 181 on page 365, and we find
p=
[1, 1, 1] [2, 1, 3]
2+1+3
6
ab
=
=
= .
2
2
2
|b|
|[2, 1, 3]|
2 +1 +3
14
9.2 Exercise 38. Let a = [8, 2, 0], b = [4, 1, 0]. Find the component of a in the direction of b.
Make a sketch.
We use formula (11) and figure 181 on page 365, and we find
p=
ab
[8, 2, 0] [4, 1, 0]
32 2 + 0
34
2 17
=
=
= =
= 2 17.
|b|
|[4, 1, 0]|
42 + 12 + 02
17
17
So in figure 181 on page 365, the case p < 0 is applicable. Because a and b have exactly opposite
directions, = 180 . So another (easier) way to find the component of a in the direction of b in this
particular case, would be p = |a| = 82 + 22 + 02 = 68 = 4 17 = 2 17.
72
Problem Set 9.3

9.3 Exercise 4. Lagranges identity for |a b|. Verify it for a = [3, 4, 2] and b = [1, 0, 2]. Prove
p
it, using sin2 = 1 cos2 . The identity is |a b| = (a a)(b b) (a b)2 .

i j k

a b = 3 4 2 = [8, 4, 4], so |a b| = 64 + 16 + 16 = 96.

1 0 2
p
p
(a a)(b b) (a b)2 = (9 + 16 + 4)(1 + 0 + 4) (3 + 0 + 4)2 = 96.

In general,
|a b|2 = |a|2 |b|2 sin2 = |a|2 |b|2 (1 cos2 ) = |a|2 |b|2 (|a||b| cos )2 = (a a)(b b) (a b)2 .
We have used formula (1) on page 368 and formula (1) on page 361. If a = 0 or b = 0, the equality
is trivially true.
9.3 Exercise 12. With respect to right-handed Cartesian coordinates, let a = [1, 2, 0], b = [2, 3, 0],
c = [2, 4, 1], and d = [3, 1, 5]. Showing the details, find 3c 2d, 6d c, 6d c, 6c d.

i
j
k

3c 2d = 6 12 3 = [120 6, 18 60, 12 + 72] = [126, 78, 60],

6 2 10

i
j
k

6d c = 18 6 30 = [6 + 120, 60 + 18, 72 + 12] = [126, 78, 60],

2 4 1
6d c = [18, 6, 30] [2, 4, 1] = 36 + 24 30 = 30,
6c d = [12, 24, 6] [3, 1, 5] = 36 + 24 30 = 30.
c = [2, 4, 1], and d = [3, 1, 5]. Showing the details, find c (a + b), a c + b c.

i

j
k

c (a + b) = 2 4 1 = [0 + 1, 1 0, 2 4] = [1, 1, 2],

1
1
0

i
i

j
k
j
k

0 + 2
3
0 = [2, 1, 0] + [3, 2, 2] = [1, 1, 2].
a c + b c = 1 2

2 4 1 2 4 1
73
c = [2, 4, 1], and d = [3, 1, 5]. Showing the details, find 4b 3c + 12c b.
4b 3c + 12c b = 12b c 12b c = 0 = [0, 0, 0].
c = [2, 4, 1], and d = [3, 1, 5]. Showing the details, find (a b) a, a (b a).

i
i
j k
j
k

0 1 = [2, 1, 0],
(a b) a = 1 2 0 [1, 2, 0] = [0, 0, 1] [1, 2, 0] = 0

2
1 2
3 0
0
a (b a) = (b a) a = (a b) a = [2, 1, 0].
9.3 Exercise 19. With respect to right-handed Cartesian coordinates, find (j i k), (i j k).
Using formula 10 on page 373, we find

0 1 0

(j i k) = 1 0 0 = 1

0 0 1

1 0 0

(i j k) = 0 1 0

0 0 1

=1

c = [2, 4, 1], and d = [3, 1, 5]. Showing the details, find (a b) (c d), (a b d)c (a b c)d.

i
i
j
k
j
k

(a b) (c d) = 1 2 0 2 4 1 = [0, 0, 1] [21, 13, 10]

2
5
3 0 3 1

i
j
k

0
0 1 = [13, 21, 0],
=

21 13 10
(a b d)c (a b c)d = [(a b) d]c [(a b) c]d = (a b) (c d) = [13, 21, 0].
9.3 Exercise 25. Moment m of a force p. Find the moment vector m and m of p = [2, 3, 0] about
Q : (2, 1, 0) acting on a line through A : (0, 3, 0). Make a sketch.
We refer to formula (8) on page 371 and to figure
[2, 2, 0]. Thus

i j

m = r p = 2 2

2 3
74
190. We have r = QA = (0, 3, 0) (2, 1, 0) =

k

0 = [0, 0, 10],

0
and m = |m| = 10.

9.3 Exercise 27. Parallelogram. Find the area if the vertices are A : (4, 2, 0), B : (10, 4, 0),
C : (11, 6, 0) and D : (5, 4, 0).
Let u = AB = (10, 4, 0) (4, 2, 0) = [6, 2, 0] and
area is

i j

A = |u v| = 6 2

1 2
v = AD = (5, 4, 0) (4, 2, 0) = [1, 2, 0]. Then the

k

0 = |[0, 0, 10]| = 10.

0
9.3 Exercise 29. Triangle. Find the area if the vertices are A : (0, 0, 1), B : (2, 0, 5), and C : (2, 3, 4).
Let u = AB = (2, 0, 5) (0, 0, 1)

area is

i j

1
1
A = |u v| = 2 0
2
2
2 3
= [2, 0, 4] and v = AC = (2, 3, 4) (0, 0, 1) = [2, 3, 3]. Then the

k
1
1 2
1
4 = |[12, 2, 6]| =
12 + 22 + 62 =
184 = 46.
2
2
2
3

9.3 Exercise 30. Find the plane through A :

1
1, 2,
, B : (4, 2, 2), and C : (0, 8, 4).
4

1
1
9
15
= 3, 0,
and v = AC = (0, 8, 4) 1, 2,
= 1, 6,
.
Let u = AB = (4, 2, 2) 1, 2,
4
4
4
4
Then a normal vector to plane is given by

i j
k

9
54
3 0
n=uv =
4 = 4 , 9, 18 .

15

1 6

4
Since for any point P : (x, y, z) in the plane, CP = [x 0, y 8, z 4] is orthogonal to the normal
vector, we have

54
n CP =
, 9, 18 [x 0, y 8, z 4)] = 0.
4
27
27
x 9y + 18z =
0 9 8 + 18 4 = 0. So this is in fact a
Thus the equation of the plane is
2
2
plane through the origin.
9.3 Exercise 31. Find the plane through A : (1, 3, 4), B : (1, 2, 6), and C : (4, 0, 7).
75
Let u = AB = (1, 2, 6) (1, 3, 4) = [0, 5, 2]

normal vector to plane is given by

i
j

n = u v = 0 5

3 3
and v = AC = (4, 0, 7) (1, 3, 4) = [3, 3, 3]. Then a

k

2 = [9, 6, 15] = 3[3, 2, 5].

3
Since for any point P : (x, y, z) in the plane, AP = [x 1, y 3, z 4] is orthogonal to the normal
vector, we have
[3, 2, 5] AP = [3, 2, 5] [x 1, y 3, z 4] = 0.
Thus the equation of the plane is 3x + 2y + 5z = (3) 1 + 2 3 + 5 4 = 23.
9.3 Exercise 32. Parallelpiped. Find the volume if the edge vectors are i + j, 2i + 2k, and
2i 3k. Make a sketch.
The volume of the parallelpiped is given by the absolute value of the triple product, using formula
10 on page 373, we find

1 1

0

2

2

2 = (1)
V = |([1, 1, 0], [2, 0, 2], [2, 0, 3])| = 2 0
= | (6 + 4)| = 10.
2 3

2 0 3
We did cofactor expansion along the second column to find the determinant.
9.3 Exercise 33 Tetrahedron. Find the volume if the vertices are A : (1, 1, 1), B(5, 7, 3), C(7, 4, 8)
and D(10, 7, 4).
A tetrahedron has the shape of a pyramid. Because its base area is one half of the area of a
parallelogram given by the same vectors, and because the volume of a pyramid is one third the
base area times the height, we get that the volume of a tetrahedron is one sixth of the volume of a
parallelpiped given by the same vectors. Thus:
1
1
V = |(AB AC AD)| = |((5, 7, 3) (1, 1, 1) (7, 4, 8) (1, 1, 1) (10, 7, 4) (1, 1, 1))|
6
6
1
1
= |([4, 8, 2] [6, 3, 7] [9, 6, 3])| = |[4, 8, 2] ([6, 3, 7] [9, 6, 3])|
6
6

i j k

1
1
= [4, 8, 2] 6 3 7 = |[4, 8, 2] [33, 45, 9]| = |[2, 4, 1] [11, 15, 3]| = 79.
6

6

9 6 3
9.3 Exercise 34 Tetrahedron. Find the volume if the vertices are A : (1, 3, 6), B(3, 7, 12), C(8, 8, 9)
and D(2, 2, 8).
76
A tetrahedron has the shape of a pyramid. Because its base area is one half of the area of a
parallelogram given by the same vectors, and because the volume of a pyramid is one third the
base area times the height, we get that the volume of a tetrahedron is one sixth of the volume of a
parallelpiped given by the same vectors. Thus:
1
1
V = |(AB AC AD)| = |((3, 7, 12) (1, 3, 6) (8, 8, 9) (1, 3, 6) (2, 2, 8) (1, 3, 6))|
6
6
1
1
= |([2, 4, 6] [7, 5, 3] [1, 1, 2])| = |[2, 4, 6] ([7, 5, 3] [1, 1, 2])|
6
6

i
j k

1
1
1
5 3 = |[2, 4, 6] [13, 11, 12]| = |[1, 2, 3] [13, 11, 12]| = 15.
= [2, 4, 6] 7
6
3

6

1 1 2
Problem Set 9.4

9.4 Exercise 1. Let the temperature T in a body be independent of z so that it is given by a scalar
function T = T (x, y) = x2 y 2 . Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
If we put x2 y 2 = 0, we get y = x (black). If we put x2 y 2 = 1, we continuously deform the
2
2
0-level curve (black) so that it goes through the point (1, 0) or (1, 0) (blue). If we
put x y= 2,
we continuously deform the 1-level curve (blue) so that it goes through the point ( 2, 0) or ( 2, 0)
(magenta). If we put x2 y 2 = 1, we continuously deform the 0-level curve (black) so that it goes
through the point (0, 1) or (0, 1) (red). If we put
x2 y 2 = 2,we continuously deform the 1-level
curve (red) so that it goes through the point (0, 2) or (0, 2) (green). When x and y are very
big, any constant is negligible, so y = x and y = x (black) are asymptotes. The curves that we
obtain are called hyperbolas.
77
function T = T (x, y) = xy. Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
xy = 0 implies x = 0 or y = 0, these are just the coordinate axes. If we put xy = 1, we get the
1
2
hyperbola y = (red). If we put xy = 2, we get the hyperbola y = (green). If we put xy = 1,
x
x
1
2
(blue). If we put xy = 1, we get the hyperbola y =
(magenta).
we get the hyperbola y =
x
x
78
function T = T (x, y) = 3x 4y. Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
3
1
3x 4y = 0 is a line through the origin (black). If we put 3x 4y = 1, we get y = x
4
4
3
2
(red). If we put 3x 4y = 2, we get y = x . So the level curves are parallel lines.
4
4
79
function T = T (x, y) = arctan(y/x). Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
For T = c, we get y = (tan c)x. So the level curves are lines through the origin, with slope tan c.
Note that for c = (2k + 1) , where k Z, so for c an odd multiple of , the level curve is the line
2
2
x = 0 (the y-axis), because tan c approaches or .
y
. Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
function T = T (x, y) = 2
x + y2
We put
x2
y
y
y
= c for a constant c. Then = x2 + y 2 , so 0 = x2 + y 2 . This can also be
2
+y
c
c
80
written as
2

1
y
1
1
1
2
0=x +y + 2 2 =x + y
2.
c 4c
4c
2c
4c
2

1
1
1
Hence 2 = x2 + y
, this is the equation of a circle of radius
and centered at
4c
2c
4c2

y
1
. Looking at the original equation, 2
(x, y) = 0,
= c, we notice that when c > 0, then
2c
x + y2
y > 0 and we get a semicircle in the upper-half plane, whereas when c < 0, then y < 0 and we get a
semicircle in the lower-half plane.
2
function T = T (x, y) = 4x2 + 16y 2 . Identify the isotherms T (x, y) = const. Sketch some of them.
For 4x2 + 16y 2 = 0, of course the level curve is only the point x = 0. Note that the temperature is
2
always positive. For (2x)2 + (4y)2 = 4, we get an ellipse centered at the origin, with x-radius and
2
2
3
y-radius (red). For (2x)2 + (4y)2 = 9, we get an ellipse centered at the origin, with x-radius and
4
2
3
y-radius (green).
4
9.4 Exercise 9.
constant c?
What kind of surfaces are the level surfaces f (x, y, z) = 3x 4y + 5z = c, for a
These are parallel planes. They are parallel because they all have the same normal vector, [3, 4, 5].
9.4 Exercise 11. What kind of surfaces are the level surfaces f (x, y, z) = 3x2 +5y 2 = c, for a constant
c?
c
Compare this with 9.4 Exercise 5. In the x-y-plane, these are ellipses with x-radius and y-radius
3
c
. Since there is no condition on z, the level surfaces are elliptical cylinders, with z (, ).
5
81
9.4 Exercise 12. What kind of surfaces are the level surfaces f (x, y, z) = z
constant c?
p
x2 + y 2 = c, for a
When c = 0, we get x2 + y 2 = z 2 . So this is a circular cone, its radius is variable and equal to z.
p
p
Note that z x2 + y 2 = 0 implies that z > 0. If we put z x2 + y 2 = c, with c 6= 0, we get
y 2 + y 2 = (z c)2 . This is the same cylindrical cone as for c = 0, but shifted along the z-axis by a
distance c. So shifted upwards if c > 0, and shifted downwards if c < 0.
9.4 Exercise 22. Find the first and second derivatives of r = [3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t, 4t].

d
d
d
d
d
r = [3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t, 4t] =
3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t, 4t = [6 sin 2t, 6 cos 2t, 4],
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
d2
d
d d
[3
cos
2t,
3
sin
2t,
4t]
=
[6 sin 2t, 6 cos 2t, 4] = [12 cos 2t, 12 sin 2t, 0].
r
=
dt2
dt dt
dt
9.4 Exercise 24. Find the first partial derivatives of v1 = [ex cos y, ex sin y] and
v2 = [cos x cosh y, sin x sinh y].

x
x
x
x
v1 =
[e cos y, e sin y] =
e cos y, e sin y = [ex cos y, ex sin y],
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
v1 =
[e cos y, e sin y] =
e cos y, e sin y = [ex sin y, ex cos y],
y
y
y
y

v2 =
[cos x cosh y, sin x sinh y] =
cos x cosh y, ( sin x sinh y)
x
x
x
x
= [ sin x cosh y, cos x sinh y],

v2 =
[cos x cosh y, sin x sinh y] =
cos x cosh y, ( sin x sinh y)
y
y
y
y
= [cos x sinh y, sin x cosh y].
Problem Set 9.5

9.5 Exercise 1. What curve is represented by [2 + 4 cos t, 2 sin t, 0]. Make a sketch.

Since
x2
4
2
+
y 2
2
= cos2 t + sin2 t = 1, this is an ellipse in the plane z = 0 (the xy-plane),
82
centered at x = 2, y = 0, with x-radius 4 and y-radius 2.
9.5 Exercise 2. What curve is represented by [a + t, b + 3t, c 5t]. Make a sketch.

This is a line through the point (a, b, c), with direction vector [1, 3, 5].
9.5 Exercise 4. What curve is represented by [2, 2 + 5 cos t, 1 + 5 sin t]. Make a sketch.
This is a circle in the plane x = 2. It is centered at y = 2, z = 1, and it has radius 5.
9.5 Exercise 6. What curve is represented by [a + 3 cos t, b 2 sin t, 0]. Make a sketch.
This is an ellipse in the plane z = 0 (the xy-plane). It is centered at x = a, y = b, and it has x-radius
3 and y-radius 2.
9.5 Exercise 9. What curve is represented by [cos t, sin 4t, 0]. Make a sketch.
The curve is in the plane z = 0 (the x-y-plane). Think about a circle x = cos t, y = sin t. The
difference is that with y = 4 sin t, the movement in y-direction goes 4 times faster than the movement
in x-direction. The result is a Lissajous curve:
83
9.5 Exercise 11. Find a parametric representation of a circle in the plane z = 2 with center (1, 1)
and passing through the origin.
This question is not phrased clearly: the origin is the point (0, 0, 0), but what is meant is the point
(0, 0, 2). A parametric representation is [1 +p 2 cos t, 1 + 2 sin t, 2], because the distance between
the point (1, 1, 2) and the point (0, 0, 2) is 12 + (1)2 = 2. When t goes from 0 to 2,
one goes
once around the circle in positive (counter-clockwise) direction, starting at the point (1 + 2, 1, 2).
9.5 Exercise 12. Find a parametric representation of a circle in the yz-plane with center (4, 0) and
passing through (0, 3). Sketch it.
The radius is
5 sin t].
p
(0 4)2 + (3 0)2 = 5. Thus a parametric representation is given by [0, 4+5 cos t, 0+
9.5 Exercise 13. Find a parametric representation of a straight line through (3, 1, 2) in the direction
of i + 4k.
A parametric representation is given by [3, 1, 2] + t[1, 0, 4] = [3 + t, 1, 2 + 4k].
9.5 Exercise 14. Find a parametric representation of a straight line through (1, 1, 1) and (4, 0, 2).
Sketch it.
A parametric representation is given by [1, 1, 1] + t([4, 0, 2] [1, 1, 1]) = [1 + 3t, 1 t, 1 + t].
9.5 Exercise 17. Find a parametric representation of an ellipse
1 2
x + y 2 = 1, z = y.
3
2
x
Writing the equation as
+ y 2 = 1, one sees that the ellipse has x-radius 3, y-radius 1, and
3
is centered at the origin. Since z = y, a parametric representation is given by [ 3 cos t, sin t, sin t].

