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Latin composition. By Bernard M. Allen and John L. Phillips. Pt.I-III.

Allen, Bernard M. (Bernard Melzar), 1869Boston,, etc., Allyn and Bacon, [cop.1912].
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Latin
composition

Allen,
Henry
Joseph
Greenough
James
Bradstreet

EoUo7~"7/?./4./35"

Harvard College
Library

BOUGHT
FROM THE GIFT OF

CHARLES HERBERT THURBER

a.

?JU

<

3 2044 097 074

157

LATIN COMPOSITION
BY

BERNARD

M.

ALLEN

AND

JOHN L. PHILLIPS
INSTRUCTORS

IN LATIN IN PHILLIPS

ACADEMY

ANDOVER

PART ONE

REVISED EDITION

ALLYN
Boston

and BACON

Weto gorfe

Chicago

?aou the em o>


(TtRfEKT thuhh

'.meut

COPYRIGHT,

1909 AND

1912,

BY BERNARD M. ALLEN
AND JOHN L. PHILLIPS.

PREFACE
Latin

composition in the secondary schools has been


taught from two kinds of books, the one based on the

text read, the other developing grammar by a system


The advantages and defects of both
atic treatment.
plans are recognized ; the present work attempts to
combine the two methods in such a way as to pre
serve the advantages and avoid the defects of each.

In

its preparation pains have been taken to em


phasize those constructions which by reason of their
This
frequent recurrence are of most importance.
relative importance has been determined by actual
tabulation of all constructions in Books I-IV of Cae
sar's Gallic War, and has served as the basis for
fixing the order of presentation in the first part of
the book.
In many of the current Latin Compositions
there is a surprising waste of time on constructions
which are seldom met in the secondary school. For
instance, to devote a whole lesson to contrary-to-fact
conditions in indirect discourse, or to ask the student
to write in one exercise more relative clauses of re
striction or proviso than he will ever read before
going to college, is to betray a lack of a proper sense
of perspective.
Experience has shown that pupils are often con
fused in the attempt to gain from grammar references

PREFACE

iy

For this
understanding of principles.
reason, the authors have given in simple language
their own statements of grammatical usage, in addi
tion to the usual references to the grammars.
In
these statements of grammatical usage, clearness and
accuracy have been sought rather than originality.
Attention may be called, however, to certain points
which have been passed over or misstated in other
books.
Such are the discussion of the dative with
compounds in Sections 86-89, where it is noted that
verbs compounded with con regularly take, instead of
the dative, cum with the ablative ; the translation of
until in Section 120, where emphasis is laid on the
fact that the Latin, at least in preparatory texts, has
no use with dum or quoad corresponding to the use
of until in English after negative verbs of occurrence,
and that in such cases, therefore, until, which then is
equivalent to before, is to be rendered by priusquam.
Again, the infrequent use of the genitive plural gerun
dive as compared with the genitive singular, and the
entire lack in Caesar of the genitive gerund with an
object, unless that object is plural, has been briefly
noted in Section 249.
an accurate

The authors wish to express their appreciation of


the valuable suggestions received from Mr. Edwin T.
Brewster of Andover and Mr. Eric A. Starbuck of the
Westminster School at Simsbury.
BERNARD M. ALLEN.
JOHN L. PHILLIPS.
Andover, July,

1912.

PLAN OF THE BOOK


Part I, prepared for use during the first year of com
position work, is based on the first four Books of
Caesar, and the constructions are taken up in the

order of their frequency in Caesar.


Each lesson is divided into three sets of exer
cises, marked A, B, and C.

In

Exercise A are short sentences illustrating

the constructions of the lessons

(to be used in

connection with the general vocabulary).

In

Exercise B are sentences based on Book

illustrating the constructions of the lesson.

In Exercise
and

If

cises

If

III,

illustrating the

the

C are sentences based on Books

First Book of

same

I,

II

constructions.

Caesar is read first, Exer

and B may be assigned.

Book

II is read first, Exercises

and C may

be assigned.

Every third lesson is

review, and presents

connected narrative.

Review exercises, based on Book

IV,

follow.

The vocabulary has been made to cover these


exercises on Book IV, so that they may be used
as a

part of the composition work of the final

year,

if

desired.

PLAN OF THE BOOK

vi
Part

II,

prepared

for use during the second year of

composition work, is based on the Orations against


Catiline, on Pompey's Command, and on Archias.
The constructions are taken up in the regular
systematic order of the Grammars.

All

constructions are covered

in the lessons

based on the Orations against Catiline.

Every third lesson is a review and presents


connected discourse.

The exercises based on Pompey's Command and


on Archias cover the same constructions, and a
passage of connected

discourse

forms a part of

each lesson.

Part

II is concluded

by review exercises, based


on Pompey's Command and on Archias, in which
all constructions are reviewed, and connected dis
course only is presented.

Part

III,

for use during the third year of

prepared

composition work, is based on the Defence

of

Milo.

It

is not expected that these exercises will be


used in connection with the study of the text, and
a vocabulary has been provided.

of one section (A) of


sentences and one section (B) of

Each exercise
disconnected

consists

connected narrative.

All

constructions are presented and reviewed in

these exercises.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I

....
....

LESSON

I.

Pronouns

Personal, Demonstrative, Reflexive

II.
III.

Pronouns

Relative, Possessive

IV.
V.
VI.

Review

VII.

Review

VIII.
IX.

Indirect Questions.

Sequence

XI.

8
12
13

.
.

Ablative of Means.

18

Da
23

Simple Statements. Partitive

Genitive

X.

22

Subjunctive of Result,
tive of Possession

Indirect Discourse

of Tenses

Constructions of Place

Subjunctive of Purpose.

PAGS

Direct

Indefinite.
Interrogative,
Questions. Ablative of Agent

Pronouns

26

Review

29

Indirect Discourse : Complex Sentences.


tions with Ablative

Preposi
31

XII.
XIII.

Ablative Absolute

35

Review

38

XIV.

Substantive Clauses of Desire, with Verbs


Ablative
Commanding, Persuading, etc.
.
.
.
.
.
Accompaniment

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

Substantive Clauses of
Asking and Fearing

Desire,

of
of

.39

with Verbs of
43

Review

46

Ablatives of Separation, Comparison,


Difference

vii

Degree of
48

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Vlll

PAGE

LESSON

XVIII.
XIX.
XX.
XXI.

XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV.

Substantive Clauses of Result.


.
Manner and Accordance

Ablatives

.51

...
.

Review
Verbs of Hindering, Restraining,
Dimension
Time and Space.
Dative with Special Verbs.
pounds
Review

of

59
63

Licet, oportet,

necesse

71

Review

XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.

74

Clauses with cum, ubi, postquam,


.
Ablative with Certain Deponents

76

Temporal Clauses with dum, quoad, priusquam. Ablatives of Cause and Specification

79

Temporal
etc.

XXVII.

Review
Causal Clauses.
Concessive

XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.

....
....
....

Dative with Adjectives

Clauses.

Review
Subjunctive of Characteristic.
Genitive of Description

Review

Exercises on Book

Vocabulary

85

88
91

Ablative and

Exhortations.
Commands. Wishes.
of Purpose and Reference
Conditional Sentences

83

Resume' of Cum Clauses.

Genitive with Adjectives

XXXI.

65

est,

debed

XXV.
XXVI.

56

Datives with Com

Gerund and Ge
Periphrastic Conjugations.
rundive. Dative of Agent.
Expressions of
Purpose
May, Must, Ought.

54

Doubting.

93

Datives
96
100
105

IV

107

PART ONE

PART I
LESSON I
PRONOUNS
Personal.

B.

Demonstrative.
Reflexive.

242

A. & G.

B. 246-249

295

500.

299, 300.

H. 505-507.

i, 2; H. 502-504.

Pronouns

Personal
1.

H.

A. & G. 296-298

B. 244; A. & G.

The Personal Pronouns

ego,

/,

ta, you,

as

subjects of verbs, are regularly not expressed, ex


cept for emphasis or clearness.
venisti, you came.
tu venisti, yon came.
2.

The Latin has no Personal Pronoun of the

third person except sui, which is reflexive in its


use.
The Demonstratives are used to supply this
lack.

I praise him.

laudo eum,

The Genitive of the Personal Pronouns should


not be used to express possession.
For this pur
3.

pose Possessives are used.


1

See

12.

LATIN COMPOSITION

Demonstrative Pronouns
4.

The more common Demonstrative Pronouns

are hie, this (near the speaker), iste, that (remote


from the speaker, that of yours), and ille, that
(more remote from the speaker, that of his).
Is, that, he, is less definite in meaning

ille or hie, and is commonly


pronoun of the third person.

used as a personal

I praise him.

eum laudo,

Is often stands

than

as the antecedent of a relative.

is quem vidi, he whom

I saw.

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronoun refers to the subject of


the sentence for its meaning.
5.

The reflexive has two


1.

Direct Reflexive.

uses

This refers for its mean

ing to the subject of the clause in which it stands.


se

laudat, he praises himself.

This stands in a de
pendent clause, but refers for its meaning to the
2.

Indirect

Reflexive.

subject of the main clause.

Ariovistus respondit

se obsides

non esse dediturum,

Ariovistus replied that he would not surrender the


hostages,
(se refers for its meaning to Ariovistus,
the subject of the main verb.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

petiverunt ut pacem sScum faoeret,


that he would make peace with them.

they begged
(sS refers

for

its meaning to the subject of petivgrunt.)

The indirect

6.

only in

found

use of the reflexive is generally

indirect

discourse

and

purpose

clauses, when the dependent clause expresses the


words or thought of the subject of the main clause.
7.

The Reflexive Pronouns of the first and

sec

ond persons are like the Personal Pronouns.


8.

The Reflexive of the third person is sui,

clined as follows

de

Singular

Plural
Same as singular.

TlOifl.

gen.

sui

dat.

sibi

ace.

Be

abl.

se (sese)

(sese)

The following sentences illustrate the direct use of the


reflexive

me

laudo,

I praise

myself.

te laudas, you praise yourself.


se laudat, he praises himself.

nos laudamus, we praise ourselves.

vos laudatis, you praise yourselves.


se laudant, they praise themselves.

Note that se (sui) is always third person

LATIN COMPOSITION
Exercises

9.
(.4 vocabulary
is at the back

1.

(A)

of

in

the exercises

4.

marked

to him.

3.

2.

This affair

They call themselves

They sent him with the soldiers.

enemy sent envoys to us.

'6.

5.

led all the troops with him.


the cavalry came with him.

(B) Book I. 1,
war with them.

2.

4.

All

These tribes often carry on


2. Aquitania extends from this
call themselves

They

8.

1.

river to that part of the ocean.


Gauls.

The

We call them barba

7. Caesar

rians.

(4)

For (B) and (C) consult Latin text.)

We call ourselves friends.

was announced

Gauls.

the sentences

for

the book.

We call you
5. The
Celts.

3.

Helvetians carry on war with the Germans, and fight in


their territory.
6. They all differ from one another.
The Belgians inhabit this part of Gaul, and call
themselves the bravest of all.
8. Their boundaries
7.

are narrow in proportion to the number of men.

(C) Book
them.

2.

II.

1.

All

the Belgians are exchanging hostages.

1.

The more powerful


power in that state.

3.

formed
were

This army will


men will
4.

Letters

the conspiracy.

7.

6.

of Labienus
5.

in

Rumors

These were the causes of

They did not wish the Germans

to dwell longer with them.

winter with him.

led against

seize the supreme

him in regard to these causes.

brought to us.

be

8.

They are passing the

II

LESSON
PRONOUNS
Relative.

B.

250, 251

Possessive. B. 243

Continued

A. & G. 304-306,

308.

a; H.

510.

A. & G. 302. a, c,d,e; H. 501.

Relative Pronouns
10.

The Relative Pronoun is

qui,

quae,

quod,

who, which, that.

The following rule should be carefully noted

Relative Pronoun agrees with its Antecedent

Its

in gender and number.

case depends

on its

construction in the clause in which it stands.


miles quern vidit pugnabat,

the soldier whom he

saw was fighting.


Note that quern is in the singular number, masculine
It is in the
gender, to agree with its antecedent miles.
accusative
11.

case, object

of vidit.

The Relative, though sometimes omitted in

English, must always be expressed in Latin.


Possessive Pronouns
12.

tuus,

The Possessive Pronouns are meus, my,


your (singular), noster, our, vester, your

(plural), suus (reflexive), his, her, its, their.


5

LATIN COMPOSITION

They are declined like adjectives of the first and


second declensions, and agree in gender, number,
and case with the nouns they limit.

They may be
omitted when the sense is clear without them.
When the English pronouns his, her, its,
their, refer to the subject of the verb, the Reflexive
13.

suus must be used.

Suus has the same direct and indirect use as sui.


See

5.

To

his, her, its, their, not reflexive in sense,

express

the genitive
sentences,

of is

is regularly

used.

In the following

when suus is used, it has the direct reflexive

use.
Buum f ilium

vidit, he saw his (own) son.


eius filium vidit, he saw his son (not his own, but
some one else's son).
buos filibs viderunt, they saw their sons.

eorum filios vidi,


14.

saw their sons.

Exercises

(A) 1. They will go out with all their forces.


2. Their soldiers are brave.
3. Our neighbors estab
lished peace with us.
4. They sent their leading
The enemy were
informed of his arrival.
6. That town, which he
7. After his death the Hel
captured, was large.
men,

who surrendered to him.

5.

The envoys, to whom


Caesar said these things, were disturbed.

vetians did the same thing.

8.

EXERCISES

1. Casticus had been called our


(B) Book I. 3, 4.
friend.
2. He will seize the royal power in his

own state.

3.

Diviciacus, who held the leadership,

was a brother of Dumnoiix.

4.

They will establish

with those states which are nearest.

They
were influenced by his speech, and gave a pledge to
one another.
6. His father held the royal power
peace

for many years.


him to the trial.

5.

7.

He will take all his clients with

8.

Dumnorix, to whom he gave his

daughter in marriage, was very powerful.

9.

You

attempted the same thing in your state.

II.

He enrolled two legions, which


2. His army arrived in
he led into central Gaul.
(C) Book

2.

1.

the territory l of the Belgians.

all their forces into one place.

They are leading


4. The legions will

3.

come with

5. The envoy whom


him into camp.
Caesar sent was Quintus Pedius.
6. Our neighbors

will find out the things which are being done.


will lead his legions with him into camp.
came to their own territory.

He

They
9. He came to their

territory.
1

7.

in the territory; in Latin, 'at the borders.1

8.

III

LESSON
PRONOUNS
Interrogative.

B. 90; A. & G.

B.

Indefinite.

Direct Questions.

252

>.

Continued

148,

152; H. 511.

A. & G. 309-314; H. 512-515.

B.

162

Ablative of Agent. B. 216

A. & G. 330-333
;

A. & G.

405

H.

H. 378.
468, and

I.

Interrogative Pronouns
15.

The Interrogative Pronoun is

The Interrogative Adjective

quis,

quid.

is generally like the

Relative, qui, quae, quod.

did this t
what did he do ?

quis hoc fSoit ? who

quid fScit ?

quod nomeii

est

claims ?

what name is more

famous ?
Indefinite
16.

The commonest

Pronouns

Indefinite

aliquis and quis, some (one),


each

; and

any (one);

are

quisque,

quidam, certain.

In aliquis and quis,


stantives

Pronouns

the quis and

quid forms are Sub

qui and quod, Adjectives.

The nominative feminine singular and the nominative


and accusative neuter plural are regularly qua, not quae.
8

DIRECT QUESTIONS

Quis is regularly used instead of aliquis in

17.

clauses introduced by si, nisi, ns, and in such clauses

regularly follows these conjunctions.


si quid vult, ad mS venire oportet,

if

he wants

anything, he should come to me.

Direct Questions

As in English, Direct

18.

kinds
and

Questions are of two


those that can be answered by yes or no,

those

that

cannot.

These may be called

The lat
Questions of Fact and of Circumstance.
ter, as in English, are introduced by some question
word, such as quid, what ? cur, why ? ubi, where ?

Yes or No Questions are indicated in Eng

19.

lish only by the inverted order, as Did you speak"?


but in Latin these questions also require a question
Such questions are of three kinds

word.
1.

Those that expect the answer no, introduced

by num.
do you

it?

or you

dare not deny


2.

audSs ? dare you deny

negare

it,

num

Those that expect the answer yes, introduced

by nonne.
nonne

sentis

tua

consilia patere? don't you see

3.

that your schemes are manifest?

Those that expect either yes or no, indicated

LATIN COMPOSITION

10

by the enclitic -ne.

This is generally attached

to

the first word of the question, usually the verb.


poteatne hoc fieri ? can this be done ?

Double Questions

The first part of

20.

a double

question

is in

Latin regularly introduced by utrum, and the

sec

ond part by an or annon.


plus valet? is

utrum timor an officium


sense

of duty

fear or

the stronger ?

utrum proelium committere ex usu est annon ? is

it of advantage

to

begin battle or not?

Ablative of Personal Agent

The Person by Whom

21.

a thing is done is ex

pressed by the Ablative with ab.


looa superiora ab exercitu tenebantur,

the higher

positions were held by the army.


Note that this construction is confined to Passive verbs,
and the Agent corresponds to the Subject of the Active
verb.

When such a Subject is a thing, it becomes, with the

Passive verb, the Ablative

of Means or Cause.

See 40.

his rebus commotus est, he was disturbed by these


things.

Exercises

22.

(.4)
army ?
3.

1.

What is each lieutenant sending to the


2.

If

any

legion comes,1

Did they not do what

shall see it.

they were ordered to do ?

EXERCISES

1 1

The town will be taken by certain soldiers with


whom we came.
5. The enemy were frightened by
4.

all these things.


6. The Romans were frightened
by Ariovistus and the Germans.
The tense in Latin corresponds to the time referred
what. Relative or Interrogative ? The Latin prefers
to.
the plural.
1

comes.
2

(B) Book I. s,

6.

1.

Were all the

towns

and

2. Certain ' of
villages burned by the Helvetians ?
the Rauraci adopted the same plan, and started out

with them.

If

3.

there is any road by which we

can8 go from home, we will burn all our towns and

villages.

4.

What did they try to do when8 they

went out from home ?

They cannot persuade


their neighbors, can they, to attempt to do this?
6. They permitted them to go through their territoiy.
5.

quidam and numerals take ex with the Ablative


Instead of the Partitive Genitive.
See 46.
1

certain,

Note mood in text. See 134.


8
Use ubi. Note construction in text.
when.
2

can.

(C) Book

II.

3,

4.

sent by the Reini ?

1.

2.

Was the ambassador, Iccius,


Certain ' of the Belgians are

ready to do Caesar's commands.

in arms, we can join2 them.


one, is he, who has done

this ?

3.
4.

If any

states are

He isn't the only


5. What can twelve

thousand men (do) in war ?


6. He put himself and
7. The Rerai
all his possessions in 4 Caesar's power.
and Suessiones have the same laws.
1certain.
a

join.

See note in

(B).

Note usage in text.

shas done,

134.

*fn; in Latin,

'into.1

LESSON IV
REVIEW

23.
-

Book

(E)

I.

7, 8.

Lake Geneva empties into the

Rhone, which is a river in Gaul between the Sequanians and the Allobroges.
Caesar built a wall ten feet
high from this lake to the

Jura

Mountains, which

When
divide the Helvetians from the Sequanians.
this wall was finished, he fortified redoubts; and after
stationing1 garrisons, he was able very easily to stop
The Helvetians were
those who tried to cross over.
intending to march through the province because they
could not go by any other route
many boats together,

and so

they fastened

and made rafts by which they

crossed the Rhine at its shallowest point.


1

Use Ablative Absolute.

after stationing.

Book

(0)

II.

and so, itaque.

Caesar encouraged

5, 6.

the Remi,

and ordered them to come to the river and to pitch

All

they did promptly ; and after


*
they saw that there was a bridge over this river, they
hastened to lead their forces across. Caesar's camp
this

was twelve miles away, and he had fortified

it.

camp there.

with

The Belgians assaulted


this camp, and stripped the rampart of defenders, for
no one could stand on the wall when so many stones
rampart eight feet high.

and weapons were being thrown.


the fighting;

and the enemy, who knew that help had

in Latin,

these

(things').,
12

did not delay longer, but retreated.


'

this

been sent,

Darkness stopped

was, 44, 45.

LESSON V
Indirect Questions. B. 300
Sequence of Tenses.

B.

A. & G. 573, 574

267, 268

H.

A. & G. 482-484

649.

II.

H. 543-

545-

Indirect Questions
24.

question not asked directly, but depending

on some idea of asking, is called an Indirect Ques


tion.
quaesivit quae civitatSs in armis assent, he asked

what states were in arms.


25.

This construction is used to include not only

a question depending on some verb of asking, but

also all dependent

expressions

introduced

by an

interrogative word.
intellexSrunt quantam calamitatem intulissent, they
knew how great a disaster they had caused.
26.

Rule. The Verb

of an Indirect Question

is put in the Subjunctive.

Double Indirect Questions are introduced by


the same particles as Double Direct Questions.
27.

See 20.
13

LATIN COMPOSITION

14

intellegere voluit utrum titnor an officium plus valgret, he wished to know whether

fear or

a sense of

duty was the stronger.


28.

Annon, or not, becomes necne in an indirect

question.
declarant utrum proelium committere ex Qsii sit
necne, they declare

whether

it is of

advantage to

begin battle or not.


29.

With expressions of trying, hoping,

expecting,

a Single Indirect Question may be introduced by si.

exspectavit si transirent, he waited to see whether


they would cross.
Sequence
30.

of Tenses

Tenses are divided into two classes, Primary

and Secondary.

(1) The Primary tenses of the Indicative are


those referring to present and future time, the
Present, Future, and Future Perfect.
(2) The Secondary tenses of the Indicative are
those referring to past time, the Imperfect, Perfect,
and Pluperfect.

(3) The Primary tenses of the Subjunctive are


the Present and Perfect.

(4) The Secondary tenses of the Subjunctive are


the Imperfect and Pluperfect.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES
31.

IS

The tenses of Dependent Subjunctives are

determined by the following rule

Primary tenses of the Indicative are followed by


Primary tenses of the Subjunctive, the Present
Subjunctive to imply present or future time (i.e.
incomplete action), and the Perfect Subjunctive to

imply past time (i.e. completed action), in reference


to the main verb.
Secondary tenses of the Indicative are followed

by Secondary tenses of the Subjunctive, the


Imperfect Subjunctive to imply present or future
time (i.e. incomplete action), and the Pluperfect
Subjunctive to imply past time (i.e. completed
action), in reference to the main verb.
The whole subject may be condensed into the follow
ing statement

When a Subjunctive depends upon any verb referring

or Pluper
fect Tense, otherwise, in the Present or Perfect ; the Per

to past time, it must be put in the Imperfect

fect and Pluperfect Subjunctive refer to time previous to


that of the principal verb, the Present and Imperfect to
the same or later time.
Primary Sequence

rogat
rogabit
rogaverit
rogat

rogabit
rogaverit

quid faciam
(incomplete

ac

tion)

quid fScerim
(completed

tion)

ac

He asks
He will ask
He will have asked
He asks
He will ask
He will have asked

what T am
doing.

what
y

or

did.
have

done.

LATIN COMPOSITION

16

Secondary

rogabat

rogavit

> (incomplete

Sequence

quid facerem
ac-

rogaverat J tion)
rogabat
quid fecissem
]

rogavit

(completed ac-

rogaverat J

tion)

Table illustrating

He asked
He asked
He had asked

what

He asked
He asked
He had asked

what

Sequence

Main Verb followed by

was

do-

ing.

had
done.

of Tenses

Subjunctive

Referring to the Same Referring to Previous


Time
or Later Time

Present

Future
Future Perfect

Present

Perfect

Imperfect

Pluperfect

Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect

Exekcises

32.

(A)
does

1.

not

He inquired what they had said.


understand

what

the

enemy

2.

He

are doing.

We shall soon know why hostages were sent. 4. We


cannot find out whether * he has gone with the tenth

3.

legion alone.
departing.

They asked why the legions were


6. They do not know whether the camp
5.

is in danger or not.
Single Indirect Questions of Fact are introduced
by either num or -ne, whether, if, with no difference in meaning.
1

whether.

EXERCISES
(B) Book I.

9,

10.

1.

He

17
does

not understand

2. He announced
why they are sending envoys.
what ' the Helvetians were planning.
3. They found
out why he had enrolled two legions.
4. Did Caesar

know whether Dumnorix. was a friend of the Helve


tians or not ?

5.

Caesar knew what ' was being done

by the Helvetians.

6.

