You are on page 1of 11

International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research

ISSN 2351-8014 Vol. 27 No. 1 Oct. 2016, pp. 98-108


2015 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals
http://www.ijisr.issr-journals.org/

[ Problematic of protection of cultural property and heritage in times


of armed conflicts ]
Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish
Professor of Islamic monuments,
Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt

Copyright 2016 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT: Heritage and cultural property in all its forms, represents people's Assembly, which passed from generation to
generation, where blend the features of national character and national characteristics distinct memory. Monuments
constitute an episode of cultural and civilizational evolution, and confirms that the loss of any impact, represents a great loss
for all of humanity. In these circumstances, it is not surprising to find that the war took a pose on the monuments and their
value, as destroying monuments and cultural property and heritage of many countries, under the pretext of military
necessity.
If the media play a national and a national responsibility, especially in the countries and communities in which they locked in
a comprehensive counter neo-colonialism and regional and international instruments, as is happening today in many of the
Arab world countries, the media transformed by necessity into high-impact strength, and be one of the priorities of its duties
is not pumping breaking news field or the immediate prosecution of media hostile lies and refutes it by video and audio and
documents, but also to defend the national patriotic memory components, particularly the inherited cultural and
civilizational heritage, and thus defend the threatened destruction, mutilation identity.
Instead of the media system's active role in the definition of heritage and civilization, and to contribute to influencing the
preservation of identity and the consolidation of its components in society, it ignore little by little these components,
although the deliberate destruction of Antiquities and places of worship and works of art is a manifestation of slipping into
the abyss of the overall cultural war.
This research deals with the role of media in protecting the heritage and cultural property, and aims to highlight: the dire
consequences and the risks to the wealth of civilization and culture in the Arab countries, including Iraq (for example), which
took the forms in a systematic destruction of historical monuments and religious sites.
Controlled by the western media and western agencies bias against the Arab countries, and the control of news sources
pictured on the Arab news, and the role of media outreach, in the face of the impact of satellite television and hostile
Internet and social networks, and other media dominant, which has become a large part of which poses a threat to national
identity.
It follows a descriptive approach through the extrapolation of the definition of cultural property, treaties and conventions
organized to protect them in situations of armed conflict, and to monitor the destruction of Iraqi cultural property solution,
as follows analytical method to determine the role of new media in the protection of cultural properties.

KEYWORDS: the role of media, protection of heritage, cultural properties.


& '& 0

#$ & (& )(& '& + (& - # + / :

!
I8E #=J 6G&2 3- 4 #6$ &89 + / ;<3 #= @ & B 3$C/ & &DE & + F & -G
-G ( =&H & $ .

# & + (& - =& H # 3 &' K=& H -L #F9 ( N9 #E 3 < I/#O


P ;<Q #S N .&
<&8<W
. /#(8 #D E # +$ 3

Corresponding Author: Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

98

Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

3 ,
#2 &) &L ' & 04 3/3 ; \-K
&
&$ \ L C8 Z-FD/ K & 0 4 3-6
&/ ' & ; `@ P&69J & -
3 Q , # \ L E / _(E #D K )3/3 ^= ,# ( 3E/ & $ 3/3

=& ab ,I8G< & & & 3 &< ( L N#$


& /& &'DG
3< G d &@c /\L
&' 3 # & + &DE , & & & 3 L ' / '3 & # 3 .;/ 43
e/#
3 &
\L
& K S
&=h 3 &$
& &'<Q ,Z ) &f &fN ( <& , _i # 3
&dE -L ' / &' &< ( ` 0#
& # &DE , &8
&S #4 <4 & / #E & + & . -
&6 & LJ d #'S

#+ & l E &DE / & +


& / kE6 \ L /& G # &(- & +3'/ # 3& L 9 & #
# 3&=H & / ZK . /3#F 0 \ L #O E 4&$ 3@ #O 3 ##F 0
3 , # N N)(&' 4
' ^= # & b&Dd ) (6 n<# <4)&(6 2 , L& 4# i&
-L&69J . # L\L
& \&69 /
#F9 ( / &' # 6$ -L ' / .
' , 62
lb&0\L
9 # 0 e/# &(- & + &3 & K&d 4 4&G &' /& E S -8 32 # 3 N G
Z6 / kE6 ' o d2
& &(- & + # Z6 / & $ K ' o 3/3E - -E \ L /& G 3/3 &(- . & +
% : # \ L /& G #

& '( 1

&(- & +&=H.

&E-F 3 .1977 &E)) +/3E & .1999 /3 3.2005 _- L .2001


-F &(- (Cultural Properties) & +
3/
' 3 (/# J #6 &L ) (1935 N
& 'd@ 3 ; &E & J
r& K&d 4 3
[1] (2011 -L .2006 # 0 N _ E
S .1980 _0&K . < 9 .2003-1985 (8) .1997 6 9 .1992 3 -6
# / &+ #/ 3- n #L (/# J # ) ;<^ & +
d ) &+ #/ [2][3] (1935 &=H &/
E & = K _D
:(2008 / .2002& )J $& J& LJ d
#) < .1973 P .1998 & 3 .1996 _0&K .1981 . k ) .1998 .(2007 d/NE & & 68
+ &< I &

& e ) &'<Q (1949# K -L r #$ &(- & + B & ) (53 $ #6 J & &' aE- ) (1977 < -L n
K&d 4
( # & + # - G.
' @ 3&=H & / & LJ d & $ &6
#SG & LJ 3 b
( &L $ - d
& &(- & +
4 K&d& & 1954 /& 14 `/ 3 & n D K&d
e/# &(- & +
&(- & + ( &$ 3/3E
# & -L 3L
n 60N n<&$ K&d 4&'6-i
e/# N & ; & K&d 4 3 \-K
& +
&+ J (#6 #
Z &(- & + 3K & J :&'<^ &(-
B- a &d/# &) # i
eE d
& /
'& K
( I8
&L <&6
'& <3 $& J /#=J
'& & / /3
<&6 &$ & / d
&L ( I '& dE& &9 8
&L -
/#=J B N$
d &/
F& ( I& )J #9J
# d )( eG& &$ ( I (#6
6
d 8 b /& E -#L &(- & +
&(- a &8#$& <&6
I
I-F
< &G -8# i& K
# d )(
6
& dE& B N$ & y 3 /&K &(- & +
& K&d 4 /&K# G4 /& E -2 nK _-8 nK #E 3L e- - &'D/# # 3 &' K#0 _/#E<' &'6 3/36&) /& G K&d #
&(- & + &' -L a-F/# ) _0 $J
# 6$ L
E
& + .1972 6F [5] [4] (1984 3 8 # $
&
&$N& ) ( /3 4&.(1954
/# 16 <&+
; # L &8 &6P/
) (1972 #K& # C & S <(8
& + 6F
& /& G K&d # &
& + 6F K&d 4 3 ) < 3( &&LQ 2 &(- & + #8 K 3 #F # # iL
/& E # &
1972
-L #/ <&6
& ) -L (1 &=H : & LJ & /& L nE
& ) [7] [6] (1995 &(- - &d/# & +
' < #S & `/ d _-
b& + 0
& &L K
'&
L &_
& #2 ( & / d /#=J ('
' < #S &`/
#S &L K 6b& + 0
'& & L I68 '& & &' 0 <&' & 3