9.5 Exercise 18. Find a parametric representation of a helix x2 + y 2 = 25, z = 2 arctan(y/x).

Just as for a circle with radius 5 centered at the origin, we can use x = 5 cos t and y = 5 sin t.
Then (y/x) = tan t and z = 2 arctan(tan t) = t. Thus a parametric representation is given by
[5 cos t, 5 sin t, 2t].

1 2
9.5 Exercise 24. Given the curve C : r(t) = t, t , 2 , find a tangent vector r0 (t), a unit tangent
4
0
vector u (t), and the tangent of C at P : (2, 1, 2). Sketch curve and tangent.

1
r0 (t)
A tangent vector is given by r (t) = 1, t, 0 , and a unit tangent vector is given by u0 (t) = 0
=
2
|r (t)|
0
84

1
q
1, t, 0 . It is clear that the point P corresponds to t = 2. Thus a tangent vector at the
2
1 2
1 + 4t
1
point P is given by [1, 1, 0]. Hence a parametric representation of the tangent of C at P is given by
[2, 1, 2] + s[1, 1, 0] = [2 + s, 1 + s, 2].
9.5 Exercise 27.

4
Given the curve C : r(t) = t, , 0 , find a tangent vector r0 (t), a unit tangent vector u0 (t), and the
t
tangent of C at P : (4, 1, 0). Sketch curve and tangent.

4
r0 (t)
A tangent vector is given by r (t) = 1, 2 , 0 , and a unit tangent vector is given by u0 (t) = 0
=
t
|r
(t)|

4
1
q
1, 2 , 0 . It is clear that the point P corresponds to t = 4. Thus a tangent vector at the
t
1 + 16
t4

1
point P is given by 1, , 0 . Hence a parametric representation of the tangent of C at P is given
4

h
1
s i
by [4, 1, 0] + s 1, , 0 = 4 + s, 1 , 0 .
4
4

9.5 Exercise 28. Given the curve C : r(t) = [t, t2 , t3 ], find a tangent vector r0 (t), a unit tangent
vector u0 (t), and the tangent of C at P : (1, 1, 1). Sketch curve and tangent.
A tangent vector is given by r0 (t) = [1, 2t, 3t2 ], and a unit tangent vector is given by u0 (t) =
r0 (t)
=
|r0 (t)|
[1, 2t, 3t2 ]. It is clear that the point P corresponds to t = 1. Thus a tangent vector at
2
4
1 + 4t + 9t
the point P is given by [1, 2, 3]. Hence a parametric representation of the tangent of C at P is given
by [1, 1, 1] + s[1, 2, 3] = [1 + s, 1 + 2s, 1 + 3s].
9.5 Exercise 29. Let a catenary be given by r(t) = [t, cosh t]. Find the length from t = 0 to t = 2
and sketch the curve.
Z
t=2
The length is given by l =
r0 (t) r0 (t) dt. Since r0 (t) = [1, sinh t], using formula (20), page
t=0
A53 (Appendix 3.1), we get

Z t=2 p
Z t=2 p
Z
2
2
1 + sinh t dt =
cosh t dt =
t=0
t=0
[sinh t]t=2
t=0
t=2
cosh t dt
t=0
1
= (ex ex )
2
t=2
t=0
1
1
1
= (e2 e2 ) (e0 e0 ) =
2
2
2

1
2
e 2 .
e
9.5 Exercise 30. Let a circular helix be given by r(t) = [4 cos t, 4 sin t, 5t]. Find the length from
(4, 0, 0) to (4, 0, 10) and sketch the curve.
85
Clearly, (4, 0, 0) corresponds to t = 0 and (4, 0, 10) to t = 2.

Z t=2 p
r0 (t) r0 (t) dt. Since r0 (t) = [4 sin t, 4 cos t, 5], we get
The length is given by l =
t=0
t=2
Z
p
r0 (t) r0 (t) dt =
t=0
t=2
16 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t + 25 dt
t=0
t=2
16 + 25 dt = [ 41t]t=2
t=0 = 2 41.
t=0
9.5 Exercise 31. Let a circle be given by r(t) = [a cos t, a sin t]. Find the length from (a, 0) to (a, 0)
and sketch the curve.
Clearly, this corresponds to the length from t = 0 to t = . The length is given by
Z t=2 p
r0 (t) r0 (t) dt. Since r0 (t) = [a sin t, a cos t], we get
l=
t=0
t=
a2
sin t +
Z
a2
t=0
cos2
t=
t dt =
Z
q
2
2
2
a (sin t + cos t) dt =
t=0
t=
a dt = [at]t=
t=0 = a.
t=0
Of course we already knew that half the circumference of circle with diameter 2a is equal to
2a
= a.
2
Problem Set 9.7

9.7 Exercise 1. Let f = (x 1)(4y 2). Find grad f . Graph some level curves f = c for a constant
c. Indicate f by arrows at some points of these curves.

(x 1)(4y 2), (x 1)(4y 2) = [4y 2, 4x 4].

grad f =
x
y
1
If we put (x 1)(4y 2) = 0, we get the lines x = 1 and y = (black). For c = 1, we continuously
2
1
deform the 0-level curve to get a hyperbola with asymptotes x = 1 and y = , and which goes
2

3
1
through the point 2,
or 0,
(red). For c = 2, we continuously deform the 1-level curve
4
4
1
to get a hyperbola with asymptotes x = 1 and y = , and which goes through the point (2, 1) or
2
(0, 0) (green). Then we can reflect these curves at the vertical asymptote to obtain the 1-level
curve (blue) and the 2-level curve (magenta). If you evaluate the gradient at any point of one
of the level curves, it should point in the direction so as to get the fastest to the next higher level
curve. So the gradient is perpendicular to the level curve of the point at which you evaluate it.

86
9.7 Exercise 4. Let f = (x 2)2 + (2y + 4)2 . Find grad f . Graph some level curves f = c for a
constant c. Indicate f by arrows at some points of these curves.

2
2
2
2
((x 2) + (2y + 4) ), ((x 2) + (2y + 4) ) = [2x 4, 8y + 16]. The level curves
grad f =
x
y
c
are ellipses centered at 2, 2. The x-radius for level c is c, and the y-radius for level c is
. If you
2
evaluate the gradient at any point of one of the level curves, it should point in the direction so as to
get the fastest to the next higher level curve. So the gradient is perpendicular to the level curve of
the point at which you evaluate it. If you compare the magnitude of the gradient of two points of
the same level curve, for example for c = 4 (magenta), you will notice that the gradient at (2, 1)
has twice the magnitude of the gradient at (4, 2). This is because you get twice as fast to the next
level curve when moving from (2, 1) upward than when moving from (4, 2) rightward.

87
9.7 Exercise 6. Let f = (x2 + y 2 )/(x2 y 2 ) Find grad f . Graph some level curves f = c for a
constant c. Indicate f by arrows at some points of these curves.

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
grad f =
(x + y )/(x y ), (x + y )/(x y )
x
y

2x(x2 y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )(2x) 2y(x2 y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )(2y)
4yx2
4xy 2
=
,
,
=
(x2 y 2 )2
(x2 y 2 )2
(x2 y 2 )2 (x2 y 2 )2
If we put (x2 + y 2 )/(x2 y 2 ) = c we get x2 + y 2 = (x2 y 2 )c, thus (1 c)x2 = (1 c)y 2 or
r
c1
y=
x. These are lines through the origin, two for each level, with the following exceptions.
c+1
For c = 1, there is only one line with slope 0, the x-axis. For c = 1, there is only one line with slope
, the y-axis. By sketching c 1 and c + 1, you will notice that given the sign of the numerator
r
c1
c1
and the denominator, for 1 < c < 1, the expression
is negative, so
is not defined.
c+1
c+1
9.7 Exercise 7. Prove and illustrate by an example that (f n ) = nf n1 f .

n n n
n
n1
n1
n1
, ,
f =
f , f , f = nf
f, nf
f, nf
f
(f ) =
x y z
x
y
z
x
y
z

n1
n1
f, f, f = nf
, ,
f = nf n1 f.
= nf
x y z
x y z
n
88
9.7 Exercise 8. Prove and illustrate by an example that (f g) = f g + gf .

, ,
fg =
f g, f g, f g = g f + f g, g f + f g, g f + f g
(f g) =
x y z
x
y
z
x
x
y
y
z
z

= f g, f g, f g + g f, g f, g f = f
g, g, g + g
f, f, f
x
y
z
x
y
z
x y z
x y z

, ,
g+g
, ,
f = f g + gf.
=f
x y z
x y z

9.7 Exercise 9. Prove and illustrate by an example that (f /g) = (1/g 2 )(gf f g).

, ,
(f /g) =
(f /g), (f /g), (f /g)
(f /g) =
x y z
x
y
z
#
"
g x
f f x
g g y f f y g g z
f f z
g
=
,
,
2
2
2
g
g
g

1
= 2 g f f g, g f f g, g f f g
g
x
x
y
y
z
z

1
= 2
g f, g f, g f f g, f g, f g
g
x
y
z
x
y
z

1
= 2 g
f, f, f f
g, g, g
g
x y z
x y z

1
, ,
, ,
= 2 g
f f
g = (1/g 2 )(gf f g)
g
x y z
x y z

9.7 Exercise 10. Prove and illustrate by an example that 2 (f g) = g2 f + 2f g + f 2 g.

2

2
2
(f g) =
, ,
, ,
fg =
+
+
fg
x y z
x y z
x2 y 2 z 2

=
g f +f g +
g f +f g +g
f +f g
x
x
x
y
y
y
z z
z

2

2

2

2
g f + g 2f +
f g + f 2g +
g f + g 2f +
f g + f 2 g+
x x
x
x x
x
y y
y
y y
y
+

2
2

g f + g 2f + f g + f 2g
z z
z
z z
z
= +g
2
2
2

f
+
g
f
+
g
f + 2 f g + 2 f g + 2 f g+
2
2
2
x
y
z
x x
y y
z z
89
2
2
2
g
+
f
g
+
f
g
x2
y 2
z 2

2

2
2
f, f, f
g, g, g +
=g
f + 2f + 2f + 2
x2
y
z
x y z
x y z
2

2
2
+f
g + 2g + 2g
x2
y
z

2

2
2
f +2
, ,
f
, ,
g+
+
+
=g
x2 y 2 z 2
x y z
x y z
2

2
2
+f
g
+
+
x2 y 2 z 2
+f
= g2 f + 2f g + f 2 g.
9.7 Exercise 14. The force in an electrostatic field given by f (x, y, z) has the direction of the gradient.
1
Let f = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 . Find f and its value at P : (12, 0, 16).
2 21
(x + y + z )

1

=
, ,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
x y z

2
2
2 12
2
2
2 12
2
2
2 12
=
(x + y + z ) , (x + y + z ) , (x + y + z )
x
y
z

1 2
1 2
1 2
2
2 32
2
2 32
2
2 32
= (x + y + z ) 2x, (x + y + z ) 2y, (x + y + z ) 2z
2
2
2
h
i
2
2
2 23
2
2
2 23
2
2
2 23
= x(x + y + z ) , y(x + y + z ) , z(x + y + z )
3
= (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 [x, y, z].

grad f (P ) =
1
[12, 0, 16] = [0.0015, 0.0020].
8000
9.7 Exercise 15. The force in an electrostatic field given by f (x, y, z) has the direction of the gradient.
Let f = 2x2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 . Find f and its value at P : (1, 2, 4).

2x + 4y + 9z =
, ,
2x2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2
x y z

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
(2x + 4y + 9z ), (2x + 4y + 9z ), (2x + 4y + 9z )
x
y
z
2
= [4x, 8y, 18z].

grad f (P ) = [4, 16, 72].
90
9.7 Exercise 18. Given the velocity potential f = x2 6x y 2 of a flow, find the velocity v = grad f
of the field and its value v(P ) at P : (1, 5). Sketch v(P ) and the curve passing through P .

2

2
2
2 2
2
,
x 6x y =
x 6x y , x 6x y = [2x 6, 2y].
v = f =
x y
x
y
The gradient evaluated at the point P is [8, 10]. To sketch the curve, we begin by looking at the
0-level: f = x2 6x y 2 = (x 3)2 9 y 2 = 0. To get useful information let us look at the
9-level. We get (x 3)2 9 y 2 = 9, thus y = (x 3) (black). By evaluating f at (1, 5),
we get that this point is on the 18-level curve. We obtain this curve by continuously deforming
the 9 level curve so that it passes through (1, 5). The result is a hyperbola (red). The gradient
points in the direction to get fastest to the next higher level, given that 9 > 18, the direction of
the gradient [8, 10] at the point (1, 5) makes sense.

9.7 Exercise 20. Given the velocity potential f = x(1 + (x2 + y 2 )1 ) of a flow, find the velocity
v = grad f of the field and its value v(P ) at P : (1, 1). Sketch v(P ) and the curve passing through
P.

x
v = f =
,
x+ 2
=
x+ 2
,
x+
x y
(x + y 2 )
x
(x + y 2 )
y

(x2 + y 2 ) x 2x
2xy
y 2 x2
2xy
= 1+ 2
= 1+
, 2
,
(x2 + y 2 )2
(x + y 2 )2
(x + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

1
The gradient evaluated at the point P is 1, . The point P : (1, 1) is on the
2
91
x
2
(x + y 2 )

3
-level curve of the
2
3
function f . Thus we would like to sketch the function x(1 + (x2 + y 2 )1 ) = . We can rewrite this
2
2x
2
2
as x + y =
. You can think of this as a circle with radius 0 when x = 0, and with radius
3 2x
3
approaching as x approaches from the left.
2
x
9.7 Exercise 21. Given the velocity
f = e cos y of a flow, find the velocity v = grad f of
potential
1
the field and its value v(P ) at P : 1, . Sketch v(P ) and the curve passing through P .
2

x
x
x
v = f =
,
e cos y =
e cos y, e cos y = [ex cos y, ex sin y]. The gradient evalux y
x

y
1
ated at the point P is [0, e]. The point P : 1, is on the 0-level curve of the function f . Since
2
can lead to
the exponential function is never zero, only tuples (x, y) with y an odd multiple of
2
f = 0. Thus the 0-level curve consists of parallel lines given by the equation y = (2k + 1) , with
2
k Z.
9.7 Exercise 30. Find a normal vector of the curve 4x2 + 9y 2 = 72 at the point P : (2, 56/3). Make
a sketch.
This is the 72-level curve of the function f = 4x2 + 9y 2 . The gradient points in the direction to get
92
the fastest to the next higher level curve, thus it is normal to the curve. So we need to find the
gradient of f and evaluate it at the point P .

2
2
2
2
2
2
,
(4x + 9y ) =
(4x + 9y ), (4x + 9y ) = [8x, 18y].
f =
x y
x
y
Thus grad f (P ) = [16, 6 56] = [16, 12 14].

r
72
= 18 = 3 2
To sketch the curve, you can draw an ellise centered at the origin with x-radius
4
r
72
= 8 = 2 2.
and y-radius
9
9.7 Exercise 31. Find a normal vector of the curve 16x2 y 2 = 399 at the point P : (5, 1). Make a
sketch.
This is the 399-level curve of the function f = 16x2 y 2 . The gradient points in the direction to
get the fastest to the next higher level curve, thus it is normal to the curve. So we need to find the
gradient of f and evaluate it at the point P .

2
2
2
2
2
2
f =
,
(16x y ) =
(16x y ), (16x y ) = [32x, 2y].
x y
x
y
Thus grad f (P ) = [160, 2].
To sketch the function let us start by looking at the 0-level curve of the function f = 16x2 y 2 .
We get y = 4x (black). Then we continuosly deform the curve to get to the 399-level curve, a
hyperbola through the point P : (5, 1) (red).
93
9.7 Exercise 32. Find a normal vector of the surface ax + by + cz = d at any point P : (px , py , pz ).
Make a sketch.
This is the d-level surface of the function f = ax + by + cz. The gradient points in the direction to
get the fastest to the next higher level surface, thus it is normal to the surface. So we need to find
the gradient of f and evaluate it at the point P .