He

they obtained their request.

does
7.

not know whether


Can he find out why

8.
they led their legions out from winter quarters ?
asked him whether Caesar was passing the winter

there, or had gone into Gaul.


1what, plural.

(C) Caesar, Book II. 7, 8. 1. He cannot tell what


2. He did
legions have been led from the camp.
not understand why two legions had been left in
3. He knows how much space the army
camp.
occupies.

4.

inferior or not

Did Caesar know whether his men were


?

5.

I asked

him whether the enemy

had burned the towns, or laid waste the fields.

6.

7. I shall send
inquired what the smoke indicated.
'
8. Do
men to tell him whether the place is suitable.

you know what engines he placed at the ends of the


ditches?
9. He asked who had been sent by the
enemy.
1

to tell, 33.

LESSON VI
Subjunctive of Purpose.
Constructions
427

H.

of Place.

B. 282; A. & G.
B.

418, and 4, 419.

1,

531 ;

182, 228, 229, 232

H.

568, 590.

A. & G.

426,

461, 462, 483, 484.

Subjunctive of Purpose
33.

Dependent clauses expressing the purpose

of the main clause take the Subjunctive;

if posi

tive, they are introduced by ut, or by some form of


the relative qui,
by n5.

if

the sense permits

if negative,

The tenses follow the rule for sequence of

Since a purpose must always


tenses (see 31).
refer to the future, the tense must be present or
imperfect.
magno cursu contenderunt ut quam minimum spati

Romania darStur, they hastened at full speed in order


that as little time as possible might be given to the
Romans.
Caesar

niintios misit qui hos postularent, Caesar

sent messengers to demand these men.


Crassus in Aquitaniam proficiscitur nS auxilia ex
his nationibus mittantur, Crassus sets out into

tania in order that auxiliaries may not


these tribes.
18

be

Aqui-

sent from

CONSTRUCTIONS

OF PLACE

19

Constructions of Place

There are three common constructions

34.

place

of

Place To Which, Place From Which, and

All

Place At or In Which.

these regularly require

Place To Which is expressed by


the Accusative with ad or in ; Place From Which,
a preposition.

At

or

In

vSnit ad exercitum, he came to the army.


exercitum ex castas Sduxit, he led the army out

of

by the Ablative with ab, ex, or d

Place

Which, by the Ablative with in.

camp.

bellum in Gallia coortum est, war arose in Gaul.


Special Constructions
35.

Names of cities and towns, ana a mus, home,

and rus, country, as distinguished from city, do not


take a preposition.

Which is expressed

With these words, Place To


by the

Accusative;

From Which, by the Ablative; and Place


At Which, by the Locative.*

Place

In or

eos domum remittit, he sends them back home.

Tolosa et Narbone viria

evocatis, calling out men

from Toulouse and Narbonne.


domi remanent, they stay at home.
*The Locative endings, found only in the first three declen
sions,' are:

ae
-

is

-I
is

or e

..

lbus.

LATIN COMPOSITION

20

Exercises

36.

They delayed in Italy a little while, in order that the cavalry might return home.
2. He sent

(A)

1.

men from Rome to report this.1

3.

He will stay at

home in order that this may not be done.

4.

I went

into the country to see him, but he had gone from


home.
5. He is retreating into the city in order not
to be defeated.
1

this.

See 23.

I.

(C)

Note

1.

The Haeduans, in order to


defend themselves and their possessions, asked help
(-B) Book

of1 Caesar.

11,

12.

1.

They sent an army to keep off the


attack of the enemy.
3. They had nothing left at
home.

4.

2.

When the Tigurini had gone out from home,

5. He
they sent Cassius's army under the yoke.
will cross the river in order to be able to judge in
6. Caesar inflicted a great
which direction it flows.

disaster on this state, with the design of avenging*


his personal wrongs.
7. He will send envoys to
Rome to ask help.
1

ask

of peto, with ab

and Ablative.

with the design of avenging ; in Latin, ' with this design


that he might avenge.1
2

(C)

Book

II.

9, 1o.

enemy were doing.

1. Caesar
2.

waited to see what the

The Romans had learned that

a large number of horsemen were trying to cross the

river.

3.

He will send men to find out in what terri

tory fighting is going

on.1

4.

It

is best (for) them

EXERCISES
all to return home and attack the enemy.

5.

They

of capturing2 the camp.


The Bemi cut down the bridge in order to cut off

advanced
6.

21

with the design

our men from supplies.


7. They cannot use home
supplies of grain, and the supplies from abroad8 are
running short.
fighting is going on; in Latin,
with the design of capturing.
*from abroad, aliemis.
1
2

lit

is being fought.'
See () Note 2.

LESSON VII
REVIEW

37.
(-B)

Book

I.

13.

Caesar led his army across the

Arar, so that he might follow up the forces of the


Helvetians.
His sudden arrival alarmed them, and
to him to make peace, for1 they
could not understand how2 he had crossed the river
they sent envoys

quickly.8

so

Divico was the leader of this embassy,

and he asked Caesar where he wished the Helvetians

He inquired if Caesar remembered the former

to go.

valor4 of the Helvetians, and the destruction of the


army which had crossed from the Roman province"
into their territory.

if

for, nam.

valor.

province,

(0)

ad modum. 8 quickly, celeriter.


Note case after reminiscor in text.

Book

how, quern

provincia.

II.

11, 12.

the Belgians had gone.

Caesar sent scouts to find out

At dawn they returned

and

told him why the forces of the enemy were hurrying


home. He sent ahead Cotta and Pedius, his lieuten
ants, with all the cavalry to delay the rear line, and

Titus Labienus followed closely with three legions.


They killed a large number of the enemy, and at sun
set returned to camp.
On the following day he at
tempted to take the town of Noviodunum, which was

in the territory of the Suessiones.


alarmed,

and sent messengers

peace.
22

These were greatly


to Caesar to ask for

VIII

LESSON

of Result. B. 284; A. & G. 537; H. 570.


Ablative of Means. B. 218 ; A. & G. 409 ; H. 476.
Subjunctive

Dative of Possession.

B.

190

A. & G.

373

H.

430.

Subjunctive of Result
38.

dependent clause of Result is expressed

by ut, that, ut non, that not, and the Subjunctive.


A negative clause of Result may have some other nega
tive than non, as nemo or nihil, if the sense requires.
Notice that ne is never used with result clauses.
sort of subjunctive clauses are introduced

What

by ne?

Result clauses are often preceded in the


main clause by tam, so (regularly used with ad
39.

verbs and adjectives), ita, sic, so (regularly used


with verbs), tantus, so great, such, talis, of such a kind.
How is the

tense

of a Result Subjunctive determined

See 30.

baec urbs ita mfuiita est ut a Romania non cap!


posset, this city was so fortified that

it could not

be

taken by the Romans.


tantus erat timor Helvgtiorum ut s5 dederent, such
was the fear

of the Helvetians

that they surrendered.

hostSs tam celeriter accessSrunt


the enemy came on so

swiftly that
23

ut nemo effugeret.
no one escaped.

LATIN COMPOSITION'

24

Ablative of Means
40.

The Means or Instrument of an action is

expressed by the Ablative without a preposition.


signum tuba datum est, the signal was given by
the trumpet.

Dative of Possession

The Dative is used with est, sunt, etc., to


The thing possessed is the
denote the Possessor.
41.

Subject.
els erat magna frumenti copia, they had a great

abundance

of grain.
Exercises

42.

Our men fought so bravely that the Helve


2. The enemy have such courage that
tians fled.
3. The town was so fortified
nothing can be done.

(A)

1.

by the nature of its situation that no one could ap


proach.

4.

Such is the number of the enemy that

we cannot drive them back by one attack.

5.

The

road is so narrow that the army has no means of


approach.1
1

means

of approach, one word.

(.B) Book I. 14, 15. 1. They boasted so insolently


that Caesar could not put aside the memory of the

injuries.

2.

Caesar had less doubt because he re

membered what the envoys had mentioned.

will march in such

3.

They

way that we cannot attack them.

EXERCISES
4.

25

By this battle he kept the enemy from foraging.

The gods had granted prosperity to them for so


long that they were grieved at the change of circum
5.

The number of the enemy is so large


that they cannot drive them back.
7. He stationed
men to see in what direction the enemy were marching.
stances.

(C)

6.

Book

II.

13, 14.

1.

The Bellovaci had endured

such insults that they revolted from the Haeduans.


2.

They

Britain.

caused so great a disaster that they fled to


3.

to Caesar.

He had such courage that he returned


4. By his aid their influence was so in

creased among the


enemy fled.

5.

Belgians that the forces of the

He approached

the town so that

they might not pitch their camp there.


such influence that he can do this.

6.

He has

LESSON IX
Indirect
314.

Simple Declarative Sentences. 6. 313,


A. & G. 579-582, 584; H. 642, 644.

Discourse:
1,

2,

317

Partitive Genitive. B. 201.


5,

1, 2 ;

A. & G.

346. a,

c\ H. 440

441-443.

Indirect Discourse
Words

or

when

indirectly ex
pressed, i.e. not in the exact words of the original,
are called Indirect Discourse.
This construction is
43.

thoughts,

used after verbs and other expressions of Saying,

Thinking, Knowing, and Perceiving.


44.

In Indirect Discourse

the principal verb of

a statement is in the Infinitive with its subject in

the Accusative case.


45.

The

tense of the Infinitive depends on the

time referred to in its relation

to the time of the

verb of Saying, Thinking, etc.

The Present Infini

tive refers to the same time as that of the verb of


saying, the Perfect Infinitive to previous time, and
the Future Infinitive to later time.
unam

esse

spem salutis docent, they show

there is one hope

of safety.
26

that

PARTITIVE GENITIVE
certior factus est omnis

discessisse,

27
he was

in

formed that all had departed.


suds obsides

sS

recuperaturos * existimabant, they

thought they should recover their hostages.

Partitive Genitive
46.

which

The Partitive Genitive denotes

a whole of

the word it modifies denotes a part.

It

is

also called the Genitive of the Whole.


eorum una pars, one part

of them.

minus dubitationis, less {of) hesitation.


After many words, de or ex with the Ablative may be
This is
used as an equivalent of the Partitive Genitive.
the regular construction with quidam and cardinal
bers.

quidam ex his, certain

num

of these.

pauci de nostris, a few of our men.

Exercises

47.

They said that Caesar would defeat a large


2. He does not
part of the forces of the Germans.
3. They are said 1 to have
think he can be captured.

(A)

1.

gone home to their friends.


was brave.
general had

5.

4.

We all knew that he

He informed the soldiers that their

been

killed.

6.

We learn that ten of

them have returned to Rome from Gaul.


This personal passive construction is the same in
English and Latin.
1

are said.

* esse

is generally omitted

in the Future Infinitive.

A participle

helping to form an infinitive must agree with the subject.

LATIN COMPOSITION

28

(E)

Book

I.

1.

16, 17.

Caesar said that the grain

in the fields was not ripe.


2. He knew that many
of their chiefs had been called together to complain

For this
reason he thought Caesar would take away liberty
4. Day after day he declared that
from the Gauls.1

about the leadership of the Haeduans.

3.

the Haeduans were not collecting the grain.

5.

They

have a large supply of grain, which they can use


Caesar undertakes2

the war.

6.

He said that he

thought we knew with how great


reported

if

danger

he had

our plans.

Note case in text.


What time is referred to
undertakes.
Oauls.

1
2

(0)

Book

II.

15, 16.

1.

Certain of the Belgians

they would surrender to the Roman people.


He says their valor is so great that they cannot

said
2.

be conquered.

been handed

When part of the hostages had


over, he said he would spare them.
3.

They put the merchants and women in one place


which the Romans could not reach.
5. When the
4.

Haeduans inquired about these matters, they were


told that Caesar had gone back home.
6. The Bel
gians excel in valor, and have ' great influence.
declares he will not send men to seek peace.
1

have; in Latin

'

are ofS

7.

He

LESSON X
REVIEW

48.

(B) Book I.

18.

Caesar realized

that Liscus re

ferred to Dumnorix, and that these matters had been


discussed very freely and boldly

but because Dumno

rix was in charge of the cavalry and was utterly reck


After
less,1 he wished him to favor the Romans.
dismissing

the council he asked many questions,3 and

discovered that for several years he had been enlarg

ing his private property and had very great power


both at home and among the Helvetians.
Caesar
knew that Dumnorix, by means of this power, could
restore himself to his former position of influence, and
that he had amassed so much4 wealth that he enter
tained hopes of getting the royal power.

He learned

also that Dumnorix and his horsemen had started the

flight of the cavalry a few days before.


1
2
8

utterly reckless ; in Latin, ' of supreme recklessness.''


Use Ablative Absolute ( 55).
after dismissing.
Omit and use neuter adjective as a noun.
questions.

* so much,

tantus.

(C) Book II.

17, 18.

After learning all this, Caesar

picked out certain scouts and centurions to take1 with


him on (his) journey. One of these, as he afterwards
learned, noticed how 2 the legions were marching, and
29

LATIN COMPOSITION

30

told the Nervians that it was easy to attack them and


plunder the baggage.' Since the latter were not at all
strong

in infantry, they thought they ought not to

but they made hedges by cutting into


and bending over young trees so that the march of our
There was a river about three
army was hindered.
try

this plan

feet deep4 between the

hill

the enemy were hiding.

The hill had

and the woods in which


*

a gradual slope,

and was bare for about one hundred feet from the top.
1
2
4

Latin, ' lead.1


how, quo modd.
take ; in

three feet deep, 82.

See 33.
3

try, ineo.
had; in Latin, lwas o/.'

LESSON XI
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Complex Sentences.

B.

314.

1,

318; A. & G. 580, 585,

a;

H.643.

A Complex

49.

Sentence is composed of one

main clause and one or more dependent clauses, as


The soldiers whom

see

arc brave.

The rules for the verb of the main clause in Indirect


Discourse have been given in 44, 45.

50.

Dependent verb in Indirect Discourse is

in the Subjunctive.

If

either the verb of Saying, Thinking, etc., or

the Infinitive of the main clause is past, the tense

of the Dependent Subjunctive is Imperfect or Plu


perfect ( 31).
Direct
milites

quos

fortSs sunt,
whom

see

Indirect
{a) dicit milites quos
videat fort is esse, he says

video

the soldiers

are brave.

that the soldiers

whom

he sees are brave.

(I)) dixit milites quos


videret fortis esse, he

said that

the

soldiers

whom he saw were brave.


31

LATIN COMPOSITION

32

Note that in these expressions the verb in the


Clause

pendent

of

Direct

the

becomes

De

Subjunctive

in the Indirect, and that the Past tense

of the verb

of saying in
diceret

Subjunctive,

51.

requires

(J>)

Dicit hostls

the Secondary

oppida quae expugnavissent in-

cendisse, he says that the enemy

burned the towns

which they (/tad) captured.


Note

that the

Dependent

verb of the indirect

ex

pression is Pluperfect, with the Perfect Infinitive incendisse, although the introducing verb dicit is Present.

Pronoun in any part of a sentence in


Indirect Discourse, referring to the subject of the
52.

introducing verb of Saying, Thinking, etc., is regu


larly expressed by the Reflexive.
dicit
se

sS pacem cum els

civitatibus quae legatos ad

miserint facturum, he says that he

will

make

peace with those states which sent envoys to him.

Prepositions
53.

with the Ablative

The following Prepositions are followed by

the Ablative case

In and sub
take the Ablative to express Place At or In Which ;
the Accusative to express Place To Which.
S, ab, dS,

cum, ex, 6, sine, pro, prae.

EXERCISES
Exercises

54.

(.4)

33

The messengers report that the Belgians are

1.

carrying on war with the Germans, who live across the


Rhine.
2. Ariovistus replied that he would not return
3. Caesar
the hostages which had been given to him.
understands that they left the camp so that supplies

might be collected.

They saw that they would

4.

be

in great danger if these matters ' should be reported


to him,
5. He knows that those with whom he has
established peace

will

be

his friends.

In all such expressions, where


matters; in Latin, ' things.'
not
show
the
the ending does
gender, the word res should be
1

used.

(2?)

Book I. 19, 20.

1.

He knew that everything

2. Caesar hoped
which was said to him was true.
that he should not hurt the feelings of Diviciacus, if
he should punish his brother.
3. We all know that

Procillus was

a man in whom

he had great confidence.

Diviciacus thought that Caesar would punish Dumuorix because he had led an army through the terri
5. He will order Diviciacus
tory of the Sequanians.
4.

to be called to him, so that he may tell him what he


knows.
been said

6.

Caesar replied that he would tell what had

in the council.

everything; in Latin, ' all things.1


2
Use the Dative.
in whom.
1

(C) Book II. 19, 20. 1. Caesar said that because


he was approaching the enemy, he would lead six le
gions iu light marching order.1

2.

He knows that

LATIN COMPOSITION.

34
they

will

retreat,

if

he makes

an attack on them.

Caesar knew that he could not do everything, be

3.

cause the time was so short.3

4.

He hoped that the

soldiers, who had been trained by him in former battles,

would not leave the camp. 5. He said that he would


give the signal to those who had gone too far.
1
2
3

in light marching order, one word.


Use tense of completed action.
the time was so short ; in Latin, ' the shortness of time was so

makes.

great.''

LESSON XII
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
B. 227; A. & G. 419, 420; H. 489.
55.

The Ablative of

a Noun or Pronoun with a

Participle in agreement, but with no grammatical


connection with the rest of the sentence, is used
denote

to

an

Attendant

Circumstance.

Two

Nouns, or a Noun and an Adjective, are also used


in the same way.

This construction

is called the

Ablative Absolute.

The participle is generally the Perfect Participle,


sometimes the Present, never the Future.
The
attendant

circumstance

imply

may

time, cause,

clauses introduced by when, since, though,


L.

Domitio,

Ap.

Claudio

if,

concession, condition, etc., and so be translated

by
etc.

consulibus * discessit

of Lucius Domitius and Appius Claudius, Caesar went off into Italy.
paucis defendentibus oppidum expugnabit,

few,

he

will

(or

take the town

storm.

paucis defendentibus id expugnare

non

potuit,

by

though the defenders were few, he could not take


storm.

it

by

since) the defenders are

if

Caesar in italiam, in the consulship

This

of the Ablative Absolute shows the regular way of


indicating the year.
use

35

LATIN COMPOSITION

36

languidioribus nostris hostes acrius instabant, since

our men were weaker, the enemy pressed on more


boldly.
56.

The ordinary Latin

verb

has

no

Perfect

Active Participle, and the English Perfect Active


Participle is often best translated by the Ablative
Absolute.
consilio

convocato

sentential

exquirere

having summoned a council of war, he began


their opinions.

coepit,
to

ask

Note. In translating such a sentence from English


to Latin, the construction must be changed from active
Instead of " having finished the war, he re
turned," say " the war having been finished, he returned."

to passive.

But Deponent verbs have this Perfect Active


Participle, and this is frequently used, where with
57.

other verbs an Ablative Absolute or a Temporal


Clause would be necessary.
hi novissimos adortl et multa milia passuum pro
secuti magnam multitudinem concidSrunt, these, hav

ing attacked the rear and followed them many miles,

killed a large number.


So Caesar uses transgressus instead

of the Ablative

Absolute with transfre.


flumen transgress!

(not flumine

transito) proelium

commiserunt, crossing, (lit. having crossed) the river, they


began the battle.

EXERCISES
Exercises

58.
{Use

(A)

37

1.

the

Ablative Absolute when possible.)

Leaving

the

they hastened

baggage,

to

After the hostages were received, they


did not fear war.
3. Having crossed the river
safety.

2.

and set fire to the buildings,

they quickly returned.

5.

After advancing many miles, he pitched camp.


This happened in the consulship of Gnaeus Ponipey.

6.

When he had learned this, he retreated into Gaul.

4.

(B)

Book I. 21, 22.

Caesar, having sent ahead

1.

all his cavalry, ordered Labienus to climb to the sum


mit of the mountain. 2. While our men were seizing
this mountain, the Helvetians moved camp. 3. After
seizing the mountain, Labienus did not begin battle,

but waited for Caesar.

4. Caesar led his forces to

the nearest hill, but did not make an attack on the

When they had pitched camp three miles


from Caesar's camp, the enemy refrained from battle.
enemy.

(0)

5.

Book

II.

After drawing up the

1.

21, 22.

his men, Caesar began the


battle.
2. When they had put on their helmets, they
made an attack.
3. So great was the courage of the
legions

and encouraging

for giving the signal.


4. Having set out for the camp, he saw that weapons
were being thrown by our men.
5. He said he could
enemy that there was no time

do what2 was necessary.3


there was no time ; in

Relative or Interrogative

6.

In

order to give the

he ran in the other

necessary commands,
1

Latin,

'

'

direction.

time was lacking.

necessary

'

; in Latin, Hhe

what

need.''

LESSON

XIII

REVIEW

59.

(B) Book I.

23, 24.

the following

O11

day it was

announced to the enemy that Caesar had changed his


course and gone to Bibracte, which was the richest

The Hel
city of the Helvetians, to provide for grain.
vetians thought that he was withdrawing because he
was frightened, and attacked him in the rear; but
Caesar, after leading his forces to the nearest

hill

and

drawing up his line of battle, stationed two legions on


the top of the ridge, and collected the packs in 1 one
The Helvetians, following with all their bag
2
the line of battle
gage, formed a phalanx close by
of the Romans.
place.

in;

in Latin, 'into.'1

(C) Book II.

23, 24.

close by,

sub, and the Ablative.

The soldiers

of the ninth

and tenth legions, who had taken their stand on the

left wing, drove the Atrebatians, with whom they had


Having killed a large part
been fighting, to the river.
of them, they crossed the river and renewed the battle.
The. Nervians knew that

if

the Viromandui, who had

been fighting with the eighth and

eleventh

legions,

should be put to flight, the camp would be exposed in


front and on the left side, and so they hastened to
that place. After surrounding the legions on the ex
posed flank, they continued the battle even to the high
est point of the camp.

The camp followers, who saw


that a part of the enemy had crossed the river and
were moving about in our camp, took to flight, some
in one direction, others in another.
38

LESSON XIV
Substantive

A. & G.

Clauses of Desire.
563

H.

B.

294, 295.

I,

2,

296.

1;

564, 565, 568. 2.

Ablative of Accompaniment. B. 222;

A. & G. 413;

H.

473, 474. 2. Note 1.

Substantive
60.

Clauses of Desire
by ut or nS

Clauses of Desire introduced

(never qui) are used as the objects of many verbs


denoting an action directed toward the future.
Some common verbs of this kind are

moneo, advise, warn, with Accusative.

hortor, cohortor, urge, encourage, with Accusative.


persuadeo, persuade, with Dative.

permitto, permit, with Dative.


impero, command, order, with Dative.
praefectos

cohortatus ut suos excitarent, having

urged the prefects

to

stir

up their men.

huic persuadet n ad hostis transeat, he persuades

this man not

to cross

over to the enemy.

Equivalent Constructions
61.

Iubeo, order, patior, permit, veto, forbid, take

the Accusative and Infinitive.


Licet, it is permitted, takes the Dative and Infini
tive.
39

LATIN COMPOSITION

40

Verbs of Wishing, as vols, nolo, maio, cupis, gen


erally take an Infinitive, either Complementary or
with Subject Accusative.
permittunt Helvetiis ut per suds finis transeant,

patiuntur HelvStios per suos finis transire,

J
they permit the Helvetians to pass through their
territory.
licet eis transire, they are permitted to cross.
Caesar noluit agios vacare, Caesar

did not wish

the

country to be unoccupied.

F. Crassum proncisci iubet,

\ he orders Pub"}

P. Crasso imperat ut proficiscatur,

lius Crassus to set out.

62.

Accompaniment

is

Ablative of Accompaniment
expressed by the Ablative

with cum.
cum legione

VII

proximus mare Ocean um hiema-

bat, he was wintering near the

Atlantic with

the

seventh legion.

In

Note. With eight Pronouns cum

enclitic

often omitted.
is

fied by an adjective, cum

is

is

very few phrases (especially omnibus copiis


and similar expressions), where the noun
modi

mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, quocum,


quacum, quibuscum.

EXERCISES
Exercises

63.

(A)

41

He persuades the citizens to go out of their

1.

territories.

2.

Caesar had commanded

ants not to leave the camp.

3.

the lieuten

Labienus hastened

into winter quarters with all his legions.

4.

He said

he had advised them to take their baggage with them.

They did not permit


the Gauls.
5.

1
3

the Britons to bring help to

Use both iubeo and impero.


had commanded.
Use both patior and permitto.
permit.

They threw away their shields,


2. Caesar
and fought with the enemy with swords.
(-B) Book

1.

25, 26.

1.

ordered the soldiers to make an attack on the Helve

tians with drawn swords.

3.