L <&6
&

'& &L Kb& + 0


\<&8 6F B N$ & &' & a ZK /#=J
d _- ZK & L \<&8 & LJ $#
&(-
'N Q K&d 4 L 3$C $ &' -L & 3' 8 &L 0& 0
#+<J
' #S & / & \<+
3&0 &E J . -
P 0^ -L#b &' /& E L D &' -L S &E
& G & L
C & + d
# C & ) (1998 &6L )&=H &#O ( / L # 6 &(- & +
& $)& &S (E - 0&0J & b 3 N #K
& /& E= & -8 3 /3 L4 #G /# &' -L# L .1999 FL) .2010 3 (2009 & $ #6 <&+ 4 K&d & aE-&
3/3E &(- & +
(2011 -L .2004
) (1954) K&d# (0.2003
) -L 3$C (1999 e/# & J
-8 G4 3/3E B & J # d )( '&.
& /& E &< <
# 3

3K Z B &$ _ J 4 & & # Z@ ; /& G lF# 04 & 0 & /# < & /& E 2N # L
&+\< & &DE N -6/ # 6$ 3G
; K &/
& &0) . d- . (2007 , 0 H #6 / # & #
( N # O
L& # #6 / & $ . 3G # P0 3G & + # &dE -L ' /
&DE / #

# J &DE) # _.( 3 0 .
I/#@ & '_
/#
L d # 36
/ ; &F9 8

& 'N 3 / < & N


d & (/ _ & / & B &d &L -L 8 3 &&6 L
& & 3 Z & & = B-
I&(G &<
& /& E
&(- ) 0 .(2011 & & 4 6 3 <&+ 'd &(- - Z0 & +
& 4 -L -+N
3 I< & N & 4 3 <&F N /& E $ &(- -L & + E N 3E 3 J# K&d 4 -L ZK@ '&
& ) /& E & Z .(2001 3 3K & # / _ /
Z &(- & +
N &(- # /& - & 6 3L & &' 2 & Q
4N & # / & : & LJ& l # $ & <3 & L 3 / k G <3

# ) I
& 04 '& & 3/3E &$ B- & +

99

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

n83 & 0 .1998 FL) /#(8L (2011


J3
<&F /& E # &(- - ) & + .(2012 b&F

& J

36L) & + & (2010 B)4

& Z0 /

&E-F 3& -9 & - 8 #9 _ N &E-F #


L
L
-F &(- -L & +
.1 'N /
/3 - &' 6 # O & #S # O (
Z - &K
N
& + &DE &=H & -0 ' & + Z #/ _ K<<&8
& K /$ -0
< & @ -#
L 3 ) $3 .(1975 & &DE ' & K +< & L3 6 b <'& # < &
L & & + #9J
&b
Z K#&8 4
)(& (/ & 3 L & + '& &<I
& & E & /3 /& () r 6
F6 #
-L
#= = & &DG / & . / (
=& E & '& &D
-LN Q &(- & + l -9) &
3 N#$ /
Z 3 # / & +
J3 &'-+ /N # N ;SdG#$ /\<&8
&dE -L # & +
& aN # L) .1983 & #.(2001 8G .1993
-E
& & K & ' &/
H< # 9J & 3L4 & -&$J / 0 8
3 3 /
-L
; # & 8/
-F<
<# - (8 & ) & [8] (B # &=H #
-F # 43-
'& 3 3 0
&&=H 0
#) .(1998

D # -L &L&0 <; # ) &L& k G (2004 N


=&
3 @ b&K
# & + 6F
b& + 04
&
; 3 #
& /#
i& 2 / &) L B N (2007 d/NE &<3 & 8K
-L&=H -F $&=h e/ )& '& &&6 L &=H &F< & @ 93

; E-/ & #F9\<&8 & # # 3 _ / k G & + &(- . & + & 3L &60 & 3 e- &(- & + '& &60J
3 #E
& #2 '& #E ab& L '3 I/# K#8 _ #
L
N & -L
L ;- E & /# 6 \ # 3#F9 3)J /
& + 3 0 . G . 6F
^ #) . /& G K&d # &
& y $#G 2 -K 3 L
.2003 FL . 2) -L . .( . =_ #6 /& E &&(- - 2 & +

36L . & .1985 & P


# -83G 2 /& E # /& &< 3 # - & + & )) #S< ( k 4 &6; &\<&8 #6 L ;
\ # e d
&DG ; . & + ( PN /& E Z0 N &F aE &< 3 \<#2&K 3 / _ k G <&8 &/&E@ /& G -L #E
& ; d-9 #E - & 3 I-8 'I
6
$&<& '_ d( ;K&F< 3 /& E &&(- - 2 & +& 3K N ;K&F< Z0
B &(- .&$ &< 3 \< <&8 ;6'< _ / & r/ 2 & # 3 _ /
e< &'L '& 2 L D & + &(-&(GJ /& E -J3 <3 &(- & +#K /& G &D/ $& J &/
d$ # &(- - /& E k G & +@ Z 3/3
& / _ c G -.
/3 d &' & -
( Z
& 'd /& E &&(- - 2 & + & I / &' &(G\)& & 3L < /& E '& Z &(- & +
3 3 0 &(- J & + #i #(8L < 3 &'- LJ3
& /& E- b & -/ k G # & & -8 &$\ # ( /#(8 3L &K3 # & /#(8L '& , -L I / #F #9H -8& 4 I-0 L &(- & + <' &'6 3/36& &' /&K
I/#N &(- & 3 #< & @3& , / 4 L -N 4 4 n - 0 B #D
N & LJ , Z 3L L3'/ b
<& G &(- & +
(
I #6 $ 4 K&d 4 <&+& /& G
G
/#(8 ' /# B N 3 / /& E & 2 /& E
3 L < 3/3E -L /& E '3 <3 #(8L ,< & 3 /
#(8 ,4
' #SG3 0 '& & a & '& #)&6
& /& E <; G & )( n- &(- & + &/#(8L & 3
/ & '- & 3 , 4 &$ ' - 0 3 G \<'& 3 0 N
&(- #iJ & + /#(8L N Z& G4& & 9 b&0 ' 3' ,;6 &0 <'& B3 04 &G & 3 L .Pd
3K& n23 4& -L & &$ 3 # 3 /& E ZK /#=J &(- 3- & + &&6 L& #=& = & & <&L d & <&8
) 6 (1970 # C &8 (8< - # L 3 # I && @ #SE # 0 #/3< &(- #F & + # # i32 & $ . L
3 G &<
) & $ .(1972 2 ' 3 3
+ /& G K&d # & + 6F
& K&d 4 3 & /& E 2 &(- & +
&D/ 3/3
& )# (1995 ZF & + #8 K 3 #F # # i. L
# $ J &$N / &(- & +
/& E &(- & +
& ; B)4 4 K&d& & @3L Z 3E & y
&(-
/& E &&S< 2 #K ; 4 K&d& 3E db&F
&+#9J J (#6 &S< nE /& E & 2 & )/1/8(
@ : L
& '& k G &+) # Z n B- /& E & & + &#) a E 2
& +# 2&9)# 3E 3G '& K&d 4
<; ( / 4 Z / B- /& E & & + & 2 3 0 _L3 '
3L & 0 N B- #iJ & + / #G
# J+ / :
& /& E#G 0 &(- #6 / 4 & + _
#E &6 L& B #(8L & 3) , &< (2010 N #E E-8 /N@ 9
#iJ 4& 0 ) /#(8L &.(2006
# 6$ L& 2 $# 3 #(8L & _i# & / G F < #6 / N #
# : <&+ (/ B- & +&$ &8 -L & K
4<; # +$ # +/
@&(- - y & Z &S< nE & + /& E &&$ & ' 2 &' K _ && ( &'- /
; -D
\)(& & (
&G
J3 # /#(8 ' 3 3 J# 3 & 0 '3 $N
;8 & / & $ @ Z &(- & +
^
.1949 e $ #6 J & 1977 .(&' aE-
< < ) . -8 K&d
&6 &$ &8 &$ B- 3/3E D J &8
@ '& 'N # <'& _ 3E &
-L N9C/N K&d 4
3G N
&E4 e d
(2011 -L) ; E & _i# 6KJ# &; D & I8G $ L
H &' G