, ,
(ax + by + cz)
f =
x y z

=
(ax + by + cz), (ax + by + cz), (ax + by + cz) = [a, b, c]
x
y
z
Thus grad f (P ) = [a, b, c].
Of course we already knew that the level surfaces are parallel planes with normal vector [a, b, c].
9.7 Exercise 34. Find a normal vector of the surface x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 273 at the point P : (2, 1, 4).
Make a sketch.
This is the 273-level surface of the function f = x4 + y 4 + z 4 . The gradient points in the direction to

f =
, ,
(x4 + y 4 + z 4 )
x y z
94

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
(x + y + z ), (x + y + z ), (x + y + z ) = [4x3 , 4y 3 , 4z 3 ]
=
x
y
z

Thus grad f (P ) = [32, 4, 256].

The shape of the surface x4 + y 4 + z 4 = 273 is related to the following curve, the result in three
dimensions is something between a sphere and a cube.
9.7 Exercise 35. Find a normal vector of the surface z x2 y 2 = 0 at the point P : (3, 4, 25). Make
a sketch. Note that in the book there is a misprint: the point P : (3, 4, 25) is not on the surface
z x2 y 2 = 638
This is the 0-level surface of the function f = z x2 y 2 . The gradient points in the direction to

, ,
(z x2 y 2 )
f =
x y z

2
2
2
2
2
2
=
(z x y ), (z x y ), (z x y ) = [2x, 2y, 1]
x
y
z
Thus grad f (P ) = [6, 8, 1].
We can write the equation of the 0-level surface as x2 + y 2 = z. We know that for a circle, x2 + y 2
is equal to the radius squared. But z is not squared, thus the shape of the surface is a circular
paraboloid. If we choose the c-level surface, then we get x2 + y 2 = z c, and the paraboloid gets
shifted along the z-axis by c. It gets shifted upwards if c > 0, and it gets shifted downwards if c < 0.
95
9.7 Exercise 36.

a = [1, 3].
Find the directional derivative of f = 2x2 + 2y 2 at P : (3, 3) in the direction of
First we need to find the gradient of f .

2
2
2
2
2
2
,
(2x + 2y ) =
(2x + 2y ), (2x + 2y ) = [4x, 4x].
f =
x y
x
y
Thus grad f (P ) = [12, 12]. The directional derivative is given by Da f (P ) =
a
grad f (P ) =
|a|
1
48
[1, 3] [12, 12] = .
10
10
To make a sketch, note that P : (3, 3) is on the 36-levelr
curve of the function f = 2x2 + 2y 2 . So you
36
should draw a circle centered at the origin with radius
= 18 = 3 2.
2
9.7 Exercise 39. Find the directional derivative of f = p
1
x2 + y 2 + z 2
at P : (3, 0, 4) in the direction
of a = [1, 1, 1].

1
p
, ,
f =
2
x y z
x + y2 + z2
"
#
1
p
p
p
=
,
,
x x2 + y 2 + z 2 y x2 + y 2 + z 2 z x2 + y 2 + z 2
"
#
21 2x
21 2y
12 2z
=
3 ,
3 ,
3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
"
#
x
y
z
=
3 ,
3 ,
3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
1
1
[3, 0, 4]. The directional derivative is given by Da f (P ) =
125
25
a
1
1
7
.
grad f (P ) = [1, 1, 1]
[3, 0, 4] =
|a|
125
3
125 3
1
1
To make a sketch, note that P : (3, 0, 4) is on the -level surface of the function p
. We
5
x2 + y 2 + z 2
Thus grad f (P ) =
3
2
[3, 0, 4] =
96
get the equation x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 52 . So you should draw a sphere centered at the origin with radius
5. Note that as we go to a higher level surface, the radius of the sphere decreases, so the gradient
points to the center of the sphere.
9.7 Exercise 40. Find the directional derivative of f = ln(x2 + y 2 ) at P : (3, 0) in the direction of
a = [1, 1].

2x
2y

2
2
2
2
2
2
,
ln(x + y ) =
ln(x + y ),
ln(x + y ) = 2
.
,
f =
x y
x
y
x + y 2 x2 + y 2

a
2
, 0 . The directional derivative is given by Da f (P ) =
grad f (P ) =
Thus grad f (P ) =
3
|a|

1
2
2
2
[1, 1] , 0 = =
.
3
3
2
3 2
To make a sketch, note that P : (3, 0) is on the (2 ln 3)-level curve of the function f = ln(x2 + y 2 ).
2
2
The level curves for
a constant c, which means that f = ln(x + y ) = c, are circles centered at the
origin with radius ec .
9.7 Exercise 42. Find the directional derivative of f = 4x2 +25y 2 +9z 2 at P : (5, 0, 0) in the direction
of a = [0, 1, 1].

, ,
(4x2 + 25y 2 + 9z 2 )
f =
x y z

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
(4x + 25y + 9z ), (4x + 25y + 9z ), (4x + 25y + 9z )
x
y
z

= [8x, 50y, 18z]

Thus grad f (P ) = [40, 0, 0]. The directional derivative is given by Da f (P ) =
a
grad f (P ) =
|a|
1
[0, 1, 1] [40, 0, 0] = 0.
2
To make a sketch, note that P : (5, 0, 0) is on the 100-level surface of the function f = 4x2 +25y 2 +9z 2 .
r
r
100
100
So you should draw an ellipsoid centered at the origin with x-radius
= 5, y-radius
= 2,
4
25
r
100
10
and z-radius
= . It is then clear that the derivative at the point P : (5, 0, 0) in the direction
9
3
of a = [0, 1, 1] is zero, because the vector a is tangent to the surface at this point.
97
Problem Set 9.8

1
9.8 Exercise 1. Let v = [2x2 , 3y 2 , 8z 2 ], P : 3, , 0 . Find div v and its value at P .
2
1
2
2
2x +
(3y 2 ) +
8z = 4x 6y + 16z. Evaluated at the point P : 3, , 0 , we get
x
y
z
2
6
div v(P ) = 12 + 0 = 9.
2
div v =

1
9.8 Exercise 2. Let v = [0, sin(x yz), cos(xy z)], P : 1, , . Find div v and its value at P .
2
2
0+
sin(x2 yz) +
cos(xy 2 z) = 0 + x2 z cos(x2 yz) xy 2 sin(xy 2 z). Evaluated at the
x
y
z
1

1

1
2
point P : 1, , , we get div v(P ) = cos
sin
= =
.
2
2
4
4
8
4 2
div v =
9.8 Exercise 5. Let v = [x2 yz, xy 2 z, xyz 2 ], P : (1, 3, 2). Find div v and its value at P .
2
x yz + xy 2 z + xyz 2 = 2xyz + 2xyz + 2xyz. Evaluated at the point P : (1, 3, 2),
x
y
z
we get div v(P ) = 6(1)3(2) = 36.
div v =
9.8 Exercise 6. Let v = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 [x, y, z]. Find div v.
div v =
x
y
z
3 +
3 +
x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
y (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 23
3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x) 23 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 2x

=
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (y) 32 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 2y

+
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (z) 23 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 2z
+
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
3
3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 + 3(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

=
= 0.
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3
Thus v is solenoidal (incompressible).
9.8 Exercise 7. For what v3 is v = [ey sin x, ey cos x, v3 ] solenoidal (incompressible)?
div v =
y
y
e sin x +
e cos x + v3 = ey cos x + ey cos x + v3 . For v to be incompressible, we
x
y
z
z
98
need div v = 0. Thus
v3 = 2ey cos x, which gives v3 = 2zey cos x + c, for a constant c.

z
9.8 Exercise 9. Useful formulas for the divergence. Prove

(a) div(kv) = k div v (k constant)
(b) div(f v) = f div v + v f
(c) div(f g) = f 2 g + f g
(d) div(f g) div(gf ) = f 2 g g2 f
(a) div(kv) =
kv1 +
kv2 + kv3 = k v1 + k v2 + k v3 = k div v
x
y
z
x
y
z
(b)
div(f v) =
f v1 +
f v2 + f v3 = f v1 + v1 f + f v2 + v2 f + f v3 + v3 f
x
y
z
x
x
y
y
z
z
v1 + f v2 + f v3 + v1 f + v2 f + v3 f
x
y
z
x
y
z

=f
v1 +
v2 + v3 + v1 f + v2 f + v3 f
x
y
z
x
y
z

f, f, f = f div v + v f
= f div v + [v1 , v2 , v3 ]
x y z
=f
(c)

div(f g) = div f
g, g, g
= div f g, f g, f g
x y z
x
y
z

=
f g +
f g +
f g
x
x
y
y
z
z
=

2

2

2
f g + f 2g +
f g + f 2g + f g + f 2g
x x
x
y y
y
z z
z
2
2
2

g
+
f
g
+
f
g
+
f
g
+
f
g
+
f g
x2
y 2
z 2
x x
y y
z z
2

2
2
=f
g + f 2g + f 2g +
f, f, f
g, g, g
x2
y
z
x y z
x y z
=f
= f 2 g + f g
(d) From (c), we have

div(f g) div(gf ) = f 2 g + f g (g2 f + g f )
= f 2 g + f g g2 f g f
99
= f 2 g + f g g2 f f g = f 2 g g2 f
9.8 Exercise 15. Let f = cos2 x + sin2 y.

Calculate 2 f by using the formula 2 f =
2
2
2
f
+
f
+
f = div(grad f ).
x2
y 2
z 2

2
2
2
2
2
2
, ,
f=
cos x + sin y,
cos x + sin y,
cos x + sin y
grad f = f =
x y z
x
y
z

= [2 cos x sin x, 2 sin y cos y, 0]

2 f = div(grad f ) = div[2 cos x sin x, 2 sin y cos y, 0]
=
(2 cos x sin x) +
2 sin y cos y + 0
x
y
z
= 2( sin x sin x + cos x cos x) + 2(cos y cos y sin y sin y)

= 2 cos(2x) + 2 cos(2y).
9.8 Exercise 16.
Let f = exyz .
2
2
2
f
+
f
+
f = div(grad f ).
x2
y 2
z 2

xyz xyz xyz
grad f = f =
, ,
e , e , e
f=
= [yzexyz , xzexyz , xyexyz ]
x y z
x
y
z
2 f = div(grad f ) = div[yzexyz , xzexyz , xyexyz ]
=
yzexyz +
xzexyz + xyexyz
x
y
z
= y 2 z 2 exyz + x2 z 2 exyz + x2 y 2 exyz = (y 2 z 2 + x2 z 2 + x2 y 2 )exyz .
9.8 Exercise 19.
Let f =
1
.
x2 + y 2 + z 2
2
2
2
f
+
f
+
f = div(grad f ).
x2
y 2
z 2

1
grad f = f =
,
,
, ,
f=
x y z
x x2 + y 2 + z 2 y x2 + y 2 + z 2 z x2 + y 2 + z 2

2x
2y
2z
=
,
,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2

2x
2y
2z
2
f = div(grad f ) = div
,
,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2
100
2x
2y
2z
+
+
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x (x + y + z )
y (x + y + z )
z (x + y 2 + z 2 )2
2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (2x)2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2x

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )4
2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (2y)2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2y

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )4
2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 (2z)2(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2z

(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )4
6(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 + 8(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

2
= 2
2
2
2
4
(x + y + z )
(x + y 2 + z 2 )2
9.8 Exercise 20.
Let f = e2x cosh(2y).
2
2
2
f
+
f
+
f = div(grad f ).
x2
y 2
z 2

2x
2x
2x

, ,
f=
e cosh(2y), e cosh(2y), e cosh(2y)
grad f = f =
x y z
x
y
z

= 2e2x cosh(2y), 2e2x sinh(2y), 0

2 f = div(grad f ) = div 2e2x cosh(2y), 2e2x sinh(2y), 0

2x
2x
2e cosh(2y) +
2e sinh(2y) + 0
x
y
z
= 4e2x cosh(2y) + 4e2x cosh(2y) = 8e2x cosh(2y)
Problem Set 9.9

9.9 Exercise 4. Let v = [4y 2 , 3x2 , 0]. Find curl v with respect to right-handed Cartesian coordinates.

curl v = v =

4y 2 3x2

k

z

0
2 2
2
2
=
0 3x ,
4y
0,
3x
4y = [0, 0, 6x 8y].
y
z
z
x x
y
9.9 Exercise 5. Let v = xyz[x2 , y 2 , z 2 ]. Find curl v with respect to right-handed Cartesian coordinates.
101

i
j
k

curl v = v =

x
y
z

x3 yz xy 3 z xyz 3

3
3
3
3
3
xyz xy z,
x yz
xyz ,
xy z
x yz
=
y
z
z
x
x
y
= [xz 3 xy 3 , x3 y yz 3 , y 3 z x3 z] = [x(z 3 y 3 ), y(x3 z 3 ), z(y 3 x3 )].
9.9 Exercise 6. Let v = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 [x, y, z]. Find curl v with respect to right-handed Cartesian
coordinates.

i
j
k

curl v = v =

x
y
z

y
z
x

3
3
3
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
"
z
=
,
3
3 ,
3
y (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 z (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 23
#
y
x
x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 32
y (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 23
"

32 2yz
23 2zy
23 2zx
23 2xz
=
5
5 ,
5
5 ,
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
#

23 2xy
32 2yx
= [0, 0, 0] = 0.
5
5
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
9.9 Exercise 9. Let v = [0, 3z 2 , 0] be the velocity vector of a steady fluid flow. Is the flow irrotational?
Incompressible? Find the streamlines (the paths of the particles).

curl v = v =

div v =
3z 2

k

0 3z ,
0
0,
3z
0 = [6z, 0, 0]
=
z
y
z
z
x x
y

0
0+
3z + 0 = 0
x
y
z
102
Since curl v 6= [0, 0, 0], the flow is not irrotational. Since div v = 0, the flow is incompressible. To
dr
=
determine the paths of the particles, we need to find r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] such that r0 (t) =
dt
dx
dz
v(t). Since
= 0, we get x = c1 for some constant c1 . Since
= 0, we get z = c3 for some
dt
dt
dy
constant c3 . Then putting y = 3c23 t + c2 , we get
= 3c23 = 3z 2 . Thus r(t) = [c1 , 3c23 t + c2 , c23 ]
dt

1
1
9.9 Exercise 10. Let v = [sec x, csc x, 0] =
,
, 0 be the velocity vector of a steady fluid
cos x sin x
flow. Is the flow irrotational? Incompressible? Find the streamlines (the paths of the particles).

i

curl v = v = x

1

cos x
h
cos x i
= 0, 0, 2
sin x
div v =
y
1
sin x

k

1
1
1
1

z = y 0 z sin x , z cos x x 0, x sin x y cos x

0
( sin x)
1
+
+ 0=
x cos x y sin x z
cos2 x
Since curl v 6= [0, 0, 0], the flow is not irrotational. Since div v 6= 0, the flow is not incompressible.
dr
To determine the paths of the particles, we need to find r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] such that r0 (t) =
=
dt
dz
dx
1
v(t). Since
= 0, we get z = c3 for some constant c3 . Since
=
, we get cos x dx = dt.
dt
dt
cos x
Integrating, we obtain sin x = t + c1 , for some constant c1 . Then x = arcsin(t + c1 ) and thus
dy
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
. So we get dy =
dt, and integrating, we obtain
dt
sin x
sin(arcsin(t + c1 ))
t + c1
t + c1
y = ln |t + c1 | + c2 . Thus r(t) = [arcsin(t + c1 ), ln |t + c1 | + c2 , c3 ].
9.9 Exercise 11. Let v = [y, 2x, 0] be the velocity vector of a steady fluid flow. Is the flow
irrotational? Incompressible? Find the streamlines (the paths of the particles).

curl v = v =

k

0 (2x),
y
0,
(2x)
y
=
x y z
y
z
z
x x
y

y 2x 0
i
= [0, 0, 3]
div v =
y+
(2x) + 0 = 0
x
y
z
Since curl v 6= [0, 0, 0], the flow is not irrotational. Since div v = 0, the flow is incompressible.
To determine the paths of the particles, we need to find r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] such that r0 (t) =
103
dr
dz
dx
dy
= v(t). Since
= 0, we get z = c3 for some constant c3 . Since
= y, and
= 2x,
dt
dt
dt
dt
dy
y2
dx
2
= dt =
and thus 2x dx = y dy. Integrating, we obtain x + c =
for
we get
y
2x
2
y2
2
some constant c. Then x +
= c, which implies that c 0. This is the equation of an ellipse
2
with x-radius c and y-radius 2c. It can be parametrized by putting x = c sin( 2t) and y =
dx
dy
2c cos( 2t). Then
= 2 c cos( 2t) = y and
= 2 2c sin( 2t) = 2x. Thus
dt
dt
r(t) = [ c sin( 2t), 2c cos( 2t), c3 ]. Whereas most of the time, we choose parametrizations so
that the path is counter-clockwise, in this case it is clockwise.
9.9 Exercise 13. Let v = [x, y, z] be the velocity vector of a steady fluid flow. Is the flow
irrotational? Incompressible? Find the streamlines (the paths of the particles).