Having noticed this, he

bade the cavalry surround the enemy and renew the


battle.

4.

He urges them to retreat to the moun

tain with their baggage and carts.


5. We persuaded
them not to help the soldiers with wagons or anything
They fought a long time near the baggage,
and got possession of the camp and the horses.
else.

6.

(C) Book

II.

25, 26.

1.

When Caesar saw that the

tenth legion was hard pressed by the enemy, he ordered


them to use their swords.
2. After seizing a weapon
and encouraging the soldiers, he bade them spread out
the maniples.

3.

When this was done,1 he advised

the lieutenants to make an advance

with

all their forces.

4.

upon the enemy

Addressing

name, he urged him to fight very boldly.

Baoulus by
5.

Having

LATIN COMPOSITION

42

captured8 the baggage, he learned what was going on

in camp.

6.

Their courage being renewed by Caesar's

coming, they resisted more bravely.


1

when this was done.

make an advance

captured.

Use

Note text.

in Latin, ' carry on the standards.1

potior.

LESSON XV
Substantive

Clauses of Desire with

Fearing. B.

295.

1,

296.

Verbs of Asking

and

2; A. & G. 563, 564; H. 565,

567.

Verbs of Asking
64.

The following verbs of asking continue the

list of common verbs which take a Substantive


Clause

of Desire,

construction

introduced

of the person

by ut or nS.
asked,

The

if expressed,

follows each verb.


rogo, ask,

with Accusative,

pets, ask, beg,

with ab and Ablative,

postulo, demand, with ab and Ablative.


Remember that the Latin does not use the Infinitive
after these verbs or after those in 60, while in English
the

Infinitive is often found.

eum rogavl ut nuntium mitteret,

/ asked him

to

send a messenger.
a mg

petivit

ne

redirem, he begged me not to

return.
postulat ut obsides

reddantur, he demands that

the hostages be given back.


43

LATIN COMPOSITION

44

Verbs of Fearing

Verbs or expressions of Fearing are followed


by a Subjunctive, introduced by ne (translated that,
65.

not).
lest) or by ut (translated that
Notice that ut and ne apparently exchange mean
ings after verbs of Fearing.
videntur

vere1i
seem

to

ut habeam

afraid that

be

satis praesidi,

I shall not

they

have guards

enough.

timebat ne mllites superarentur, he feared that the


soldiers would be conquered.

Exercises

66.

They

ask their allies not to surrender.

2.

They feared

that the Gauls might be aroused.

3.

He begs them not to return home with their army.

(A)

1.

5.
They all fear that aid may not be brought.
Ariovistus demanded that they come with ten men
to the conference.
6. The Helvetians ashed their

4.

to exchange hostages.
them to follow with four legions.
neighbors

(-B) Book

I.

should await

1.
27, 28.
J
his arrival

7.

He will

beg

Caesar demanded that they

in that place.

2.

The Hel

vetians feared that Caesar would ask that they sur


render their arms.

3.

regard them as enemies.


be sent

to him.

5.

They begged Caesar not to


4. He will ask that envoys

He was afraid that the Ger

EXERCISES

45

mans might cross into the territory of the Helvetians.


Caesar asked the Helvetians to return to their own

6.

territory, so that the lands 2 might not be unoccupied.


7. They urge him to accept their surrender.8
8.
They fear that they may not be able to conceal their
flight.
his, indirect reflexive.
*lands, agri.
3
accept their surrender.
1

(C) Book

II.

27, 28.

See 6.

Note text.
1.

He feared that they might

not be able to renew the battle.

2.

They begged the

cavalry to wipe out the disgrace of flight by their


valor.
3. He will demand that they do not cross
4. They fear that these will send envoys
the river.
to Caesar, and surrender.

He asked Caesar to

toward these suppliant people.8


6. The
begged that they might be placed in the

show mercy
women

5.

They will request


their neighbors to keep (themselves) from doing harm.
swamps with their children.
Use

show mercy.

suppliant people.

7.

utor and Ablative.


Use adjective only.

LESSON XVI
REVIEW

67.

(jB) Book
the camp

I.

The soldiers found records in

29, 30.

showing1

the number

of Helvetians who

These had gone out from home with


all the women and children. Caesar ordered his men
could bear arms.

of those who had returned

to make an enumeration

home, and the total was about 120,000.

The ambas

sadors of the Gauls, who had come to Caesar, feared

that he would inflict punishment on their states, but


nevertheless asked him not to take possession of all
Gaul.

This war had turned out to the advantage of

Gaul, and they begged Caesar that they might be per


mitted to appoint a council, and to ask of him the
things which they wished.2

This request was granted,

and they agreed

not to disclose anything

together

except with Caesar's consent.


1
2

showing ; in Latin, ' which showed.'


Use Subjunctive, Subordinate Clause in implied
wished.

Indirect Discourse.

(C) Book II.

29, 30.

The Aduatuci, after deposit

ing their baggage in a well-fortified town, which had


a steep cliff on one side, informed Caesar that they
would not make war on him, but would defend them
selves with very heavy rocks, which they had placed
46

EXERCISES

47

They had been driven about for many


years by the Cimbrians, and were afraid that the
Romans would not permit1 them to choose a place for
on the

wall.

a home; and so2 they urged Caesar to return home


with all his forces.
Caesar said he would not do this,
and having constructed a mound and erected a tower,
he was confident that he could defeat the enemy.

These

were men of great height, and they had fortified their

town by a double wall and by numerous redoubts.


1

permit, 00, 61.

and so, itaque.

LESSON XVII
Ablative of Separation or Source. B. 214, 215
402, 403.

1 ;

H. 461-465,

A. & G. 400-

467.

Ablative of Comparison. B. 217; A. & G. 406, 407.(1;

H.

471.

Ablative of Degree of Difference. B. 223


479.

A. & G.

414

H.

Ablative of Separation
68.

The Ablative, with or without ab, ex, or more

rarely ds, is used to express Separation or Source.


With words denoting persons a preposition is regu
larly used.
Note the construction with verbs of asking,

64.

commeatu nostros prohibebant, they kept our men

from supplies.
ilium ex periculo Sripuit, he rescued him from
peril.
69.

Place

preposition,

From
except

Which regularly requires


names

of

cities

and

towns,

and domus and rus ( 34, 35).

Ablative of Comparison
70.

Comparison may be expressed by quam, than,

with the second of the two words compared in the


48

DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE

49

same case as the first, but instead of quam and the

Nominative or Accusative, the Ablative alone may


be used.
quam ceteri sunt humaniores,

ceteris sunt humaniores,

they are more civil-

ized than the rest.


Ablative of Degree of Difference
Where any difference is expressed, usually by
a Comparative Adjective or Adverb, the degree of
the difference is expressed by the Ablative.
71.

paulo sunt ceteris humaniores, they are a little


more civilized than the rest.
paucis ante annls, a few years before.
multd acrius pugnabant, they fought much more
fiercely.

Exercises

72.

The Gauls sought aid from the Germans,


2. Caesar sent two le
who lived across the Rhine.
(.4)

1.

gions to cut off the enemy from supplies.

They
thought the Germans were much braver than the
Gauls.1
4. Ambassadors came from many states to
ask him for aid.

3.

Many years ago, these men were


driven from home and went from Gaul into Italy.
1

5.

than the Qauls.

(B) Book I.

Express in two ways.

They asked back


their hostages from the Sequanians, and sought aid of
31

(first half).

1.

LATIN COMPOSITION

50

the Roman people.

2.

The Germans are much fiercei

than the Gauls,1 and covet their lands.

3.

Diviciacus

fled from his state, and came to Home many years be


fore.

4.

The Haeduans are less powerful in Gaul

than the Sequanians, being weakened by great disas


ters.
5. We are working to induce2 Diviciacus to give
his children as hostages to the Germans.

of the Germans

a thousand

contended

6.

About

crossed the Rhine, and

in arms with the Haeduans and their de

pendents.
1

than the Gauls.

(C)

II.

Book

Express in two ways.

31, 32.

1.

to induce, 33.

The Belgians were alarmed

at this spectacle, and sent envoys to Caesar to ask1 him

for

peace.

2.

These begged him not to deprive them

To this Caesar replied that he would


do what he had done three days before.
4. This pile
of their arms.

3.

of arms is much higher than that.3


the arms from the wall into the ditch.

5.

They threw
6. This ditch

was ten feet longer than the wall.


1
8

ask, 33.
than that. Express in two ways.
to

them, 5, 6.

LESSON XVIII
Substantive

Clauses of Result.

B. 297; A. & G.

568, 569;

H.571.
Ablative of Manner. B. 220

A. & G.

Ablative of Accordance. B. 220.

412

A. & G.

H.

473. 3.

418. a

H. 475.

3.

Substantive Clauses of Result


73.

1.

The following common verbs and phrases


Clause of Result, used as Sub

take a Substantive

ject or Object, introduced by ut. The negative is


n3n.
Note that with the clause as subject, these
verbs are impersonal.
accidit

fit

facio

officio

it

...

happens.

\ cause,
J

brinz
*

about.

accidit ut esset luna plena, it happened that there


was a full moon.
fScSrunt ut consimilis

fugae

profectio

vidgretur,

they made the departure seem very much like a flight.

Here belongs the phrase fore (or futurum) ut


with the Subjunctive, a construction which is regu
larly used instead of a Future Passive Infinitive,
2.

Si

LATIN COMPOSITION

52

and also for the Future Active Infinitive of those


verbs which have no Future Active Participle.*

dixit futurum utl totlus Galliae animi


rentur, he said the hearts

a so

of all Gaul would

be

averte-

turned

from him.
Ablative of Manner
74.

The Ablative with

cum is used to denote

Manner, and usually answers the question, how?


When an Adjective or limiting Genitive is used
with the Ablative, cum is generally omitted.
they fought with seal.

cum studio pugnabant,

magno (cum) studio pugnabant,

they

fought with

great zeal.
Ablative of Accordance

That in

with which anything is,


or is done, is expressed by the Ablative, usually
75.

accordance

without a preposition.
mo rib us suis pacem petgbant, they begged

for peace

according to their custom.

Exercises

76.
1.

(A)

It

happened that the rest did not dare to

make an attack on us.

2.

He made it possible

that

3. The
supplies could be brought without danger.
enemy attacked the town with the greatest zeal.
4.

It

happened that Caesar did not lead the legion in

* With possum the Future Infinitive idea is regularly expressed


by posse.

EXERCISES
accordance

S3

with his usual custom.

He did not

5.

cause the infantry to advance with the same speed.

He knew they would not be able to commence


battle.
7. He said the town would be taken.2

6.

made it possible,

(B) Book I.

efficio.

would

be

taken, 44, 45.

(last half). 1. The result was that


2. lie
they could not longer endure his cruelty.

will

31

for the Harudes.

cause a place to be prepared

He saw that the best part of entire Gaul would

3.

be occupied

by Ariovistus.

All

4.

these things were

done with the greatest injustice.

5.

He says that

they will not be able to drive the Germans from the


Gallic territory.
6. The cruelty of Ariovistus caused
them to seek another home.

7.

It

happened that a

larger number of Germans crossed the Rhine.

II.

(C) Book
to be closed

It

2.

1.

33-35.
and the

Caesar caused the gates

soldiers to leave

the town.

happened that our men did not withdraw their

garrison.

3.

He knew that no

one

would

be

left in

They caused a sally to be made with


the greatest speed.1
5. It happened that the enemy
the town.

4.

6. The
fought bravely 2 according to their custom.
tribes which dwell across the Rhine will cause envoys
to be sent.
7. He knows that every hope will rest

in valor alone.
1

speed,

celeritas.

bravely;

in Latin,

'

with bravery.'

LESSON XIX
REVIEW

77.

(B) Book I.

The lot of the Sequanians

32, 33.

was much more unhappy than (that) of the others,


because the cruelty of Ariovistus had caused them to

fear him in his absence, and they did not dare to seek
aid from Caesar.
Therefore l when Caesar asked why they did not do
what the others did, it happened that they made no
Diviciacus finally told

answer,2 but remained

silent.

what the reason was.

Caesar promised to put an end

to the outrages of Ariovistus, and dismissed the coun

The Roman province was separated by the Rhine


from the territory of the Sequanians, and Caesar
cil.

thought it would be dangerous to the Roman people


(for) the Germans to cross from their own boundaries
into Gaul.
1

therefore,

made no

itaque.
answer; in Latin, 'answered nothing.'1

(0) Book

III.

1,

2.

Galba, who had been sent by

Caesar to open a road over the Alps, where the mer


chants

were

accustomed

to

go

with

great

danger,

When envoys had


been sent and hostages given, he caused two cohorts
to be stationed among the Nantuates, whose territory
fought several successful

battles.

extended from Lake Geneva to the top of the Alps.


54

EXERCISES
He ordered the Gauls to leave to his cohorts

55
one

part of the village of Octodurus, where he had decided


to pass the winter himself.

It

happened for several reasons that the Gauls de

cided to renew the war and crush the legion.

They
knew that two cohorts had been detached to look for
provisions, and thought that if they should rush down
and hurl their weapons, not even their first attack could
be withstood.

LESSON XX
Verbs of Hindering, Restraining,

A. & G.

558

H.

Doubting.

B.

295. 3, 298

568. 8, 595. 1, 2, 596. 2.

Ablative of Time. B. 230,


Accusative of Extent.

B.

231

181

A. & G. 423

A. & G. 423, 425

H.
;

486, 487.

H.

417.

Verbs of Hindering, Restraining, Doubting

Hindering, Re
straining, and Doubting are followed by quin and
78.

the

Negative

expressions
Such

Subjunctive.

tineo,

/ do not

of

expressions

restrain; n5n dSterreo,

/ do

der ; non dubito,

are non re-

do not hin

not doubt ; non dubium est,

there is no doubt.
non potuerunt retineri quin tSla conicerent, they

could not
11011

be

restrained from throwing weapons.

dubitavit quin Germain essent fortSs, he did

not doubt that the Germans were brave.

Verbs of Hindering and Restraining, if posi


tive, are regularly followed by nS or quominus and
79.

the Subjunctive

but prohibeo, prevent, generally

takes the Infinitive.


56

ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT
deterruit
enemy

hostis

ne

57

progrederentur, he kept the

from advancing.

Germanos transire prohibebant, they prevented the

Germans from crossing.

Ablative of Time
Time When or Within Which is expressed
ay the Ablative without a preposition.
opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit,
tempore
80.

Caesar brought help at just the right time.


ut postero dig convenirent imperavit, he bade them
assemble on the following day.

iter una nocte confectum est, the march was fin~


ished in one night.
Accusative of Extent

Extent of Time and Space is expressed by


the Accusative.
81.

paucos diss moratus, having delayed a fezu days.


circiter milia passuum VII progressus, having ad
vanced about seven miles.
Absum,

be

distant,

takes either the Accusative

tent or the Ablative of Degree of Difference.

of Ex

See 71.

Dimension is expressed in two ways. A


ditch fifteen feet wide may be written (a) as in
English, fossa XV pedes lata ; () fossa XV pedum in
Pedes in (a) is an Accusative of Ex
latitudinem.
tent; pedum in (b) is a Genitive of Measure. ( 136.I
'

82.

LATIN COMPOSITION

58

Exercises

83.

(A)

1.

The leader cannot restrain his men from at


We tried to keep them from
3. They did not doubt that he

tacking the enemy.


building1 a bridge.

2.

had arrived many days before.

Caesar prevented

4.

5. He
part of these forces from crossing the river.
fortified the camp with a rampart twelve feet high.8
6.

They said they would give the hostages in a few days.

7.

Having delayed fifteen days, he advanced many miles.


1

building; in Latin, 'making.'

twelve feet high.

(B) Book I.

Express in two ways.

34, 35.

They could not be restrained

1.

from sending envoys to Caesar.

will

advance many miles.

3.

2.

In

three days he

There was no doubt

that these replies had been brought back to Caesar.


4. He talked1 with him a large part of the day about
5. He demanded of him
very important matters.
that he prevent a large number from being led across
the Rhine.
6. This river was half a mile wide.*
1

talked, ago.

(O) Book

III.

half a mile wide.

3, 4.

1.

Express in two ways.

Galba could not be restrained

from calling a council and inquiring their opinions.


2. In a short time he will advance ten miles by the*
same road.

have

3.

happened

There is no doubt that many things


4. He waited here
unexpectedly.

the larger part of the day to prevent their crossing.

The camp was eight miles long.1

5.

6.

The next

day the majority decided to defend the camp.


1

eight miles long.

Express in two ways.

LESSON XXI
Dative

with Special Verbs. B.

187.

II ;

A. & G.

367

426.

Dative

with Compounds. B.

187.

Ill;

A. & G. 370; H.

429.

Dative with Special Verbs

The Dative of the Indirect Object is gener


ally used with verbs meaning favor, help, please,
84.

trust, and their opposites; believe, persuade, com


mand, obey, serve, resist, envy, threaten, pardon,
spare.

The following list includes the more common verbs of


this class

credo, believe, trust.

persuadeo, persuade.

impero, order.

placeo, please.

noceo, harm.

resisto, resist.

parco, spare.

servio, serve.

pareo, obey.

studeo, desire, be eager.

his persuadere non potest, he cannot persuade them.


novis rebus studebant, they desired a revolution.
hostibus resistebant, they resisted the enemy.
59

LATIN COMPOSITION

6o
85.

These verbs, when used in the Passive, are

Impersonal, and the Dative is retained.


els persuasum est, they were persuaded (lit.
persuaded to them).

it was

Dative with Compounds


86.

Many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con,

in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super, often take
the Dative of the Indirect Object.
the Dative is dependent

In

this usage

on the idea contained

in the preposition.
exercitui

praeerat,

he was

in command of the

army.
hostibus occurrSbat, he met the enemy.
87.

If

the simple verb is Transitive, the Accusa

tive of the Direct Object may be used, in addition


to the Dative of the Indirect Object.

populo Romano bellum intulerunt, they made Wat


on the Roman people.
88.

Where the associated word is not dependent


preposition,

these

compound verbs take the same construction

as the

on the idea contained

in the

simple verb, e.g. adhortor, urge, adiuvo, help, oognosco,


quor,

learn, cogo, collect, prohibeo, prevent, prose-

follow.

All

these take the Accusative.

EXERCISES

61

Exceptions
89.

i.

Compounds

Ablative.

the

of con regularly take cum and

The Dative is almost never found in

Caesar, rarely in Cicero.


cum omni opere coniunctae, connected with the whole
structure.
cum Germanis contendunt, they fight with the Germans.
2.

Many compounds of ad and in, especially

which imply motion, as accedo,

adeo,

approach;

those

lm-

mitto, send into ; signa infer 6, advance (in battle), take


ad or in with the Accusative.
3.

Some compounds,

especially of ad, in, ob, and

sub, such as adgredior, adorior, attack ; convenio,

meet;

invemo,find; obeo, reach,


attend to ; oppugno, attack ; praecedo, surpass ; subeo,

ineo, begin, make (a plan);

undergo, have become Transitive, and take the Accusative.

Exercises

90.

(A)

1.

Their leading men ' persuaded them to make

war on the Roman people.


2. The legions resisted
the enemy, some in one place, some in another.
3. Our cavalry returned to camp, and met the enemy
face to face.

4.

in command
5. He ordered

Iccius, who was then

of the town, sent a message to Caesar.

his men not to throw back weapons against the enemy.


6. They cannot be persuaded to put him in charge of
the cavalry.
1
2

leading men ; in Latin, ' leaders.'


then; in Latin, ' at that time.''

LATIN COMPOSITION

62

(B) Book I. 36.

1.

The Germans rule those whom

2. We do not pre
they wish.
3.
shall
scribe to you how you shall pay the tax.
4. They
not make war on their allies unjustly.

they

as

conquer,

could

not

be

persuaded

No one had resisted

5.

to
him

return
without

the

hostages.

his own de

They put him in command1 of the


7. He ordered2 them not to make the

struction.

6.

conquered.
revenues less.
he wishes.

He will persuade them to do what


They had been ordered* to do all

8.
9.

these things.
1
8

put in command, praeficiS.


Use both impero and iubeo.
ordered.

(C) Book

III.

5, 6.

1.

Galba ordered1 his soldiers

He came into winter


2
quarters with one design, and met with another state
of affairs.
3. Not even in the higher places were
to rush from the camp.

2.

4. Galba
they able to offer resistance to the enemy.
could not be persuaded to tempt fortune too often.

A tribune of

5.

the soldiers was in charge

forces which made a sally from the camp.

of the
6.

The

soldiers were not injured by the weapons which the


7. Thirty thousand of the barbarians
enemy hurled.
made war on the Roman people.
1

ordered.

one

Use both impero and iubeo.


another, alius . . . alius.

LESSON XXII
REVIEW

91.

(B) Book I.

The Harudes, who had lately


come into Gaul, could not be kept from laying waste
the

37, 38.

lands of the Haeduans.

The

latter

resisted

bravely for many days, and did not doubt that Caesar
was hurrying by forced marches against the Swabians,
commanded by Nasua,1 in order to prevent them from

crossing the Rhine.

Caesar thought he ought to ad

vance as quickly as possible to seize Vesontio, and

after getting ready a grain supply, he hastened to that


town with all his forces.
The town is almost sur
rounded by a river of great width, which touches the
base

of a mountain sixteen hundred feet high.

Caesar

fortified this town with a very high wall, so that a


great opportunity was given to prolong the war, and

having stationed a garrison there, he advanced a three


days' march toward Ariovistus.
1

commanded

by

Nasua ; in Latin,

'

whom

Nasua com

manded.'

(O) Book

III.

7, 8.

When the Germans had been

Caesar wished for many reasons to visit

conquered,

but when he had started for that place, he


learned that war had begun in Gaul.
The reason for

Illyricum

63

LATIN COMPOSITION

64

this war was that ' the Veneti wished to get back the
hostages which had been given to Crassus, and did
not doubt that,

if

they should keep the Roman envoys,

Crassus would send back these hostages.

They agreed

with each other that they would do everything by


common consent, for they preferred to fight rather
The ancestors of the
than to remain in slavery.
Veneti surpassed

all other tribes in naval matters,

and possessed most of the harbors of that sea, so that


the other states could not resist them.
1

that = because.

LESSON XXIII
Gerund

and Gerundive.

B.

338, 339;

A. & G. 501-507;

H.

623-631.
Supine.

B.

340

A. & G.

509

H.

633.

Active Periphrastic Conjugation. B. 115; A. & G. 193-195,


498.

a; H.

236, 531.

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation.

& G.

193,

194,

Dative of Agent.

196, 500. 2

B.

189.

H.

B.

115, 337.

237, 621.

A. & G.

I,

374,

7. b.

1 ;

A.

2.

H.

431.

Gerund
92.

The Gerund is

Verbal Noun of the second

found in the Singular only, in the


Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Ablative cases.

declension,

It

is active in meaning.
eos spes praedandl ab labore revocabat, hope

of

plundering called them away from their work.


Gerundive
93.

The Gerundive is

a Verbal Adjective of the

first and second declension.

It

agrees as an adjec

tive with the noun which it limits, in gender, num


ber, and case.

It

is passive in its construction.


65

LATIN COMPOSITION'

66

signum proell committendi dedit, he gave the sig

nal for joining battle (lit. of the battle


studium

urbis

defendendae

to be joined).

accedebat,

defending the city was added (lit.

of

zeal

for

the city to be

defended).

Instead of a Gerund with a Direct Object,


the Gerundive construction is regularly used.
94.

ad mllites cohortan&oB,

for encouraging

the soldiers.

Note also the sentences in 93.


Caution. Do not use the Gerund

with a Direct

Object.
95.

In

short

expressions,

the

Genitive

and

Accusative of the Gerund and Gerundive are often


used to express purpose, the Genitive followed by
causa, the Accusative following ad.

praedandi

causa

egress! sunt, they Went out to

forage.
ad Caesarem
they

will set

auxili

ferendi causa proficiscentur,

out to bring aid to Caesar.


convSnSrunt, they came

ad eos defendendos

to

gether to defend them.


Supine
96.

The Supine is

a Verbal Noun of the fourth

declension, found only in the Accusative and Abla


tive Singular.

It

is active in meaning.

Its most

EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE

67

common use is in the Accusative case, to express


purpose after verbs of motion.
veniebant questum, they came to complain.

Expressions of Purpose
Note the following common expressions of
purpose, as illustrated in the translation of the
97.

sentence, envoys came to ask peace.


legati venerunt ut pacem peterent (ut with the Sub
junctive).
legati venerunt qui pacem peterent (qui with the Sub
junctive).
legati venerunt
Accusative

(ad with the


the Gerund without an

ad pacem petendam

of the Gerundive

object is similarly used).


legati venerunt pacis petendae causa (the Genitive of
the Gerundive followed by causa ; the Gerund without
an object is similarly used).

legati venerunt pacem petitum (the Accusative of the


Supine).