3 B # #6 3K -8 3 '3 3 3 0 '3 #(8 # & ZK


& + 0 ( ; - / 4
#E 0
B 3 < &G 3' -L 6 4 3K -8 '& 3G 6K &' n & $ F
# 3 0 G E-0J
`/ & # & - E-0 & 3 & 3 4 & 4&L ^<; P / B- #@ & +
a 6FN & <4.
K &+ # 9 -L & B<& &+ a &8#$ # 9
100

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

( #8d 4 &D
# & ; -L
B & +@ e3 E-0J + +/3E
&$ ( & E

ISSN : 2351-8014

Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

# # # d &8 #$N) # n 4 K&d& #@ -L 3 K B- N Ii# 3


( /& E & b& -
Z 4 &(- & +
# /& E & &' 2 8 3 &(- - & + @ &S< nE L /& E & 2 & ) nE (12)# S < (8
#F K&d 4
) 4 K&d& .1954 Eb & G . /N d (2011 -L .2000 #( 60 .1997 3 /N # )( & - #K K&d 4 < & N 8 n
N 3 K 3 L I8 (/ ZK 8@ &
+
B- & +
8
& K&d <) ; &S (16-12 6 / 3b&d -
Eb /N d
&G &2&9 K < -8 &E ( B 3 #9J & -L =_ &' ( / 4 & \& L B- 3@ /#(8 &(- . & +
_ & ; /= & ; $ E O=#
6 / # 3 &(- & + & $ &6 #@ P( 4 3 /#(8L & &' 3 / &D -L /
&/ #F #9J # $ G N # + / / 3 #@ (/ _-
36L) & (2010 ( @# _ FE 0& 0
&
K#d db&F
3K# \ & ) 8E #(8 -L '&( )# &8 (2006/2/22 & # #D &$ /#(8L #D 0& 0
) & 6 # K /& G I / $& J 033L 3' 0 '& n<&$ &/ E . 3
& ) (53 $ #6 J ) (1977 & K&d & aE- eJ & Z
3 \)& 4 K&d& _ # $& 4 2&9 /& G &6
& LJ & + & $ &6 #K &'8d< /& E & ) (6 $ #6 & K&d 4 <&+ e
& )& B- - /& E &( 2
) (1949
J .Z

3/01 , ,-

* ')

& b&0\ L #F 0 E (New Media) 3/3 b&0 / $#\ L /3 - / $#&( Q 62 # J &80C & 6
& & 4 & - K#
&$ _D/ -F
n ) & L\& (2011 3/3 \ L (Digital Media) K#
#)&6 (d-
&\< n<# Z L&d # i 9 ' J # ( 4< ) (lb&0
( < & < # ' 0 &6 & -
n
3 8. /#9H
& _ K#
& &d/# #9 &' d-<; + /)(& 2
_D/ -F)(& 2\ ( #< d-
(6) -L\< .n<#<;
(8 _8

N b&0 -F\ L + _/3 eE L 6F
- a 3 /3 d#i 3) 3/#6\ ( #<

(6 (6
Z '& e (& # K# ' e
ZK# 4@ o &<& 6 K#

( #+$
#K 3
D -L ##KJ 3
9 3 0 & I0&E . H & #S K L
( nE62
: -L -L ZK
< &'2Q &' & 0 b&0\ L 3/3

& \< n<#&< L \< n<##K 8 3

&6 - & 4 ( B- b&0


8
&'E
2&9 -L # L&d
K b&0\ L 4 3/3
& b 0& n
&d- &F . /3 dN
-L
3 lb&0 N /
E & 4
^= # N -L - &/ 8 0& 8 & /L& 4
# K 3G (# +
b&0 3/3 9 nL&F 0 #
)&(6 2 68 + L& 4 # / / 3<& @& < & ' ' e $N & (& # K#
(& +H # B N$ ' J + G -H & & (& 8 /#G e 0 Z
&\< n<#
&.&'-
- 3 -L& 4 ( 68 # i &$ '& ^= # # 6$ ( / 4

= n=3G < L
Z B- -L d
# k G

3 -L4 &6
# 6 E -L

# k/3E I L B# 9 &F ( 8 b
< &'L
& \ L # O 8 b# #
'& (
# O &E
3& # 9 # _= (1920) / / d - )(1939
( - I G (1833) K
n Z/ eE &F & 6 / /#8
& & - -8
#
# O N < '3 -L 3 /3 0 ( # 6< & / Z/ & - -8N & 2 - L
_/3 3/3 #d \ L &K 3/3 -L@& 3/3 2&9
\L
$#
2&9 ZK
& ( #8 ^& 0 Dd
# / 4& \ L _/3 (Interactivity) L&d & 3 . L&d
.N & 2@& 3 n 3/3
)
3 $# + d E & K / d-

L&d 3K - 0& 4 3/3 -L k/3E & 04 3 8 & & 3E/ & $ - L &E=
& & _ / 3G&' &0
( &
& & & <J b&0\ L & # &E
& & ( N 3/#/.
# / Z B-' 8 (&< & 9 & & - -8 3/#/&

-L ZK\ ( #< #6L@& & - 3/


-L ##b Z 3 E -
-L L&d
3K n<&$ a &8 3 8
' &L &69J _b # i /3/#6<'& _
&SG 0 -L _= . +< 3 n- B K #E < Z & 68 &/3
' &(6 2 L& 4 ZK /3 d &$
_' # 3 4' 3<& & 3 &' 6 B
_
-F
/#G & 0\L
&L 0 #E + &/3 6 (/N #2& L + ZK& <4 3 & -G# . -L&d
&$
#6N -G#<
& 4& P -L
.1
.2
.3

.4
.5
.6

& < -L 4
l d0 a

# O< & -8 &2


3/#/ E .; -L
B . b&0<& 3 b&0\ L d- n<&$ &@ #9J& &' ( K L 4 - 8 b&0 ( B- ; n O 3E -2&d
&( Q n ) ;/3 &6 &\< n<# #)&< 6 / 2 /; &0+
&
/#G\ L (6 & &' #d 4 G (6
&L &69J K& &' 3 8 ( / @ -L #F /
Z<&E & _ ( #$N 4 d- & -L &D/\< # L n<# 4H

& _.
<&E K#d
& '_ 3L Z 3E # i 3 8/#9H
&d- &F . /3 d
& /
E & 4 N D /
3 k G lb&03G = < L
n d & (media fragmentation) # B N 3 /&/ 3 & & (-' 8 b&0\ L /N 62 _' K &L
3/3
eE2 L / d-.
&< I b&0 /3 -
+ b&0 ZK\ ( #< )&(6 2 L& 4 ' e $N & /3 d# ( 4<
< Pd ;<&( Q - & nK E -L E 3/#/ nK.
0# -
3L ; 3 / &E
& i

101

b&04

3 #d & & / ; &0


& 3 - k G 62
& 4 &@\& ._/3 Q B \ L / 3/3
&

3 &'6-F k G

&L

&

&6 <4 & 3 8 I / /

nK N /#F 3/#/
3/#/
& b & :

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

&& / (active) L ; E N

ISSN : 2351-8014

.7& <4 &L


- &K .8 2

#) Z b
2 :& <4& 3 / ) ;L ; 2
&d2 & P / E - y.
# L #S

&L

&6/# Z@&

; 3K ; -L

& 3E #O .