curl v = v =

x
x

k

(z) y,
x
(z),
y
x = [0, 0, 0]]
=
y z
y
z
z
x
x
y

y z
j
x+
y + (z) = 1
x
y
z
Since curl v = [0, 0, 0], the flow is irrotational. Since div v 6= 0, the flow is not incompressible. To
dr
determine the paths of the particles, we need to find r(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] such that r0 (t) =
=
dt
dx
v(t). From
= x, we get that x = c1 et , for some constant c1 . Similarly, we get y = c2 et and
dt
z = c3 et for constants c2 and c3 . Thus r(t) = [c1 et , c2 et , c3 et ].
div v =
9.9 Exercise 14. Useful formulas for the curl. Assuming sufficient differentiability, show that
(a) curl(u + v) = curl u + curl v
(b) div(curl v) = 0
(c) curl(f v) = (grad f ) v + f curl v
(d) curl(grad f ) = 0
(e) div(u v) = v curl u u curl v
(a)

i
j
k

curl(u + v) = (u + v) =

x
y
z

u +v u +v u +v
1
1
2
2
3
3

=
(u3 + v3 ) (u2 + v2 ),
(u1 + v1 )
(u3 + v3 ),
(u2 + v2 )
(u1 + v1 )
y
z
z
x
x
y
104
u3 u2 ,
u1
u3 ,
u2
u1
=
y
z
z
x
x
y

+
v3 v2 ,
v1
v3 ,
v2
v1
y
z
z
x
x
y

i
j
k i
j
k

=
+
= ( u) + ( v) = curl u + curl v
x y z x y z

u
u
u v
v
v

(b)

div(curl v) = div

v1
v2

k

v3 v2 ,
v1
v3 ,
v2
v1
= div
z
y
z
z
x
x
y

v3

v3
v2 +
v1
v3 +
v2
v1
x y
x z
y z
y x
z x
z y

v3
v2 +
v1
v3 +
v2
v1 = 0
x y
z x
y z
x y
z x
y z
(c)

curl(f v) =

f v1 f v2

k

f v3 f v2 ,
f v1
f v3 ,
f v2
f v1
=
z
y
z
z
x
x
y

f v3
f + f v3 v2 f f v2 , v1 f + f v1 v3 f f v3 ,
y
y
z
z
z
z
x
x

v2 f + f v2 v1 f f v1
x
x
y
y

= v3 f v2 f, v1 f v3 f, v2 f v1 f
y
z
z
x
x
y

+ f v3 f v2 , f v1 f v3 , f v2 f v1
y
z
z
x
x
y

= v3 f v2 f, v1 f v3 f, v2 f v1 f
y
z
z
x
x
y

+f
v3 v2 ,
v1
v3 ,
v2
v1
y
z
z
x
x
y
= v3
105

i
j

f
f
=
x
y

v
v2
1

=
f,
f,
x
y

i

j
k

f +f

x y z
z

v
v3
v2 v3
1

f v +f
,
,
v = (grad f ) v + f curl v
z
x y z
k
(d)

i
j

curl(grad f ) = curl
f,
f,
f = x
y

x
y
z

x f y f

=
f
f,
f
f,
y z
z y
z x
x z

=
f
f,
f
f,
y z
y z
z x
z x

z

f
z
k

f
f
x y
y x

f
f = [0, 0, 0] = 0
x y
x y
(e)

i j k

div(u v) = div u1 u2 u3 = div[u2 v3 u3 v2 , u3 v1 u1 v3 , u1 v2 u2 v1 ]

v1 v2 v3
=
(u2 v3 u3 v2 ) +
(u3 v1 u1 v3 ) + (u1 v2 u2 v1 )
x
y
z
u2 v3
u3 v2 +
u3 v1
u1 v3 + u1 v2 u2 v1
x
x
y
y
z
z
= v3
u2 + u2 v3 v2 u3 u3 v2 + v1 u3 + u3 v1
x
x
x
x
y
y
v3
= v1
u1 u1 v3 + v2 u1 + u1 v2 v1 u2 u2 v1
y
y
z
z
z
z
u3 v1 u2 + v2 u1 v2 u3 + v3 u2 v3 u1
y
z
z
x
x
y
v2 u1 v3 + u2 v3 u2 v1 + u3 v1 u3 v2
z
y
x
z
y
x

= [v1 , v2 , v3 ]
u3 u2 ,
u1
u3 ,
u2
u1
y
z
z
x
x
y

+ [u1 , u2 , u3 ]
v2
v3 ,
v3 v1 ,
v1
v2
z
y
x
z
y
x
+ u1
106
u3 u2 ,
u1
u3 ,
u2
u1
= [v1 , v2 , v3 ]
y
z
z
x
x
y

[u1 , u2 , u3 ]
v3 v2 ,
v1
v3 ,
v2
v1
y
z
z
x
x
y

i
i
j
k
j
k

=v
u
= v curl u u curl v
x y z
x y z

u
v
u
u
v
v

9.9 Exercise 15. With respect to right handed coordinates, let u = [z, x, y] and
v = [y + z, z + x, x + y]. Find curl(u + v), curl(v + u).
Check your result by a formula in 9.9 Exercise 14.
Since u + v = v + u, it suffices to calculate curl(u + v).
curl(u + v) = curl[z + y + z, x + z + x, y + x + y] = curl[y + 2z, z + 2x, x + 2y]

i
j
k

=

x
y
z

y + 2z z + 2x x + 2y

=
(x + 2y) (z + 2x),
(y + 2z)
(x + 2y),
(z + 2x)
(y + 2z)
y
z
z
x
x
y
= [2 1, 2 1, 2 1] = [1, 1, 1].
By 9.9 Exercise 14 (a), we get
curl(u + v) = curl u + curl v = curl[z, x, y] = curl[y + z, z + x, x + y]

i
j
k
j
k i

=
+

x y z x
y
z

z
x
y y+z z+x x+y

y x,
z
y,
x
z
=
y
z
z
x x
y

+
(x + y) (z + x),
(y + z)
(x + y),
(z + x)
(y + z)
y
z
z
x
x
y
= [1 0, 1 0, 1 0] + [1 1, 1 1, 1 1] = [1, 1, 1].
9.9 Exercise 18. With respect to right handed coordinates, let u = [z, x, y] and
v = [y + z, z + x, x + y]. Find div(u v).
Check your result by a formula in 9.9 Exercise 14.
107

i
j
k

x
y
div(u v) = div z

y+z z+x x+y
= div[x(x + y) y(z + x), y(y + z) z(x + y), z(z + x) x(y + z)]

= div[x2 yz, y 2 zx, z 2 xy]
=
2
2
(x yz) +
(y zx) + (z 2 xy) = 2x + 2y + 2z.
x
y
z
By 9.9 Exercise 14 (e), we get

div(u v) = v curl u u curl v
= [y + z, z + x, x + y] curl[z,

i

= [y + z, z + x, x + y]
x

z
x, y] [z, x, y] curl[y + z, z + x, x + y]

i
j
k
j
k

[z, x, y]
x
y z
y
z

y+z z+x x+y
x
y
= [y + z, z + x, x + y]
y x,
z
y,
x
z [z, x, y]
y
z
z
x x
y

(x + y) (z + x),
(y + z)
(x + y),
(z + x)
(y + z)
y
z
z
x
x
y
= [y + z, z + x, x + y] [1 0, 1 0, 1 0] [z, x, y] [1 1, 1 1, 1 1]
= [y + z, z + x, x + y] [1, 1, 1] [z, x, y] [0, 0, 0]
= y + z + z + x + x + y = 2x + 2y + 2z.

Supplementary Problem 1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron with vertices A : (0, 2, 1), B(4, 3, 0),
C : (6, 6, 5), D : (4, 7, 8).
Answer: We have AB = [4, 1, 1], AC = [6, 4, 4], AD = [4, 5, 7]. The volume VT of the tetrahedron is
given by one sixth of the volume of the parallelpiped defined by the same vectors. Since the volume
of the parallelpiped is given by the absolute value of the triple product, we have:

4 1 1

1
1
1
1
4
4 = | 8| =
VT = |(AB AC AD)| = |AB (AC AD)| = 6 4
6
6
6
3
6
4 5
7
108
Supplementary Problem 2. Let a parametric representation of a circular helix be given by

: r(t) = [2 cos t, 2 sin t, 6t].
(a) Find the tangent vector r0 (t), a unit tangent vector u0 (t), and the tangent of at P : (2, 0, 12).
Sketch the curve and the tangent.
(b) Find the length of the curve from (2, 0, 0) to (2, 0, 24).
Answer:
(a) Note that the point P : (2, 0, 12) corresponds to t = 2.
r0 (t) = [2 sin t, 2 cos t, 6],
u0 (t) =
1
[2 sin t, 2 cos t, 6] = [ sin t, cos t, 3],
10
4 sin t + 4 cos2 t + 62
2
TP : [x, y, z] = P + sr0 (2) = [2, 0, 12] + s[2 sin 2, 2 cos 2, 6] = [2, 2s, 12 + 6s].
(b) Note that the point P : (2, 0, 24) corresponds to t = 4.

Z 4 p
Z 4 p
0
0
r (t) r (t) dt =
[2 sin t, 2 cos t, 6] [2 sin t, 2 cos t, 6] dt
l=
0
Z
=
Z
4 q
2
2
4(sin t + cos t) + 36 dt =
4
2 10 dt = 2 10t 0 dt = 8 10.
Supplementary Problem 3. Let f (x, y, z) = ex+y cos( 2z).

(a) Show that f satisfies the Laplace equation:
2f
2f
2f
+
+
= 0.
x2
y 2
z 2
(b) Find the direction of maximum decrease of f at the point P : (1, 0, 2).
(c) Find the directional derivative of f at P : (1, 0, 2) in the direction of a = i 2j + 2k.

Answer:
(a)

x+y
x+y
e
cos( 2z) =
e
cos( 2z) = ex+y cos( 2z)
x
x

2f
x+y
x+y
x+y
=
e
cos(
2z)
=
e
cos(
2z)
=
e
cos(
2z)
y 2
y y
y

2f
x+y
x+y
x+y
=
e
cos(
2z)
=
2e
sin(
2z)
=
2e
cos(
2z)
z 2
z z
z
2f
=
2
x
x
2f
2f
2f
x+y
x+y
x+y
+
+
=
e
cos(
2z)
+
e
cos(
2z)
2e
cos(
2z) = 0
x2
y 2
z 2
109
(b) The direction of maximum increase is the direction of the gradient. Hence the direction of
maximum decrease is the opposite direction. We have

h
grad f =
f, f, f = ex+y cos( 2z), ex+y cos( 2z), 2ex+y sin( 2z) .
x y z
So the gradient evaluated at the point P : (1, 0, 2) is grad f (P ) = [e, e, 0]. Thus the direction of
maximum decrease is the opposite direction, the direction of the vector [1, 1, 0].
(c) The directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of a = [1, 2, 2] is
Da f (P ) =
a
1
e 2e
e
1
grad f (P ) = p
= .
[1, 2, 2] [e, e, 0] = (e 2e) =
|a|
3
3
3
3
12 + (2)2 + 22
Supplementary Problem 4. (a) Let v(x, y, x) = [x, z, y] and f (x, y, z) = xyz, verify that:
curl(f v) = f v + f curl(v).
(b) If f is a scalar function and v = [v1 , v2 , v3 ] is vector field, show that
div(f v) = f div(v) + v f.
(c) Determine whether the vector field
h
i
2 xy 2
xy 2
y e , z cos y + 2xye , sin y
is irrotational.
Answer:
(a)

i
j
k

curl(f v) = (f v) = [x2 yz, z 2 xy, y 2 xz] =

x
y
z

x2 yz z 2 xy y 2 xz

2
2
2
2
2
2
=
y xz z xy,
x yz
y xz,
z xy
x yz
y
z
z
x
x
y

= 2yxz 2zxy, x2 y y 2 z, z 2 y x2 z = 0, x2 y y 2 z, z 2 y x2 z

, ,
xyz [x, z, y] =
xyz, xyz, xyz [x, z, y]
f v =
x y z
x
y
z

i
j k

= [yz, xz, xy] [x, z, y] = yz xz xy

x z y
= [xyz xyz, x2 y y 2 z, z 2 y x2 z] = [0, x2 y y 2 z, z 2 y x2 z]
110

f curl(v) = f

k

y z,
x
y,
z
x = [0, 0, 0].
=f
z
y
z
z
x x
y

y
Thus
curl(f v) = [0, x2 y y 2 z, z 2 y x2 z] = f v + f curl(v).
(b) This is 9.8 Exercise 9 (b).
(c) The vector field is irrotational if and only if its curl is zero.
h
i
2
2
curl y 2 exy , z cos y + 2xyexy , sin y

i
j
k

=

x
y
z

y 2 exy2 z cos y + 2xyexy2 sin y

2 xy2
2 xy2
xy 2
xy 2
=
sin y (z cos y + 2xye ),
y e
sin y,
(z cos y + 2xye )
y e
y
z
z
x
x
y
h
i
2
2
2
2
= cos y cos y, 0 0, 2yexy + 2xy 3 exy 2yexy 2xy 3 exy = [0, 0, 0]
Thus the vector field is irrotational.
Chapter 10
Problem Set 10.1
Z
F (r) dr for F = [y 2 , x2 ] and C : y = 4x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 4).
10.1 Exercise 2. Calculate

C
If F is a force, this gives the work done by the force in the displacement along C.
We need to parametrize C. We can use r(t) = [t, 4t2 ] with t [0, 1]. Then
Z
F (r) dr =
C
F(r(t)) r (t) dt =
0
Z
=
0
Z
dr
= r0 (t) = [1, 8t] and
dt
[(4t2 )2 , t2 ] [1, 8t] dt
0
1
16 5 8 4
16t 8t dt =
t t
5
4
4
1
=
0
16 10
6
= .
5
5
5
F (r) dr for F = [y 2 , x2 ] and C along a straight line from (0, 0) to
(1, 4). If F is a force, this gives the work done by the force in the displacement along C.
111
Compare with 10.1 Exercise 2.

We need to parametrize C. We can use r(t) = [t, 4t] with t [0, 1]. Then
Z
F(r(t)) r (t) dt =
F (r) dr =
Z
=
0
[(4t)2 , t2 ] [1, 4] dt
dr
= r0 (t) = [1, 4] and
dt
16 3 4 3
16t 4t dt =
t t
3
3
2
1
=
0
16 4
12
=
= 4.
3
3
3
F (r) dr for F = [xy, x2 y 2 ] and C along a straight line from (2, 0)

C
to (0, 2). If F is a force, this gives the work done by the force in the displacement along C.
dr
We need to parametrize C. We can use r(t) = [2 t, t] with t [0, 2]. Then
= r0 (t) = [1, 1]
dt
and
Z
Z 2
Z 2
0
F (r) dr =
F(r(t)) r (t) dt =
[(2 t)t, (2 t)2 t2 ] [1, 1] dt
C
0
2
2
[2t t , 4t 4t + t ] [1, 1] dt =
=
0
2t + t2 + 4t2 4t3 + t4 dt
5
1
= t2 + t3 t4 + t5
3
5
2
= 4 +
0
32
300 200 96
4
40
16 +
=
+
+
= .
3
5
15
15
15
15
F (r) dr for F = [xy, x2 y 2 ] and C the quarter-circle from (2, 0) to

C
(0, 2) with center (0, 0).

h i
dr
= r0 (t) =
We need to parametrize C. We can use r(t) = [2 cos t, 2 sin t] with t 0, . Then
2
dt
[2 sin t, 2 cos t] and
Z
F (r) dr =
F(r(t)) r0 (t) dt
[(2 cos t)(2 sin t), (2 cos t)2 (2 sin t)2 ] [2 sin t, 2 cos t] dt
8 cos t sin2 t + 32 cos3 t sin2 t dt
Z
=
8 cos t sin2 t + 32 cos t(1 sin2 t) sin2 t dt
112
Z
=
8 cos t sin2 t + 32 cos t(1 sin2 t) sin2 t dt
Z
=
8 cos t sin2 t + 32 cos t sin2 t 32 cos t sin4 t dt
Z
=
0
2
24
32
24 cos t sin2 t 32 cos t sin4 t dt =
sin3 t
sin5 t
3
5
0

24 32
32
40 32
8
=8
=
= .
3
5
5
5
5
5
Z
F (r) dr for F = [x y, y z, z x] and C : r(t) = [2 cos t, t, 2 sin t]

C
from (2, 0, 0) to (2, 2, 0).

Note that with the given parametrization, t [0, 2]. We have
F(r(t)) r0 (t) dt
F (r) dr =
C
dr
= r0 (t) = [2 sin t, 1, 2 cos t] and
dt
0
2
[2 cos t t, t 2 sin t, 2 sin t 2 cos t] [2 sin t, 1, 2 cos t] dt
=
0
2
4 cos t sin t + 2t sin t + t 2 sin t + 4 sin t cos t 4 cos2 t dt
=
0
Z
=2
Z
t dt 2
t sin t dt +
0
Z
sin t dt 4
cos2 t dt
2 2
Z 2
t
2
sin t dt = 0 by symmetry, and
t dt =
= 2 . For
t sin t dt, we use integration
2 0
0
0
0
by parts with u0 = sin t and v = t. Then u = cos t and v 0 = 1, hence
Z 2
Z 2
2
( cos t) dt = 2 + [sin t]2
t sin t dt = [t cos t]0
0 = 2 + 0 = 2.
Z
Z
To evaluate
cos2 t dt, note that
0
2
1 sin2 t dt,
cos t dt =
0
and thus 2 =
1 dt =
cos t dt +
sin t dt. By a geometric argument,
0
0
0
Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
2
2
sin t dt, and therefore 2 = 2
cos t dt which implies
cos2 t dt = .
0
113
cos2 t dt =
So we obtain
Z
Z
F (r) dr = 2
t dt 2
t sin t dt +
cos2 t dt
sin t dt 4
= 2(2) + 2 2 2(0) 4 = 2 2 8 = 2( 4).
Z
10.1 Exercise 11.
F (r) dr for F = [ex , ey , ez ] and C : r(t) = [t, t2 , t] from
Calculate
C
(0, 0, 0) to (2, 4, 2).

