Power Transmission, Distribution and

Utilization
Lecture# 9: Long transmission line

Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Assistant Professor, EED
KFUEIT, Pakistan

Slide credits
This presentation is based on the textbook
and lectures by D. P. Kotari

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Contents

Introduction
Rigorous solution
Evaluation of ABCD constants
Ferranti effect

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Introduction
Length more than 250 km
Cannot ignore the shunt parameters
Cannot lump the line parameters. They are
considered distributed over the line.
If the parameters are lumped this means an
approximation which is not justified.
Calculations are based on the per unit length
basis.
Difficult analysis
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Rigorous Solution

X=l

X=0

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X is the length of some point from the receiving end bec. reference voltage is receiving end.
dX is a small section of line after X. It is a very small portion of a T/M line.
Note that this is not a T network because the Z is not divided into two parts. This is an
elemental section
Vx is a complex rms quantity. Its magnitude and angle varies along the length of line. VdX is
the rise in the voltage in that small portion.
ZdX is the series impedance at that small section dX
YdX is the shunt admittance at that small section dX
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Rigorous Solution
The mathematical expression can be written as

(A)
V=IR
Using theorem of duality (B)

I=VG
Differentiating the equation (A) w.r.t x
(C)

Then by substituting the eq. (B) in (C)

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(D)
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Rigorous Solution
For such 2nd order differential equation the
solution is
=(yz)1/2

C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants to be

evaluated using initial conditions.
If we differentiate the expression for Vx w.r.t
x. Then eq. (E) is nothing by (A)
(E)
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Rigorous Solution
Using (E) if we divide both sides with Z, we get

As we know , and divide (E) with Z, and then Zc is in

denominator and that is why Zc= (Z/y)1/2
Zc is called characteristic impedance or surge impedance
C1 and C2 can be calculated by using the following
assumptions
X=0
Vx=VR
Ix=IR

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Two equations and two unknowns

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Rigorous Solution
With C1 and C2 known the final solution is

Here
Zc ((L/C)1/2) is the characteristic impedance. Its
value is 400 ohm typically for transmission line
and 50 ohm for cable.
is the propagation constant
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Rigorous Solution
Vx and IX can also be calculated using hyperbolic
functions. A
B
To get ABCD constants,
arranging them such that
all quantities have VR and IR
C
D
Using trigonometric functions

Where
X=l , Vx=Vs and Ix=Is
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Rigorous Solution
If load impedance is equal to
characteristic impedance then
there is no reflected waveform
and the line is called an infinite
line

Inverse of the above matrix

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Evaluation of ABCD constants

Note that can be written as
Exact method

is attenuation
constant
is phase constant
(0-15)

Approximate method

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Evaluation of ABCD constants

For line upto 500 km the following expression
is true

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Ferranti effect
Rare phenomenon. Only for light load or no
load conditions
VR exceeds VS because of line capacitance.
Not for short line.
Effect is pronounced in long line.
Because Cl<Ll hence Ll << 1/ Cl
Be Is=jVs Cl
VR=Vs-Is(jLl)=Vs+Vs2CLl2 = VS(1+2CLl2)
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