TOPIC # 1: TYPES OF WAVES AND ITS PROPERTIES

WAVES Carriers of energy; caused by vibrations

There are TWO TYPES OF WAVES

o
I.

MECHANICAL WAVE Wave that needs a medium for it

to travel.
o MEDIUM Any substance, object or material in
which the wave travels. Solid, Liquid or Gas
o EXAMPLES: Light (fastest particle, travels at 3.0
x 108m/s)

TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES

1.

2.

TRANSVERSE WAVE Types of waves in which

the particles move perpendicularly. It vibrates up
and down, movement left to right
PARTS OF TRANSVERSE WAVE
CREST: Highest
TROUGH: Lowest
WAVELENGTH: Distance
AMPLITUDE: Midpoint
LONGITUDINAL WAVE types of waves in
which the particles move parallel to the
propagation of the wave. Vibrates left to right,
movement is left to right
PARTS OF LONGITUDINAL WAVE
COMPRESSION
RAREFACTION

Transverse waves made up of electric and

magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed.
In a vacuum (space), they travel at 300,000,000
m/s
Different electromagnetic waves carry different
amounts of energy.
The amount of energy carried by an
electromagnetic wave depends on its
WAVELENGTH.
The SHORTER the WAVELENGTH,
the HIGHER its FREQUENCY.
The HIGHER the FREQUENCY, the
HIGHER the ENERGY.
LOW FREQUENCY = SHORT
WAVELENGTH

TOPIC # 2 3: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM & ITS USES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.

FREQUENCY
o Number of waves passing any point each s.
o Number of points past a point / time (F = P/T)
o Measured in Hertz (Hz) = 1/s

6.

2.

FORMULAS
o Wave speed = frequency x wavelength
o Frequency = wave speed / wavelength
o Wavelength = wave speed / frequency
= wave length
v = wave speed
f = frequency
Hz = 1/s

7.

RADIO WAVES
o Longest wavelength
o Waves used by TV / Radio stations
MICROWAVES
o Used in heating food
o Causes heat
INFRARED RADIATION
o Uses in heating illness
o Ancient blue tooth
VISIBLE LIGHT (ROYGBV)
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
o Used to detect forgery
X-RAYS
o Roentological Report
o Used in security scanner
o Used in medicinal field
o Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
GAMMA RAYS
o Used in treating cancer cells

TOPIC # 4: SOURCES AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT

LIGHT: EM wave that travels 300M m/s

There are TWO SOURCES OF LIGHT:

1.
2.

LUMINOUS OBJECTS Emit their own light

NON-LUMINOUS OBJECTS Does not emit

MATERIALS IN WHICH LIGHT PASSES THROUGH

II.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

1.
2.
3.

OPAQUE does not allow light to pass through

TRANSPARENT allows light to pass
TRANSLUSCENT allows some light to pass

PROPAGATION OF LIGHT

1.
2.

INCANDESCENCE material is subjected at a very high

temperature causing it to produce light. Example:
Incandescent Bulb, Tungsten filmstrip
LUMINESCENCE The emission of light by a substance
that has not been heated.
o FLUORESCENCE refers to the production
of light that lasts no longer than 10
nanoseconds.
o PHOSPORESENCE refers to the
production of light that lasts more than 10
nanoseconds.

o
o

MEDIUM

INDEX OF REFRACTION

Air

1.000

Carbon Dioxide

1.000

Ice

1.310

Crown Glass

1.517

Diamond

2.417

Glycerin

1.473

Water

1.333

TOPIC # 5: REFLECTION OF LIGHT

THEORY:

Light is a particle
Light is a wave

Incident ray

ALBERT EINSTEIN: Light can exist both as wave and particle

LIGHT

EYE

Property of light in which light rays BEND as it

passes from one medium to another
Light rays bend due to the differences in the
DENSITY of the given media.
Light changes its speed as it passes through a
denser material.
Light moves fast when it passes a less
dense material.
Light moves slow when it passes a
denser material.