If F is a force, this gives the work done by the force in the displacement along C. Sketch C.
Note that with the given parametrization, t [0, 2]. We have
Z
F (r) dr =
F(r(t)) r (t) dt =
[e , e
t2
dr
= r0 (t) = [1, 2t, 1] and
dt
Z
i2
= et et et
et + 2tet + et dt
, e ] [1, 2t, 1] dt =
0
= e2 e4 e2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
1
2
.
e2 e4
________________________________________________________
Z
15.
10.1 Exercise 15. Evaluate the integral
F(r) dt with F = [y 2 , z 2 , x2 ] and
C
C : r = [3 cos t, 3 sin t, 2t], 0 t 4.

This integral is of the form of equation (8) on page 417. Here there is no dot product, and the result
will be a vector.
t=4
[(3 sin t)2 , (2t)2 , (3 cos t)2 ] dt
F(r) dt =
C
t=0
4
Z
= 9
sin t dt, 4
Z
From 10.1 Exercise 6, we know that
t dt, 9
0
cos t dt =
0
114
4
2
cos t dt
0
sin2 t dt = , and since these are periodic
4
t 3
64 3
t dt = t
sin t dt = 2. Since
cos t dt =
=
, we obtain
3 0
3
0
0

Z 4
Z 4
Z 4
Z
2
2
2
sin t dt, 4
t dt, 9
cos t dt
F(r) dt = 9
functions,
0

64 3
256 3
= 9(2), 4
, 9(2) = 18,
, 18 .
3
3

Z
f (r) dt with f = 3x + y + 5z and

C
C : r = [t, cosh t, sinh t], 0 t 1.

This integral is of the form of equation (8 ) on page 417. f is a scalar valued function and the result
will be a scalar.
1
3 2
f (r) dt =
3t + cosh t + 5 sinh t dt = t + sinh t + 5 cosh t
2
C
t=0
0

1
et et
et + et
3
1
7
2
3
+5
= + 3e + 2 5 = + 3e + .
= t2 +
2
2
2
2
e
2
e
0
t=1
Z
10.1 Exercise 19.
Evaluate the integral
f (r) dt with f = xyz and C : r = [4t, 3t2 , 12t],
2 t 2.
This integral is of the form of equation (8 ) on page 417. f is a scalar valued function and the result
will be a scalar.
t=2
t=2
144 5
144t dt =
f (r) dt =
(4t)(3t )(12t) dt =
t
5
t=2
t=2
C
=
2
2
144 5
144 5
144
144 6
(2 (2)5 ) =
(2 + 25 ) =
2(2)5 =
2 = 1843.2
5
5
5
5
Z
F(r) dt with F = [xz, yz, x2 y 2 ] and
C : r = [t, t, et ], 0 t 5.
This integral is of the form of equation (8) on page 417. Here there is no dot product, and the result
will be a vector.
Z
Z
t=5
[tet , tet , t4 ] dt
F(r) dt =
C
t=0
115
We need to integrate tet by parts. Putting u0 = et and v = t, we have u = et and v 0 = 1, which gives
Z
Z
Z
t5
t
t
t
t
t
t
te dt = te e dt = te e = (t 1)e . And since t4 dt = , we get
5

5
Z
Z t=5
t
t
4
t
t 1 5
F(r) dt =
[te , te , t ] dt = [(t 1)e , (t 1)e , t ]
5
C
t=0
0
= [4e5 (1)e0 , 4e5 (1)e0 ,
1 5
5 0] = [4e5 + 1, 4e5 + 1, 54 ]
5
= [4e5 + 1, 4e5 + 1, 625].
Problem Set 10.2

10.2 Exercise 3. Show that the form under the integral sign is exact in the plane and evaluate the
Z (,0)
1
1

1
integral
cos x cos(2y) dx 2 sin x sin 2y dy .
2
2
2
( 2 ,)
To show that the form is exact, we look for a function f (x, y), such that

1
1

f f
1
grad f =
,
= F = [F1 , F2 ] =
cos x cos(2y), 2 sin x sin 2y .
x y
2
2
2
So we know that
1
1
f
= cos x cos(2y). Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
2
2
1
f = sin x cos(2y) + g(y).
2
Taking the partial derivative with respect to y, we get

f
1
=
sin x cos(2y) + g(y)
y
y
2
1
g
1

= 2 sin x sin 2y +
= F2 = 2 sin x sin 2y .
2
y
2
g
= 0. Integrating with respect to y, we get g = c, for a constant c. For our purposes, we
y
1
can choose c = 0. Thus f = sin x cos(2y), and
2

Z (,0)
1
1

1
cos x cos(2y) dx 2 sin x sin 2y dy =
2
2
2
( 2 ,)
Hence
= f (, 0) f

2
, = sin
1
1
cos 0 sin cos(2) = 1(1) (1) = 1 .
2
4
2
2
116
10.2 Exercise 4. Show that the form under the integral sign is exact in the plane and evaluate the
Z (6,1)
integral
e4y (2x dx + 4x2 dy).
(4,0)
To show that the form is exact, we look for a function f (x, y), such that

f f
,
= F = [F1 , F2 ] = [2xe4y , 4x2 e4y ].
grad f =
x y
So we know that
f
= 2xe4y . Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = x2 e4y + g(y).

f
g
=
x2 e4y + g(y) = 4x2 e4y +
= F2 = 4x2 e4y .
y
y
y
g
= 0. Integrating with respect to y, we get g = c, for a constant c. For our purposes, we
y
can choose c = 0. Thus f = x2 e4y , and
Z (6,1)
e4y (2x dx + 4x2 dy) = f (6, 1) f (4, 0) = 36e4 16e0 = 36e4 16.
Hence
(4,0)
10.2 Exercise 5. Show that the form under the integral sign is exact in space and evaluate the
Z (2, 1 , )
2 2
integral
exy (y sin z dx + x sin z dy + cos z dz).
(0,0,)
To show that the form is exact, we look for a function f (x, y, z), such that

f f f
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [yexy sin z, xexy sin z, exy cos z].
x y z
So we know that
f
= yexy sin z. Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = exy sin z + g(y, z).

f
xy
g
=
(e sin z + g(y, z)) = xexy sin z +
= F2 = xexy sin z.
y
y
y
g
= 0. Integrating with respect to y, we get g = c1 + h(z), for some constant c1 . Differentiy
ating with respect to z, we get
Hence
f
xy
h
=
(e sin z + c1 + h(z)) = exy cos z +
= F3 = exy cos z.
z
z
z
117
h
= 0. Integrating with respect to z, we get h = c2 , for some constant c2 . For our purposes,
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = exy sin z, and
Z (2, 1 , )
1
2 2
2
f (0, 0, ) = e 2 sin e0 sin = e.

exy (y sin z dx + x sin z dy + cos z dz) = f 2, ,
2 2
2
(0,0,)
Hence
Z (1,1,0)
2
2
2
ex +y +z (x dx + y dy + z dz).
integral
(0,0,0)

f f f
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [xex +y +z , yex +y +z , zex +y +z ].
x y z
So we know that
f
2
2
2
= xex +y +z . Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
1 2 2 2
f = ex +y +z + g(y, z).
2

1 x2 +y2 +z2
f
g
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
e
= F2 = yex +y +z .
+ g(y, z) = yex +y +z +
y
y 2
y
g

1 x2 +y2 +z2
h
f
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
e
+ c1 + h(z) = zex +y +z +
= F3 = zex +y +z .
z
z 2
z
Hence
h
z
1 2 2 2
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = ex +y +z , and
2
Z (1,1,0)
1
1
1
2
2
2
ex +y +z (x dx + y dy + z dz) = f (1, 1, 0) f (0, 0, 0) = e2 e0 = (e2 1).
2
2
2
(0,0,0)
Hence
Z (1,1,1)
integral
(yz sinh xz dx + cosh xz dy + xy sinh xz dz).
(0,2,3)

f f f
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [yz sinh xz, cosh xz, xy sinh xz].
x y z
118
So we know that
f
= yz sinh xz. Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = y cosh xz + g(y, z).

f
g
=
(y cosh xz + g(y, z)) = cosh xz +
= F2 = cosh xz.
y
y
y
g
Hence
h
=
(y cosh xz + c1 + h(z)) = xy sinh xz +
= F3 = xy sinh xz.
z
z
z
h
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = y cosh xz, and
Z (1,1,1)
(yz sinh xz dx + cosh xz dy + xy sinh xz dz)
Hence
(0,2,3)
1
1
= f (1, 1, 1) f (0, 2, 3) = cosh 1 2 cosh 0 = cosh 1 2 =
e+
2.
2
e
Z (3,,3)
integral
(cos(yz) dx xz sin(yz) dy xy sin(yz) dz).
(5,3,)

f f f
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [cos(yz), xz sin(yz), xy sin(yz)].
x y z
So we know that
f
= cos(yz). Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = x cos(yz) + g(y, z).

f
g
=
(x cos(yz) + g(y, z)) = xz sin(yz) +
= F2 = xz sin(yz).
y
y
y
g
Hence
h
f
=
(x cos(yz) + c1 + h(z)) = xy sin(yz) +
= F3 = xy sin(yz).
z
z
z
119
h
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = x cos(yz), and
Hence
(3,,3)
(cos(yz) dx xz sin(yz) dy xy sin(yz) dz) = 3 cos(3) 5 cos(3) = 3 (5) = 2.

(5,3,)
Z (1,0,1)
(ex cosh y dx + (ex sinh y + ez cosh y) dy + ez sinh y dz).
integral
(0,1,0)

f f f
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [ex cosh y, ex sinh y + ez cosh y, ez sinh y].
x y z
Here we begin with the second component, because it has the most summands (two). We know that
f
= ex sinh y + ez cosh y. Integrating with respect to y, we get
y
f = ex cosh y + ez sinh y + g(x, z).
Taking the partial derivative with respect to x, we get
g
f
x
=
(e cosh y + ez sinh y + g(x, z)) = ex cosh y +
= F1 = ex cosh y.
x
x
x
g
= 0. Integrating with respect to x, we get g = c1 + h(z), for some constant c1 . Differentix
Hence
x
h
f
=
(e cosh y + ez sinh y + c1 + h(z)) = ez sinh y +
= F3 = ez sinh y.
z
z
z
h
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = ex cosh y + ez sinh y, and
Z (1,0,1)
(ex cosh y dx + (ex sinh y + ez cosh y) dy + ez sinh y dz) =
Hence
(0,1,0)
= f (1, 0, 1) f (0, 1, 0) = e1 cosh 0 + e1 sinh 0 (e0 cosh 1 + e0 sinh 1)

1
1
= e cosh 1 sinh 1 = e (e + e1 ) (e e1 ) = 0.
2
2
10.2 Exercise 13. Check whether the form under the integral sign is exact in space, and if it is,
Z (a,b,c)
2
evaluate
2ex (x cos(2y)dx sin(2y)dy).
(0,0,0)
120
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [2xex cos(2y), 2ex sin(2y), 0] needs to be
the gradient
f , thus we need to find out whether there exists a function f (x, y, z)

of some function
f f f
,
,
= F. If such a function exists, then curl F = curl(grad f ) = 0. But in this
such that
x y z
case we do not need to calculate the curl, since such a function f is easily obtained in the following
way: We look for a function f (x, y, z), such that

f f f
2
2
grad f =
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [2xex cos(2y), 2ex sin(2y), 0].
x y z
So we know that
f
2
= 2xex cos(2y). Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
2
f = ex cos(2y) + g(y, z).


f
x2
g
2
2
=
e cos(2y) + g(y, z) = 2ex sin(2y) +
= F2 = 2ex sin(2y).
y
y
y
g

x2
h
f
=
e cos(2y) + c1 + h(z) = 0 +
= F3 = 0.
z
z
z
Hence
h
z
2
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0, then f = ex cos(2y). Thus the integral is independent of the path and
its value is
2
2
f (a, b, c) f (0, 0, 0) = ea cos(2b) e0 cos 0 = ea cos(2b) 1.
Hence
Z (a,b,c)
evaluate
(sinh(xy))(z dx x dz).
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [z sinh(xy), 0, x sinh(xy)] needs to be the
gradient
f , thus we need to find out whether there exists a function f (x, y, z) such
of some function

f f f
that
,
,
= F. If such a function exists, then curl F = curl(grad f ) = 0.
x y z

i
j
k

curl F =

x
y
z

z sinh(xy) 0 x sinh(xy)

=
(x sinh(xy)) 0,
z sinh(xy)
(x sinh(xy)),
0
z sinh(xy)
y
z z
x
x
y
121

= x2 cosh(xy), sinh(xy) + sinh(xy) + xy cosh(xy), xz cosh(xy) 6= [0, 0, 0].
Thus the form under the integral sign is not exact in space, and therefore the integral is path
dependent.
Z (a,b,c)
evaluate
x2 y dx 4xy 2 dy + 8z 2 x dz.
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [x2 y, 4xy 2 , 8z 2 x] needs to be the gradient
of
f , thus we need to find out whether there exists a function f (x, y, z) such that
some function
f f f
,
,
x y z

i
j
k

curl F =

x
y
z

x2 y 4xy 2 8z 2 x

2
2
2
=
8z x (4xy 2 ),
x y
8z x,
(4xy 2 )
xy
y
z
z
x
x
y

= 0, 8z 2 , 4y 2 x2 6= [0, 0, 0].
dependent.
Z (a,b,c)
ey dx + (xey ez ) dy yez dz.
evaluate
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [ey , xey ez , yez ] needs to be the gradient
of
some function
f f f
,
,
= F. If such a function exists, then curl F = curl(grad f ) = 0. But in this case we
x y z
do not need to calculate the curl, since such a function f is easily obtained in the following way: We
look for a function f (x, y, z), such that

f f f
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [ey , xey ez , yez ].
grad f =
,
,
x y z
Here we begin with the second component, because it has the most summands (two). We know that
f
= xey ez . Integrating with respect to y, we get
y
f = xey yez + g(x, z).
Taking the partial derivative with respect to x, we get
f
g
=
(xey yez + g(x, z)) = ey +
= F1 = ey .
x
x
x
122
g
= 0. Integrating with respect to x, we get g = c1 + h(z), for some constant c1 . Differentix
Hence
h
=
(xey yez + c1 + h(z)) = yez +
= F3 = yez .
z
z
z
h
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0, then f = xey yez . Thus the integral is independent of the path and its
value is
f (a, b, c) f (0, 0, 0) = aeb bec 0e0 + 0e0 = aeb bec .
Hence
Z (a,b,c)
evaluate
4y dx + z dy + (y 2z) dz.
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [4y, z, (y 2z)] needs to be the gradient
of
some function
f f f
,
,
x y z

i

j
k

curl F =

x y

z

4y z (y 2z)

=
(y 2z) z,
4y
(y 2z),
z
4y
y
z
z
x
x
y
= [1 1, 0 0, 0 4] = [0, 0, 4] 6= [0, 0, 0].

dependent.
Z (a,b,c)
evaluate
(cos(xy))(yz dx + xz dy) 2 sin(xy) dz.
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [yz cos(xy), xz cos(xy), 2 sin(xy)] needs to
be the gradient
of some function
f , thus we need to find out whether there exists a function f (x, y, z)

f f f
such that
,
,
x y z

i
j
k

curl F =

x
y
z

yz cos(xy) xz cos(xy) 2 sin(xy)
123

=
(2 sin(xy)) xz cos(xy),
yz cos(xy)
(2 sin(xy)),
y
z
z
x

xz cos(xy)
yz cos(xy)
x
y
= [2x cos(xy) x cos(xy), y cos(xy) + 2y cos(xy),

z cos(xy) xyz sin(xy) z cos(xy) (xyz sin(xy))]
= [3x cos(xy), 3y cos(xy), 0] 6= [0, 0, 0].
dependent.
Z (a,b,c)
(cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ))(2x dx + 4y dy + 2z dz).
evaluate
(0,0,0)
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [2x cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ), 4y cos(x2 + 2y 2 +
z 2 ), 2z cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 )] needs to be the gradient of some function
f , thus we need to find out

f f f
whether there exists a function f (x, y, z) such that
,
,
= F. If such a function exists,
x y z
then curl F = curl(grad f ) = 0. But in this case we do not need to calculate the curl, since such a
function f is easily obtained in the following way: We look for a function f (x, y, z), such that

f f f
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ]
grad f =
x y z
= [2x cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ), 4y cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ), 2z cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 )].
So we know that
f
= 2x cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ). Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = sin(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ) + g(y, z).

