1.

Metals have been extracted and used for many thousands of years
describe the use of common alloys including steel, brass and solder and explain
how these relate to their properties
An alloy is a mixture containing a metal and one or more other elements. As they
are mixtures, alloys can vary in compostion( they do not have constant composition
or properites.
outline the history of the development of the Periodic Table including its origins, the
original data used to construct it and the predictions made after its construction
Person
What they did
Antonie
Clkassified elements into four groups:metals, non-metals,
Lavoisier(1743-1794)
elastic fluids, earths
Johann
Classifeied elements into groups of three(triads based on
Dobereiner(1780similar properties
1849)
Arranged elemetns in each triad in order of atomic
wieghts
John Newlands(1780Arranged elements in atomic weight
1849)
Discovered Octave rule of eight(law of octave)
Dmitri Mendelev
Father of periodic table
Constructed periodic table of 60 elements
Constructed periodic table in relation of atomic weight
When atomic weight want known he placed it consistent
with elements with its properties
Left spaces for undiscovered elements
Noted that there was a gradation of physical properties
down the group
Lother Meyer
Elements put into atomic weight
Elements placed in similar group has similar chemical and
physical proeprties
Arranged order of elements by their
William Ramsey
Discovered five new elements which were
define the mole as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 (Avogadros
number)
A mole is defined as the same amount of substance that contains the same number
of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon 12.
The number of 12g of Carbon-12 is 6.022X10 23. This is called Avogadros number.
distinguish between empirical formulae and molecular formulae
Empirical formula of compound specifics simplest whole number ratio of the
numbers of atoms or ions of each element in the compound.
Molecular formula specifies the actual number of atoms of each element on a
molecule.
Water
define the terms solute, solvent and solution
Solutions are defined as homogeneous mixtures containing large
quantities of dissolved substances. In a solution, one substance, known as
solute, uis dissolved in another substance, the solvent.
Identify the importance of water as a solvent

Water is an important and excellent solvent as it allows biological

processes to occur in aqueous solutions and serves as a transport system
for nutrients and waste products in living things.
compare the state, percentage and distribution of water in the biosphere,
lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Percentage of
70%
Variable
96%-100%
0-5%
water
State of water Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Gas
Water of
Solid Ice
crystallization
Solid ice
analyse information by using models to account for the differing densities of ice and
liquid
water
Density of liquid water, like all matter, is given by:

Density=

mass
volume

It is usually expressed in kg/m3 or g/cm3. As temperature increases, water expands

and thus its volume increases. This is a result of increased kinetic energy of the
particles. As a result the density of the substances increases. Most substances
increase in density when they freeze, because a decrease in volume during the
freezing process.
Waters density is unusual because
Water expands when it changes from liquid to solid state. The lower the
density of ice in relation to liquid water allows ice to float on top of water, a
situation that experience very cold weather condtions.
When liquid water is cooled, its density increases until it reaches 4 oC, but
below this temperature, its density decreases. This occurs because water
initially contracts with cooling but at temperatures below 4 oC, it expands due
to the intermolecular forces in water causing the water molecules to arrange
themselves in a particular way.