&8$ & Z &


)) (Globalization .1997 0& .1997 30J & # .1998 (2007 - .2000 3 G

# &DG #i
) # F (1999
Z & & + & _) & #
& & + -L
#F 0 & = 6-i
(& ) # /+ / (2000
& ( F # 6 9 8 # 9J F & b
G4& 4
& (
.1999 &8 k G (2000 #O a G3 & &L
& & K4 0& 8 -8 _ 9J 3/#/ 4
(
& - \< ) n<# #L .(1998 Z / S - (/# J
-L
_
-L #F 8/ < I & I8E /< & 3 / B _ - L& 4 .(1999 6-)) & 0 F O6 / 4 <&8<W 0& 8
- '& , -b &6L L
& 4& 4
#O(/# J
+'
^ N9& & -G 3G^$ B F .
Q 6 8
&'O 2 &d &' & 6F
& _ ) & # (1997 , =_ 3 )(&
& 3 -L &'- G & G L '& 3b&d (E
# 8d I '& &&) #L .1998 # /(.[9]
) 4 .2000 [10] 2006 6L#
N dF/ L) F8& & /

Z & -L Z - &' G
& & + $#G& K4
K (2001 E 3E

H &' 3/#/ #O & 8K P


ZK
k G #S & ( .
6
& & -4& 4 ' 04 & G
&d ; ) &#F 8 & (1998 -L (
&& B- &' -L P ) &/&D .(2001 , 6L

&' & 6-0 L .1998 .1998


& _ & G) ;@#L .(1998 N #
( I8G &'- ; / 3/#/ # 8/ & _ a
&d _
_i (
'
# 0

< &'8d & # 6$ 3E ^= & #


& 3 b&0& 4 # -L b&Dd ;
= & # i & + #O r ( & &E/ (/# J \&E/ ^ = & & 6 #9J = & & # i /3 -
#
& = ## 94/ k G
< & &S& K &/< & < ^ b&0 F6 #4& 4 , +/3EN b&0

&' # 8 . -/ F
# 2J N ; L3\<<&8

# 4 - ^ - ZK
.(1999 n &=) b =_ _ 3
# 3 -L
_'-b&0 D

\ L 3/34& 4 +/3E
N
&
4 B &6; & 3 6 & 4\L
< #F & && 9 3 6 - & +
& & + # 8/ -L # 6 l #O 3 - a ;$ -0 # /& I -O
3 &' /# O-O .a 6F 3
- 00&0
&L
N d& J #9J -
& H ( / 4& O 04 &' L
#6 / & $ &D/
3G ; 3 3 / -
& + L\& . #O
&' -L 3
8 b#
F -L I # & & KJ &#8/) L(1999
4& 4
& #6/ \ L d 3/3
.
` 0#
2&9

L / d- E b&0 & 4\L


eE2
3 L n<&$ nD -/ b&0\ L /3 - _ /3 0 '& 2 - & #& / b&0# d- '_ 0 B- n<&$ E b&0#& & & 0& 0 & & L & &/ # i .B & _i#
& &#2 & ;- E

& 4\L
3 N n<&$ ; B- b&0 4 b&0\ L 3/3&L ( &9
.1999 #
& . .1998
& <4 L#0 2 L&d -K () d-= L o &<# # C 3 &(8-
& $ b& 9
.(2001 & ; B) 4 & 04 #O3 0 $ b&0
.2000 # .2001 # 8&8/#9 .2001 3 E .2001 .(2001
.1965 , & #.(2000 ,
;)
( ; &D9 3-6 &' d D 8 B- b&0\ L
<& E &' &D
3 &f F &L4& 4 & +
n<&$ 3 &@ '-
-L &K d&/&E@ L_ =_ Q # d &
E
O N & (/ 3K _' L
& + Bf 8/ /N \ & &' -L E
Bf 3 / /N '
3
-L -O-O
E 8 '
a E 3 4 B
3 8 - L O-O
& -
@&d Z &F & -L\ L / d- .(2007 ,#- )) &E

8 &'6 K
0 ' & Q & ' 4 '
/3
&_ # -L
;
'3
#&L
b&0\ L & $# 3
b&0\ L '& _ / 3 B L # 6$a/#

O6 = n _ J , d-
(/# J
b&0 # 3 #6L b&0& 4 +/3E 0& 0
# # <
b&0 $ _E +/3E = ( , 68
3 # & , d & _ KnE62
'&
8 & 3b& L B- #
&E2 N
'_ 3b& L_ _' 3 d ' # # # i='_& )) .(1999
& 3 (#6 6G&2 # & _ -L #< # J
=# # 6$ @ &E ' / L) & + .1985 .2002 8G .(2000 3 G & (2003 _0 &DE& <) /.1995
& ; B) 4 -
3G & \ B& &' & = L ='&
K /#( I
& + @ ) Z & _
& # .1998 .1999 3 E # k G .(2010 d
; (/# J= -L 6-0 # #
E) & # k6 & .(1998 & + 3 &
&DE =_ # ' / &c L
^8 ' n8 / K L3 G & 4 , #F 4 ( -3G &'-G ( / o8)(& ( / 4

# & & -L ' K & /


8
Z#& _/
_ # . - &8 -L I-O
&'-G& 4& . - L & & I-F N \)(& ^ K &' E-03 K
8 -L & 4 2&9 3L&8 # 9
#&

\ & / - & .Pd & + b&0


&' Z F 8
' / 3
# < -L # - _ # ) /3 & #.(2006 ,
'& # '& & K4 /
&' & = k/3/
&' 6i
3 &L #O &/4 3E -L (/# J ;
& 3G
& KJ L& F24# i&Q $N & F n- & - # 8
+/3E & '& 3L&8 -+
h &'$\L
& 3 & . =_ Q L a 3 /#G & - &2 3K &G & 4) &
3 O
& #O #
.(1996

& _ k &+ B a 3&G & 4 2&9 3- O


# 3 # O$ #&
3
. & 9 $
&' -L # 8/N 2 a 3 -L F ; #/ #
' #9 #'S/ k G & O &6<J -L 0& 8
' &6<J L& 4 & +& K4/
&6<J 0& 8
; -L a-F/&6<J &8 &6<J f 8 FO<&6 3 O\< & &( 4 &S # F 3
J & & &69^ 8/ J & )#E &$ (Crisis News & <4 &&L &<&D d 4 . `.