f
g
=
sin(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ) + g(y, z) = 4y cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ) +
= F2 = 4y cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ).
y
y
y
g
Hence

f
h
=
sin(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ) + c1 + h(z) = 2z cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ) +
= F3 = 2z cos(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ).
z
z
z
h
Hence
z
we can choose c1 = c2 = 0, then f = sin(x2 + 2y 2 + z 2 ). Thus the integral is independent of the path
and its value is
f (a, b, c) f (0, 0, 0) = sin(a2 + 2b2 + c2 ) sin 0 = sin(a2 + 2b2 + c2 ).
124
Problem Set 10.3

Z
2x
(x + y)2 dy dx.
10.3 Exercise 2. Describe the region of integration and evaluate

0
2
2x
3.
y=2x
Z
1 2
(x + y) dy dx =
dx =
(x + 2x)3 (x + x)3 dx
3
0
0
y=x
Z 2
Z 2
Z
1
1
1 2
3
3
3
3
=
(3x) (2x) dx =
27x 8x dx =
19x3 dx
3 0
3 0
3 0
2

76
1 19 4
= .
x
=
3 4
3
0
Z
1
(x + y)3
3

0
(x + y ) dx dy =
0
x3
+ y2x
3
x=y
2 3
8
y + 2y 3 dy =
3
3
dy =
0
x=y
(x2 + y 2 ) dx dy.
Z
0
3
8 y4
y dy =
= 54
3 4 0
3
10.3 Exercise 4. The same integral as in the previous exercise (10.3 Exercise 3), in reversed order.
4.
Because of the hook at (x, y) = (0, 0), this needs to be done in two parts.
Z 0Z 3
Z 3Z 3
ZZ
2
2
2
2
(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx
(x + y ) dy dx +
(x + y ) dR =
3
(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx =
x2 y +

3 y=3
y
3
x
0
3x2 + 9 (x)x2
dx =
3
y=x
(x)3
dx
3
4
0
x
4 3
2
3
x + 3x + 9 dx =
+ x + 9x
= 27 + 27 + 27 = 27
=
3
3 3
3
Z 0Z 3
2
2
Because the function x +y is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, we have
(x2 +y 2 ) dy dx =
3 x
Z 3Z 3
(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx. So we obtain
0
ZZ
(x + y ) dR =
R
(x + y ) dy dx +
3
125
(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx = 2(27) = 54.
5.
5.
(1 2xy) dy dx

x2
Z
(1 2xy) dy dx =
x2

=
6.
6.
y=x

y xy 2 y=x2 dx =
x x3 x2 + x5 dx

6 1
x2 x4 x3 x
+
2
4
3
6
=
0
1 1 1 1
634+2
1
+ =
= .
2 4 3 6
12
12
Z
sinh(x + y) dx dy =
[cosh(x +
y)]x=y
x=0
1
=
sinh(2y) sinh(y)
2
7.
7.
cosh(2y) cosh(y) dy
dy =
sinh(x + y) dx dy
2
=
0
1
sinh(4) sinh(2) sinh(0) + sinh(0)
2
1
e4 e4 e2 e2
sinh(4) sinh(2) =
.
2
4
2
10.3 Exercise 7. The same integral as in the previous exercise (10.3 Exercise 6), in reversed order.
126
[cosh(x +
sinh(x + y) dy dx =
0
y)]y=2
y=x
Z
0
1
= sinh(x + 2) sinh(2x)
2
8.
cosh(x + 2) cosh(2x) dx
dx =
2
= sinh(4)
0
1
sinh(4) sinh(2) + sinh(0)
2
1
e e4 e2 e2
sinh(4) sinh(2) =
.
2
4
2
4

0
cos y
x3
sin y
3
x=cos y
cos y
x2 sin(y) dx dy
1
(cos y)3 sin y dy
3
0
0
0
0
x=0
!

4

4
1 1
1
1
3
1
1
4
4
= (cos y)
=
= .
1 =
3 4
12
12
4
16
2
0
______________________________________________________________
Find the volume of the given region in space.
9.
10.3 Exercise 9. Find the volume of the region beneath z = 4x2 + 9y 2 and above the rectangle with
vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 2), (0, 2) in the xy-plane.
2
x sin(y) dx dy =
dy =
Just like one finds the area by doing an integral with one variable, one finds the volume by doing a
double integral.
Z 3Z 2
Z 3
Z 3
2

2
2
3 y=2
Volume =
4x + 9y dy dx =
4x y + 3y y=0 dx =
8x2 + 24 dx
0
8
= x3 + 24x
3
10.3 Exercise 11.

z = 1 (x2 + y 2 ).
3
= 72 + 72 0 0 = 144.
0
Find the volume of the region above the xy-plane and below the paraboloid
127
Just like one finds the area by doing an integral with one variable, one finds the volume by doing a
double integral. Here it is best to use polar coordinates. So we let x = r cos and y = r sin . Then
we need to calculate the Jacobian, see equation (7) on page 430.

x x

r cos r sin
=
J =
= r cos2 (r sin2 ) = r(cos2 + sin2 ) = r.

y y
sin
r cos

r
Since the Jacobian is r and r is always positive, we have dR = dx dy = |r| dr d = r dr d. Here
R means region and r means radius, so do not confuse them. It is good to remember the Jacobian
for polar coordinates. We find the region over which we need to integrate by letting z = 0 in the
equation z = 1 (x2 + y 2 ). So we get 1 = x2 + y 2 , a circle of radius 1 centered at the origin.
ZZ
1 (x + y ) dR =
Volume =
R
[1 (r2 cos2 + r2 sin2 )] r dr d
r r (cos + sin ) dr d =
=
0
0
2
=
0
r r dr d =
0
r2 r4
2
4
1
d
0
2
1
1 1
d =
= .
2 4
4 0
2
10.3 Exercise 12.

region R.
Find the center of gravity (

x, y) of a mass of density f (x, y) = 1 in the given
First we need the total mass M .

ZZ
M=
2h
x
b
f (x, y) dR = 2
R
y =
b
2
1
M
2
=
hb
1 dy dx = 2
0
ZZ
yf (x, y) dR =
R
1
= 2
2h
"
b
2
y2
2
2hb x
0
3
2h
x
b
3
# 2b
0
b
2
2
hb
2
dx +
hb
b
2
2h
x
b
y dy dx +
0
Z b
1
dx 2
2h
b
2
"
y2
2
2h 2hb x
0
2h 2h
x
b
3
y= 2hb x
y y=0 dx = 2
2
hb
2
dx =
hb
3 #b
dx =
b
2
128
Z bZ
Z
0
b
2

b
2h
h 2 2
hb
x dx = 2 x
= .
b
b
2
0
2h 2h
x
b
y dy dx
b
2
Z
0
0
b
2
2
2h
x
b
2
2
dx +
hb
Z
b
2
2h 2h
x
b
2
1
h
(h3 0 0 + h3 ) = .
2
6h
3
2
dx
x =
b
, by symmetry.
2
10.3 Exercise 13.

region R.
Find the center of gravity (

x, y) of a mass of density f (x, y) = 1 in the given
First we need the total mass M .

Z bZ
ZZ
f (x, y) dR =
M=
h
x
b
b

hb
h
h 2
= .
1 dy dx =
x dx =
x
2b
2
0
R
0
0
0 b
0
ZZ
Z b Z hx
Z b
Z b 2
b
2 hb x
h 2
1
2
1
1
y 0 dx =
y =
yf (x, y) dR =
x dx
y dy dx =
M
hb 0 0
hb 0
hb 0 b2
R
b
h
h x3
= .
= 3
b
3 0 3
ZZ
Z b Z hx
Z b
Z
b
y= hb x
2
2
2b
1
2 b 2
xf (x, y) dR =
x dy dx =
xy y=0 dx = 2
x dx = .
x =
M
hb 0 0
hb 0
b 0
3
R
Z
y= hb x
y y=0 dx =
Problem Set 10.4

1
10.4 Exercise 1. Let F = [y, x] and C the circle x +y = . Evaluate
4
around the boundary C of the region R by Greens theorem.
2
Z
F(r) dr counterclockwise
C
ZZ
ZZ
Z 2 Z 1
2
F(r) dr =
F2
F1 dR =
(x)
y dR =
2 dR =
2 r drd
y
y
C
R x
R x
R
0
0
Z 2 2 12
Z
1 2
r
1 1 2
1
= 2
d = (2) 2
1 d = 0 = 2 = .
2 0
2 2 0
4
4
2
0
ZZ
10.4 Exercise 2. Let F = [6y 2 , 2x 2y 4 ] and R the square with vertices (2, 2), (2, 2). Evaluate
Z
F(r) dr counterclockwise around the boundary C of the region R by Greens theorem.
C
129
ZZ
ZZ
4
2 12y dR
F2
F1 dR =
(2x 2y )
6y dR =
F(r) dr =
y
y
R x
R
C
R x
Z 2
Z 2
Z 2Z 2

2
2 2
2y 6y 2 dx =
8 dx = 8x 2 = 32.
2 12y dy dx =
=
ZZ
10.4 Exercise 3. Let F = [x2 ey , y 2 ex ] and R the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 3), (0, 3).
Z
Evaluate
C
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
2 x
2 y
F(r) dr =
F2
F1 dR =
y e
x e dR =
y 2 ex x2 ey dR
x
y
x
y
C
R
R
R
3
Z 2 3
Z 2Z 3
Z 2
y x
y 2 ex x2 ey dy dx =
9ex e3 x2 + x2 e0 dx
=
e x2 ey dx =
3
0
0
0
0
0

Z 2
2
x3
8
=
9ex + (1 e3 )x2 dx = 9ex + (1 e3 )
= 9e2 + (1 e3 ) 9.
3 0
3
0
10.4 Exercise 4.
Let F = [x cosh 2y, 2x sinh 2y] and R : x y x. Evaluate
F(r) dr
C
counterclockwise around the boundary C of the region R by Greens theorem.
First we need to make clear what are the boundaries of the region R. The graphs of y = x2 and
y = x intersect at two points, (0, 0) and (0, 1). We see that for 0 x 1, we have x2 x. Thus
ZZ
F2
F1 dR =
x
y
2x sinh 2y
x cosh 2y dR
y
R
R x
ZZ
ZZ
=
4x sinh 2y 2x sinh 2y dR =
2x sinh 2y dR
F(r) dr =
C
ZZ
1Z
2x sinh 2y dy dx =
x2
y=x
[x cosh 2y]y=x
2 dx
x sinh 2x x cosh(2x ) dx =
=
0
1
2
x cosh(2x ) dx +
0
1
1 Z 1
1
1
1
2
sinh(2x ) + x sinh 2x
sinh 2x dx
=
4
2
0 2
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
2
=
sinh(2x ) + x sinh 2x
cosh 2x
4
2
4
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
sinh 0 sinh 2 + sinh 1 0 + cosh 0 cosh 2
4
4
2
4
4
130
x cosh 2x dx
0
1
1
1 1
e e1 e2 + 1
= sinh 2 + sinh 1 + cosh 2 =
.
4
2
4 4
4
Z 1
x cosh 2x dx.
We have used integration by parts for
0
Let F = [x + y , x y ] and R : 1 y 2 x . Evaluate
10.4 Exercise 5.
F(r) dr
C
First we need to make clear what are the boundaries of the region R. The graphs of y = 1 and
y = 2 x2 intersect at two points, (1, 1) and (1, 1). We see that for 1 x 1, we have
1 2 x2 . Thus
ZZ
F2
F1 dR =
F(r) dr =
y
C
R x
ZZ
Z 1Z
=
2x 2y dR =
1
ZZ
2
2
(x y 2 )
(x + y 2 ) dR
y
R x
Z 1
2x2
y=2x2

dx
2x 2y dy dx =
2xy y 2 y=1
1
1
2
2 2
2x(2 x ) (2 x ) 2x + 1 dx =
=
1
4x 2x3 4 + 4x2 x4 2x + 1 dx
x5 x4 4x3
=
x 2x + 4x + 2x 3 dx =
+
+ x2 3x
5
2
3
1
Z
1
1
2 8
6 + 40 90
56
= + 6=
=
5 3
15
15
Z
10.4 Exercise 6. Let F = [cosh y, sinh x] and R : 1 x 3, x y 3x. Evaluate
ZZ
F2
F1 dR =
x
y
ZZ
( sinh x)
cosh y dR
y
R x
R
ZZ
Z 3 Z 3x
=
cosh x sinh y dR =
cosh x sinh y dy dx
F(r) dr =
C
F(r) dr
C
[y cosh x
cosh y]y=3x
y=x
2x cosh x cosh 3x + cosh x dx
dx =
1
3 Z 3
1
= sinh x sinh 3x
2x cosh x dx
3
1
1

3 Z 3
1
2 sinh x dx
= sinh x sinh 3x 2x sinh x +
3
1
1

131
1
= sinh x sinh 3x 2x sinh x + 2 cosh x
3
3
1
1
1
sinh 9 6 sinh 3 + 2 cosh 3 sinh 1 + sinh 3 + 2 sinh 1 + 2 cosh 1
3
3
1
14
= sinh 9
sinh 3 + 2 cosh 3 + sinh 1 + 2 cosh 1.
3
3
Z 3
2x cosh x dx.
= sinh 3
10.4 Exercise 7. Let F = grad(x3 cos2 (xy)) and R as in the previous exercise (10.4 Exercise 6).
Z
Evaluate
C
Let f = x cos (xy). Then F = grad(x cos (xy)) =

f, f . Thus
x y
Z
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ

F(r) dr =
0 dR = 0.
F2
F1 dR =
f
f dR =
y
y x
C
R x
R x y
R
3
10.4 Exercise 8. Let F = [ex cos y, ex sin y] and R the semidisk x2 + y 2 16, x 0. Evaluate
Z
C
Note that F = grad f =

f, f
x y
Exercise 7), the integral will be zero.
with f = ex cos y. Thus as in the previous exercise (10.4

ey y
10.4 Exercise 9. (In the textbook there is a misprint). Let F =
, e ln x + 2x and
x
Z
R : 1 + x4 y 2. Evaluate
F(r) dr counterclockwise around the boundary C of the region R

by Greens theorem.
First we need to make clear what are the boundaries of the region R. The graphs of y = 1 + x4 and
y = 2 intersect at two points, (1, 1) and (1, 1). We see that for 1 x 1, we have 1 + x4 2.
Thus
ZZ
y
ey
F(r) dr =
F2
F1 dR =
(e ln x + 2x)
dR
y
y x
C
R x
R x
ZZ y
ZZ
Z 1Z 2
e
ey
=
+2
dR =
2 dR =
2 dy dx
x
R x
R
1 1+x4
ZZ
132
=
1
[2y]y=2
y=1+x4
2
= 2x x5
5
4 2 2x dx =
dx =
1
1
=4
1
2 2x4 dx
4
16
= .
5
5

x
2 2
Let F = x y , 2 and R : 1 x2 + y 2 4, x 0, y x. Evaluate
y
10.4 Exercise 10.

Z
C
First we need to make clear what are the boundaries of the region R. The region is inside the circle
x2 + y 2 = 4, thus inside the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin. The region is outside the circle
x2 + y 2 = 1, thus outside the circle of radius 1 centered at the origin. Since x 0, the region is in
the right half-plane. Since y x, the region is above the line y = x.
We will use polar coordinates, x = r cos and y = r sin . Then we need to calculate the Jacobian,
see equation (7) on page 430.

x x

r cos r sin
=
J =

y
y

sin
r cos

r
Since the Jacobian is r and r is always positive, we have dR = dx dy = |r| dr d = r dr d. Here R
means region and r means radius, so do not confuse them. It is good to remember the Jacobian for
polar coordinates.

Z
ZZ
ZZ
x
2 2
F(r) dr =
F2
F1 dR =
2
x y dR
y
y
y
C
R x
R x

ZZ
Z Z 2
2
1
1
2
2
2
=
2 2x y dR =
2 2 2r cos (r sin ) r dr d
y
r sin
R
1
4
133
Z
=
Z
=
Z
=
1
2r4 cos2 sin dr d
r sin2
1

r=2
Z
2
ln |r|
2r5
ln 2 ln 1 26 2
2
2
cos sin
d =
cos2 sin d
2
5
5
sin
sin
r=1
4

2
ln 2
62
62
2
3
2
cos sin d = ln(2) cotan +
cos
5
15
sin
4
= ln(2) cotan
Z
We have used that
62
124
62
+
cos3 ln(2) cotan
cos3 = ln 2
2.
2 15
2
4 15
4
15
1
cos
= cotan . This is so because
d =
2
sin
sin

0
cos
sin sin cos cos
1
=
=
.
2
sin
sin
sin2
Problem Set 10.5

10.5 Exercise 1. Let the xy-plane be given by the parametric representation r(u, v) = (u, v, 0).
Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant) and find a normal vector
N = ru rv .
Section 10.5
If we fix u, then we obtain a line parallel to the y-axis. If we fix v, then we obtain a line parallel to
the x-axis. We have ru = (1, 0, 0) and rv = (0, 1, 0). Thus

i j k

N = ru rv = 1 0 0 = [0, 0, 1].