Active Periphrastic Conjugation


98.

Futurity or Intention may

be expressed by

the Active Periphrastic Conjugation, a combination

of the Future Active Participle with the verb sum.


pugnaturus erat, he was about to fight, he intended
to fight.
non est ituruB, he

will not go.

LATIN COMPOSITION

68

Note that the verb is active in meaning, and that the


Participle must agree with the Subject in gender, number,
and case.

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation


Obligation or Necessity may be expressed
by the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation, a com
bination of the Gerundive with the verb sum.
99.

signum

dandum est.

must be given.

dandum erat. the signal

had to

dandum erit.

will have to be given.

be

given.

This use is especially common as an Infinitive of In


direct Discourse.*
Note that the verb is passive in
meaning, and that the Gerundive

must agree with the

Subject in gender, number, and case.

Dative of Agent
100.

With the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation,

the one on whom the necessity rests is expressed


by the Dative case, often

called

the

Dative of

Apparent Agent.
Caesari

omnia

uno tempore

had to do everything at

agenda erant,

Caesar

once.

sibi exeicitum non traducendum esse existiraabat,


he thought that he ouglit not to lead his army across.

* Out of
Discourse.

182 instances

in Caesar,

142 are

Infinitives of Indirect

EXERCISES
101.

69

The English often expresses this idea in active

form, as in the sentences above, the agent being used as


the

subject.

To show

the

Latin idiom,

the

English

active form must be turned into the passive.


English idiom

Latin idiom
Latin
102.

we must do this.

this must be done by us.

haec nobis facienda sunt.

With Intransitive verbs, the Passive Peri

phrastic Conjugation must be used impersonally.


maturandum sibi existimavit, he thought he ought
to hurry.

Exercises

103.
(^4)

1.

He reported to Caesar the reasons for

con

reputation of our sol


diers that the enemy sent envoys to ask for peace.
3. Have you come to me for the sake of spying ?
4. The Gauls will have to do the same thing which
spiring.

2.

Such

was

the

the Helvetians have done.

5.

The Gauls are about

to do the same thing which the Helvetians have done.

Our forces conquered the enemy by fighting with

6.

the utmost1 courage.

7.

If

they are going to send

an army, we must not delay.

8.

They sent envoys

to Caesar to ask for aid.2

(B) Book I. 39.

1.

One assigned

departing, another another.


1

utmost = greatest.

2.

one reason

for

He remained in camp

to ask fur aid.

Write in five ways.

LATIN COMPOSITION

JO

for the sake of avoiding suspicion.

3.

Caesar in

tended to delay a few days near Vesontio.

4.

sent some of his men to bring up the grain.1

Caesar
5.

We

shall have to break camp in a few days.


6. He said
7. Hav
that he was going to report this to Caesar.
ing signed their wills, they remained in their tents to
lament the common danger.
8. The Germans, with
whom they were going to contend, had2 incredible
valor.
grain.

Write in five ways.

to bring up the

had; in Latin, 'were o/.'

1. They cannot remain long


(C) Book III. 9, 1o.
with us for the sake of carrying on the war. 2. Caesar

had to hasten to the army as soon as the time of year

permitted.

3.

The Veneti were informed that the

Romans were about to build ships.


4. Caesar will
have to distribute his army more widely.
5. The
Veneti sent men to bring grain into the town.
We must collect

6.

as

many

ships

as

possible.

8. The
Envoys came from Britain to ask help.1
Romans were not acquainted with 2 the places where
7.

they were going to carry on war.


1
2

Write in five ways.


Use cognosco.
were acquainted with.
to ask help.

the tense.

Look out foi

LESSON XXIV
MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT
May, Might. B. 327.

A. & G. 565.

1;

Notes

I,

2; H.

564. 2.

Must, Ought.

B.

486. a, 500. 2

115, 270.

2; 337.

H. 237, 618.

7.

b; A. & G. 194,

196,

2, 621. 1, 2.

May, Might
These words may (a) merely indicate the
Subjunctive mode, as in Purpose clauses, and be
104.

translated,

or (&) may indicate


and be translated by licet with the
so

permission,

Dative and

Infinitive.
ut venlret, in order that he might come.
Ire tibi licet, you may go.

'

Must
105.

Must is to be translated by

necesse est and

the Infinitive with Subject Accusative, or by the


Second Periphrastic Conjugation ( 99).
is much commoner.
necesse est nos pugnare

nobis pugnandum est

we must fight.
}

7'

The latter

LATIN COMPOSITION

72

Ought

Ought is to be translated either {a) by the


Second Periphrastic Conjugation, (6) by oportet
and the Infinitive with Subject Accusative, or (c) by
106.

dSbeo and a Complementary Infinitive.


107.

The tense of

the time referred

debeo and oportet indicates

to, and the Infinitive

is regu

In English, on the
larly in the Present tense.
other hand, ought is defective; for the Future,
we use the Present

and to express past time, we

put the Complementary Infinitive in the Perfect


tense.
dSbeo fortiter pugnare

oportet mS fortiter pugnare

I ought tofight bravely.

mini fortiter pugnandum est


dSbuit obsides mittere
oportuit eum obsides mittere

he ought to have sent


hostages.

obsides el mittendi erant

Exercises

108.

(A)

1.

not march

did this in order that they might


2. Caesar said
through the province.

Caesar

they might march through the province.


hostages must be returned,
4.

They asked

permission1

3.

The

and the arms given up.


to withdraw.

ought2 to have been done many years ago.

5.

This

6. Caesar

EXERCISES

73

ought8 not to have come into Gaul.

7.

We ought4

not to neglect the injuries of the Haeduans.


permission ; in Latin, ' that it might
2
ought. Use oportet.
3
Use dSbeo.
ought.
*
Write in three ways.
ought.
1

(B) Book I.

1.

(first half).

permitted to them.'

Caesar ought1 to

council the centurions of all ranks.


centurion is not allowed to inquire by what
to the

summon
2.

40

be

3. Caesar said he did this


plan he is being led.
in order that Ariovistus might not reject his friend

ship.

4. This he should not have said.

5.

After

learning their plans, you may stay in camp if you


6. The Romans did not need to fear that
wish.
men would conquer

these unarmed
1

ought.

(C)

Write in three ways.

Book

III.

11, 12.

them.3

them, 6.

He wishes Titus to

1.

be

near the Treveri, in order that he may prevent them

from crossing the river.


may unite
have

said.

if

they wish.
4.

2.
3.

He says these tribes


This he should not

He did not doubt that they had a

5. We must defend these


large supply of ships.
6. The difficulty
places by dikes and ramparts.
of hindering1 the attack was very great.
7. He

ought2 to be put in charge of the fleet.


1
2

hindering the attack, 94.


ought. Write in three ways.

LESSON XXV
REVIEW

109.

(B) Book I.

half). Caesar urged the Roman


soldiers not to despair in regard to grain, which
He told
was then already ripe in the fields.
40 (last

that they ought not to be disturbed by the


narrow roads, and that they were not permitted to
dictate to the commander concerning his duties.
them

He desired

to know as

soon as

possible

whether

to his com

the soldiers were going to be1 obedient

mand or not, and so he ordered them to move camp

He had the greatest confidence

on the next night.

in the tenth legion, and did not2 doubt that they


would follow3 him,4 and do what' had to be done.
1
8
6

were going to be, 24-28, 98.

lhim, 6.

follow, 78.
what; in Latin,

(0) Book

III.

'

and

not, neque.

those things which.''

13.

The Veneti had to make their

ships of oak, so that they might endure any violence


whatever.
The prows were a little higher than
(those) of our ships, and the keels were flat, for

it was necessary that they

suited both to great


waves and ebbing tides.
They had to fasten their
anchors with iron cables, and they used1 leather for
74

be

EXERCISES

7$

they ought not to try


to manage such heavy ships with (canvas) sails.
The
places where they were going to carry on war were
sails, because they thought

better suited to the enemy than to the Eomans, for


the latter2 had to dread the winds and the reefs
the Veneti feared none of these things.
1

use,

utor.

the latter,

M.

but

LESSON XXVI
with Ubi, Ut, Postquam, Simul
B. 287. I ; A. & G. 543 ; H. 602.

Clauses

Temporal
Prlmum.

Temporal Clauses
547

H.

with

Cum.

B. 288.

A. & G. 545-

1 ;

A. & G. 410;

289

600, 601.

Ablative with Certain Deponents.

H.

1,

Cum

Atque,

B. 218.

477.

Temporal Clauses with Ubi, etc.


110.

Ubi, ut, when, postquam,

after, simul atque

(ao), cum primum, as soon as, take the Indicative


mood, and, in narrative, the Perfect tense, not the

Pluperfect.
ubi ad eos venit, timorem Romanorum proposuit,
when he came to them, he told

of

the

fear of

the

Romans.
quod postquam animadverterunt fieri, salutem petere contenderunt,

noticed that

after they (had)

this was being done, they hastened to seek safety.


simul atque se ex fuga receperimt,

statim legates

miserunt, as soon as they recovered from flight, they


at once sent envoys.
Temporal Clauses with Cum
111.

Cum,

when,

the Imperfect

or

in

narrative

regularly takes

Pluperfect Subjunctive.
76

The

JJ

ABLATIVE WITH UTOR

Pluperfect must always be used to express com


pleted action, though the English equivalent often
has the simple past tense.
cum paucorum dierum iter abesset,

legati

ab els

vSnerunt, when he was distant a few days' journey,


envoys came from them.
eo cum venisset,

ea

facta cognovit, when he got

there, he learned that these things had occurred.


112.

The Subjunctive with

cum

indicates

the

circumstances of the action of the main verb, rather


than merely the time ; this latter use requires the

Indicative, and is rarely found in Caesar.


Ablative with Utor, etc.
113.

The five Deponent verbs, utor,

use, fruor,

enjoy, fungor, perform, potior, get possession, vescor,


eat, take the Ablative.

Potior occasionally

takes

the Genitive.
iumentis

importatis

German!

nan

utuntur,

the

Germans do not use imported beasts of burden.

Exercises

114.

When1 this2 was heard, they all said he had


2. When3 Caesar was setting out
fought bravely.
into Italy, he was informed of the war.
3. When 4

(A)

1.

Caesar had begun to fortify the camp, the enemy made


an attack on our men.
4. As soon as our men stood
on dry land, they put the enemy to flight.

5.

They

LATIN COMPOSITION'

78

that the enemy had gained


6. All who make
possession of the Romans' camp.
7. After he finished
use of that sea are their friends.
reported

to their state

the war, he returned home.


1
2
3

Use ubi.
this.
Note the second illustrative sentence in
Use cum.
when.
when.
Use both cum and ubi.
when.

(B) Book I.

41, 42.

1.

110.

When Caesar had deliv

ered this speech, the military tribunes thanked him.


2. As soon as Ariovistus learned of Caesar's arrival,
he promised many

things of his own accord.

After

3.

getting possession of the horses, he put on them his


bravest soldiers.
4. When he saw that Ariovistus
wished a conference, he decided not to use the Gallic
horsemen.

5.

As soon

as

they came, they said that

the enemy's forces were twenty miles away.


1. When Caesar knew that he
(C) Book III. 14.
must wait for the fleet, he decided to capture their
towns.
2. After he gained possession of these towns,
he set out from the harbor.
3. As soon as our ships

were seen by the enemy, Brutus adopted

of battle.

4.

plan
Our men used wall hooks with which

to cut 1 the ropes of the enemy's vessels.

a new

5.

When

the flight of the enemy had been checked, he saw that


he could not harm them.
1

to cut.

Do not use the Infinitive.

LESSON XXVII
Clauses

Temporal
551

with Priusquam. B.

A. & G.

291, 292;

H. 605.
Clauses

Temporal

SS3-5S6;

with

Dum and Quoad.

H. 603,604.

B.

293

A. & G.

1.

Ablative of Specification. B. 226; A. & G. 418; H. 480.


Ablative of Cause. B. 219 ; A. & G. 404 ; H. 475.

Priusquam

Before is expressed by priusquam, often writ


ten prius . . . quam.
(See example below.) Prius
quam takes the Indicative when actual events are
115.

connected.

Present time is expressed by the Present tense,


future time by the Present, or Future Perfect, and
past time by the Perfect.
nee prius fugere dSstitSrunt quam ad flumen pervSngruut, they

did

not stop retreating

until (or

before)

they came to the river.


116.

Priusquam takes the Subjunctive when the

temporal clause expresses anticipation or purpose.


priusquam sg hostSs ex terrore reciperent, in finis
Suessionum exercitum duxit, before the enemy should
recover from their terror, he led his army into the

territory of the Sucssiones.


79

LATIN COMPOSITION

80

Dum and Quoad

While is expressed by dum with the Pres


ent Indicative (Historical Present), to indicate an
117.

act continued in past time.


dum

haec in Venetis

geruntur, Sabinus

in finis

Venellorum pervgnit, ivhile these things were going


on among the Veneti, Sabinus arrived

tory

of

118.

in

the terri

the Venelli.

Until is expressed by quoad with the Indic

ative, when actual events are connected.


ferrum retinuit quoad renuntiatum est vicisse Boeweapon (in the wound),
word came that the Boeotians had conquered.

6t5s, he kept the

until

Until is

expressed by dum (less frequently


quoad) with the Subjunctive, when the temporal
119.

clause expresses anticipation ox purpose.


dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, in ancoris ex-

spectavit, he waited at anchor,

till

the rest

of

the

ships should assemble.


After a Negative Main Clause, until is generally
equivalent to before, and in this sense, should be ex
120.

pressed by priusquam.

See example

in 115.

Ablative of Specification
121.

Specification, indicating in what respect any

thing is true, is expressed by the Ablative without

ABLATIVE OF CAUSE
a preposition.

81

This construction may be used with

Nouns, Adjectives, or Verbs.


Helvetii reliquos G.allos virtute

praecedunt, the

Helvetians surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor.


Ablative of Cause
122.

Cause is expressed by the Ablative, gen

erally without a preposition.


his rebus fiebat ut minus late vagarentur, because

of these

things,

it

happened that they roamed about

less widely.

In certain expressions, the prepositions de and ex


used.

qua de causa,

for this

ex consuetudine,

are

reason.

according to custom.

Cause is also expressed by propter or ob, on account


of, followed by the Accusative.

propter

multitudinem

statuit, on account
to

hostium

proelio supersedere

of the number of the enemy,

he decided

refrain from battle.

Exercises

123.

(A)

1.

Before

new legions.

brought

from

Caesar

2.

the

set

out,

he

enrolled two

Caesar waited until hostages were

neighboring

states.

3.

While

these things were going on, Caesar left the camp.

4.

For this reason the Helvetians thought they surpassed


5. They moved camp before
the Romans in courage.
more forces should be led against them.

6.

town

LATIN COMPOSITION

82

of the Kemi, Bibrax by name, was eight miles away


from this camp.
7. He remained in the province

until the envoys should return.

8.

The Gauls were

alarmed at the speed of the Romans.

(B) Book I.

43.

1.

Caesar stationed the legion

two hundred paces from the mound, before he came to


the conference.
2. While he was making war on
their allies, a part of the Germans crossed the Rhine.
3. The Haeduans had held the leadership before Ariovistus came into Gaul.

They had been able to


his kindness.
5. Tliey

4.

secure these gifts through

did not send back the hostages till1 he demanded them.


They were his allies, and for this reason he made
these demands.
7. He waited* until they should
6.

seek our friendship.


1till,

2wait, exspocto.

120.

(G) Book

III.

15, 16.

1.

The barbarians hastened

to seek safety in flight, before all their ships should be

On account of the calm, they could not


3.
move from the spot.
Caesar decided to fight
until the war with the Veneti should be finished;
4.
captured.

2.

For this reason, Caesar put the senate to death and


sold the rest into slavery.

5.

The Roman soldiers

excelled1 the Veneti in valor alone.

They did not


surrender to Caesar until2 they had lost all their ships.
7. While the affair was being finished, a few ships
6.

reached land.
1

excel,

supero.

until,

120.

LESSON XXVIII
REVIEW

124.

(.B) Book I. 44 (first half). After Ariovistus was


summoned by the Gauls, he crossed the Rhine, and

took possession of the settlements which the Gauls


had granted him. When they made war upon him,
they were routed in one battle, and after being de
While this
feated, paid tribute and enjoyed peace.
was going on, Caesar was marching to attack Ariovis
tus, and wished to come into Gaul before he1 should
impose tribute on all the states.

As

soon as he came

there, he pitched camp, and waited2 until Ariovistus

The latter3 was ready


should reply to his demands.
to fight if Caesar wished to, but Caesar made objec
tions about the tribute, which up to this time had been
paid willingly by the Gauls.
1

he,

ille.

III.

wait, exspecto.

the latter, here

llle.

While Caesar was conquering the


Veneti, Sabinus came among the Venelli, from whom
large forces had been collected by Viridovix, who was
(0) Book

17.

The Aulerci also, having closed then.


gates, joined this man, and a large number of Gauls
were called out by the hope of plunder.
When Viri
at their head.

dovix had encamped two miles away, he gave Sabinus


83

LATIN COMPOSITION

84

a chance to fight, but he1 did not think he ought to

fight in Caesar's absence, and for this reason was


criticised by our soldiers. After many outlaws had
from all parts of Gaul, they showed a great
appearance of courage, but did not dare to approach

collected

the rampart of the camp, and so incurred the contempt

of Viridovix, who held the chief command.


1

he,

ille.

incurred the contempt.

Note text.

LESSON XXIX
Causal

with

Clauses

A. & G. 540

H.

Quia,

Quod,

Quoniam.

B.

286,

1;

588.

Causal Clauses with Cum.

B.

Dative with Adjectives. B.

286.

192

549

H.

598.

A. & G. 383-385

H.

434.

2 ;

A. & G.

Causal Clauses

125.

Subordinate clauses expressing cause are intro


quia, because, and quoniam, since,

duced by quod,

which take the Indicative, and by cum, since, which


takes the Subjunctive.
cum clam transire non possent sS revert! simula-

vSrunt, since they could not cross secretly, they pre


tended to be returning.
in Illyricum profectus est quod eas quoque nationSs

for Illyricum

adire volSbat, he set out

wished
126.

to

visit

because he

the tribes there also.

The Subjunctive is frequently used with

quod, rarely with quia and quoniam, to indicate that

the reason is quoted ; i.e. the sense is that of a

Subordinate clause in Indirect Discourse ( 50).


Caesar questus

est quod bellum sine causa intu-

lissent, Caesar complained

because (on the ground

thai) they had made war without cause.


85

LATIN COMPOSITION

86

Dative with Adjectives

The adjectives similis, like, propior, prox-

127.

imus,

nearer, nearest,

gratus,

idoneus,

fit, utilis,

and other words

agreeable,

of

useful,

similar or

opposite meaning, regularly take the Dative.


But similis may take the Genitive, especially of
persons

propior

Accusative
cusative

and

proximus

may

take

idoneus and utilis may take the

the

Ac

with ad, especially with the Gerund or

Gerundive.
TrSveri sunt proximi flumim Rhno, the Treveri
are nearest the river Rhine.
locum castris
place suitable

idoneum dSlSgit,

for

he picked out a

a camp.

nactus idoneam ad navigandum tempestatem, hav

ing obtained suitable weather for sailing.


Exercises

128.

The authority of this state is very great, be


cause it has many ships.
2. Since l this town was

(A)

1.

divided by a river, he assigned one part to the Gauls.


3. The Gauls are nearer to the Romans than to the
Germans.

4.

Haeduans had been con

Since2 the

5. He bitterly
they were made tributary.
accused them because he was not aided by them.

quered,

This place was suitable for drawing up

6.

line of

battle.
1

Since.

Use cum.

Since.

Write in two ways.

EXERCISES
(B) Book I.

(last half).

44

87
1.

He withdrew his

army into those regions, because they were nearest the


2. Since the Haeduans had been
province (of) Gaul.
called brothers by the senate, they ought to have en
3. Ariovistus
joyed the assistance of the Romans.
complained because we had made an attack on his

territories.

The friendship of the Roman people


was pleasing to the Haeduans, since they did not wish
4.

to be overwhelmed.

Since he has withdrawn from

5.

Gaul, we shall consider him as a friend, and not as an


enemy.
((7)

Book

III.

18.

1.

He picked out a Gaul,

be

cause he thought he was suitable for this purpose.1


Since he could not persuade him with promises, he

2.

gave him rewards.

3.

These rewards

were very

pleasing to him, and he went over to the enemy as a


4. He showed them that Caesar was hard
deserter.
by the Veneti, because help could not be
5. Since the chance of defeating Sabinus
brought.

pressed

ought not to be lost, they hasten to the camp and fill


up the ditches.
1

purpose, rSs.

LESSON XXX
Concessive Clauses.

H.

B.

308, 309.

2, 3

A. & G.

527, 549

585. 586, 598.

with Adjectives. B.

Genitive
45> 45

204.

1 ;

A. & G.

349.

a; H.

Concessive Clauses

Although, with a clause of Concession, may


be expressed by cum with the Subjunctive; by etsl
129.

with the constructions

of Conditional Sentences

(cf. 143-148); by quamquam with the Indicative.


Quamquam is not found in Caesar.
To emphasize
the concession, tamen, still, however, is often found
in the principal clause.
has cum SuSbi finibus

expellere no 11 potuissent,

tamen vectigalis sibi fecerunt, although the SwabiatlS

had not

still

able to drive them from their territory,


they made them tributary.
been

nam etsi sine periculo proelium fore vidSbat, tamen

committendum

non

putabat,

for

though he saw

that the battle would be without danger,

did not think it should


130.

be

still

he

undertaken.

Notice the use of the conjunction cum with

the following meanings

GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES

89

Cum temporal, meaning when, regularly followed,

in Narrative, by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Sub

junctive.

in,

112.)

Cum causal, meaning since, followed by the Sub

junctive.

( 125.)

Cum concessive,

the Subjunctive.

meaning

although, followed by

( 129.)

Genitive with Adjectives

The following adjectives take the Objective

131.

Genitive

cupiduB, desirous, eager.

peritus, experienced, skilled.


imperltus, inexperienced,
Insuetus, unaccustomed,

ignorant.
inexperienced.

conscius, conscious, aware.


plenus,

full.

rei militaris peritissimus habebatur, he Was consid


ered most

skilful in military

matters.

cupidus rSrum novarum, desirous

hour

a revolution.

Exercises

132.

(-4)

of

1. Although the battle lasted l from the seventh

till

town.

late at night,2 still we could not take the


2. When he had discovered what the enemy

were going to do, he remained in camp.

3.

Although

this tribe had narrow territories, it was desirous of


carrying

on war.

4.

Since

Considius was consid

LATIN COMPOSITION

90
ered

most skilful in military matters,

he was sent

Although Caesar did not


know the plans of the enemy, he decided to wait until
ahead with the cavalry.

5.

they should return.


1
2

Latin, lit was fought.''


ad
till late at night,
multam noctem.
the battle lasted; in

(E) Book I.

Although Fabius conquered

1.

45, 46.

the Arvernians, he did not reduce them to a province.


Since the horsemen were hurling weapons against

2.

our men, Caesar stopped speaking.1

3.

Although the

soldiers were eager for the battle, Caesar ordered them


not to make an attack.

4.

it cannot use its own laws.

Even
5.

if

Gaul is free, still

When this had been

announced to Caesar, he ordered his men to return to

Although they are ignorant of the custom


of the Roman people, he will not pardon them.
camp.
1

6.

stopped speaking.

(C) Book

III.

19.

Note expression in text.


1.

Although the Gauls were desir

ous of undertaking war, yet they fled at the first attack

of our men.

When the signal had been given, they


made a sally from two gates.
3. Since the enemy were
hindered by the loads which they carried, they could
2.

not withstand even ' the first attack.

4.

large number were killed, a few escaped.

Although a
5.

Since

they wished to give as little time as possible to the


Romans to arm themselves, they arrived out of breath.
6.

Although Sabinus knew that his men were eager

for the signal, he did not order the sally to be made.


1

not even, n6

. . .

quidem. Put the emphatic word between.

LESSON XXXI
REVIEW

133.

(B) Book I.

47.

Ariovistus sent a messenger to

Caesar, to ask that he should a second time appoint a

Although the matters which

day for a conference.

they had begun to discuss the day before had not been

finished, Caesar was unwilling to go himself, or to send


envoys and expose them to such danger.

However,1

because he desired to know what Ariovistus would

it seemed best to him to send Valerius Procillus


and Marcus Mettius.
When they had come to Ario
say,2

vistus in3 camp, and were attempting to speak, he


called out that they were spies, and threw them into
chains.