102

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

F # J l0 & /#
&G
94&$
\L
&
&
# i& & $ . & 9 < L

& #'S<&6 3 &

ISSN : 2351-8014

Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

# d ( /< & &' b&Dd

& a 3 L & - &F< -L 3 & ' # (&< a 3 & - '& (


'& O- _ G &(8 L &'-$ C 3
& + /3
N 3
J # #O
@& E 6 9 (/ B a 3
B #
_S 3 #
0& 8 & +& K4#O- /
a 3 & -3L ( . # 04 0& 8 6\L
94
& &8<W d &
K#
_'8
3
& -
#6L k6& KJ L& F24 (# +
I 2 & . # < / d-
/& $ & ;/ E
3L&8& -L #6 l F '&
&E & -
<&
& G & E 4I/
)
# F
@'& (&<& & K. /
3& L kE6-
B 3
'& ( / 4 -8$ & &' G&$# - 4 &
( N & - #(G 6 3 3 & k G O
-L

(
4
&

&2

'&
#S
&<'&
$
'&

3/#
& B- -L & - &
& + 0 3 &
&' _-L) 2 &

) # 6 _- #8( # 6 &L &/


<&K /#G & -
&K 3 3 8/ #O #6 & + 0 4& r kE6 -
.(1989 362
& K4.(1999 &)& ) /
&&6 L 6 ; & & #D/ 3KJ
& K4 I8E /< ( P -L B&69J
_ # /&( G & - B- -L & - #6/ &( G& -L<'& & & a-J
(%80) -L #F 8 & - 3 & 36L) (1984 G# ) $ (%90&69J
# i& & - 2&9 . 4&$ &6<J &
b&Dd #
4&$ &6<J G & _ . ^
3 #8 -L 3GJ & 3 ) .(1982 B _i< & 3/3
/= & .
9 # o
3 #
N a 3 ( ' - e +

( & 3/3 &S ##9J #F 0 n0#$ \ L -L #ON 3 B- &S3L _(E :# 4&$ &6<J &S \L
EN 4&$ @ 3 3
3& 0 < ( &'b&6 -L 0&0N 4&$ nK N = ; n 6&E J -
3 =_ Q 3 #
&' -0 a K3
-L&69J k G : # &69c
# & _ ) & L k &+) (1985 #F 0 & \&69 /
& d ( -.&<& G
L

B N # 6

#6$
#
3 0
\L

&+ & #O n 0 3 3 #O
& n<&$ 3 #
b&0\ L #

-L &' #F 0 _(E&69J
& n-9 3 #N & &$ N 3 04 04
ZJ J # -L
&6 #6
B- n& KJ
& $ 8<#d n d o - / d- / k -L 8<#d

N 3 )&(6 K
-L F =_ ' n (# +
d< l86& \L
F
k \L
& KJ L& F24 &' 3 0 3 #O
& &6 - P \&69 -+ k G &8<# ; n &K & B
&6 &69J
f
S
J 6 G&69/
I BnE62
<&F 3 #
# K #6L l E ' 3.

e/# -L &=H & +& K4 ; / # O < '& #d \=& & ; & #



^/ L\L
-
C8 /& G # &DE #=J #= #D 3G &80C (G
E
&DE ) & & f8)#
N & # & DK # & I - &' 3b ' / & &
L )& -i J /#=J #= & 4 & '& -L&d
-L 3L&8
&< B- <&6 3 )#3 0 & '& 32 & /# & .B N
J
&' 6 &F
( / ,Z 3L #6L _ / F & LJ # 3 :&' , ZK&=H & /$& J
# 3 # & + &DE J ) I
#= # 3 # ZK /3 # G # 3 & eG &' &/ E K#0 # 3 ( &6 K#0 #G &' &/ E # 3 ZKJ)d
&
3< & ) = a K#0 &' &/ E _ FE # 3 # &DE L& 4 d #/ F Z < & _ FE &= #
J .
/ /#(d L36
& -
C & LJ #E 3< \& # , 3 #)J #
# '& # ,
#E & -

b&0
\L
3 8 3G &
\ , -K
& F &' #L & _ ,;-$ '& # L 4&$ &6<J & b&Dd &
#G L
#6L , -E IL # E N / #69
\-K
& 4 &L L#8 F J3' , I8$ - # & &
_-L\ L k/3E4& 4 &K & & o 2 L& 4 #E # / k G 8d r ab& E Zb&K -2&E
# 6$ 68 3 &@J & F db = L L , d- & & 3 ,4 3 / _'- , &D _'D 6 ^ ( n8 - /# 8 3
+ /
N #E \L
& db&F N 6 #d /3\= . -6 '3 0&0J
( & ' < #(d (# d ,< & &
# , # OJ &/ < e8 + n /#(d 8d &d
; # & , ( # # 3 P0 _G &D
&LQ
& d<4
&D P0J ( # L &D
& = & 0& 0/3/
&8 E< ; / k E , && &6 & -L _b# G & 94 & + /3 db&F\= # i&.
& &E # 3 # & + &DE < ( # e8 ' / - < & <Q ,
' N #E ) &' & - r 6 &<#& 04
2J L&d d ( Z 3 L4
$# Z
b&0 & L &'-$ Z)(& '& '& L&d & 6 &F &' & 8\& /
& $ ( L
l -8 -L D &< ( -L ' / &DE /
-L S # &DE <' I&=H # 3& ,
#2& L Z& , 3/ # & '& = & & , & 0& 0 ; E _ / B N
# C8 & $ , b&0\ L /& G L f8 ' / 8
& 3 / ' / & &2 I / #(d db&F N 6 \= &D #(d- < <& - 3
& (/ G ,& L &K -L
. d
# i F ' / &6 K # &DE / ( P0 ' / 3/ 4 $ P0 &
lb&0\L
^= # & b&Dd & /) (6 n<# <4)&(6 2 , L& 4# i&
; -L
&DE . < & $
Z 2 /36 & &d 0 3 &6.
#F9 ( / &' # 6$ -L ' / Q , E 3 G(/ 0&0J

# & `/ '_
' , 62

# &DE , #)# N # =#
9 L& J &E & & ^ -L 3 $
/& G 60 # (/
Z<&E

# & / -
+/3E
-L &DE ( # (&< &
( # 6 & d &DG -L & _ , =_ & ' &
& G b# # , L 8 3 G ' #
& _ #6L n<# <4 k6 #6L < / d-& KJ & L< # ( B b&0\L
3G &L 0 &$ # (# 6 G d -
-L32 I $ < # =&#L ab
= a # # &DE & #
3 L
,B N _L /&L
Z# _L $ = a # & eG &=H
H # - 2J &8<\& F6 # # &J , #

103

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

# &
;$

# &_
&2
&DE # & '&

< # ; e/##( 6 # &2 # # ' /


#/H - d #6L & `/ # c . #
d8-d O- & nE

Z K &69 K P &69J
' & . & + &E /3
< 3$C & _/3 -L /36& + 04 &&L \L
; ; / & & ; < ( ,; 4&O < n 3 & 3 &
() P
-E
&69 -L& H , ' &E # o = &
B- r
Q , $#E N ' # / &' L & b&D #9 , 3 4<; ; &@ 3 0 ) &' &f
-0J N _/3 -n-9
r 6 & &' ,
r _ FE &=
# J& . #6$#F9

'& '& & + 0& 8\/3/


& b&Dd rO , L #S
Z &' <3 Z
Z & ; /#@&G .;-6 8 'N -L I / 3 & S
3'/ , & $ # 3
lF a- /# 0
(& &D -.
2) F9
& _ ; N #E '
E
' e (/ ( # 6$ 3 6\ L #O & Z ;- 3 &(- - @&E & +N6/ 4 & Z ' _ # +$

& E/ 4 # IK
(&
& \ &DE #O

&' 3 0 #O Z
\L
\# 0
N &/ G
&
'& < & <Z - <&8
#O # +$ _-( / L &DE \< <&8 &dE -L\ \< #6L <&8 & + / 4 ;<J `/
Z # + _D_ ZK/#=J
& ;-\L
K #O & ;& 04
#/ 3E/ &&DK @E
Z F 8/
.;8d< nK
&DE \<&8 J #K

Z I/#O # # / k G #O & 38E N & `/ &DE D / & $ B


# i_ #0 L & \L
&8 N ;-K& /
#O -/ & L ; J3 &d < &'8d #'S/ 3 & B- 4& / G < & $ d- 3L
-0 3 -b&0\L
&=h K# &DE Z 3 n '0 /# 6
( G@ &/

J3 =& 3@ d 3
& '&
&DG- & L &/
F9 & J & b 3 a/# 3 #DE #(d -8.
/# K # 3L\ L #O ; & 0&0# Z ;- & I &0 # G 0 B) 4 & <Q N \ L -L _b&K=& d
'N ^< & 3 L
0& 8 &0
( <& = & #L I # K $#/ B N &D/N \ L ) #O( -L#F@4 & J
# G4 < # &DO6
0 # &E/ n 8/ ^ Z - #'S/ &' &60 '& & db K#L= & )& ;.