0 1 0
134
10.5 Exercise 2. Let the xy-plane be given by the parametric representation in polar coordinates
r(u, v) = [u cos v, u sin v, 0]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant)
and find a normal vector N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we get a circle with radius u centered at the origin. If we fix v, we get a line through the
sin
. We have ru = (cos v, sin v, 0) and rv = (u sin v, u cos v, 0). Thus
origin with slope
cos

i
j
k

sin v 0 = [0, 0, u cos2 v (u sin2 v)] = [0, 0, u].
N = ru rv = cos v

u sin v u cos v 0
10.5 Exercise 3. Let a circular cone be given by the parametric representation

r(u, v) = [u cos v, u sin v, cu]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant)
and find a normal vector N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we get a circle of radius u centered at [0, 0, cu]. If we fix v, we get a line through the
origin. We have ru = [cos v, sin v, c] and rv = [u sin v, u cos v, 0]. Thus

i
j
k

sin v c = [cu cos v, cu sin v, u].
N = ru rv = cos v

u sin v u cos v 0
135
10.5 Exercise 4. Let an elliptical cylinder be given by the parametric representation r(u, v) =
[a cos v, b sin v, u]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant) and find
a normal vector N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we obtain an ellipse with x-radius a and y-radius b. If we fix v, we obtain a line parallel
to the z-axis. We have ru = [0, 0, 1] and rv = [a sin v, b cos v, 0]. Thus

i
j
k

0
0
1 = [b cos v, a sin v, 0].
N = ru rv =

a sin v b cos v 0
10.5 Exercise 5. Let a paraboloid of revolution be given by the parametric representation r(u, v) =
[u cos v, u sin v, u2 ]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant) and find
a normal vector N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we get circles of radius u centered at [0, 0, u2 ]. If we fixe v, we get a parabola, hence the
name paraboloid. We have ru = [cos v, sin v, 2u] and rv = [u sin v, u cos v, 0]. Thus

i
j
k

sin v 2u = [2u2 cos v, 2u2 sin v, u].
N = ru rv = cos v

u sin v u cos v 0
136
10.5 Exercise 6. Let a helicoid be given by the parametric representation r(u, v) = [u cos v, u sin v, v].
Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v = constant) and find a normal vector
N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we get a helix with radius u. If we fix v, we get a line parallel to the xy-plane. We have
ru = [cos v, sin v, 0] and rv = [u sin v, u cos v, 1]. Thus

i
j
k

sin v 0 = [sin v, cos v, u].
N = ru rv = cos v

u sin v u cos v 1
10.5 Exercise 7. Let an ellipsoid be given by the parametric representation

r(u, v) = [a cos v cos u, b cos v sin u, c sin v]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and
v = constant) and find a normal vector N = ru rv .
If we fix u, we have an ellipse in a plane orthogonal to the xy-plane. If we fix v, we have an
ellipse in a plane parallel to the xy-plane. We have ru = [a cos v sin u, b cos v cos u, 0] and rv =
[a sin v cos u, b sin v sin u, c cos v].

i
j
k

0
N = ru rv = a cos v sin u b cos v cos u

a sin v cos u b sin v sin u c cos v
137

= [bc cos2 v cos u, ac cos2 v sin u, ab cos v sin v].

10.5 Exercise 8. Let a hyperbolic paraboloid be given by the parametric representation

r(u, v) = [au cosh v, bu sinh v, u2 ]. Describe the parameter curves (curves u = constant and v =
constant) and find a normal vector N = ru rv .
x2
y2
= 1. This is a hyperbola,
a2 u2
b2 u 2
to see why, compare this with 9.4 Exercise 1. So the parameter curve is a hyperbola in the plane
z = u2 (parallel to the xy-plane). If v is a constant, we get a parabola. Hence the name hyperbolic
paraboloid. We have ru = [a cosh v, b sinh v, 2u] and rv = [au sinh v, bu cosh v, 0]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = a cosh v b sinh v 2u = [2bu2 cosh v, 2au2 sinh v, bau].

au sinh v bu cosh v 0
If u is a constant, since cosh2 v sinh2 v = 1, we have
10.5 Exercise 14. Derive a parametric representation of the plane 4x + 3y + 2z = 12. Find a normal
vector.
Clearly, the points A : (3, 0, 0), B : (0, 4, 0) and C : (0, 0, 6) are in the plane. Using the vectors
AB = (3, 4, 0) and AC = (3, 0, 6) we get the parametric representation given by A + uAB + vAC,
which is r(u, v) = [3 3u 3v, 4u, 6v]. Of course we know that [4, 3, 2] is a normal vector, but we
can check this as follows. We have ru = [3, 4, 0] and rv = [3, 0, 6]. Thus

i j k

N = ru rv = 3 4 0 = [24, 18, 12] = 6[4, 3, 2].

3 0 6
138
10.5 Exercise 15. Derive a parametric representation of the cylinder of revolution

(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25. Find a normal vector.
This is a circular cylinder with radius 5 and central axis (x, y) = (2, 1). We need a z component,
since z is arbitrary, we let z = v. Hence a parametric representation is given by
r(u, v) = [2 + 5 cos u, 1 + 5 sin u, v]. We have ru = [5 sin u, 5 cos u, 0] and rv = [0, 0, 1]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = 5 sin u 5 cos u 0 = [5 cos u, 5 sin u, 0].

0
0
1
10.5 Exercise 16.

normal vector.
1
Derive a parametric representation of the ellipsoid x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Find a
9
This ellipsoid is centered at the origin and has x-radius 1, y-radius 1, and z-radius 3 . Using the
convention that u is the angle between the projection of r on the xy-plane and the x-axis, and that v
is the angle between r and (its projection on) the xy-plane, we get r = [cos u cos v, sin u cos v, 3 sin v].
We have ru = [ sin u cos v, cos u cos v, 0] and rv = [ cos u sin v, sin u sin v, 3 cos v]. Thus

i
j
k

0 = [3 cos u cos2 v, 3 sin u cos2 v, cos v sin v].
N = ru rv = sin u cos v cos u cos v

cos u sin v sin u sin v 3 cos v
139
10.5 Exercise 17. Derive a parametric representation of the sphere x2 + (y + 2.8)2 + (z 3.2)2 = 2.25.
Find a normal vector.
3
2.25 = . Using the convention that u is the
2
angle between the projection of r on the xy-plane and the x-axis, and that v is the angle between r

3
3
3
and (its projection on) the xy-plane, we get r =
cos u cos v, 2.8 + sin u cos v, 3.2 + sin v .
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
We have ru = sin u cos v,
cos u cos v, 0 and rv = cos u sin v, sin u sin v, cos v .
2
2
2
2
2
Thus

i
j
k

3

3

9
9
9
2
2
sin
u
cos
v
cos
u
cos
v
0

N = ru rv = 2
= 4 cos u cos v, 4 sin u cos v, 4 cos v sin v .
2

3
3
3

cos u sin v sin u sin v
cos v
2
2
2
This sphere is centered at (0, 2.8, 3.2) and has radius
10.5 Exercise 18.

normal vector.
Derive a parametric representation of the elliptic cone z =
We let u = x and v = y. Then z =
p
x2 + 4y 2 . Find a
u2 + 4v 2 and a parametric representation is given by
140

h
i
2
2
r = u, v, u + 4v . We have ru = 1, 0,

u
4v
and rv = 0, 1,
. Thus
u2 + 4v 2
u2 + 4v 2

i j
k

u

1 0
u
4v

,
, 1 .
N = ru rv =
u2 + 4v 2 = 2
2
2 + 4v 2

u
+
4v
u

0 1 4v

u2 + 4v 2
10.5 Exercise 19. Derive a parametric representation of the hyperbolic cylinder x2 y 2 = 1. Find a
normal vector.
Compare this with 9.4 Exercise 1 to see why this is a hyperbolic cylinder.
Since cosh2 u sinh2 u = 1, we can put x = cosh u, y = sinh u and z = v to get the parametric
representation r = [cosh u, sinh u, v]. We have ru = [sinh u, cosh u, 0] and rv = [0, 0, 1]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = sinh u cosh u 0 = [cosh u, sinh u, 0].

0
0
1
___________________________
Problem Set
____________________________
10.6
10.6 Exercise 1. Let F = [x2 , y 2 , 0] and S : r = [u, v, 3u 2v], 0 u 1.5, 2 v 2. Evaluate

Z
F n dA.
S
141
We have ru = [1, 0, 3] and rv = [0, 1, 2]. Thus

i j k

N = ru rv = 1 0 3

0 1 2
Z
3
2
=
2
[u , v , 0] [3, 2, 1]
F n dA =
_________________________________________________________
S

= [3, 2, 1].

du dv =
2
3
u= 3
u + 2v 2 u u=02 dv =
3
2
3u2 + 2v 2 du dv
2

27
27
27
59
2
3
+ 3v dv =
v+v
=
+ 16 = .
8
8
2
2
2
The surface S is part of a plane
10.6 Exercise 2. Let F = [e , e , 1] and S : x + y + z = 1, x 0, y 0, z 0. Evaluate
F n dA.
S
The surface S is part of a plane, in the first octant, and including the points (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1).
In particular, for z = 0, it includes the part of the line y = 1 x with 0 x 1. We let x = u, y = v
and we obtain the parametrization r = [u, v, 1 u v]. We have ru = [1, 0, 1] and rv = [0, 1, 1].
Thus

i j k

N = ru rv = 1 0 1 = [1, 1, 1].

0 1 1
Z
1u
F n dA =
1u
ev + eu + 1 dv du
[e , e , 1] [1, 1, 1] dv du =
0
1
ev + veu + v
Z
=
v=1u
v=0
du
1u
+ (1 u)e + 1 u 1 0 du =
e
0
1u
+ e u du
ueu du
1

1
Z 1
u 1
u2
u2
1u
u
u
1u
u
u
u
= e
+e
ue 0 +
e du = e
+e
ue + e
2 0
2
0
0

142
u2
+ (2 u)e
2
1u
= e
1
= e0 + e
1
7
+ e 2e0 + 0 = 2e .
2
2
ueu du.

0
10.6 Exercise 5. Let F = [x, y, z] and S : r = [u cos v, u sin v, u2 ], 0 u 4, v . Evaluate

Z
F n dA.
S
The surface S is a circular paraboloid. We have ru = [cos v, sin v, 2u] and rv = [u sin v, u cos v, 0].
Thus

i
j
k

sin v 2u = [2u2 cos v, 2u2 sin v, u].
N = ru rv = cos v

u sin v u cos v 0
Z
[u cos v, u sin v, u2 ] [2u2 cos v, 2u2 sin v, u]
F n dA =
4
3
2u cos v 2u sin v + u du dv =
4
Z

u4
dv =
64 dv = 64 = 128.
=
4 0
143
u3 du dv
10.6 Exercise 8. Let F = [tan xy, x, y] and S : y 2 + z 2 = 1, 2 x 5, y 0, z 0. Evaluate

Z
F n dA.
S
The surface S is a segment of a quarter circular cylinder with the x-axis as central axis and radius
1. We can parametrize it as follows: r = [u, cos v, sin v] with 2 u 5 and 0 v . We have

2
ru = [1, 0, 0] and rv = [0, sin v, cos v]. Thus

i

j
k

0
0 = [0, cos v, sin v].
N = ru rv = 1

0 sin v cos v
Z
F n dA =
=
0
[tan(u cos v), u, cos v] [0, cos v, sin v] du dv

2
=
Z
u2
u cos v cos v sin v du dv =
cos v u cos v sin v
2
2
0

21
3 2 2
21
cos v 3 cos v sin v dv = sin v sin v = 12.
2
2
2
0
Z
u=5
dv
u=2
10.6 Exercise 9. There is a misprint in the book. Let F = [0, sinh z, cosh x] and
Z
2
2
S : x + z = 4, 0 x 2, 0 y 5, z 0. Evaluate
F n dA.
S
The surface S is a segment of an eighth circular cylinder with the y-axis as central axis and radius
2. We can parametrize it as follows: r = [2 sin u, v, 2 cos u] with 0 u and 0 v 5. We have

2
ru = [2 cos u, 0, 2 sin u] and rv = [0, 1, 0]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = 2 cos u 0 2 sin u = [2 sin u, 0, 2 cos u].

0
1
0
144
Z
F n dA =
[0, sinh(2 cos u), cosh(2 sin u)] [2 sin u, 0, 2 cos u] dv du

0
Z
[cosh(2 sin u)]2 cos u dv du =

v=5
v[cosh(2 sin u)]2 cos u v=0 du
5[cosh(2 sin u)]2 cos u du = sinh(2 sin u)
=
0
4
0
= sinh 2 sinh 0 =
e
2
0.
Z
p
2
2
10.6 Exercise 10. Let F = [y , x , z ] and S : z = 4 x + y , 0 z 8, y 0. Evaluate Fn dA.
2
z
. We let
4
z = 4v, x = v cos u, y = v sin u, so we have the following parametrization: r = [v cos u, v sin u, 4v],
with 0 v 2 and 0 u . We have ru = [v sin u, v cos u, 0] and rv = [cos u, sin u, 4]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = v sin u v cos u 0 = [4v cos u, 4v sin u, v].

cos u
sin u 4
The surface S is half of a circular cone, with the z-axis as central axis and radius
[v 2 sin2 u, v 2 cos2 u, 256v 4 ] [4v cos u, 4v sin u, v] dv du
F n dA =
S
0
Z
4v 3 (sin2 u cos u + cos2 sin u) 256v 5 dv du

0
0
v=2
Z
128 6
4
2
2
=
v (sin u cos u + cos sin u)
v
du
3
0
v=0
Z
8192
=
16(sin2 u cos u + cos2 sin u)
du
3
0

16
8192
32 8192
3
3
=
(sin u cos )
u =
.
3
3
3
3
0
=
145
10.6 Exercise
Z Z 12. Let G = cos x + sin x and S the portion of x + y + z = 1 in the first octant.
G(r) dA.
Evaluate
S
From 10.6 Exercise 2, we have the parametrization r = [u, v, 1 u v] and the normal vector
N = [1, 1, 1]. We have |N(u, v)| = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3.
ZZ
ZZ
G(r) dA =
1u
G(r(u, v))|N(u, v)| du dv =
R
1
Z
=
iv=1u
3v(cos u + sin u)
du =
1
3(1 u)(sin u cos u) 0 +
(cos u + sin u) 3 dv du
v=0
3(1 u)(cos u + sin u) du
0
1
3(sin u cos u) du

1
= 3 (1 u)(sin u cos u) + ( cos u sin u) 0

= 3 cos 1 sin 1 (1) (1) = 3(2 cos 1 sin 1).
10.6 Exercise 13.

ZZ
G(r) dA.
Let G = x + y + z and S : z = x + 2y, 0 x , 0 y x. Evaluate
The surface S is a plane which we can parametrize as follows: r = [u, v, u + 2v], with 0 u ,
0 v u. We have ru = [1, 0, 1] and rv = [0, 1, 2]. Thus

i j k

N = ru rv = 1 0 1 = [1, 2, 1],

0 1 2
|N(u, v)| = 12 + 22 + 12 = 6.
ZZ
ZZ
Z Z u
G(r) dA =
G(r(u, v))|N(u, v)| du dv =
(u + v + u + 2v) 6 dv du
S
Z
= 6
7 3
6 u
6

Z
2u + 3v dv du = 6

=
0
7
7
6 3 = 3.
6
6
146
3
2uv + v 2
2
v=u
v=0
Z
du = 6
0
7 2
u du
2
10.6 Exercise 14. There is a misprint in the book. Let G = ax + by + cz and

ZZ
2
2
2
G(r) dA.
S : x + y + z = 1, y 0, z 0. Evaluate
S
The surface S is the quarter of a sphere centered at the origin and with radius 1. We can parametrize
it as follows: r = [cos u cos v, sin u cos v, sin v], with 0 u , 0 v . We have ru =

2
[ sin u cos v, cos u cos v, 0] and r = [ cos u sin v, sin u sin v, cos v]. Thus

i
j
k

0 = [cos u cos2 v, sin u cos2 v, cos v sin v]
N = ru rv = sin u cos v cos u cos v

cos u sin v sin u sin v cos v
p
p
|N(u, v)| = cos2 u cos4 v + sin2 u cos4 v + cos2 v sin2 v = cos4 v + cos2 v sin2 v
p
= cos2 u cos2 v + cos2 v sin2 v = cos2 v = | cos v|. We use cos v, since 0 v .
2
ZZ
ZZ
G(r) dA =
G(r(u, v))|N(u, v)| du dv
S
(a cos u cos v + b sin u cos v + c sin v) cos v dv du

0
=
0
(a cos u + b sin u) cos2 v + c sin v cos v dv du
Z
i 2
hc
c
2
=
(a cos u + b sin u) +
sin v
du =
(a cos u + b sin u) + du
4
2
4 2
0
0
0
h
c i
c
b+c
= (a sin u b cos u) + u = b + =
.
4 2 0
2 2
2
Z
2
We have used that

cos2 v dv = . This follows from a geometric argument and the fact that
4
0
Z 2
cos2 v dv = (see 10.1 Exercise 6).
Z
147
10.6 Exercise 15.