Caesar ought not to have sent these men to

Ariovistus, since there was no reason for

a conference,

and he knew that the danger to4 them would be great.


autem, the second word of its clause.

however,

would say, 98.


in, in with accusative.

8
4

to; in Latin, 'of.'

(C) Book

III.

20.

Since Crassus was about to carry

on war in those places where, a few years before, a

lieutenant of the Roman people had been killed, and


his army routed, he used extraordinary care that a
91

92

LATIN COMPOSITION

grain supply should be provided and auxiliaries pre


When many men had been called out from
pared.
the states which were near those regions, Crassus led

his army into the territory of the Sotiates, who


engaged in a cavalry battle with his men. Although
the Sotiates were especially strong in cavalry forces,
the Romans drove

them

back, and attacked the in

fantry, which was suddenly led forth from a valley


near the place where the cavalry had been fighting.

LESSON XXXII
Subjunctive of Characteristic. B. 283.

a,b; H.

591.

A. & G.

1,

2 ;

A. & G.

415

H.

473. 2.

A. & G.

345

H.

440. 3.

535,

1,2,4,5.

Ablative of Description. B. 224


Genitive of Description.

B.

203

Subjunctive of Characteristic

Relative Clause which expresses an es


sential characteristic of an antecedent, usually
134.

otherwise undefined, takes the Subjunctive.

This

is called the Subjunctive of Characteristic.


neque
recuaaret,

fused

adhuc

quisquam repertus est qui mortem

nor has any one yet been found who re

to die.

est nemo reliquus quem non superare

possimus,

there is no one else whom we cannot conquer.

This construction

is especially common

the following expressions

sunt qui, there are some who.


nemo est qui, there is no one who.

solus est qui, he is the only one who.


quis est qui, who is there who ?
93

after

LATIN COMPOSITION

94

Descriptive
135.

Ablative and Genitive

noun with a modifying Adjective may

in either the Ablative or Genitive case

be

used

to

describe

another

noun.

This is called the

Ablative or Genitive of Description.


vir consill magni

et

virtutis,

a man

of great

shrewdness and valor.


immanl magnitudine

homines, men

of huge

size.

Genitive of Measure

When such description indicates measure,


the Genitive only must be used.
This is also
136.

called the Genitive of Measure.


iter paucorum diSrum, a few days' journey.
11 iira en erat
trium pedum in altitudinem, the river

was three feet


altum.

deep

or, fliimen erat

tres

pedes

(82.)
Exercises

137.

There were no lands that could be given to


so great a multitude without injury.
2. Dumnorix
was a man of great influence1 among the Haeduans.

(A)

1.

Terms ought not to be received from those who


4. They could not
have made war without cause.
cross a river one hundred feet wide.2 5. He is the

3.

only one who cannot be induced to give


1
2
8

hostages.

Express in two ways.


one hundred feet wide. Express in two ways.

of great influence.
to give, 60.

EXERCISES
(B) Book I.

48, 49.

feet long was picked

1.

place about six hundred

out, suitable for two legions.


are the only ones which

The forces of Ariovistus

2.

95

can keep our troops from supplies.

3.

The Germans

were very swift and of great courage, and terrified our

There is no army in all Gaul that can over


5. They were (men)
come the forces of the Romans.
men.

4.

of so great swiftness that they equalled the speed of


6. They were cut off from grain and
the horses.
supplies by a river two hundred feet in width.1
1

two hundred feet

(0)

Book

III.

in width.

21, 22.

Express in two ways.


1.

The Aquitanians accom

plished nothing with their mines, though they were


2. What can a young man
two hundred feet long.1
not accomplish

who

depends on himself?

understands

that

everything

The Aquitanians were men


4. No one
of great courage, and very skilful in arms.2
has yet been discovered who thought the enemy could
3.

conquer without a leader.

5.

One3 who, without a

large number of soldiers, attacks a tower of so great


height, is a man of courage.
1

two hundred feet long.

in arms,

one, is.

131.

Express in two ways.

LESSON XXXIII
B. 273-275 ; A. & G. 439 ; H. 559. I,
Prohibitions. B. 276. c; A. & G. 450; H. 561. I.

Exhortations.

Wishes.

B.

279

Dative of Purpose;
382

H.

A. & G.

441 ;

H.

Double Dative.

2.

558.

B.

191. 1,

2; A. & G.

425. 3, 433.

Exhortations
138.

An

exhortation,

commonly introduced

in

English by the auxiliary let, is expressed by the


Present Subjunctive. The negative is nB.
This construction may be used in the Third Per
son Singular and the First and Third Persons
Plural.
hos latrdnSs interficiamus, let US

kill these

robbers.

exeant, let them go out.

This Subjunctive in the Third Person is


times

called,

with greater

exactness,

some

Jussive

Subjunctive.
Commands and Prohibitions

prohibition, or negative command, may


be expressed by the Imperative of the verb nolo,
139.

96

wishes

97

noli (singular), nolite (plural),


Present Infinitive.

followed

by the

noli (nolite) hoc /aoere, do not do this.


The following

illustrates

the

method

of expressing

commands and exhortations, positive and negative.


Negative

Positive
mitte, send.

noli mittere, do not send.

mittat, let him send.

ne mittat, let him not send.

mittamus, let us send.

ne mittamus, let us not send.

mittite, send.

nolite mittere, do not send.

mittant let them send.

lie mittant, let them not send.

Wishes
Wishes are expressed by the Subjunctive,
usually introduced by utinam, would that! The
140.

negative is ne.

The Present Subjunctive is used to express


wish that something

may be so, and

refers

to

future time.
(utinam) adsint, may they be present.

The Imperfect Subjunctive is used to express


a wish that something were so (that is not so), and

refers to present time.


utinam adessent, would that they were present !

The Pluperfect Subjunctive is used to express

LATIN COMPOSITION'

98

wish that something had been so (that was not so),


and refers to past time.
Cf. 147, 148.
utinam adf uissent, O that they had been present !

Dative of Purpose

The Dative

141.

case

Double Dative
is used to express

the

purpose of an action, or that for which a thing

It

serves.

is called the Dative of Purpose or Ser

vice, and is often accompanied by another Dative,


to indicate

or thing

the person

This

affected.

combination is called the Double Dative.


decimam

legionem subsidio nostris misit, he Sent

the tenth legion to the assistance

of our

Gallia magno erat impediments,

men.

tt was (for) a

great disadvantage to the Gauls.


The Datives of Purpose most frequently used are usui,
subsidio, praesidio, auxilio, curae, bono, impediments.

Exercises

142.

(A)

1.

our men.

Let us send the tenth legion as an aid to


2. Would that Caesar were now in com

mand of these forces

dered all our possessions

3.
'

0 that

we had

to the enemy !
come without the cavalry which was enrolled.

not surren
4.

Do not
5.

May

this battle be favorable to you.


6. Let him not lead
back the forces which were sent as a relief to us.

EXERCISES

99

Withstand the attack bravely, and the enemy will

7.

return to their own town.


1

all our possessions, nostra omnia.

Book I. 50, 51. 1. Let us lead out the troops


from camp, and draw up our line of battle.
2. Would
(23)

that we had not given them an opportunity for fight


3. Caesar left the auxiliaries as a protection
ing!
for the smaller camp.
deliver us into slavery !

O that they would not


5. Do not fight before the

4.

if

6. Let him not


you wish to conquer.
use the auxiliaries for a show.
7. Would that it

new moon,

were not ordained that the Germans should conquer

(C) Book

III.

23,

24.

1.

Let them not

be dis

turbed because the town has been captured.


2. Would
that we had summoned aid from those states which
are near Aquitania!
had left enough
camp.
to see1

that they
soldiers for the protection of the
3.

Crassus

noticed

Draw up your line of battle.


I will wait
what plan the enemy adopt.
5. Do not ap
4.

6. Would that
point the next day for the battle.
our soldiers had great knowledge of military matters !
7. Let us choose as leaders those who have been with

Sertorius for many years.


1

wait to

see, one

word.

LESSON XXXIV
CONDITIONS
B. 301-304.

1; A. & G. 515-517;

H. 574-579.

Conditional Sentence has two clauses :


(a) a Protasis (or Condition), which assumes some
thing as true ; (6) an Apodosis (or Conclusion),
which asserts something as true only if the thing
143.

assumed is true.

Condition may be one of three kinds :


1. A Condition represented as a Fact.
2. A Condition represented as a Possibility.
3.

A Condition represented as Contrary to Fact.


Conditions of Fact

144.

Both clauses regularly take the Indicative.

Any tense may

be used.

hi, si quid erat durius, concurrSbant,

if any

extra

hard fighting was going on, these men would run up.
si quid vult, ad m venire oportet,

if

he wishes

anything, he ought to come to me.


si obsidSs mihi dabuntur, pacem vobiscum faciam,

if hostages

are given to me,

you.
100

I will make peace with

CONDITIONS
haec si enuntiata

if

nobis sumet,

IOI

erunt, gravissimum

this is announced,

supplicium
he

de

will inflict

upon us the severest punishment.

Note that in the last two sentences, the English uses


the Present Tense in the Protasis to refer to future time,

while the Latin uses the Future or Future Perfect.

Note

also that the Future Perfect is used to represent the action

of the Protasis

action

of the

These conditions refer to future time.

Both

as

completed

before the

Apodosis occurs.

Conditions of Possibility
145.

clauses regularly

take

the

Present

Subjunctive,
but the Protasis very rarely takes the Perfect Sub
junctive, the use of which corresponds to that of
the Future Perfect Indicative in 144.
neque, aliter

tatem, and

if

si f aciat, ullam inter suos habeat auctorihe should do otherwise, he would have

no authority among his people.

Conditions

of

Possibility are sometimes


called Less Vivid Future Conditions, in distinction
from Future Conditions of Fact (illustrated in the
146.

last two sentences in 144), which are called More


Vivid Future Conditions.
Conditions

Contrary to Fact

These conditions imply that the thing as


sumed as true is not really true, and may refer to
147.

LATIN COMPOSITION

I02

Present time is indicated by


the Imperfect Subjunctive ; past time by the Plu
present or past time.
perfect Subjunctive.
si quid mihi

if I

Caesare opus esset, ad eum venirem,

needed anything

him (implying that

si Caesar in Italiam

Caesar,

of

to

do not need anything).


11011

hoc consilium non cepissent,

for Italy,

I should come

profectus esset, Carnutes

if Caesar had not started

the Carnutes would not have formed this

plan (implying that Caesar has started).


Mixed Conditions
148.

The time referred

to in the Protasis may be

different from that of the Apodosis, if the sense


requires.
si mihi amicus est, me iuvSbit,
he

will

if he

is my friend,

help me.

quod si maturius facere voluissent, locupletioribus


his et melioribus civibus

willing

to do

uterSmur,

if

they had been

this before, we should now

find

them

richer and better citizens.


Future Conditions in Indirect Discourse
149.

In Indirect Discourse there is no distinction

between Future Conditions of Fact, and Conditions


of Possibility

for the Protasis in both cases must

have the Subjunctive ( 50) (Present or Perfect


after present or future tenses, and Imperfect or

EXERCISES

103

Pluperfect after past tenses), and the Apodosis


in both cases must have a Future Infinitive ( 44,
45) or its equivalent ( 73. 2)'
si obsides

dabuntur

dati erunt

are given, we
si obsides

should

be

will

if hostages

pacem faciemus,

...

make peace.

dentur

1
\ ,

dati sint
[

pacem faciamus,

if hostages

given, we would make peace.

dicunt si obsides

\
I

dentur
dati sint

| ,

pacem

se

facturos,

if hostages are given, they will make


they say that if hostages should be given,

they say that


peace, or,

they would make peace.

dixerunt si obsides

f'
[

darentur

data essent

J ,
J

pacem se facturos,

they said that if hostages were (or should be) given,


they would make peace.

Exercises

150.
(-4)

If

they should flee, they would be captured.

anything has happened to the Romans, I have


not heard (of) it.
3. If the Romans conquer the
2.

If

1.

Helvetians, they will take (their) liberty away from


the Haeduans.1
4. Had he done otherwise, he never
would have finished the war.
make

an

attack on them

if

5.

He said he should

they crossed the river.

LATIN COMPOSITION

104

If

6.

Caesar were now with us, we should not fear the

Germans.
1

Eaeduans, Dative of Reference.

(B) Book I.

1.

52.

If

the enemy should suddenly

make an attack on our men, they would not be able to

hurl their javelins.


2. They would have sent the
lieutenant to our assistance, if they had noticed this.
3. If Caesar were in command of the troops, they
would not be in difficulty.
tle on the left wing, unless
line is the strongest.

4.

shall not begin bat

that that part of the


5. They said that if they
see

leaped upon the enemy from above, they should put

Do not throw your javelins against


the enemy, unless they make an attack upon you.
7. Had he not put a lieutenant in charge of our men,
them to flight.

6.

they would have been routed.


(C) Book III. 25, 26. 1. If the enemy should fight
bravely, Crassus could not circle their camp. 2. What
would Caesar do if he were in camp, and had not been
surrounded by the enemy ?

3.

Despairing of flight,

they will fight more bravely, unless they can get back
4. If some had driven the defenders
into camp.
from the wall, others would have torn down the forti
fications.

Late in the day, he reported

5.

that if

they did not hasten to seek safety, the enemy would

surround them.
from
7.

camp,

6.

If the

enemy lead out their forces

our men will fight

most

vigorously.

Had they not torn down these fortifications, the

enemy would not have sought safety in flight.

LESSON XXXV
REVIEW

151.

(B) Book I.

53, 54.

When the battle had been re

newed, the enemy were put to flight, and fled to the

river.

A few, who trusted in their strength,

across.

There were some who crossed over in boats

swam

which they found, but the rest were put to death by


our cavalry.
Ariovistus himself would have been
killed,

if

found a skiff fastened to the

he had not

shore, and sought safety in it.

While he was following the enemy, Caesar fell in


with Valerius Procillus, whom the guards were drag
Having rescued him, Caesar said : " I
ging along.
should have little pleasure in this victory, if you were
now in the hands of the enemy.
Would that the
other envoys, whom
sent to Ariovistus, had also
been restored to me.
Let us hope that they may be

found and brought back."

(C) Book

III.

27, 28, 29.

Caesar desired to finish the

war as quickly as possible,1 and so he led his army


against the Nervii and Menapii, who* were the only

tribes in Gaul from

which envoys had not come to


him.
He would quickly have conquered these tribes
also,3 if they had not carried on the war in a very
different manner from the rest of the Gauls.
105

LATIN COMPOSITION

106

The scouts,4 whom Caesar sent to find out what

follows:" "The enemy


have withdrawn into the forests ; and if we should try
to follow them, we should be driven back and lose
Let us cut down the forest, and
many of our men.
pile up the timber for a rampart; and if they attack
was being

done, reported

us, we can defend ourselves.

as

We should not be able

if

they should make an attack on us (while)


off our guard."
to do this,

quam celerrime.

as quickly as possible,

who.

also, quoque, which follows the word it modifies.

scout,

as follows,

Make this agree with tribes.

explorStor.
ita.

EXERCISES ON BOOK IV
152.
1.

In

Book IV. 1, 2.

Sections 33, 60, 61, 64, 65.*

the following year, a large number of the Tencteri

crossed the Rhine, in order not to be kept by the Swa-

bians from tilling the land.

2. One

hundred thousand

men of this tribe are in arms every year, and the rest
stay at home.

3.

The next year the former * are ordered

to stay at home, and they support themselves and the

They wish to have (some one) from whom


they may buy pack animals, and so they permit traders
to import them.
5. They do not use saddles in
rest.

4.

cavalry battles, and consider a horseman with a saddle


in
6. They take great pleasure
very unskilful.
exercise, and when

it is

necessary, dare to jump down

from their horses, and to fight on foot.


1

the former,

illi.

Book

IV.

153.

Sections 55-57, 110-112.

3, 4.

After the Swabians had carried on war for many


years with the Ubii, they made them tributary to
themselves.
2. Having tried in vain ' to cross the
1.

river, they pretended to return to their own homes.


3. - They say that the lands of the Swabians lie vacant

for many miles.

When they had been driven


out from their own territory, they wandered about for
4.

* These numbers refer

to sections in this book which de

scribe constructions to be used in the sentences that follow.


107

LATIN COMPOSITION

108

5. Having made a three days' march


many years.
in one night, they fell upon the Menapians off their
6. The guards which had been placed on
guard.

this side of the Rhine prevented them from crossing.1


7. Having killed them, they seized their ships and
crossed the river.

After they had been informed

8.

what was being done, they returned to their villages.


1

in vain, frustra.

154.

Book

In Gaul it is

IV.

from crossing,

79.

Sections 38, 39, 73.

5-7.

customary for the traders to tell the crowd

what they have heard in the regions from which they


have come, and the Gauls are often so disturbed by
these rumors that they make very important plans on
the spot.

After learning these facts, Caesar thought

that envoys would be sent1 to the Germans to ask them


to leave the Rhine ; and he feared that he might en

And

a very serious war.

counter

cavalry of the Gauls

so

he demanded

and after getting ready a grain

supply, marched against the Germans, who, (although)


driven from home by the Swabians, thought that no
one else could conquer them.
1

would

155.
1.

be sent, 73. 2.

Book

Since

not give

IV. 8-10.

I can

Sections 125, 126, 129.

have no friendship with them,

them

lands.

2.

'

shall

Although they begged

Caesar not to move his camp nearer, they could not


3. It seemed best to the envoys
gain their request.1
to return home, because they wished to report these

matters to their people.

4.

It

is not permitted them

EXERCISES ON BOOK

IV

109

to settle in Gaul, since they cannot protect their own

territories.

5.

They are complaining because the

6. Sav
cavalry was sent across the river to plunder.
age nations inhabit the islands which are formed by

The envoys asked that they be per


mitted to return to Caesar in a few days.
the Rhine.
1

7.

gain their request, impetro.

156.

Book

IV.

11, 12.

Sections 24-28, 43-45, 49-52.

When the envoys returned to Caesar, they showed


what had been accomplished by them in three days.
2. They said they would restrain from battle the cav
1.

3. Caesar thought
alry who had been sent ahead.
he had done everything that could be done, in order

to learn of their demands.

4.

When these terms

had been offered by Caesar, they said they would ac


5. When the enemy
cept them, and send hostages.
saw whose cavalry had crossed the Meuse, they had

They said their envoys had returned to


Caesar five days before, to ask for a truce.
7. They

no fear.

6.

did not make an attack until1 the cavalry came back.


1

until,

157.

120.

Book

IV.

Sections 115-120, 134.

13, 14.

Caesar did not wish to listen to terms from those who


had brought on war without

provocation,

after they

had asked for peace, and so he determined

to lead his

forces out of camp against the enemy.

While he was forming his plans,


Germans came to him in

large number of

camp J to excuse themselves

because they had used deceit the day before, and had

LATIN COMPOSITION

IIO

He ordered these

attacked his cavalry treacherously.2

He reached the camp of the enemy


before they could take up arms, and his arrival so terri
fied them that they did not know whether to flee or
to be detained.

to defend the camp.

There were some who resisted

our men for a little time, but the rest, together with
the women and children, left the camp, and fled until

they came to the river.


1

in = into.

treacherously ; in Latin, 'through treachery.7

Book

158.

IV.

Sections 61, 98-102, 104.

15, 16.

When the Gauls saw their people about to perish,


2. Caesar said he
they threw down their standards.
1.

would give to those who were with him the privilege


of remaining if they wished.
3. They ought not to
have abandoned the standards

shouting behind them.

4.

when they heard the

The Romans decided for

many reasons that they must finish the war.

5.

The

Sugambri sent envoys to ask permission to cross into


6. We do not think it right for the Ubii to be
Gaul.
When they realize
that we have both the ability and courage to lead our
oppressed by the Swabians.

7.

army across the Rhine, they will be afraid.


159.
1.

Book

Even

if

IV.

17, 18.

Sections 138-140, 143-149.

the difficulty of making a bridge is great,

do not cross the Rhine in boats.

Would that this


Unless he had built
2.

3.
work were now being done !
this bridge, the army could not have crossed.

they should make peace

4.

If

with him, he would answer

EXERCISES ON BOOK

IV

1 1 1

Let him have a strong guard at both


6. Finish the work and lead
ends of the bridge.
the army across.1
7. Would that they had not hidden

them kindly.

5.

themselves in the forest!

8.

The Tencteri will urge

the Sugambri to leave their territory.

9.

He began

to prepare material with which to build2 the bridge.

He will make

10.

peace

with them,

if

they bring hos

tages to him.
1

lead across,

160.

traduc (imperative).

Book IV. 19, 20.

to

build, 33.

Sections 55-57, 110-112.

After cutting down the grain of the Swabians and


promising the Ubii his assistance, Caesar learned that
the Swabians had held a council and had picked out
a place in which to wait for the Romans

but he had

everything he wished, and so, having


punished the Sugambri and inspired fear in the Ger
mans, he decided to go back and cut down the bridge.
accomplished

When he learned what the size of Britain was, and what


harbors it had, he thought it would be very helpful to
him if he summoned the traders and asked them what
they knew about the island, but he found that nothing
was known to them except the seacoast.
161.

Book IV. 21, 22.

Sections 61, 98-102, 104.

He ought to send Volusenus ahead with a ship of


war to find out these things.
2. He may disembark

1.

if

he wishes.

these regions
4.

Volusenus is going to investigate


and report to Caesar in a few days.
3.

He is permitted

to receive under his protection

those who brought hostages to him.

5.

Those ships

LATIN COMPOSITION

112

which have been detained

must be allotted to the

1
6. He promised to return
quickly and re
cavalry.
7. The wind kept the
port what he discovered.
8. We
transport ships eight miles 2 from the harbor.

must do everything which we have planned.

9.

We

must yield to the power of the Roman people.


1

to return.

162. Book

What tense

IV.

eight miles,

81.

Sections 115-120, 134.

23, 24.

They went on board and waited at anchor till the


weather should be fit for sailing.
2. The first ships

1.

reached Britain before the cavalry set sail from the

There is no suitable place in


which the legions can disembark, because the water is

farther

harbor.

not deep.

4.

3.

While all these things were being

done, the anchors were weighed and the signal given.

Our soldiers hastened to jump from their ships and


advance to the dry land before the enemy could hurl

5.

their weapons.
6. Caesar was wholly unacquainted
with this sea, and wished everything to be done on
time.
7. The barbarians, with all their limbs free,
could prevent our men from advancing.
163.
1.

Book IV. 25, 26.

Sections 24-28, 43-45, 49-52.

Caesar noticed that the shape of the ships and the

strange sort of engines disturbed the enemy.


asked his fellow-soldiers
eagle to the enemy.

2.

He

if

they wished to betray the


3. Caesar saw that his men were

greatly disturbed because the enemy were hurling


4. He thought that
weapons on the exposed flank.

IV

EXERCISES ON BOOK

13

5. The standardwould be dislodged.


bearer1 cried out that he should do his duty to his
commander and his country.
6. He knew that they

the

enemy

would put the enemy to flight as soon as they stood


7. He did not know whether these
on dry land.
things were of use to his men or not.
1

standard-bearer = eagle-bearer.

164.

Book

As soon

IV.

Note text.

Sections 125, 126, 129.

27, 28.

as the hostages,

whom the enemy sent to

Caesar, did -what he had ordered, he pardoned

not to make war on him without

and begged them

Although

good cause.
he complained

them,

he pardoned

their ignorance,

because they had thrown Commius the

Atrebatian into chains, and had not sent him back.


Since part of the hostages which they promised were
at a distance, he ordered them to be sent to the conti
The ships in which the cavalry
were carried approached Britain, but could not hold
nent in a few days.

their course because a great storm suddenly came up


and carried them back to the continent.
165.
1.

It

Book IV. 29-31.

Sections 38, 39, 73.

happened that the tides were very high on that

night because there was a full moon.

2.

He caused

those things which were of use to be brought from the

We must keep them from supplies, and


4. The tide was so '
prolong the affair until winter.
high that it filled the ships which had been drawn up
continent.

on dry land.

3.

5.

Although they were going to pass

LATIN COMPOSITION

114

the winter in Gaul, they had made no provision for


grain.

The ships are so damaged by the storm

6.

that they cannot be repaired.


7. He brought it about
that no one afterwards crossed to Britain to bring on

It

that everything was lacking


which was useful for carrying on war.
war.

happened

so, tarn.

166.
1.

8.

Book

IV.

Sections 138-140.

32, 33.

Let part of the legion march in that direction in

which the dust was seen.

2.

Would that Caesar had

suspected the plans of the barbarians, and attacked


them when their arms were laid aside

3.

It was

re

ported to the general that the cohorts which were on


guard had started in the same direction.