@#O & 68 &' lF


6 &F & <Q B N ^ < 8 d4&G # G4 &' L3/\ L #O 8/&0& 0 &'<^ &' ^ & b L
# - 38E B- / ;< $ =& &DG& / &/ ; & & 6 -L 8 \< 2&9 <&8 &(/# #O J
&O< & 8 & -K #O #S /
& L B- 4
# # &9 #i / ' &<#K
9 &' 0 @
- &) #i
_(E & & _ & 0& 0& K &/= & & 8
# J N )( / 4 '& < l F - &' 3 e @ F 3 _b & L & 0& 0& K &/= & & -
& & / 4=& &DG O/ &/ & L
N & # 3 a&=H.
\ &DE N L3 8/=& d
3
DE @ #S / k G #O #d 0&8E E- @
N & ; 3 d/ & l6DJ -L _'< $ 8 &DE &/ 4 /
3 /#=J & eG # K #E db&F I68
e / # 3&=H 3L # 6$
&DE #6L / & .`/ & 3 4 < &8
Nd& & & L l6 # ' B N . &L
& 8 ( # 3 _ /&=H &DE # K
-
lF /
N # 3 &
'& &'D Z3 & ^ - &' - 3 0
)& ( & 68 &' lF @ & 4 K &&L E &' G
- GL
& '
#/ 2 # O Zb&K '& E # J N L3 8/
e / ab& E
-L
r 3 / &'- L\L
L3
#i
& $L
-L ( #
N' &$ J3 + 6
&
^ &' f &( I &0 K & # 6 & & &' 3D & (E 0&8
N #E \L
6.
& < _S& ; \L
c - F6/ & # i #'S/ #O
' o\L
=& d I-K $ ab& E N - E\L
C8 & < <&KK 9
Z 3
=_ &$ -L Z /
#O &8 Z& 4
k G & /# 3 8
& 4 # i #+ L# '& & +
&< # +$
B 3-6 & ( / /#F & +3 0 '& ( #=C# 0
(
3 8/ & J 3L&K ( -K 3 \-K
3- #O.

(& = & 3 4 . +' # & 0 & 3


3L&8 #
& /& G & +
&(- & + #8 B- # O I / B N . K <
&' K /#=J . /3 /3 I / = a 3 &2
&/#dE # i &< <
# # #/# -L & a 8 3 I /
& + #8 . K 3
&32& '&b
( O < <&K # i &' 2
#J # &(- & +

3 #6L , # $ / &'b ( <& '& $ , & $


Z -L &O N#$

e ; )(& ; ; & 8 0&0 LW


&< I # _ - &80C & + #b & + 6 # 6&=H &eG
)^<'& dE

< -L ad \ L S
# &DE ' / 3 < & <Q , I -L Z / #6$J\ L ;<J# =^ #+$J L & ( && # &.

'3&
43 &'<Q
kG

&
&' <& 2 -L &' /
& # \ L 3 3 < ) BN ' /
-L&d # i
' # i
\L
& F .& &G # & n<&$ S
# & e/# &DE - &dE -L ' /
&8
3 3 4 # a-&i _ c 0 (& 3 && & $ -0 &

@Z E
$#E &' /
# i & & = 6$
Z #E
& &'<Q ,

( <& '&
& rK & & $ Z # K

4 F
,Z
& # /
N ( <& &8_
<. <&8

'&, -b
P 3 #E- \L
C8 & 8
a &L -L Z\ L
& C8 L & \ L & #= & &DE & /
-L 3-6 # & 8 04 ,< & ' e #6$ -L& #+$ ^= #
',
# e/#= & &DE = ;

' #9.
Z
&< ( e L b
#6
& 3 L & / & +#2& L& &DE / 3 (& -
3GJ 0& 8 <' I # 3 # &DE 3-6 ) &' n- @ d # i /# 3 k G K & &=
& - #'S/ # l
B- _ FE 3 & - # 3 `/ # N#$ & L # &DE '& ,^$ &FF B (d d ( 4 3
& # /
&8 &/
# ,&' /<'& # #3 L &'i
<'& & / a/# L &'-/ E ( /# -L 3 , L && $ i D E.
'& &' / 3 3K '& -L & 6 . @ # ; /& G
b&0\ L K - &E # & < @ &'8d #2 3/3E G# 0
& #&$ & $ \ L &660 3L&8 -LJ) d &dE
3' F9 # & e/# - & # / ;
b&0 3 4\ L #
) -L

104

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

& J 3/3
-L # ; e/# ' - ; /3 &$ I68
( / 3 @ ^ 2 /& G # & /Q L & ; & / Z

& + & /#=J .


E #= d
&-

&- -

\ L _ b&0
. 2J
dG

-L b&0\ L 3/3 L3 &6 &2 0& 0 /& E # &(- & + Z6N 3L 0& 8 < & : &'- < 8 b L3
= a # Z& + 0 &6 # &G
& & -
Z K# Z03 0 (
# & _ #
N#$ \ &
& = a # \&'0 &/ E \ ( #< _ & - (6) -L #\< n<# # & &'0 # &DE /# 6 / & 39
-L Z\< & 3 8 E - # K# & #)&6 (6) -L\< n<# #/ F
&4 # & F6 # f a-9
&L &L (&d
= a dG # 3 I/ & -L $& L = a# ( 4< 3L&8
9 & _ #
# 3 o# - I/&L # O F0
& & - #
&6-F (
#)& & / K&<& 3L (& - &&L G
& & - #
( a 6F
3/3E@ Z &# /
&<& 3L & - &) G3L < # ( #< (6) -L# n<# <4 & _ = ; &$ 3 &80C & Z $ (&< k/3E # 8
'&.
# & $ `/ _ -K

&6 E &/
# 3' # = a #+ (& &/
O6 / & $ L3 # $
& `/ # @ &K -L&d
& &=H ZF /#=J '
= a 3 & 8 -L / a = #3GJ
& `/ . #
(&
&E # #$ & _ #3L l9
& d- a E l #
3GJ &=H
#
& & # #< dG : # = # a & # ( #< & ^2

3 L D #
# & & # & # \< & & #<
# K#
3/3E@ # /& Z = a &# 2 & #
#< 3L&8
-L&F< Z0 #L & 6& 0
# ' - & +G&6 #6
.&'E
L 3b&8 # $ & /_
; -L # #F & /

#='& \&'0 &/ E


& J &
& &'0 &DE /3 ^= #& -L $#E
<# I &
\ & G K# ( /3 -
; 3 ^= # & & + &
Z N

& F& dG : # = # a F& # ( #< & \&'0 &/ E # & '& # & &'0 &DE

3/3E@ # /& Z = a &# 2


( &9 3L&8
F # -
; &L
-L &DE &
#\0
-L&F< Z0.
< I # F ' - & +G&6 #6
# K#\ & G K# ( /3 -
F& #
Z& L K#
& & -:
& (

& ;SdG '8/ ;L& # 0< #


= a # #
& _ # 3L&8
N#$ #= \ &
& & -
&6-F (
(& - &&L G
& - - L # #&/ E -L #

.4 (

& & - 3 0 & 4& 4 & -


3 #&/ 3 0 (
# (6) -L # L n<# <4 a/#< & ( #< # L & _ &dE- # -L
#)& & / K&<& 3L
& & - #
( a 6F
3/3E@ Z &# /
3 = &K
( &DG & _ ( -L&d ( /
e/# & _ &\& &'0 #
) (6\< .n<#

45 3

& -G F & +
( -G
& kE6 \ L /& G # &(- & +
&E :J e/# L &(- & + /& G L <&+ &(- & +
9

-
& + ) # # < &( # L Z \ L /& G # &(- & +
3 kE6

&FF # 3&=H

3$ -L kE6 \ L

3-6

(& & +& #

3$C/ kE6 \ L E / _(E #D


&' 3 # & +
& # 3 ;/

&DE +#$
# -8 L k &+

&(-

# 3

#D . /#(8
#2&) &L

K )3/3 ^= # (
&DE.