ZZ
G(r) dA.
Let G = (1 + 9xz) 2 and S : r = [u, v, u3 ], 0 u 1, 2 v 2. Evaluate
We have ru = [1, 0, 3u2 ] and rv = [0, 1, 0]. Thus

i j k

2
N = ru rv = 1 0 3u = [3u2 , 0, 1]

0 1 0
|N(u, v)| = 9u4 + 1

ZZ
ZZ
G(r) dA =
S
R
1
(1 + 9uu )
Z
9u4
=
0

v=2
(1 + 9u4 )2 v v=2 du = 4

=4 u+
18 5
u + 9u9
5
1
=4
0
148
+ 1 dv du =
3
2
(1 + 9u4 )2 dv du
1 + 18u4 + 81u8 du
272
5 + 18 + 45
=
= 54.4.
5
5
10.6 Exercise 16. Let G = arctan(y/x) and S : z = x2 + y 2 , 1 z 9, x 0, y 0. Evaluate

ZZ
G(r) dA.
S
The surface S is a quarter of a circular paraboloid. It can be parametrized as follows:
r = [v cos u, v sin u, v 2 ], 0 u , 1 v 3.
2
We have ru = [v sin u, v cos u, 0] and rv = [cos u, sin u, 2v]. Thus

i
j
k

N = ru rv = v sin u v cos u 0 = [2v 2 cos u, 2v 2 sin u, v]

cos u
sin u 2v
p
4v 4 cos2 u + 4v 4 sin2 +v 2 = 4v 4 + v 2 = v 4v 2 + 1
ZZ
ZZ
G(r) dA =
|N(u, v)| =
R
3
arctan
=
1
arctan (tan u) v
1
=
1
v 4v 2 + 1 du dv
Z
4v 2
u2 2
v 4v + 1
2
u= 2
Z
dv =
1
u=0
3
2 2 1 2
(4v + 1) 2
8 3 8
3
=
1
+ 1 du dv =
0
3
v sin u
v cos u
3Z
uv 4v 2 + 1 du dv
2 2
v 4v + 1 dv
8
3
3
2
(37 2 5 2 ).
96

Supplementary Problem 1. (a) Show that the line integral
Z B(3,2,1)
I=
(6xy 3 + 2z 2 ) dx + 9x2 y 2 dy + (4xz + 1) dz
A(0,0,0)
149
is path independent.
(b) Evaluate the line integral I.
If the form under the integral sign is exact, then F = [6xy 3 + 2z 2 , 9x2 y 2 , 4xz + 1] needs to be the
gradient of some function f . If F = grad f , then curl F = [0, 0, 0], so one way of showing that the
line integral is path independent, is by showing that curl F = 0. But since in part (b) we are asked
to evaluate the integral, it is time-saving not to calculate curl F, but instead find the function f . We

f f f
need a function f such that grad f = f =
,
,
= F. We look for a function f (x, y, z),
x y z
such that

f f f
,
,
= F = [F1 , F2 , F3 ] = [6xy 3 + 2z 2 , 9x2 y 2 , 4xz + 1].
grad f =
x y z
So we know that
f
= 6xy 3 + 2z 2 . Integrating with respect to x, we get
x
f = 3x2 y 3 + 2z 2 x + g(y, z).

f
g
=
3x2 y 3 + 2z 2 x + g(y, z) = 9x2 y 2 +
= F2 = 9x2 y 2 .
y
y
y
g
Hence

f
h
=
3x2 y 3 + 2z 2 x + c1 + h(z) = 4zx +
= F3 = 4xz + 1.
z
z
z
h
= 1. Integrating with respect to z, we get h = z + c2 , for some constant c2 . For our
z
purposes, we can choose c1 = c2 = 0. Thus f = 3x2 y 3 + 2z 2 x + z.
Hence
(b) Since we know that for f = 3x2 y 3 + 2z 2 x + z, F = grad f , we get

I = f (B) f (A) = f (3, 2, 1) f (0, 0, 0) = 3(32 )23 + 2(12 )3 + 1 = 0 = 223
.
Supplementary Problem 2. In 10.3 Exercise 2, reverse the order of integration.
150
This needs to be done in two parts, because of the shape of the region.
Z 4Z 2
Z 2Z y
Z
2
2
(x + y) dx dy +
(x + y)2 dx dy.
(x + y) dR =
y
2
(x + y) dx dy =
0
y
2
y
2
x=y
x= y2
1
dy =
3
(y + y)3
y
3
Z
1 2 64 3 27 3
y y dy
(2y)
dy =
3 0 8
8
0

2
Z
1 2 37 3
1 37 4
37
37
=
y dy =
y
16 = .
=
3 0 8
3 32
3 32
6
0
x=2
Z
Z 4Z 2
Z 4
y
3
1 4
1
3
3
2
(x + y)
(2 + y)
+y
dy
(x + y) dx dy =
dy =
y
3
3 2
2
2
2
x= y
2
1
=
3
1
(x + y)3
3
3
y
2
4
1 1
27 1 4
4
=
(2 + y)
y
3 4
8 4
2

27 1
1
27 1
1 1
1296
256 256 +
16
=
3 4
8 4
4
8 4

1
115
= (648 432 128 + 27) =
.
6
6
Z
Z 2Z y
Z 4Z 2
37 115
76
2
2
(x + y) dR =
(x + y) dx dy +
(x + y)2 dx dy =
+
= .
y
y
6
6
3
R
0
2
2
2
.
Supplementary Problem 3. Let
Z
I=
x
0
y 3 + 1 dy dx
x
3
(a) Sketch the region of integration of the integral.

(b) Evaluate I. (Hint: try to reverse the order of integration).
Answer:
151
+y
3
dy
+5.0
+4.5
+4.0
(a) Knowing what the region of integration looks like is essential, without this it is impossible to
+3.5
x
do part (b). Note that the line y = can also be expressed as x = 3y. The region of integration is
+3.0
3
enclosed in the red boundary.
+2.5
+2.0
+1.5
+1.0
+0.5
+1.0
0.5
+2.5
+4.0
+5.5
(b)
Z
I=
x
3
Z
=
0
Z
p
3
x y + 1 dy dx =
0
3y
Z
p
3
x y + 1 dx dy =
x2 p 3
y +1
2
x=3y
dy
x=0
h
i
3 2
3
9y 2 p 3
3
2
y + 1 dy = (y + 1)
= 9 2 1 = 27 1 = 26.
2
0
Supplementary Problem 4. This supplementary problem is added because in the exercises of Section
10.3, there are no exercises of this type.
ZZ
p
4(y 2 x2 ) 2y 2 + 2x2 dxdy, where R is the region inside the red rectangle.
Find
R
We make a change of variables. On the picture, you can recognize segments of the lines y = x and
y = 1 x. These can also be written as y + x = 0 and y + x = 1. So we let u = y + x, and we
integrate from u = 0 to u = 1. On the picture, you can recognize segments of the lines y = x and
y = 1 + x. These can also be written as y x = 0 and y x = 1. So we let v = y x and we integrate
from v = 0 to v = 1. Because we did a change of variables, we need to calculate the Jacobian, see
equation (7) on page 430. Therefore we first need to find x and y in terms of u and v. It is evident
uv
u+v
that x =
and y =
. Thus
2
2

x x 1
1

u v 2
1
1
2 1

J =
=
= .
= 1

4
2
1 4
y y

2
2
u v
152

1
1
This means that dR = dx dy = du dv = du dv. Thus
2
2
ZZ
p
4(y 2 x2 ) 2y 2 + 2x2 dxdy
R
2 s
2

2
u+v
uv
u+v
uv
1
4
=
4
2
+2
du dv
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
r
Z 1Z 1
1 2
u2 + 2uv + v 2 + (u2 2uv + v 2 )
[u + 2uv + v 2 (u2 2uv + v 2 )]
du dv
=
2
0
0 2
u=1
Z 1Z 1
Z 1
2
2
2 32
2
2
=
2uv u + v du dv =
v(u + v )
dv
3
0
0
0
u=0
Z
Z
3
3
2 1
2 1
2 32
2 32
v(1 + v ) v(v ) dv =
v(1 + v 2 ) 2 v(v 2 ) 2 dv
=
3 0
3 0

1

Z
1
2 1
2 1 5
2 2 1
v5
2 32
2 52
4
=
(1 + v )
=
2 2 1)
v(1 + v ) v dv =
3 0
3 5 2
5 0 3 5
5
i 82 4
2 h
=
4 211 =
15
15
Z
2
Supplementary Problem 5. Let R be the parallelogram bounded by y = 2x, y = 2x 2, y = x, and

y = x + 1.
(a) Sketch the region R.
ZZ
xy dx dy by making the change of variables x = u v, y = 2u v.
(b) Evaluate
R
Answer:
(a) Knowing what the region of integration looks like is essential, without this it is difficult to do
part (b). The region of integration is enclosed in the red boundary.
153
+4.0
+3.5
+3.0
+2.5
+2.0
+1.5
+1.0
+0.5
+1.0
+2.0
+3.0
(b) Since we are making the change of variables x = u v, y = 2u v, we need to calculate the
Jacobian, see equation (7) on page 430.

x x

u v 1 1
=
J =
= 1 (2) = 1.

y y 2 1

u v
So we know that dR = dx dy = |1|du dv = du dv. It is important to calculate the Jacobian when
doing a change of variables, because if its absolute value is different from 1, in the integral one needs
to replace dx dy by |J|du dv. Now we need to see to what correspond the boundaries y = 2x,
y = 2x 2, y = x, y = x + 1, in terms of u and v. For this it is useful to express u and v as functions
of x and y. We obtain u = y x and v = y 2x. Now one can see that the boundaries, when
integrating with respect to u and v, are u = 0, u = 1 and v = 0, v = 2. Thus
ZZ
Z 2Z 1
Z 2Z 1
(u v)(2u v) |J| du dv =
(u v)(2u v) (1) du dv
xy dx dy =
R
Z
=
0
Z
=
0
0
2Z
2
2 3
2u 3uv + v du dv =
u
3
0
0

2
2 3
2
3 2 v3
2
v + v dv = v v +
=
3 2
3
4
3 0
2
Supplementary Problem 6. Use polar coordinates to evaluate

Z
I=
0
4x2
154
x2 + y 2 dy dx
1
3 2
2
u v + v u dv
2
0
4
8
3 + = 1.
3
3
(a) Sketch the region of integration of I.

(b) Use polar coordinates to evaluate I.
Answer:
(a) Knowing what the
looks like is essential, without this it is impossible to do
region of integration
2
2
2
part (b). From y = 4 x we get x +
y = 4, so the region is inside a circle of radius 2 centered
at the origin. Note that since 0 y 4 x2 (from the integral), we know y 0. We also know
that 0 x 2. So we get the region inside the red boundary.
(b) We are using polar coordinates, so we let x = r cos and y = r sin . Then we need to calculate
the Jacobian, see equation (7) on page 430.

x x

r cos r sin
=
J =

y y
sin
r cos

r
Since the Jacobian is r and r is always positive, we have dR = dx dy = |r| dr d = r dr d. Here R
means region and r means radius, so do not confuse them. It is good to remember the Jacobian for
polar coordinates.
Z 2 Z 4x2 p
Z Z 2p
Z Z 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I=
x + y dy dx =
r cos + r sin r dr d =
r2 dr d
0
Z
=
0

3 2
r
3
Z
d =
8
8
d =
3
3
Supplementary Problem 7. Evaluate

Z
2
0
4
=
3
2y
sinh(x + y) dx dy.
0
155
Answer:
2y
Z
sinh(x + y) dx dy =
x=2y
cosh(x + y) x=0 dy =
cosh(3y) cosh(y) dy
0
3
e9 e9 e3 e3
1
1
sinh(3y) sinh(y) = sinh 9 sinh 3 =
.
=
3
3
6
2
0

Supplementary Problem 8. (a) Sketch the region x2 y 2x.

(b) Use Greens Theorem to evaluate the work
I
F dr
W =
C
where C is the boundary of the region R traversed in counterclockwise direction, and F = [cos(x2 ), x2 sin y].
Answer:
(a) The sketch is important, without knowing what the region looks like it is impossible to do the
integral in part (b). The region is inside the red curve, bounded below by y = x2 and bounded above
by y = 2x.
156
(b)
ZZ
F2
F1 dR =
x sin y
cos(x2 ) dR
F dr =
x
y
x
y
R
C
R
ZZ
Z 2 Z 2x
Z 2

y=2x
=
2x sin y dR =
2x sin y dy dx =
2x cos y y=x2 dx
ZZ
Z
=
0
x2
2
2x cos(x ) 2x cos(2x) dx = sin(x ) x sin(2x) 0 +
2
sin(2x) dx
0
2
1
1
1
= sin(x ) x sin(2x) cos(2x) = sin 4 cos 4 + .
2
2
2
0

Supplementary Problem 9. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the surface

r(u, v) = u2 , u + 2v, v 2
at the point P (1, 3, 1).
Answer:
We need to find the partial derivatives evaluated at P and take their cross product to find a vector
which is orthogonal to the tangent plane. It is useful to note that P corresponds to u = 1, v = 1.
So we will evaluate the partial derivatives for u = 1, v = 1.
ru = [2u, 1, 0]
rv = [0, 2, 2v]

i j k

n = 2 1 0

0 2 2

= [2, 4, 4]

We can use [1, 2, 2] as normal vector, to find the equation of a plane we can use any vector which
is orthogonal to the plane. The plane needs to contain the point P (1, 3, 1), thus its equation is
1(x 1) 2(y 3) + 2(z 1) = x 2y + 2z + 3 = 0.

ZZ
G(r) dA
S
3
where G = (1 + 9xz) 2 and S : r = [u, v, u3 ], 0 u 1, 2 v 2.

Answer:
We need to begin by finding the partial derivatives and the normal vector.
ru = [1, 0, 3u]
157
rv = [0, 1, 0]

i j k

N(u, v) = 1 0 3u = [3u, 0, 1]

0 1 0
|N(u, v)| = 9u4 + 1

Z
ZZ
Z 2Z 1
4 23
4
(1 + 9u ) 9u + 1 du dv =
G(r) dA =
2
1
4
1 + 18u + 81u du dv =
2
=
2
(1 + 9u4 )2 du dv
18
u + u5 + 9u9
5
1
dv
0

2
72
72
272
72
dv =
v
=4 =
5
5 2
5
5

ZZ
F r dA
S
where F = [0, sin y, cos z] and S is the cylinder: x = y 2 , 0 y
, 0 z y.
4
Answer:
We can parametrize the surface S by letting x = u2 , y = u, and z = v. So we have r = [u2 , u, v]. We
need to find the partial derivatives and the normal vector.
ru = [2u, 1, 0]
rv = [0, 0, 1]

i j k

N(u, v) = 2u 1 0 = [1, 2u, 0]

0 0 1
ZZ
Z Z u
Z
4
F r dA =
[0, sin u, cos v] [1, 2u, 0] dv du =
S
Z
=
0
v=u
2uv sin u v=0 du =

= 2u2 cos u 04
2u sin u dv du
0
2u2 sin u du
4u cos du
0

= 2u2 cos u 4u sin u 04 +
4 sin u du
0

1
= 2u2 cos u 4u sin u 4 cos u 04 =
2
158

2
4 + 4.
8
Z
For
2u2 sin u du, we have used integration by parts twice.
159

Tutorial Math 3171

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0.4C 0.4D = 0.4(C D)

is not defined because the number of columns is not equal.

is not defined because the number of columns is not equal.

7.1 Exercise 17. Resultant of forces. If the above vectors u, v, w represent

forces in space, their

Problem Set 7.2

= (3) (1) + 1 (3) + 0 0

(1) (1) + 3 (3) + 0 0

3AT 2BT = (3A 2B)T

[by (10)(b) on page 267].

(9) (1) + 1 (2) + 6 0

9 (1) + 12 (2) + (10) 0

[by (10)(d) on page 267].

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

[by (2)(b) on page 264]

Problem Set 7.3

52x + 65y = 143

This is the augmented matrix of the system

So the original system is equivalent to the system

So the original system is equivalent to the system

So the original system is equivalent to the system

Problem Set 7.4

interchanged rows 1 and 2

Thus the rank is 1.

If b = a = 0, the rank is 0. If a = 0 and b 6= 0, or if b = 0 and a 6= 0, the rank is 2. If a 6= 0 and

7.4 Exercise 4. Find the rank of the matrix

interchanged rows 2 and 3 , 0

Thus the rank is 3.

7.4 Exercise 5 Find the rank of the matrix

Thus the rank is 3.

interchanged rows 1 and 2

Thus the rank is 2.

Thus the rank of the matrix is 2.

0 24 60 126 row 2 8row 1

interchanged rows 3 and 4 0

Thus the rank is 4.

7.4 Exercise 10 Find the rank of the matrix

interchanged rows 1 and 3

0 interchanged rows 2 and 4

Thus the rank is 3.

interchanged rows 1 and 4

7.4 Exercise 18. Are the vectors a =

The question is: Does a + b + c + d = 0 = [ 0 0 0 0 ] imply = = = = 0? If yes, then

420 210 140 105

210 140 105 84 0

420 210 140 105

210 140 105 84

420 210 140 105

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420 315 252 210

0 105 112 105

0 126 140 135

420 210 140 105

420 210 140 105

420 210 140 105

420 210 140 105

0 630 630 567