4.

If

the

enemy attack you, throw your weapons quickly; let


the cavalry dismount and fight on foot.

5.

Do not

disturbed by the noise of the chariots, for if hard


6. The Brit
pressed, you will have an easy retreat.
be

ons fight with chariots, and daily practice makes them


able to do many things with their horses at
167.
1.

Book

Caesar

IV.

will

34, 35.

full

speed.

Sections 33, 60, 61, 64, 65.

keep his men in camp so that they may

not be attacked

by the enemy.

2.

The barbarians

sent messengers in all directions to tell what had hap


pened.

3.

Storms followed for so many days1 that

the enemy were kept from a battle.

4.

Caesar feared

5. They urged
that the same thing would happen.
the rest, who were in the fields, to depart.
6. Dis

IV

EXERCISES ON BOOK

115

turbed by the strange sort of fighting, they begged


Caesar to send aid to them.
7. They gathered a
large number of cavalry and infantry, so that they
might the more easily2 drive the Romans from the

He ordered them to burn the buildings


far and near, and return to camp.
9. Having killed
8.

camp.

many, they prevented the rest from escaping.3


1

days, 81.

168.

If

easily, facile.

Book IV. 36-38.

from escaping,
Sections

79.

143-149.

Caesar had not sailed on that night, the hostages

which he ordered would have been brought to him, but


the equinox was near, and he thought
he should arrive safely at the continent.

if

he hastened

After finding

a suitable place, he disembarked some three hundred


men, who started for the camp, but were surrounded by

the Morini, who said, " Lay down your arms

Lot wish to be killed.

If

if

you do

Caesar and his cavalry were

here, they would defend you, but you cannot

with

stand our attack and will all be killed unless he comes

to your assistance."
But after those who said this
saw that our cavalry were coming, they quickly turned
and fled.

INDEX
(The numbers refer to pages.)

Ablative, absolute,

35.

of accompaniment, 40.
of accordance, 52.
of agent, 10.
of cause, 81.
of comparison, 48'.
of degree of difference, 49.
of description, 94.
of manner, 52.
of means, 24.
of place where, 19.
of separation, 48.
of specification, 80.
of time, 57.
with adjectives, 135.
with opus, 135.
with prepositions, 32.
with utor, etc., 77.
with verbs of plenty and want,

annon, 14.
antequam, see priusquam, 79.
Apodosis, 100.
appello, 131.
Appositives, agreement of, 117.
Asking, verbs of, 43, 132.
audeo, 168.

autem,

Calling, verbs of,

131.

careo, 136.

causa, position of, 179.


to express purpose, 06, 67, 176.
Causal clauses, 85.
Cities, construction with, 19.
cogo, 168.

nouns,
Collective
with, 140.

agreement

Commands, 96.
compleo, 136.
con, compounds of, 61.
Concessive clauses, 88.
Conditions, 100.
mixed, 102.
in indirect discourse,

136.

absum, 57.
accidit ut, 51.
Accusative, of extent, 57.
with compounds, 61.
object and predicate, 131.
person and thing, 132.

Active periphrastic conjugation,

163.

of comparison, 157.
constat, 160.
constituo, 148, 168.
contentus, 135.

67.

Adjectives, agreement of,


of plenty and want, 136.
with ablative, 135.
with dative, 86.
with genitive, 89, 123.
Adverbs, position of, 178.

178.

116.

credo, 59.

Agreement, of adjectives, rela


tive pronouns, and appositives, 116.
of verbs, 139.

cum, conjunction, 89.


causal, 85, 153.
concessive, 88, 153.
temporal, 70, 153.
-cum, enclitic, 40.
cum primum, 76.

262

102,

INDEX
cupio, 40, 168.
euro, with gerundive,

fit ut,
173.

Dative, double, 98, 130.


of agent, 68.
of indirect object, 129.
of interest, 129.
of possession, 24.
of purpose, 98, 130.
of reference, 129.
of separation, 130.
of service, 98.
with adjectives, 86.
with compounds, 60.
with special verbs, 59.
debeo, 72, 168.
decerno,

148, 168.

Deciding, verbs of,

148.

Demanding, verbs of, 132.


Deponents, perfect participles of,
36, 173.

deterred, 56.
dignus, 135, 146.
Dimension, 57.

125.

fruor, 77.
fungor, 77.
Future tense, 141.

futurum fuisse ut,

163.

Genitive, position of,


of description, 94.
of measure, 94.
of the whole, 27.
objective,

partitive,

177.

122.

27.

predicate, 123.
subjective, 122.
with adjectives, 89, 123.
with interest and refert, 126.
with verbs of feeling, 125.
with verbs of judicial action
125.

Gerund, 65, 176.


Gerundive, 65, 173.
56.

efficio ut, 51.


enim, 178.

extremus,

Forgetting, verbs of,


fretus, 135.

126.

dubito, 56, 168.


dubium est, 56.
dum, while and until, 80.
in provisos, 159.
dummodo, 159.

etsi, 88.
Exhortations,

51.

fore ut, 51.

with verbs of memory,

doceo, 132.
domus, 19.

Doubting, verbs of,

263

96.

177.

Hindering, verbs of,


hortor ut, 39.

56.

iam difi, etc., 141.


idoneus, with dative, 86.
idoneus est qui, 146.

igitur, 178.
Imperative, 97.
Imperfect indicative, 140.
impero, with dative, 59.
impero ut, 39.
Impersonal use of verbs, 60, 69,
140.

facio, with two accusatives, 131.


facio ut, 51.
Fearing, verbs of, 44.
Feeling, verbs of, 125.

Impersonal verbs,

166.

imus, 177.
in, with ablative or accusative,
32.

INDEX

264

indignus, 135, 146.


Indirect discourse, 26, 31, 162.
commands in, 163.
complex sentences in, 31.
conditions in, 102, 163.
questions in, 162.
statements in, 26.
Indirect discourse implied, 164.
Indirect object, 129.
Indirect questions, 13, 10.
Indirect reflexives, 2, 32.
Infinitive, as object, 168.
as subject, 166.
complementary, 167.
in indirect discourse, 26.
interest, 126, 166.
Intransitive verbs in passive, 140.
iubed, 39, 168.

Judicial action, verbs of,


Knowing, verbs of,
libet,

125.

quidem,

179.

necesse est, 71, 166.


Necessity, 68, 71.
necne, 14.
noceo. 59.

noli,

97.

nolo, 40, 163.


ndnne, 9.

num. 9,

16.

Obligation,

68, 71.

obliviscor, 125.
oportet, 72, 166.
opus est, 166.
opus, with ablative, 135.
Order of words, 177.
Ought, 72.

Participles,

131.

Periphrastic conjugations,

71.

132.

71.

Naming, verbs of, 131.


ne, in purpose clauses,

36, 172.

Passive, impersonal, 60, 69, 140.


patior, 39, 168.
Perceiving, verbs of, 26.

medius, 177.
memini, 125.
Memory, verbs of, 125.
miseret, 125.
modo, with provisos, 159.
moneo, with two accusatives,
moneo ut, 39.

Must,

paenitet, 125.

168.

May, might,

-ne, 9, 16.

pared, 59.
pared, 59.

166.

Making, verbs of,

ne

26.

licet, 39, 71, 166.


Locative case, 19.

maid, 40,

with verbs of fearing, 44.


with verbs of hindering, 56.

18.

in wishes, 97.

with hortatory subjunctive,

96.

permittd, 39.
persuaded, 39, 59.
peto ab, 132.
petd ut, 43.
Place constructions, 19.
placed, 59.
placet, 166.
possum, 168.
postquam, 76.
postuld ab, 132.
postuld ut, 43.
potior, 77.
praestat, 166.
Predicate nouns, 117.
Prepositions, position of,

67, 68

178.

INDEX
Prepositions with ablative,
Preventing, verbs of, 50.
Primary tenses, 14.

Prohibitions, 96.
Pronouns, demonstrative,
indefinite, 8.
interrogative, 8.

reliquus, 177.
Remembering, verbs of, 125.
resists, 59.
Restraining, verbs of, 50.
Result, relative clauses of, 151.

subjunctive of,

2.

personal, 1, 119.
possessive, 5, 0.
reflexive, 2, 3.

relative,

5, 116.
86.
propior,
Protasis, 100.

Provisos,

of purpose, 18.
of result, 151.

32.

primus, 177.
priusquam, 79.
prohibeo, 56.

265

I'S.

substantive clauses of, 51.


retineo, 56.
Rhetorical questions, 143, 162.
rogo, with two accusatives, 132.
rogo ut, 43.
Roman us, 179.
rus, 19.

159.

proximus, 86.
Purpose, dative of, 98.
expressions of, 07, 170.
relative clauses of, 18.

subjunctive of,

similis,

18.

80, 123.

simul atque, 70.


sino, 168.
statuo, 148, 168.
studeo, 59.
sub, with ablative or accusative,

quaero ab, 132.


quam, than, 48.
quamquam, 88.
quasi, 157.
Questions, direct, 9.
double, 10.

32.

indirect, 13.
in indirect discourse,

162.

quia, 85.
quidam, 27.
quin, 56.
quoad, 80.
quod, causal, 85.
quominus, 50.
quoniam, 85.
quoque, 178.

Subjunctive mood,
after verbs of doubting, 56.
after verbs of fearing, 44.
after verbs of hindering, etc.,
56.

deliberative or dubitative,
hortatory, 96.
'

refert, 126.
Reflexive, indirect, 2, 32.
Relative clauses,
of cause or concession, 140.

of characteristic,

Saying, verbs of, 20.


Secondary tenses, 14.
Sequence of tenses, 14.
servio, 59.

93, 140, 151.

in causal clauses, 85.


in characteristic clauses,

143.

93,

146.

in concessive clauses, 88, 153.


in conditional clauses of com
parison, 157.
in conditions, 101.
in indirect discourse, 31, 162.
in indirect questions, 13.
in provisos, 159.
in purpose clauses, 18, 39, 43.

WDEX

266

in result clauses, 23, 51, 151.


Time constructions, 57.
in wishes, 97.
Towns, constructions with,
jussive, 96.
of attraction, 164.
ubi, when, 76.
with cum causal, 85, 89, 153.
Until, 80.
with cum concessive, 88, 89, ut, in purpose clauses,

18,

151.

with cum temporal, 76, 89, 153.


with dum, 80.
with priusquam, 79.
Subjunctive, tenses in, 14, 141.
Substantive clauses,
of desire, 39, 43.
of result, 51.

sui,

2.

sum, position of, 178.


Supine, 66.
sims, 6.

tamen, 88.

Temporal clauses,

19.

43.

in result clauses, 23,


in temporal clauses,
utinam, 97.
utor, 77.
utrum, 10.

Verbs, agreement of, 139.


position of, 177.
vero, 178.
veto, 39, 168.
Vocative, position of, 177.
Voice, 140.
volo, 40, 168.

76, 79, 80, 153.

Tenses, 140.
sequence of, 14.
Thinking, verbs of, 26.

51.
76.

While,
Wishes,

80.
97.

Wishing, verbs of,

40.

39,

VOCABULAKY
Note. Regular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by
the figure

1.

accuse, accuso,

abandon, relinquO, ere, liqui,


lictus.
ability, virtus, tutis, /.
natural ability, ingenium,
nl, n.
have ability, possum, posse,
potui.
able, be able, possum, posse,
potui.
abolish, tollO, ere, sustuli, sublatus.
about, concerning, de, prep,
with abl.
about, around, circum, prep.
with ace.
about (with numerals), circiter.
about to, 98.
accept, accipiO, ere, cepl, ceptus.
accident, casus, us, m.
accomplish, perflcio, ere, feci,
fectus ; cOnsequor, i, secutus.
account, on account of, prop
ter, prep, with ace.
accusation, crimen, minis, n.

1.

accused, the accused, reus, I, m.


accuser, accusator, Oris, m.
accustomed, be accustomed,
soleO, ere, solitus.
acquit, libero, 1; absolvo, ere,
solvl, solutus.
across, trans, prep, with ace.
act (noun), factum, I, n.
act (verb), facio, ere, feci, factus.

act as juror, iudico, 1.


act the outlaw, latrocinor,
1.

actively, acriter.
address, adloquor, I, locutus.
admit, confiteor, eri, fessus.
advance,
progredior,
gredi,
gressus.

advantage, bonum, i, n. ; commodum, I, n.


advise, moneO, ere, ui, itus.
affair, res, rei, /.
public affairs, res publica.

afraid, be afraid, timeO, ere,


ui.
after, post, prep, with
postquam, conj.

afterward, post, postea.

ace

LATIN COMPOSITION
again, iterum.
against, in, ad, contra, preps.
with acc.
ago, ante.

be angry,

Irascor, I, Iratus,

with dat.
announce, niintio.
annul, rescinds,

1.

ere,

scidi,

agriculture, agri cultura, ae, /.


scissus.
another, alius, a, ud.
aid (noun), auxilium, i, n.
aid (verb), adiuvo, are, iuvi, answer, respondeO, gre, dl,
iutus, with acc. ; opitulor,
sponsus.
1, with dat.
Antony, AntOnius, ni, m.
tend!, any,
aim,
intends,
anything,
any one,
ere,
tentus.
alarm, permoveo, ere,

mOvi,

mOtus.

alive, vivus, a, um.


all, omnis, e ; totus, a, um.
allot, distribuo, ere, ui, utus.
allow, patior, pati, pasaus.
ally, socius, ci, m.
almost, fere, paene.
alone, solus, a, um.
already, iani.
not only
modo

approach, adpropinquO, 1.
means of approach, acces

(postpos.).
. . but also, non

also, quoque

aliqua,
aliquid
(quod) ; after si, nisi, ne,
quis, qua, quid (quod) ;
with negatives, quisquam,
quidquam (pron.) ; Alius,
a, um (adj.).
appeal to, imploro, 1.
appease, placo, 1.
Appian Way, via Appia, /.
aliquis,

sed etiam.

although, cum, quamquam.


always, semper.
ambassador, legatus, i, m.
ambuscade, insidiae, arum,
among, apud, prep. w. acc.
ancestors, maiorgs, um, m.
anchor, ancora, ae, /.
at anchor, ad ancoram.

/.

and, et, atque, -que.


and . . . not, neque.
and so, itaque.
and yet, quamquam.
anger, Ira, ae, /.
angry, Iratus, a, um, with dat.

ses. us, m.

approve, probo, 1.
arise, coorior, iri, ortus.
arm, armo, 1.
arms, anna, orum, n.
army, exercitus, us, m.
arouse, incito, 1 ; concitO, 1.
arrival, adventus, us, m.
arrive, pervenio, Ire, venl, ventum.
as, just as. ut, sicut, with indic.
as if, quasi, velutsi.
as soon as, sirnul atque.
as to, 134.
ask, request, rogO, 1 ( 64).
ask, interrogate, interrogo,
1.

VOCABULARY

quod

because,

125, 126.

of, propter, prep.


icith acc.
122.
befall, accidit, ere, accidit.
before (ado.), ante, antea.
before (conj.), priusquam, an-

because

li,

/.

onis,
assign, attribuo, ere, ul, filus.
assistance, auxilium,
n.
at, in with abl. ad with acc.
sign of locative case.
Atrebatian, Atrebas, atis, m.

/.

il,

be at hand, adsum, adesse,


ask, seek, petO, ere, Ivi or
adfui, adfuturus.
Itus.
ask, inquire, quaerO, ere, sivl bear, ferO, ferre, tuli, latus,
proferO.
or sil, situs.
beast,
wild beast, bestia, ae,
(public),
cOntio,
assembly

gressus

lacessO,

before (adj.), prior, superior.

il,

ivi or
Itus.
on the day before, pridie.
make an attack on, impe- beg, oro,
petO, ere, ivi or
itus,

tum facio in, with acc.

1
;

ere,

it,

gredior,

i,

1
;

tequam.
attack (noun), impetus, us, m.
attack (verb), oppugno,
ad- before (prep.), ante, with acc.

64.

attempt (noun), cOnatus, us, m.

began, coepl, coeptus.

attempt (verb), eonor, 1.


authority, auctoiitas, tatis,
ultus.
avenge, ulciscor,

inf. is pass.
begin, incipio, ere (see began)
(of period of time), ineO,
Ire,
itus.
behalf, in behalf of, prO, prep.
with abl.
behind, post, prep. with acc.

Use the

ii,

l,

/.

pass. when the

1.

1.

avenger, ultor, Oris, m.


avoid, vlto,
await, exspecto,
away. be away, absum, abesse,
aful, afuturus.

behind him, them, etc., post


tergum.

levis, e.
battle, pugna, ae,

I,

II,

m.

li,

/.
;

baseless,

proelium,

n.

be, sum, esse,

ful, futurus.

1.

belittle, minuO, ere, ul, fitus.


bench, subsellium,
n.
bestow, adferO, adferre, attull,

li,

1.

barbarian, barbarus,

orum, n.
band (of men), manus, us,/.
banish, extermino,
banishment, exsilium,
n.
baggage, impedimenta,

Belgians, Relgae, arum, m.


believe, credO, ere, crgdidl,
creditus puto,

adlatus.

betray, prOdO, ere, did!, ditus.


between, inter, prep. with acc.

bitter, acerbus, a, um.


bitterly, acriter.

cruor,

Oris, to.

bloody, cruentus, a, um.


board, go on board, navem (Is)
ascendO, ere, scendl, scen-

buy, ems, ere, emi, emptus.


by, abl. case; ab, with abl.
agent.

blood, sanguis, guinis

of

LATIN COMPOSITION

/.

/.

1.

i,

1.

1.

call (by name), appellO,


sus.
call to -witness, testor,
body, corpus, oris, n.
both, each, uterque, utraque, camp, castra, orum, n.
can, possum, posse, potul.
utruraque.
candidate, candidatus,
both . . . and, et . . . et.
m.
boundaries, fines, ium, to.
capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus.
brave, fortis, e.
fortiter.
(by
bravely,
storming), expugno,
break down, perfringO, ere, Carbo, CarbO, Onis, to.
care, cura, ae,
fregl, fractus.
m.
pontis,
carefully, diligenter.
bridge, pOns,
bring, ferO, ferre, tuli, latus ; carriage, raeda, ae,
duco, ere, dQxi, ductus.
carry, fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
carry back, referO, referre,
cOnficio,
ere,
about,
bring
feci, fectus.
rettull, relatus.
carry on, gerO, ere, gessl,
bring forth, procreO, 1.

bring together, comportO,


Britain, Britannia, ae, /.
Britons, BritannI, orum, m.
build, aedificO, 1.

1.

(of a bridge) i facio, ere, feci,


factus.
or

il,

(of a road), muniO, ire, ivi,


itus.

building, aedificium, ci, n.


burn, set fire to, incends, ere,
cendi, census.
burning, incendium, dl, n.
but, sed.

case, causa, ae,

/.

ficio, ere, feci, fectus.

in the case of, in, prep. with


ahl.

cast off, cast out, abicio, ere,


iecl, iectus
eicio.
Castor, Castor, Oris, m.
Catiline, Catillna, ae, m.
Cato, CatO, onis, to.
;

tull, adlatus ; adduco, ere,


dQxi, ductus.

gestus.

carry out, accomplish, per-

cause

(noun), causa, ae,/.

(verb), efficiO, ere, feci,


fectus
facio, ere, feci,
factus.
cavalry (adj.), equester, tris,
tre.
cause

bring on, upon, inferO.


bring to, adfero, adferre, at-

VOCABULARY
cavalry (noun), equitatus, us,

cohort, cohors, cohortis,

m. ; equites, utn, m.
centurion, centuriO, Onis, m.
certain (indef. pron.), quldam,
quaedam, quiddam.

colleague, conlega, ae, /.


come, veniO, Ire, venl, ventum.

certainly, certe.

Ire,

il,

redeO,

convenio,
together,
Ire, venl, ventus.
come to pass, fiO, fieri, faccome

tus.
come up, arise, coorior,

with in and acc.


put in charge, praeficio, ere,
feci, fectus.
chariot, curius, us, m.
cheer, of good cheer, magnO
1 situs,

animO.

1.

Onis,

chief man,

princeps,

1.

bring a charge against, cri


men conferO, ferre, tall,

ortus.
comfort, cOnsOior,
command, iubeo, ere, iussl,
iussus impero,
be in command, praesum,
esse, ful, futurus, with dat.
commander, imperator, Oris, m.
battle,
commence
proelium
committd ere, misl, missus.
commendation, commendatio,
;

esse,

Iri,

commit,

/.

chain, vinculum, I, n.
chance, occasio, Onis, /.
by chance, forte.
changeable, flexibilis, e.
charge, crimen, minis, n.
be in charge, praesum,
ful, futurus.

chief,

back,
itum.

come

/.

do,

facio,

ere,

feci,

/.

f.

actus.
cipis, mi.
common, communis, e.
children, puerl, Orum, m.
liberl,
common people, plebs, plem.
orum,
born),
(free
choose, lego, ere, legi, lectus ;
bis,
companion, socius, cl, m.
deligO, ere', legi, lectus.
Cicero, CicerO, onis, m.
company, comitatus, us, m.
citizen, civis, is, m.
grex, gregis,
(implying
city, urbs, urbis,
contempt).
claim (as an honor), vindicO, compare, compars,
1.

cOgO,

ere,

coegl,

co-

actus.
questus.
complain, queror,
concern, it concerns, interest,
esse, fuit.
concerning, de, prep. with abl.
condemn, condemnO,
1.

claim in defense, defendO,


ere, fendi, fensus.
clear, make clear, declaro, 1.
it is clear, cOnstat.
close, be close at hand, subsum, esse, ful, futurus.

compel,

I,

1.

LATIN COMPOSITION

of things.
vincS,
ere, vicT, victus;
conquer,
sons, abl.

tus.

content, contentus, a, um.


contention, contentiO, Onis, /.
continent, continens, entis, /.
contrary to, contra, prep, with

pressus.

cry out, clamito,

curse, pestis, is,


custom, mos, moris, m. consuetiidO, dinis,/.
customary, usitatus, a, um.
cut down (of grain), succldO,
ere, cidi, clsus
(of
rescinds,
bridge),
ere,

II,

1.

IT,

II,

ii.
cOnsulO,

ere,

condemnO,

1 ;

council, concilium,
n.
council of war, consilium,
n.
counsel, advice, cOnsilium,
take counsel,
ui, sultum.

transgredior,
gressus.
crowd, multitude, dinis,
cruel, atrOx, Ocis.
crush, fiangO, ere, fregi, fractus oppriuio, ere, pressl,

ace.

consulship, cOnsulatus, us, m.


in the consulship of, abl.
absol. with consul.
consult, cOnsulO, ere, ui, sul-

crime, facinus, oris, n. crimen,


minis, n. scelus, oris,n.;
nefas, indecl.
criminal, nefarius, a, um.
itus
cross, transeO, Tie,

/.

conspire, coniflrO, 1.
consul, cOnsul, is, m.

convict, damno,

/.

/.

exIstimO, 1.
consider, regard, habeO, ere,
habui, habitus.
conspiracy, coniuratiO, onis, /.

1 ;

ii,

puto,

T,

believe,

1.

cOnsi

/.

over,

1.

consider,

courageously, fortiter.
course, cursus, us, m.
court, quaestio, Onis,
special court, nova quaestio.
court of law, iudicium, cT, n.
cover, smear, oblinO, ere, lSvI,
litus.
covet, adamO, 1.

think

consider,
derO,

1.

ausus.

superO,

country house, villa, ae,


courage, virtus, utis,
have courage, audeO, 6re,

/.

confidence, fides, ei, /.


have confidence in, confidO.
ere, fisus, with dat. of per

country, native country, patria, ae,


the country (not city), rus,
ruris, n.

/.

conduct (oneself), tracto, 1,


with reflexive.
confer, conloquor, I, locutus.
conference, conloquium, qui, n.
confess, cOnfiteor, gri, fessus.

scidl, scissus.
cut off, intercludO, ere, clusi,
clusus.

VOCABULARY

cretus.
of the senate, senatus
consultum, l, n.
deed, factum, I, n.
res
achievements,
deeds,
gestae, rerum gestarum,/.
deep, altus, a, um.
deeply, penitus.
defeat, supers, 1.
defend, defendO, ere, fendi,
fensus.
defendant, reus, I, m.
defender, defensor, oris, m.
defense, defensio, onis, /.
delay, wait, moror, 1.
decree

deprived, careO,
ere, carui.
descendants, posterl, Oram, m.
ere,
desecrate,
polluO,
ui,
be

utus.

mereor, erf, meritus.


design, cogitatio, onis, /. ; con
n.
silium,
desirable, optabilis, e.
desire, cupio, ere, ivl or
itus opto,
desirous, cupidus, a, um.
despise, contemns, ere, tempsi,
deserve,

ii,

crevi,

deprive,

temptus.

despoil, spolio,
destroy, deleO, ere, evi, etus
stinxl,
exstinguo,
ere,
stinctus.
detain, teneO, ere, ui, tentus;
detineo, ere, ui, tentus.
determine, constituo, ere, ui,

ere,

cessi,

1.

decernO,

ere,

cessum.