' 04

& 3/3 ; \-K

&/ ' & ; & 3 L

3 .

( <& N#$

' / '3

3 , # N N)(&
# 3&=H &/
' 4
#+ & l E &DE / & +
3$ kE6 3& L 9 & #
-L&69J . #
ZK /3#F 0 \ L #O E 4&$ 3@ #O 3 ##F 0 & \&69 /
e/#

$ -L kE6 L\L
C8 /& G # &DE #=J #= .
E
)#_'$
& kE6 3 6 & +

&6; & 3 64

&

\L

-L

& #6/

&(- & +

< '& #d \=& & '_ & # &DE

b&Dd < / d-

P
& # &DE ' /
C8 & 8
a &L -L Z\ L
,I8E #< & ' e #6$ -L& #+$ ^= # # & e/# &DE = ;
' #9.
Z
&< ( e L b
#6
3 (& -

2&9 d

` 0#

-L 3-6
'& -b
3 #E- \L
' , & 3 L ' / & +#2& L& &DE/

8 ' 6

# _ 36L .() K&6 # &DE /3 # &#2 $# 1 3&0 F F & / &# .12


S \ /# #&8 . # 2 1 &2 # - & 6 - .201-200
(#
S3 E

1 ' D - # &# 102


& .(2006) 3 G /#S & <& - 3 \< <&8 /#\0
& 6 & L - J 1 .14-13
#L .(1998) 3 0 3 E
.1949 e $ #6 J & 1977 &' aE- & 2/52 & /14.7
K&d

105

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

&+
/& G K&d # &
& P/3 L&
3
# L
3 1982/18 1 aE-.30
4 K&d& .(1954) Eb /N d .4/14-2/12-1
&E ( & a.12
L 3 G .(2000) 3 8<' & _L
& # - & IF
_ - & kE6 -
kE6 - & K 3< &G
& $ 3 G ) .(2000
& & Z &E & & P< 2000/11/23 #.11
' /&$ / (- - #O & # .63
3<
#2&< 30J .(1997) /3 ' /
&(- & + a 6F 0&0 < 1970 8 (8#b ( 6
# (0 <# < Z .(2003) n -$ & # # OL
1.3
3- /#&0 E6 -
<&6 /#=J /3 r# & - _ #
2 & #9 ) .(&60 e-& G & 6
/# . K
-8-0 - ' 03 3- 3 &
.3 E # & 'd J .
& 36L 3 0 B
#\ 3 , - # - - &# , .8-7
&8G , 0 H E .(2007) /3
/& G . -G 3 G&=H & LJ d # 3 I/ J &/# - (- # 8 / .138-126
3 $# &0 3G $# #&0 3G # - # 1.156
) .(1998
_ 1 l 0 2 & - &# .5
< P # _ #9 ) .(1973
3O .55-54-19
# &/ 36L & ) .(1998 /& E &&=h b -$ # 8 & &0 &< & -
&( 3 1 .233
)
4 n/# & .(2000) # ) (/&L # (d
- 0& 8 eK 10 & + C 3O - & + .17
& 3) e0 / 0 G .(1997 \<&8 & \< <&8
L&d &DE - 141 eK.43
\0

.(1999 3 -
&)& C 3 G )/
&3 3 ' D # &# .15
3 /& G .(1999) 3 E &2 /3 # & + 6F
F 3E< :# C
L
e b&0\ L 3/3
) (2011 l F & 4\L
n & G 3 G
& &F9^ L - 3 @#& $# # & - - 36L B- /.3
# 0
& + # &#2 1 .275-274-111
DK ' / & +
.(2001) 3 0 3 E

- 273 #.38
# / & +L 3 G ) #6 .(2000 #/ /3
# - ) & + ( (8 8/ &/# ZK -L (8 8/ S\0
& _ \0
& E & +
& +L .
# / 36L /
) (6 & - 3 .
/ ) I 'd .(2008 /& - /# # & & & 93 ^ _ &L - P 0 .4 #(d
& - - 8 6 8 248 #.19
=& n) 3 G .(1999 # $
- , n ,42 , (E 3O - (E ,.162
3E=
+ &+
& # .(2006) 8G -L ,
& # &/&DK .(1997) 3 &L 3 E , #(d & ,#2 $# ,1&0 3G # - # ,.135
.(2000) ---- # ' D , # $# ,2&0 3G # # .22 E< .(1993) ---- # $# & + # # 6.22 $# &0 3G # # .135
.(1998) ---- # ' / - & + 6 8 228 # .19-15-14
.(1998) ----& ; ) .(1998 L ZK N 36 3 E I/# b -F 68 # - <&$ & 2 - Z/ - .17
& 2 .27
$# 3&0 E6
3< &E J 3G
' /
-6 .(2002) 3 G
&6 3 - 1.173
b&0& 4 & KJ & L& &'db6 ( & 4
& 3 .(1989) _0

# &
& + # # C - # ) Z & + #
& '
& G 3 3 G ) & .(1998 /
- & dJ .3
& ( 2

d/NE .(2007) 3 G /& E &&=h b & 0< ' D # &# .151-98-94


H - \< 18/1 <&8 a
# 0 8G # _ ) .(2002 + L & - &'6K & - &'K h a - \<& <&8
.212
8G .(2001/09/11) L& 0= & 6 ' / d E2 b&D #/ 8.10575 /
3&0 # -.1263 &
& G& $ ) .(1997 -8 &< 3 & 80C 1
K&8# 1& 6 .20
# L
.(1999) $# 3 E & + #
L e (- b&/&=H # 0 - 3- &8 = + 2/ & +\ L 3O -
.() /3 n < G& 0 #F
.
3E & + #(d # - # 1.132
&8/#9 .(2001) -L _0&
&E-F .(1997) &0 , 6 9 ( Z &F , /# ' f /# & - &# .67-66
9) & 3 ) .(1992 6 # # 1.12
3O &E .88
_-L&=H L 0 # O88
)3 .(1981
& 3
& b&Dd # - 37 #.7
##E ) rb&L 1421& @ .(2001/ ' /
) &' .(1985) 3 G\ L 3 & # / / d- #(d - # &# .376
&E ( & # - ,a.9
, 0& 8
.(2001) 0 , 6L&0 #(d# 04