1.

decree,

deny, nego, 1.
depart, discedO,

utus.

devise, cOgitO,

1,

day (noun), dies, el, m.


on the next day, pi istridie.
on the day before, pridie.
day (adj.), diurnus, a, um.
dead, mortuus, a, um.
from the dead, ex Inferts.
dear, carus, a, um.
death, mors, mortis, /.
debauchery, stuprum, I, n.
deceit, simulatio, onis, /.
decide, constituo, ere, ui, utus.
decision, iudicium, ci, n.
declare, declarO, 1 ; cOnfirmo, li

li,

flixl,
adfllgO, ere,
damage,
flictus.
danger, periculum, I, n.
dangerous, periculosus, a, um.
dare, audeo, ere, ausus.

dagger, sioa, ae, /.


daily, cotidianus, a, urn.

delay, protract, traho, ere,


traxi, tractus.
delicious, suavis, e.
deliver (of a speech), habeO,
ere, ui, itus.
demand (noun), postulatum,
i, n.
1,
demand (verb),
imperO,
with dat. of person from
whom; postulo, 1, with ab
and abl.
demented, demens, mentis.

LATIN COMPOSITION

il,

disregard,

neglegO,

lexi,

ere,

lectus.

distance, at a distance, procul,


in locis longinquls.

disturb, commoveo,

ere, mOvl,

perturbo,
divide, dlvido, ere, visi, vlsus.
divine, divinus, a, urn.
do, facia, ere, feci, factus.
be done, happen, fio, fieri,
factus.
be done, go on, pass. of gero,
mOtus

1.

devote, d6, dare, dedl, datus;


dedO, ere, dedidi, deditus.
devoted, deditus, a, urn.
devotion, studium, dl, n.
dictator, dictator, Oris, m.
die, morior, morl, mortuus.
die, be put to death, pass. of
interflcio, ere, feci, fectus.
die, perish, pereO, Ire,
iturus.
difference, there is a difference,
interest, esse, fuit, futurum.
difficult, difficilis, e.
difficulty, difficultas, tatis,
diminish, infringO, ere, fregi,

ere, gessi, gestus.

I,

i,

/.

/.

1.

/.

do not (in prohibitions),


noli nOlite, with inf.
doubt, dubito,
there is no doubt, non est
fractus; deminuo, ere, ui,
fltus.
dubium.
direction, pars, partis,
doubtful, dubius, a, urn.
in that direction, in earn draw up (of soldiers) Instruo,
partem.
ere, struxi, strflctus
(of
disaster, calamitas, tatis,
ships), subducO, ere, duxi,
disclose, aperio, ire, ui, apertus.
ductus.
discover, reperio, ire, repperi, dreadful, atrOx, atrocis.
repertus.
drive, pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus.
disembark
drive back, repello, ere, rep(trans.), ex uavi
puli, repulsus.
(ibus) expono, ere, posul,
positus;
(intrans.), ex driver (of carriage), raedanavi (ibus) ggredior,
rius, rl, m. (of a chariot),
aurlga, ae, m.
gressus.
disgraceful, turpis, e.
dry, aridus, a, um.
n.
dislodge, submoveo, ere, movi,
dry land, aridum,
motus.
due, debitus, a, um.
dismiss, dimittO, ere, misi, Dumnorix, Dumnorix, rigis, m.
missus.
dust, pulvis, veris, m.
dismount, ex equO (is) desilio, duty, officium, ci, n.
ire, ui, sultus.
do one's
officium
duty,
disorder, tumultus, us, m.
praesto, are, stiti, stitum.

VOCABULARY
engine of war, tormentum,
n.
fructus.
enjoy, fruor,
each (of any number), quis- enlist, enroll, conscribO, ere,
que, quaeque, quidque and
scripsi, scriptus.
quodque.
enough (adv. and indecl. noun),
urn,
satis.
eager, cupidus, a,
entreat, adpello,
eagle, aquila, ae, /.
orO,
eagle-bearer, aquilifer, eri, entreaty, rogatus, us, to.
m.
entrust, permitt5, ere, misi,
1
;

1.

I,

I,

early (in the day), mane,

missus.

easily, facile,
easy, facilis, e.

effort, labor, oris, m.


eight, octO.
either
or, aut . . . ant.
elect, faciO, ere, feci, factus

TO.

escape, effugiO, ere, fugi.


;

1.

elections,
n.

comitia,

established, inveterasc5, ere, ravi.


even, etiam.
not even, ne
. quidem.

everything,

omnia,

omnes

res.

every part of, totus, a, um


omnis, e.
every sort of, omnis, e.
in every way, omni modo.

evidence, indicium, ci, n.


give evidence, indico,
evident, it is evident, cOnstat.

1.

/.

enemy (in war), hostis, is, to.;


hostes, ium
(personal),
inimlcus,
m.

even if, etsi, etiam si.


ever, umquam.
every, all, omnis, e.
every, each, quisque, quae
que, quidque and quodque.
everybody, omnes, ium, m.

1.

ii,

encourage, hortor,
end, finis, is, m.
each end, utraque pars, utriusque partis,
endless, sempiternus, a, um.
endurable, tolerabilis, e.
endure, fero, ferr.e, tali, latus.

ui,

become

eloquence, eloquentia, ae, /.


else (adj.), reliquus, a, um.
nothing else, nihil aliud.
else (adv.), aliter.
eminent, clarus, a, um.
encounter, occurro, ere, curri,
cursurus, with dat. ; subeo,
Ire,
itus, with ace.

I,

especially, potissimum.
establish, constituo, ere,
fltus.

Orum,

idem, eadem,

equinox, aequinocti dies, digi,

...

election,

to.

idem,

eat, edo, ere, edi, esus.

creO,

I,

envoy, legatus,
equal, par, paris

LATIN COMPOSITION

IO
evil, malum, I, n.

fall in with, incidO,


op-

primo, ere, pressl, pressus.

far, longe.
far and near, longe lateque.
I,

so far, adhuc.
m.
farm, fundus,
farther, ulterior, ius.
fasten, be fastened

to, inhaesurus, with dat., or in and abl.

pugna,

ae,

/.;

n.

fight (verb), pugnO,

con

tends, ere, tendi, tentus


congredior,
gressus.
fill, compleo, ere, evi, etus.
finally, denique, postremO.
find, invenio, ire, veni, ventus
nactus or
nanciscor,
nanctus.
find out, reperi5, ire, repperi,
repertus.
finish, end, conficio, ere, f6ci,

falsely, false,

haereO,

proelium,

XV.

I,

ere, cidi, casurus.

fall upon, overwhelm,

ia

on,

fight (noun),

11,

/.

face to face, adversus, a, um.


fact, rgs, rei,
fall, cadO, ere, cecidi, casurus.

fall

few, pauci, ae, a.


not a few, complures,
or a.
fickleness, levitas, tatis,
field, ager, agri, m.
fiercely, acriter.
fifteen, quindecim,

e.

singularis,

m.

/.

1.

1.

exile (verb), exterminO,


exist, sum, esse, ful, futurus.
expiate, expio,
expose, prOicio, ere, ieel, iectus.
exposed, apertus, a, um.
extend, pertineO, ere, ui.
extraordinary, eximius, a, um

fellow, homO, minis, m.


fellow citizen, clvis, is, m.
fellow soldier, conimllitO, onis,

1
;

n.

ere, haesi,

i,

II,

i,

1.

favor, probo,
in favor of, pr5, prep, with
examination, quaestio, Onis,/.
except, praeter, prep, with ace. ;
abl.
nisi (con;.),
favorable, secundus, a, um.
inter
se
dare
exchange,
(do, fear (noun), timor, Oris, m.
dare, dedi, datus).
metus, us, m.
exclude, secernO, ere, crevl, fear (verb), timeO, Sre, timui
cretus.
metuO, ere, ui, utus.
excuse, purgo, 1.
feel, sentiO, ire, sensi, sensus.
exercise, exercitatio, Onis,/.
feeling, sensus, us, m.
exile, place of exile, exsilium,
m.
feelings, animus,

fectus.

finish, make perfect, perficio, ere, feci, fectus.

II

VOCABULARY

at first, primS.
in the first place, prlmum.

fortune, good fortune, fortuna,

ae,/.
n.
forum, forum,
four, quattuor, IIII.
free, liber, era, erum.
free, unencumbered,
dites, a, um.
free, set free, libera,
freedom, libertas, tatis,

expe

flee, fugid, ere, fugi, fugiturus.

flight, fuga, ae, /.


put to flight, in fugam do,

/.

1.

fit, idSneus, a, um.


five, quinque, V.
flank, latus, eris, n.

fortunate, beatus, a, um.

I,

fire, set fire to, incendo, ere,


cendl, census.
firebrand, malleolus, I, m.
first, primus, a, um.

furores, um,

frenzied attacks,
HI.

friend, amicus,
m.
foe, see enemy,
friendship, amicitia, ae,
follow, sequor, I, secutus ; In- frighten, terreo, ere, ui, itus.
from, sign of abl. case; a or
sequor.
foolish, still t us. a, um.
or ex, de, preps. with
ab,
abl.
foot, pes, pedis, m.
on foot, pedibus.
front, frOns, frontis,/.
for (conj.), nam, enim (postin front of, pro, prep, with
ante, prep, with ace.
abl.
pos.)
for, in behalf of, prO, prep. full, plenus, a, um.
funeral pyre, pyra, ae,
with abl.
for, toward, in, prep, with ace.;

/.

/.

I,

dare, dedl, datus.

often expressed by dat. case.


forbid, veto, are, ui, itus. See
secutus.
gain, cOnsequor,
gain possession of, potior,
Iri, itus, with abl.
gather, bring together, cOgO,

I,

61.

force, vis, vis, /.


forces, copiae, arum,
forest, silva, ae, /.

/.

ii,

/.

ere, coegi, coactus.


forget, obliviscor, I, oblitus.
Gaul, Gallia, ae,
forgetful, oblitus, a, um.
form, make, faciO, ere, feci,
Gauls, Galli, Orum, m.
f actus; (of plans) capiO, general, dux, ducis, m. imperator, oris, m.
ere, cgpi, captus.
former, early, pristinus, a, um. gentlemen (of the jury), iudifortify, munio, Ire, Ivi or
ces, um, m.
itus.
Germans, Germanl, Orum, m.

LATW COMPOSITION"

get to, arrive, perveniO, Ire,


veni, ventum.
get possession of, potior, Irl,

on guard, in statione (ibus)


guard (verb), custOdio, Ire, Ivi

Itus.
or
guilty, nocens, entis.
comprove guilty, coarguo, ere,

Itus, with abl.

il,

12

res frflmenrel
taria,
frumentariae,
gratitude, gratia, ae,
great, magnus, a, um.

greatly, magnopere.
grief, dolor, oris, m.

/.

/.

grain supply,

luctus,

us, m.

grove, nemus, oris, n.


guard
(noun), praesidium,
dl, n.
off one's guard, inopinans,
antis.

expressed.

hear, hear of, audis, Ire, Ivi or


itus.
height, altitudO, dinis,/.
n.
help (noun), auxilium,

II,

n.

odi6 sum.
hatred, odium, dl, n.
have, habeO, ere, ui, itus.
have in mind, propOnO, ere,
posui, positus, with reflex.
105.
have to,
Usually not
he, is, hie, ille.

threshed), rumen ta, Orum,

il,

I,

1.

I,

il,

II,

il,

/.

/.

get (oneself) ready,


ui, utus.
paro, 1, with reflexive.
give, do, dare, dedi, datus.
H
give up, see surrender.
potesta- habit, cOnsuetudo, dinis,
give opportunity,
tem faciO, ere, feci, factus. Haeduan, Haeduus, a, um.
Haeduans, Haedui, Orum, m.
glad, laetus, a, um.
be glad, gaudeO, ere, gavisus. hand, manus, us,
on the other hand, contra.
glory, gloria, ae, /.
itum.
be at hand, adsum, esse, ful,
go, eo, Ire, Ivi or
itum.
futurus.
go back, redeo, Ire,
out,
itum.
Ire,
exeo,
happen, accidit, ere, accidit;
go
fit, fieri, factum est.
go on, be done, pass. of gero,
ere, gessi, gestus.
happy, laetus, a, um.
harbor, portus, us, m.
m.
del,
god, deus,
harm, dgtrlmentum,
n.
98.
going to,
hasten, contendO, ere, tendl,
good, bonus, a, um.
ae,/.
benevolentia,
goodwill,
tevtus properO,
grain (threshed), frumentum, hastily, repente.
n.
(growing or un- hate, Odi, osurus be hated, in

help (verb), adiuvO, are, iuvl.


iutus.

VOCABULARY

hesitate, dubitO, 1, with inf.


hide, abdo, ere, didl, ditus.
high (of position), superus, a,

/.

i,

um.

multi, ae, a.
how much, quantus, a, um
n.
as subst., quantum,
how often, quotiens.
however (adv.), quamvls.
however (conj.), autem (post-

hoc.

hour, hOra, ae,


house, domus, us,
how, in what degree, quam;
in what way, qu6 modO,
quern ad modum.
how
quot,
quam
many,

/.

helpful, usul, dat. o/usus.


Helvetians, Helvetii, Oram, m.
When used
here, hie (adv.).
with a noun, hie, haec,

13

(of extent), altus, a, um.


(of wind or tide), raagnus,
a, um.

highway robber, latrO, Onis, m.

pos.).
sui
human,
humanus, a, um.
(intensive) ;
hundred, centum, C.
(reflexive).
hurl, conicio, ere, iecl, iectus.
hinder, impedio, ire, Ivi or
Itus.
hurry (intrans.), contendo,
proere, tendi, tentus
hire, conducO, ere, duxi, ductus.
ipse

his, eius suus, a, um (reflex.).


hold, teneO, ere, ui, tenuis.
(of an office), gerO, ere, gessi,
;

perO,

1.

il,

himself,

hurry off (trans.), rapio, ere,


ui, raptus.

gestus.
a

council), habeo, ere, ui,


itus.

Usually not ex

if, si.

1.

f.

honor, honor, oris, m.; decus,


oris, n.
honorable, honestus, a, um.
hope (noun), spes, el,
hope (verb), spero,
m.
horse, equus,
horseman, eques, itis, m.
hostage, obses, idis, m.
hostile, Infestus, a, um.

if not, nisi.
if only, dum
it (in

modo.

indirect

questions),

num, -ne.
but
quod
(after an
other condition), sin.
ignorant, ignarus, a, um.
illustrious, clarus, a, um.
ill will, odium, di, n.
imaginary, fictus, a, um.
immortal, immortalis, e.
si

from home, domo.


(to one's) home, domum.

at home, domi.

i,

ego, met.
pressed.

/.

home, doraus, us,

I,

holy, sanctus, a, um.

if,

(of

188).

intimate

friend,

in.

into, in, prep. with acc.


into,
search
investigate,
quaerO, ere, sivi, or sil,
situs.
inspect,
ere, spexi,

investigate
spiciO,

infantry, pedites, um, m.

perspec-

tus.

/.

investigation, quaestio, Onis,/.


invincible, invictus, a, um.
island, Insula, ae,
it, hie, is.

Italy, Italia, ae,

ductus.

familiaris,

/.

1.

il,

increase. (trans.), augeO, ere,


auxl, auctus.
(intrans.), crescO, ere, crSvi,
cretus.
incredible, incredibilis, e.
incur, subeO, Ire,
itus.
indicate, signified,
induce,
duxl,
adducO,
ere,

is to the interest, inter


interfuit
interesse,
est,

is,

import, importO, 1.
importance, it is of importance,
refert.
important, gravis, e.
impunity, impflnitas, tatis, /.
with impunity, impune.
in, in, prep. with abl.
incite, sollicito, 1.

it

LATIN COMPOSITION

14

1.

pe- its, eius


suus, a, um (reflex.").
ditatus, us, m.
itself, ipse, ipsa, ipsum.
inflame, InflarnmO,
inflict, inferO, ferre, intuit, inlatus.

/.

I,

influence, auctoritas, tatis,/.


n.
javelin, pllum,
inform, certiorem (-es) facio, join together (intrans.), conere, feci, factus.
currO, ere, curri, cursum.
inhabit, incolO, ere, ui.
journey, iter, itineris, n.
injury, iniuria, ae,/.
joy, laetitia, ae,
innocent, innocens, entis.
judge,
pass judgment, iu-

/.

1.

1.

II,

ii,

inquire, quaero, ere, sivi or


dicO,
situs.
jump down, desilio, Ire, ui,
iecl,
sultus.
inicio,
iectus,
ere,
inspire,
with dat. of person and Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, m.
ace. of thing.
juror, iiidex, dicis, m.
intention, consilium,
act as juror, ifldicO,
n.
interests of state, res publica, jury, gentlemen of the jury,
rei ptiblicae,
indices, um, m.
of state, just as, slcut.
best interests
summa res publica.
justly, iiire.

VOCABULARY

tentus.

keep, prevent, prohibeo, ere,


ui, itus.

kill, interficio,

ere, feci, f ectus

occido, ere, cidi, cisus.

killing,

caedes, is,

/.

kindly (adv.), liberaliter.


knight, eques, itis, m.
know, scio, ire, ivi, itus.
know, have learned, cognovl.
not know, ignoro, 1 ; nesciO,
Ire, ivi.
known, n5tus, a, um.

lead across, traducO, ere,


duxi, ductus.
lead back, reduco, ere, diixi,
ductus.
lead out, educe, ere, duxi,
ductus.
leader, dux, ducis, m.
leading man, princeps, cipis,
m.

learn, cogn5sco, ere, ovl, itus ;


reperiO, ire, repperi, repertus.
leave, relinquo, ere, llqui, llc-

tus;

cessurus,

ere,

followed

cessl,
by

138.

nberty, Hbertas, atis, /.

license, licentia, ae, /.


esse, fuT, futurus.
lie in wait, Insidior, 1.
lieutenant, legatus, i, in.
land, ager, agri, m.
life, vita, ae, /.
large, magnus, a, um.
large number, multitude, limb, membrum, I, n.
inis, /.
line of battle, acies, el, /.
in large numbers, frequentes. listen to, audiS, Ire, ivi or
Itus.
last (adv.), proxime.
tandem,
little,
last,
at
parvus, a, um.

later (adv.), postea.


latter, the latter, hie, haec,
hoc.

law, lex, legis, /.


lay aside, depCnO, ere, posui,
positus.

lay down (of arms), ponO, ere,


posui, positus.
lead, duco, ere, duxi, ductus.

ab

with abl.
legion, legio, onis, /.
less, minor (us), minOris.
let,

lacking, be lacking, desum,

discedO,

little while,

il,

keep, teneO, ere, ul, tentus.


keep, hold, oontineO, ere, ui,

15

breve tempus,

oris, n.
for a little while, paulisper.
live, vivo, ere, vlxl, vlctus.

live in, inhabit, incolo, ere,


ui.
lives, vita, ae,/. (in sing.).
living, vlvus, a, um.
loathsome, .taeter, tra, trum.

LATIN COMPOSITION

16

long, longus, a, urn.


for a long time, diu.
now for a long time, iam diu.

look at, specto,

1.

lose, amitto, ere, niisi, missus.

loud, magnus, a, um.


low, inferus, a, um.
lowest, those of the lowest
class, infimi, oruin.

M
mad, furiosus, a, um.
madness, furor, Oris, m.
tia, ae, /.

amen

maid-servant, ancilla, ae, /.


make, faciO, ere, feci, factus.
make (of a plan), capi5, ere,
cepi, captus ; ineO, inire,

inii, initus.
make war, bellum faciO, or
bellum inferO, inferre, intull, inlatus, both with
dat.

make use of, utor, i, Qsus.


man, homO, hominis, m. ; vir,

viri, m.
men, soldiers, milites, um, m.
a man who, is qui.
many, multi, ae, a ; complures,
a

(or ia).

marauder, latrO, onis, m.


march, iter, itineris, n.
march, make a march, iter
faciO, ere, feci, factus.
Mark, Marcus, I, m.
Marseilles, Massilia, ae, /.
of Marseilles, Massiliensis, e.

master, dominus, i, m.
material, materia, ae, /.
matter, res, rei, /.
meet, (trans.) convenio, ire,
veni, ventus, with ace. ;
occurrO,
ere, curri, cursurus, with dat.
mention, nomino, 1.
mercy, misericordia, ae,/.
mere, ipse, a, um.
message, nuntius, ti, .
messenger, nuntius, ti, m.
Meuse, Mosa, ae, /.
miles, milia passuum.
military matters, res militaris,
rei militaris, /.
Milo, MilO, 5nis, m.
mind, mens, mentis, /. ; ani
mus, i, m.
have in mind, propono, ere.
posui, positus, with dat. of
reflexive.

misdeed, facinus, oris, n.


misfortune, calamitas, atis, /.
mistaken, be mistaken, erro, 1.
moderate, mediocris, e.
monster, belua, ae,/.
month, mensis, is, /.
monument, momimentum, I, n.
moon, lima, ae, /.
more (adj.), plus, pluris.
more (adv.), magis.
moreover, autein (postpos.).

motive, causa, ae,

/.

move, moveo, ere, inOvi, motus.

moved, disturbed,

commdtus,

a, um.

much (adj.), multus, a, um.

VOCABULARY
much (adv.), multum ; in com
parisons, raulto.
too much, nimium.
mud, latum, I, n.
mallet, nifillus. l, m.
multitude, multitudO, inis, /.
murder (noun), caedes, is,/.
murder (verb), trucidO, 1.
must, see 105.

night (noun), nox, noctis, /.


by night, noctii.
no, nuilus, a um.

no one, nobody, nemo, to.


and /., gen. nulllus, dat.
nSmiul, ace. neminem, abl.
nQ11O.

N
name (noun), nomen, inis, n.
name (verb), nomino, 1.

narrow, angustus, a, urn.


nation, natifi, onis,
nature, natura, ae,

/.

/.

nay even, immO verO.


near at hand, be near at hand,
adsum, esse, fui, futurus.
nearer (adj.), propior, ius.
nearer (adv.), propius.
nearly, fere.
necessary, necessarius, a, um.
it is necessary, opus est ;
necesse est.
neglego,

noise, strepitus, us, m.


not, non ; in neg. purpose.
wish, or command, ne ; in
questions, see 19.
and not, neque.
not only . . . but also, nOn
sOlum . . . sed etiam.
not yet, nondum.
notable, praeclarus, a, um ;
insignis, e.
nothing, nihil (indecl.).
notice animadverts, ere, verti,
versus.

now,

at

the

present time,
nunc ; by this time, iam.
number, numerus, i, m.

See 105.

need, see 105.

neglect,

17

ere,

lexl,

lectus.

neighbor, finitimus, 1, m.
neither . . . nor, neque
neque; nee . . . nee.
never, numquam.
nevertheless, tamen.
new, novus, a, um.
news, nuntius, tl, to.

next, proximus, a, um.


on the next day, posterO die.
night (adj.), nocturnus, a, um.

obscure, obscurus, a, um.


obtain a request, impetro, 1.
occur, occurro, ere, curri, cursurus.
of, concerning, de, prep. with
abl.
offer, offero, ferre, obtull, oblatus ; of terms, fere?!
us,
magistratus,
honor, oris, m.
often, saepe.
on, in, prep. with abl.
office,

once,

at once, statirn.

LATIN COMPOSITION"

IS
one, unus, a, um.
one .

overthrow,

another, alius

alius.

sus.

overwhelm, opprimo, ere, pres

one who, is qui.

sl, pressus.

only (adv.), modo.


only one, solus, a, um.
openly, aperte ; palam.
opinion, opinio, Onis, /.
opponent, adversarius, rl, m.
opportunity, facultas, atis, /.
oppose, resistO, ere, stiti.

oppress,

evertG, ere, tl, ver

premo,

ere,

pressl,

o/ipse.

pack-animal, iumentum, i, n.
pain, dolor, oris, m.
pardon, ignOsco, ere, novl, notus.

parricide,

pressus.

or, aut ; in questions, an.


or not, see 28.
orator, Orator, oris, m.
order, iubeo, ere, iussl, iussus,
with ace. and inf. ; imperO,
1, with dat., ut and sub).
in order that, ut with sub).
ordinary, mediocris, e.
other, another, alias, a, ud.
on the other hand, autem
(postpositive).
others,
the
ceteri, ae, a.
otherwise, aliter.

own, reflex, poss. ad)., or gen.

parricida,

m.

ae,

and/.
part, pars, partis, /.
party, pars, partis, /.
pass judgment, iiidico, 1.
patriotic, amans rei publicae.
peace, pax, pacis, /.
people, populus, I, m.

their people

(reflex.),

siu,

suorum.
perceive, perspicio, ere, spexi,
spectus.

remaining,

perform,
perfungor,
fungi,
functus.
perhaps, fortasse ; forte,

I,

/.

II,

ought, debeo, ere, ui, itus ; peril, periculum, I, n.


iturus.
oportet,
ere,
oportuit perish, pereo, Ire,
permission, it is permitted,
(106).
licet, licere, licuit, with dat.
our, noster, tra, trum.
our men, nostri, Srum, m.
and inf.
outcome, exitus, us, m.
permit, patior, pati, passus,
with ace. and inf.; peroutcry, clamor, oris, m.
mitto,
m.
outlaw, latro, onis,
ere, mlsi, missus,
act the outlaw, latrocinor, 1.
with dat. ut, and sub).
overlook, omitto, ere, misl, peroration, peroratio, onis,
m.
missus.
personal enemy, inimlcus,

VOCABULARY

19

constituo, ere,

/.

1.

plan, think (of), cogitO,


pleasure, voluptas, atis,
take pleasure, passive

of

prevent, prohibeo, ere, ul, itus,


with inf.
not prevent, nOn deterreo,
ere, ul, itus, with quln and
subj.

previous,

ambuscade,
insidiae,
arum.
with
plot against, Insidior,
1,

plot,

superior, ius

um.
private, privatus,
privilege, give the privilege,
potestatem

i,

n.
profit, emolumentum,
prolong, producO, ere, dflxl,
ductus.

proof, indicium, ci, n.


property, res, rei,
propose (of laws or investiga

/.

1.

1.

plotter, Insidiator, Oris, m.


plunder, praedor,
point, at this point, hic.
pollute, maculo,
Pompey, Pompeius, pel, m.
possession, gain possession of,
potior, iri, Itus.
power, ability, facultas, tatis,
/.; power, might, potentia,
ae, /.; heavenly power,
numen, inis, n.; military
power, imperium, rl, n.

facio.

tions),

fero,

ferre,

tull,

latus.

prosperous, florgns, entis.


protect, defendo, ere, di, fensus tueor, Eri.
;

dat.

prior,

us.
a,

1.

delectO,

prevail, valeo, ere, ul, iturus.

n.

1.

pretend, simulo,

Il,

plainly, plane.
plan (noun), csnsilium,
plan, arrange,
ul, utus.

pressus.

/.

plague, pestis,

is,

1
;

1.

/.

/.

/.

persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, practice, exercitatiO, onis,


suasutu, with dat., ut, and praetor, praetor, oris, m.
subj.
praetorship, praetura, ae,
praise, laus, laudis,
picked, delectus, a, urn.
pick out, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. pray (verb), votum facio, ere,
feci, factum.
pitch camp, castra ponO, ere,
posui, positus.
pray (in commands and ques
place (noun), locus, i, m.;
tions), tandem.
plu. loca, orum, n.
prefer, malo, malle, malul.
parO,
place (verb), conloco, 1 ; pono, prepare, comparo,
ere, posui, positus.
prepared, paratus, a, um.
preserve, conservo, 1.
place (in different positions),
press hard, premo, ere, pressi,
dlsponO.

protection,

praesidium, di, n.

20

LATIN COMPOSITION

prove, probo, 1.
prove guilty, coarguo, ere,
ui, titus.
provided, provided that, dum.
229.
province, prOvincia, ae, /.
make
provision,
provision,
provideO, Pre, vidi. vlsus.
without provo
provocation,
cation, ultro.
public, pflblicus, a, um.
public assembly, contio, Onis, /.
public welfare, rOs publica,
rel publicae, /.
punish, punio, ire, Ivi, Itus ;
I,
1 ;
ulciscor,
vindico,

rank, ordo, inis, /.


rather, potius.
reach, perveniO, Ire, vSni, ven.
turn, with ad and acc.
reach (of land), attingO, ere,
tigi, tactus.
ready, paratus, a, um.
get ready, comparo, 1.
realize, intellego, ere, lSxI,
lectus.

reason, causa, ae, /.


for this reason,

qua

de

causii.

reasonable, iustus, a, um.


! reasonableness, ratiO, onis, /.
recall, revocO, 1.
receive, accipio, ere, cepi, cepultus.
ci,
n.;
tus.
supplicium,
punishment,
receive under protection, in
poena, ae, /.
fidem recipio.
purpose, mens, mentis, /.
1.
supero,
down,
conquer,
recently, nuper.
put
put in charge, praeficio, ere, reckless, audax, acis.
recklessness, audacia, ae, /. ;
fecl, fectus.
death,
ere,
interficiO,
temeritas, atis, /.
put to
feci, fectus.
regard, in regard to, de with
abl.
put to flight, fugo, 1.
perregion, regio, Onis, /.
put under the power,
mittO, ere, misi, missus.
reject, repudio, 1.
rejoice, laetor, 1 ; gaudeO, ere,
gavisus sum.

quickly, celeriter.
quietly, stay quietly, quiSscO,
ere, quievi, etus.

raise, excito, 1.
rampart, vallum, I, n.

relief, subsidium, dl, n.


remain, maneo, ere, mansi,
mansurus.
it remains, restat, are, stitit.
remove, tollo, ere, sustull, sublatus ; removed, ere, movl,
mfitus.

renown, gloria, ae,

/.

VOCABULARY
repeatedly, saepe.
paenitet,
repent,

ere,

uit.

Rhine, Rhenus,
m.
right (adj.), fair, aequus,
I,

repair, reflcio, ere, feci, fectus.

21

a,

um.

right (in

sight of the
ere, spondi,
gods), fas, n.,indecl. noun.
rightly, iure recte.
spOnsus.
risk, periculum,
report, nuntio, 1.
n.
river, flumen, inis, n.
report back, renuntio, 1.
res
rei
publica,
pu- road, via, ae, /.; iter, itineris,
republic,
blicae, /.
n.
robber, latro, Onis, m.
reputation, opiniO, Onis, /.
imRoman, ROmanus, a, um.
request, obtain a request,
Rome, Roma, ae,/.
petrO, 1.
rostra, rostra, orum, n.
reserve, reservO, 1.
rule,
rego, ere, rexi, rectus.
resist, resistO, ere, stiti, with
rumor, rumor, oris, m.
dat.
rest of, remaining, reliquus, a.
um.
restore, restituO, ere, ui, Qtus ; sacred, sanctus, a, um.
saddle, ephippium, pi, n.
reddO, ere, didi, ditus.
with a saddle,
restrain, retineO, ere, ui, tenprovided
tus ; prohibeo, ere, ui, itus ;
ephippiatus, a, um.
tutus, a,
reprimO, ere, pressi, pres- safe, incolumis,
sus.
um.
translate when
result, exitus, us, m.
safely, tutO
retinue, comitatus, us, m.
possible by adj. safe.
retreat (noun), receptus, us, m. safety, salus, fitis,
retreat (verb), recipiO,
ere, sail (verb), navigO,
sake, for the sake of, causa,
cepi, ceptus, with reflexive.
following its gen.
return (noun), reditus, us, m.
return, give back, reddo, ere, same, Idem, eadem, idem.
didi, ditus.
satisfy, expleo, ere, evi, etus.
return, go back, redeo, Ire,
savage, ferus, a, um.
revcrsus, save, conservo,
ittun revertor,
saved, salvus, a, um.
in return for, pro with abl.
revolt, tumultus, us, m.
savior, cOnservator, oris, m.
reward,
praemium, ml, n.; say, dicO, ere, dixi, dictus.
sea, mare, is, n.
fructus, us, in.
the

1.

I,

il,

1.

/.

e
;

I,

186.
reply, respondeO,

LAT/JV COMPOSITION

22
Ora

maritima,

orae

Hiaritimae, /.
secure (adj.), tutus, a, um.
secure (verb), cOnsequor,
I,
sectitus ; conciliO, 1 ; nanciscor, i, nactus.
see, see to it, videO, ere, vldl,

(down),

cOnsido,

ere,

comprehendO,

ere, hendl, hensus.

If emphatic,

self, myself, etc.


a,

um

if

reflexive,

mei, tul, sul, etc.

senate, senatus, us, m.


senate-house, curia, ae, /.
senator, senator, Oris, m.
send, mittO, ere, misl, missus.
send ahead, praemitto, ere,
misi, missus.
send back, remitto, ere, misi,
missus.
send out or away (in differ
directions),

dimitto,

ere, misi, missus.

sensitive, tener, era, erum.


separate, divello, ere, velll,
volsus.

serious, gravis, e.
servant, servus, I, m.
service, officium, cl, n.; meritum, i, n.
service, be of service, prosum, prOdesse, prOfui, profuturus.

short, brevis, e.
should, 106, 2.3.
shout, shouting, clamor, oris,
m.

show,

ostendO,

indicO,

1 ;

di, tus ;
doceO, ere, ui,
ere,

doctus.

li,

1 ;

shrewdness, cOnsilium,
n.
shrine, sacrarium, rl, n.
shudder, perhorresco, ere, horrul.
sight, cOnspectus, us, m.
since, cum, with subj.
quoniam, with indic.
sister, soror, Oris,

seize, occupo,

seventh, Septimus, a, um.


several, compliires, a (or ia).
shape, flgura, ae, /.
shield, scutum, i, n.
ship, navis, is, /.
war ship, navis longa.

sit, sedeo, ere, sedi.

situation,

locus,

m.

(il), Itus.

seem, videor, eri, visus.

ent

(is).

settle

/.

(il), itus.

seek out, seek for, expetO, ere,

ipse,

census.

sedi, sessurus.

seek, petO, ere, IvI

Ivt

ere, cendl,

set out, proficiscor, i, fectus.


set sail, solvs, ere, solvi, solQtus, with or without navem

I,

visus.

set fire to, incendO,

plu.

loca, orum, n.

skilful, skilled, peritus, a, um,


with gen.
n.
sky, caelum,
m.
slave, servus,
slay, occido, ere, cidi, cisus.
slight, parvus, a, um.

i, I,

seacoast,

VOCABULARY
so (with adjs. and advs.), tam
(with verbs), ita, sic.

and so, itaque.


so far, adbuc.
so great, taut us, a, um.
so long, tam difl.
so long as, dum, with indie.
so many, tot, tammulti, ae,

speed, celeritas,

23

atis,/

full speed (of horses), incitatus, a, um.


spot, locus, I, m.; plu. loca,
oruui, n.
on the spot, in vestlgio.
at

spy, spy out, speculor, 1.


stab, percutio, ere, cussl, cussus.

a.

so much (as noun),


I, re.

tantum,

so often, totiens.

butus.

soldier, miles, itis, m.


some (adj.), aliqul, qua, quod;
non niillus, a, um ; plu. as
subst.
some one, something (subst.),

aliquis, aliquid.
. . . others, alii . . . alii,
some in one direction, others
in another, alii aliam in
some

partem,
there are

stain (noun), macula, ae,/.


stain (verb), imbuO, ere, bui,
stain (of blood), cruentO,

stand, stO, stare, stetl, status.


stand, get a footing, con
sistO, ere, stitl.
stand in the way of, obsistO,
ere, stitl, with dat.
standard, signum, 1, re.
star, stella, ae, /.

start, proflclscor, I, profectus.


state, clvitas, atis,

some

who,

sunt

qui.
(adv.), with numerals,
circiter.
sometimes, non numquam.
soon, mox ; brevi tempore.
as soon as, simul atque.
sort, genus, eris, re.
of this sort, eius modi,
some

1.

/.

stay, maneo, gre, mansl, mansurus.


stay

quietly,

quiescO,

ere,

quievT, etus.

still, now, nunc

still, never

theless, tamen.

stir up, concitO, 1.


store, be in store, pass, of prO-

ponO, ere, posui, positus.


storm,
or
pepercl
tempest&s, atis,/.; prospare,
parsi, pareunia.
cella, ae, /.
speak, dlco, ere, dixl, dictus.
strange, novus, a, um ; inusi.
or
court,
tatus, a, um.
investigation
Bpecial
nova
novae strangeness, novitas, atis, /.
quaestio,
quaestionis, /.
strength, robur, oris, n.
parcO,

ere,

speech, oratiO, Onis,

/.

strong, firmus, a, um.

LATIN COMPOSITION'

24
subject,

offero,

ferre,

obtull,

oblatus.

submit, cedo, ere, cessl, cessus.


such, of such a sort, talis, e ;
so great, tantus, a, um.
suddenly, subito.
sufficient, satis (indecl.), n.
sufficiently, satis.
suitable, idoneus, a, um, with
dat. or ad with acc.
summon, voco, 1.
sun, sol, solis, m.

take, lead, ducO, ere, dflxl,


ductus.
take, take up, capture, capio,
ere, cepl, captus.

take away, eripio, ere, ui,


reptus.
take by storm, expugnO, 1.
take place, fio, fieri, factus.
take possession of, potior,
in, itus.
tear, lacrima, ae,
tear up, eripio, ere, of, reptus.
tell, dlcO, ere, dixi, dictus ;

supplies, commeatus, us, m.


pronuntio, 1.
support, alO, ere, ul, altus or
tell, show, doceo, ere, ul,
alitus.
doctus.
suppose, credo, ere, didi, ditus ;
exlstimo, 1.
tempest, tempestas, atis, /.
um.
sure, certus, a,
temple, templum, I, n.
surely, certe.
temptation, inlecebra, ae, /.
surpass, supero, 1, with ace; ten, decern.
praesto, stare, stiti, statu- tenth, decimus, a, um.
terms, condicio, onis, /., sing.
rus, with dat.
orplu.
surrender (oneself), dedo, ere,
dedidi, deditus, with re terrify, perterreO, Sre, ul, itus.
flex.
surround,

territory,

territories,

ager,

agrl, m.; fines, ium, m.


than, quam, or abl. after a
fudi, fttsus.
surround, get around, circomparative.
cumvenio, Ire, venl, ventus. that (dem. pro.), ille, ilia,
illud ; is, ea, id.
suspect, suspicor, 1.
suspicion, susplcio, flnis, /.
that, so that, in order that, ut ;
Swabians, Suebl, orum, m.
after verbs of fearing, ne ;
circumfundO,

ere,

sword, gladius, dl, m.

take, bear,
latus.

ferO,

ferre,

toll,

after negative expressions


of doubt, quin.
that . . . not, introducing a
negative clause of purpose,
n5.

would that, utinam.

VOCABULARY
their, suus,

a,

um

(reflex.');

eorum.
then, at that time, turn.
then, therefore, igitur (usu
ally postpositive).
there, in that place, ibi.
therefore, itaque.

thief, fur, furis, m.


thing, res, rei, /.
think, puts, 1 ; existimO,
arbitror,

1 ;

1.

sSnsus.

think of, imagine, propono,


posul,

throw down, away, abicio,


ere, ieci, iectus.

thwart, obstO, stare, stiti, staturus, with dat.

Tiber, Tiberis, is, to.


tide, aestus, us, to.
tilling the land, agri cultura,

ae,/.

think, feel, sentiO, Ire, sensi,

ere,

25

positus, with

dat.

of reflex.
this, hie, haec, hoc.
though, cum ; quamquam.
thought, cOgitatio, onis, /.
thousand, mille (indecl. adj.).
a thousand times, milieus.
thousands, milia, ium, n.

time, tempus, oris, n.


on time, ad tempus.
time and again, semel atque
iterum.
timid, timidus, a, um.
to, ad, prep. with acc. ; often
translated by dat.
to-day, hodie.
together with, una cum, with
abl.
too (adv.), nimium.
too great, nimius, a, urn.
toward (in space),
ad with
acc. ; (in feeling) , in or
erga. with acc.
town, oppidum, I, n.
trader, mercator, oris, m.
tranquility, tranquillitas, atis,

partitive
by
( followed
gen.).
threaten, minitor, 1 ; impendeo, ere ; immineo, Sre ;
all with dat.
/transfer, transfero, ferre, tuli,
threats, minae, arum, /.
latus.
three, tres, ia.
a period of three days, tri- transport, onerarius, a, um.
travel, eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum.
duum, I, n.
three hundred, trecenti, ae, treachery, Insidiae, arum,/.
trial, iudicium, ci, n.
a.
tribe, gens, gentis, /.
through, per, prep. with acc.
throw, iaciO, ere, ieci, iactus ; tribune, tribunus, I, m.
tribune of the people, tribu
conicio, ere, ieci, iectus.
nus plebis.
throw back, reicio, ere, ieci,
iectus.
tributary, vectigalis, e.

LATIN COMPOSITION

26

troops, cOpiae, arum, /.


true, vgrus, a, um.
truly, vers.
truth, verum, i, n.
try, conor, 1.
turn aside, deverto, ere, vertl,

use

(noun), usus, us, m.

of use, usui.
use, make use of, in or, i, usus.
useful, Qtilis, e.
usual, tisitatus, a, um.

versus.

turn and flee, tergum verto,


ere, vertl, versum.

twelve, duodecim
two, duo, ae, o.

XII.

unacquainted,
imperitus,
a,
um, with gen.
unbelievable, incredibilis, e.
uncertain, incertus, a, um.
uncle, avunculus, I, m.
uncovered, nfldus, a, um.
understand, intellego, ere, lexi,
lectus.

undertake,

suscipiO,

ere, cepi,

ceptus.

ungrateful, ingratus, a, um.


unharmed, incolumis, e.
unjust, iniquus, a, um.
unjustly, iniuria.
unless, nisi.

vacant,

lie vacant, vacfi, 1.


vain, in vain, frustra.
valor, virtus, fltis, /.
vengeance, take vengeance on,
ulclscor, i, ultus.
verdict, judicium, cl, n.
very (adj.), ipse, a, um.

victory, victoria, ae, /.


village, vicus, l, m.
violence, vis (vis), /.
virtue, virtus, utis, /.

voice, vox, vocis, /.


vote, in senate or on jury,
sententia, ae, /. ; in elec
tions, suffragium, gi, n.

W
wait, delay, moror, 1.
wait for, exspectO, 1.

wander about, vagor, 1.


war, bellum, I, n.
unpopularity, odium, dl, n.
unprepared, imparatus, a, um. warn, aiimoneO, ere, ui, itus
unrestrained, solutus, a, um.
watchfulness, cura, ae, /.
unskilful, imperitus, a, um.
way, manner, modus, I, m.
until, ad, prep. with acc.
way, road, via, ae,/.
until, dum ; quoad,
con;'. ; we, nos, nostrum (i).
when equivalent to before, weak, debilis, e.
priusquam.
weapon, telum, I, n.
118-120.
weather, tempestas, atis, /.
upright, integer, gra, grum.
urge, hortor, 1 ; cohortor, 1.
weep, lacrimo, 1.

VOCABULARY

27

weigh (of anchor), tollO, ere,

wickedly, nefaris.

sustuli, sublatus.
weighty, gravis, e.
welfare, salus, fltis, /.
public welfare, res publica,
rel publioae.
well-disposed, studiosus, a, urn.
what (inter. pro.), quid; (inter.
adj.), qui, quae, quod.

wide, latus, a, um.


width, latitudO, inis, /.
wife, uxor, oris, /.
wild beast, belua, ae, /.

what (rel. pro.), (id) quod,

willing, be willing, volO, velle,


volui.
winter, hiems, hiemis, /.
pass the winter, hiemO,

1.

winter

quarters,
hlberna,
orum, n.
what great, how great, quan- wisdom, consilium,
n.
tus, a, urn.
wish, volO, velle, volui.
not
whatever, quidquid.
wish,
nolo,
nolle.
what sort of, qualis, e.
nOlui.
when, cum ; ubi.
with, cum, prep. with abl.
where (place in which), ubi ; with, near, apud, prep. with
acc.
(place to which), quo.
withdraw,
wherever, whithersoever, quOgo away, discedo,

II,

(ea) quae.

curaque.

whether,

num, -ne, si, utrum.

27, 29.

which, see who.


which (of two), uter, utra,
utrum .
while, dam.
who, what (inter. pro), quis,
quid.
who, which, what (rel. pro.),
qui, quae, quod.
whoever, whatever, quicum-

ere, cessi, cessurus.

without, sine, prep. with abl.


withstand, sustineo, ere, ul,
tentus.

1.

/.

i,

1
;

I,

/.

woman, mulier, eris,


word, verbum,
n.
work (noun), opus, operis, n.
work (verb), labOro,
gnltor,
nlsus or nixus.
worth, virtus, fitis,
worth while, it is worth while,
est tanti.
que,
quaecumque, quod- worthless, levis, e.
worthy, dignus, a, um.
cumque.
would that, utinam.
whole, tOtus, a, um.
wound, volnus, eris, n.
wholly, omnino.
why, cur.
write out, perscribO, ere, scrip
wicked, improbus, a, um ; persi, scriptus.
ditus, a, um.
wrong, do wrong, pecco,

28

LATIN COMPOSITION

year, annus, I, m.
every year, quotannis.
yesterday, hesterno, dig.
yet, tamen.
and yet, quamquam.

yield, cedo, ere, cessi, cessus.


you, tu, tui.

aduyoung man, adulescens,


lescentis, m.
your (sing.), tuus, a, um ;
(plu.), vester, tra, trum.

Z
zeal, studium, di, n.

LATIN

A Junior Latin Book


With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabulary, by JOHN C. Rolfe, Professor
of Latin in the University of Pennsylvania, and WALTER DENNISON,
Professor of Latin in Swarthmore College. Revised edition. 121110,
half leather,

566 pages.

Price, $1.25.

Text edition,

188 pages.

Price,

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book was prepared in answer to the demand of a large


of teachers throughout the country, who wish a sub
stitute for the four books of Caesar's Gallic War.
The present revised edition of the Junior Latin Book con

THIS
number

tains

Three pages of Fables.


Selections based on Eutropius, covering Roman History to the
time of Cicero.

Viri

Romae

The Lives of

Caesar, Cicero, and Augustus.

Nepos The Lives of Miltiades, Themistocles,


Epaminondas,

Hamilcar,

Pausanias,

Hannibal, and Cato.

Gallic War, Books I and II.


Civil War, Selections from Books I, II, III, including
the interesting account of the Battle of Pharsalia.
A full introduction precedes the selections. It tells the origin
of the Fables, and of the selections from Roman history which are
There is also a life of Cornelius Nepos, and a
given in the book.
discussion of his works and his merits as a writer and a historian.
The introduction has a complete description of the art of war in
Caesar's time, and of the geography of Gaul and Germany.
The book contains exercises in Latin Composition based on the
first and second books of Caesar, with an English-Latin vocabu
Caesar's
Caesar's

lary.

The illustrations include maps of Ancient Italy, Rome and Envi


rons, Greece and the ^Egean Sea, Asia Minor, Gaul, the Roman
Empire, and six colored maps and plans to illustrate the battles
of Caesar. There are also six full-page colored plates, giving a
vivid and accurate picture of the costumes, equipment, weapons,
and standards of the Roman army.
80

LATIN
Caesar's Gallic War
Revised Edition, with Indicated

Quantities, Notes, and Vocabulary.


Edited by FRANCIS W. KELSEY, Professor of Latin in the University
ofMichigan. i2mo, half leather, 584 pages. Price, $1.25. Textedition.
202 pages.
Price 25 cents.

edition of Caesar's Gallic War aims not only to aid the


pupil in gaining a mastery of the Latin, but also to bring be

THIS

fore him such explanatory and illustrative matter as shall awaken


his interest in what he reads, lead to an intelligent grasp of the
subject matter, and help him to form a right method of classical
study.

This is without question the handsomest and best equipped


edition of the Gallic War now before the public.
many features may be mentioned :

Among its

The colored plates illustrating the art of war in Caesar's


time, and the colored maps of every campaign.
2. The text with its large type and marked quantities.
3. The tables of idioms and phrases, and of the English pro
nunciation of Latin proper names.
4. The full introduction, describing Caesar as Statesman, Gen
eral, and Man of Letters, and explaining the art of war in his
time, and giving an outline of the geography of the regions
most frequently referred to in the Gallic War, and a general view
of the contents of the seven books.
5. The notes, which aim less to display erudition than to give
1.

the young pupil assistance at the difficult passages.


well as Book I is annotated for beginners.
6.

Book

II

as

The mechanical excellence in paper, press-work, and bind

ingReferences are to the latest editions of all the standard gram


mars.

Topical Outline of Latin Literature


By

Professor Francis W. Kei.sf.y, University of Michigan.

paper,

51 pages.

Price, 40 cents.
81

12mo,

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