106

6F
< 16

& 17 P/ # $ 1972 #6 < 21 ; &8


3
#K& # C & # C < (8
S 1972 #6 _ J 3E # - _- & ( (8< /) & + P/ - 82 # <&8<W & +

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

Mahmoud Ahmed Darwish

6 ( # - &# 1 .19-18-16
K E 3 G )2001( .\ 0 # L
409 .6
a/# ' - L\0
&8 -L # # ) .(2000
& #= 3<
& Z & S # i (E
3 8
a E
.() _ &0 & #=
& &00
& #= .P<
& 4& +/3E
&< 3 \< <&8 1 6 8 - # &#
#( 60& /& G .(2000) B/& LJ <3 & <& - &3 3 &0
.211-210
& `/=& I-G & F8- 3-J .-
$ 3 0 #6 .() I$ 3 8 KJ&0
0 .(2011) 0&/ E/ &(- & + &' /& G b&0# 0& & - E - & /# 8 8 &8 15/4 0 -114
.107-116
# 0&G ) /& G .(2006 J &(- = & &L E-8 -$ # 8 & &0 - &< < 3 0 & -3 -6 & I-G .4
3 0)# .() 3 E &2 # &DE #&60 & 3 e-# &dE 80C & +-\ L .15-5
3 8)& &L ) .(19844 K&d 4 0& 1954 8 - <& - /# 3 40 &# 63
&$ dF\ & ) .(1977 G4 #E K 3L &< 3 &#2 Z L 6F 0 G4 \#0 _ &Kc - b #&0
) &E
$ -$ E & - &# .257
$# & + ' 3 . & +
6L#@ ) .(2006/2/24\ L # &/3E
# &' /& G b&0 &' <& 2 - &' # # # 3 &E ( & # a
) .() K ) k & _ &/
.
- ' 557 .46
) 6- .(1999 /& ) 3 G
# o k6 3 &Dd - n , (E 3O - (E ,9 , 8 , <&+ .100-94
&F
) & E )( 0 .(1999
; & 0 36L 8 & 3 E '& 6 ( ,#0J - ' f /# & & (- -
# , &+
) ,#-# # ) .(2007& 4 '
&# , .26-23-18-16
@ K 3L &< 3 - E - & 17-16/4 /# 8 .48-45
3 G b&F _ ) K#0 .(2012 &(- & + #K
& _ -8-0 k &+ 78 # - &0# ( n/.74
& +
36L L G# &/&DK .(1984 < /) e 6\L
-8 &< 3
36L &&< & / ) .(2010 &< 3 \< <&8 4 K&d& & 1954 # /& E &' $ &(- & +
6-E # - K E .86-85-73
\< <&8 & &/3E 2 10
G d /#=J# _ # +/3E &#.
36L & .(1985) ' 3 E &0 < /#S-L
- 3 I - - # GJ &# .10
#@&E .(2005) e/#) _- L &< 3 \< <&8
L& G ) .(1985 &6 # ( ; _ &L L 0 # 1 P- & +- d H - ( n/.2
& 3 ) /& .(1996 #6 60 / PF8i -L b&Dd # 3 LJ&d - 231 #.58
1 ' D - #
FL # /& G .(1998) 3 G &(8 <3& LJ <3 & &L E-8& 0< & /#\0
&# .80
& #S '& ' D - # &# .44
.(1999) ---- (E & b 3 3 b&S - 0 0&0J # _b FL 3 G # _ ) /& G .(2003 <& 2 # #=J # - # d Z/ &#.
&< 3 \< <&8 1 &$J - / #b .39-38-12
-L /& G .(2011) 0 3 G& LJ <3
& .
3 G -L &$_ 36L& L # &$#i ) .( . /& E &&(- - 2 & += & &L -$ E-8 &< & -
/# 8 8 &8 15/4 0
# - E - &
E -L .(2011) 36L &S &< < /& E& LJ & + ; & 6F
.283-282
6-E
# -8 G4 &< 3 \<) <&8 & &/3E(
# L .(2010) &0 3 E &(G /& G &(- & +
# K E .244
+G& L
&< # _ .(2010) 3 E /& E &< < # - \< <&8 f 6 nK &L E-8 &< 3 \<) <&8 & &/3E(
6-E # - K E .38
2
# d #F 6F <&+ H # - .57
L& & = .(1983) P/
0 B-2003/4/22-20
&/ -$ # & #
& +=#& -L ' 3< /
& 36L 3 &9 _0 ) .(2003
-L (6 3 & - -.
L _0&K $# .(1980) e/# # # - _- .67
& 2 .1
3 E _0&K .(1996) 3 G\ L #=J 3 &=h -
&<3L &6L _ &L -8-0 -L - # ( n/.253
#
& &< # P& & ) 3 ) ` .(1998
- 3- &E # L

L 0 & P
) /& G .( # & /#=J@

& P
&# .-
& + eK\ 0 '& ( # - - - Z/ &# 1.27
3 E .(2001) -L L& 0
S &E &K - E
& # &= 3 E &<3L 3 E 3 ) .(2001 /& E 3 &(- - & + -L 6F 0 &(- & +
& 15/4 /# 8 35- 34-3
&9 .(1965) 3 E ,# & /3 , <&O J #(d # - k/3E ,.293

_ - L& 4 ' f /# & & (- - &# .139


$3 # _ ).(1975
6-E # - K E .126
I/N& & K&d 4 3 \ -K1
3 36L 6 .(2009) / /& E
' - &# .220-129-127
S #i
# 8 36L & ) #6 .(2001 #/ & _

107

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

ISSN : 2351-8014

.33 58 /#(8 3 &9 B- -$ - & + & 3


.(1999) 3/
# F
.# - =3E 1 # &
0 0 93 .(2004) B/3/#
.119 2 3 23 3- / 0 - <&8<\ - h a & - <& e (
.(2007) 3 0 .74 1/4
L\ a = - &
L\ a 3 # &3E o - / d- '&.(1982) #dS 3
.131-130 1 # -
Z/ # - -( / & _ L
.(2000) # 0 E #
.1935 &L #6 ( /# J 3'
J & #/& +
. 8 & 8 20 -( # & /&DK
0\ #(d .(1998) $
- N d G 1954 &4 K&d & a-E &< + $ #6 9 : -8 & < G
& + (& - /& E 3/3 &.(2004) /

.228 # &# GJ I - - 3
-
# GJ I - - 3 -
.23 #b - Z/ #
# L&6F- J &F &O ab& E / ' .(1995) 3 G < &
.103 1 I/& n -
# & & S Z 2 &L &DE 32 .(1999) / &2

.35-31 # d &+
d 0# #
# 1994/9/15-5 # & &3

(& 8- 3 # C L o &<# =
.# & ( & E ZK &' b / ' & L3 .(2010) -L d
.56 217
0\ & K4 -
'
0\ & _ - 3G / &K 0& 0 E< .(1999
/) G# 36L #8/
-
a = E6- #
-K\ $# # / ' @
# Z

&
( 3< &K& E .(1985) (8<
.46-29 # &- #)& L&6F- Z &< L& 4
13 # ZK /& E &6 e/# .(2003) (8<

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

Unesco (1984). The potation of movable cultural property, Paris, p.219.


Nahlik. S. E. (1967). La protection internationale des biens culturels en cas de conflit arme, Deiahay, 1, p.121.
www.iccrom.org
Pierre, Laurent frier (1997). Droit du patrimoineculturel, Paris, p.14.
http://whc.unesco.org/fr
The UNESCO regional office in the Arab states of the Gulf 5, July 2002. Convention on stolen or illegally exported cultural
objects. http://www.unesco.org/doha/
[7] Unesco (1984). The protedion of movable cultural property, Paris.
[8] www.alburath.com
[9] www.isesco.org.ma/arabic
[10] www.alahd.com

ISSN : 2351-8014

Vol. 27 No. 1, Oct. 2016

108

You might also like