Normal line

Refracted ray

The HIGHER the INDEX OF REFRACTION OF THE

MATERIAL, the GREATER its DENSITY.

OBJECT

Medium 1
Medium 2

FOUR PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

1.

2.

REFLECTION
o Light bounces back from a reflecting surface
o Example: Mirror
o TWO TYPES OF REFLECTION
REGULAR: occurs on smooth surfaces
DIFFUSE: occurs on rough surfaces
o LAWS OF REFLECTION
FIRST LAW OF REFLECTION: In a
reflecting surface, there is always an
incident ray, reflected ray, angle of
incidence, angle of reflection, and a
normal line.
SECOND LAW OF REFLECTION: the
angle of incidence is ALWAYS equal to
the angle of reflection.

REFRACTION

SNELLS LAW:

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

n1 = index of refraction (1st medium)

n2 = index of refraction (2nd medium)
1 = angle of incidence
2 = angle of refraction
1. RTF

4. EQUATION

2. DIAGRAM

5. SOLUTION

3. GIVEN

6. FINAL ANSWER

TOPIC # 7: IMAGE FORMATION ON PLANE AND

SPHERICAL MIRRORS

TYPES OF IMAGES
o REAL IMAGES these images occur when
light rays actually intersect at the image
making them appear INVERTED or UPSIDE
DOWN
o VIRTUAL IMAGES these images occur
when light rays do not actually meet at the
image, but because the eye projects light
rays backward, we are tricked into seeing an
image that is ERECT or RIGHT SIDE UP

RAY DIAGRAMMING

FIRST RAY A ray passing through the principal axis

then reflecting so that it passes through the focus.
(black)
SECOND RAY A ray passing through the principal
axis then reflects the parallel through the principal axis
THIRD RAY A ray passing through the centre of
curvature. (red)

OBJ

TYPES OF MIRRORS

F
Conca

Principal axis

Focal length

PLANE MIRRORS it is a mirror that

consists of a flat, 2D surface that reflects the
light coming from reflecting off another obj.
Forms an image which is laterally inverted
from left to right / vice versa

V
E
RT
EX

SPHERICAL MIRRORS
CONCAVE MIRRORS
(Converging Mirror) is a mirror
that is curved inward like the
hollow inside sphere. The light
hitting the surface of a concave
mirror converges that is why it is
also called a Converging Mirror.
CONVEX MIRRORS (Diverging
Mirrors) is a mirror that is
curved outward, like outside a
sphere that is curved outward.

M
I
RR
OR

Conve

TOPIC # 8: IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE AND CONVEX

LENSES shaped transparent material that refracts

light to create an image.
TYPES OF LENSES
o CONVEX (Converging Lens) lens that is
thicker in the middle
o CONCAVE (Diverging Lens) thinner at
the middle than the edges

_______________________________________________________
TOPIC # 9: HUMAN EYE AND THE CAMERA

Imaginary line

PUPIL a part of the eye which looks black. It is

actually a hole formed by the iris and covered by the
clear cornea in front.
IRIS is a ring of muscle that controls the opening of
the pupil and regulates the amount of light that enters
the eye. It gives the eye its color.
o In dim light, the iris contracts and the pupil
gets bigger. This increases the amount of
light that enters the eye. In very bright light,
the pupil becomes smaller and the amount
of light that enters the eye decreases.
CORNEA is a transparent surface
that protects the
focus
eye
from
dust.
It
also
acts
as
lens,
bending
rays of
Center of curvature
light as they enter the eye.
AQUEOUS HUMOR liquid behind the cornea with
index of refraction almost same as water.
LENS contains a fibrous, jelly like ciliary muscle. Its
index of refraction is 1.437.
VITREOUS HUMOR the liquid behind the lens with
an index of refraction of 1.336.

RETINA part of the eye in which the image is

formed. It is a layer of cells lining the side of the eye
ball.
o RODS these are tiny, light sensitive cells
which contain pigments that distinguish
among black, white and shades of grey.
They react in small amount of light, allowing
you to see in dim light.
o CONES also tiny, light sensitive cells
which contain pigments that detect colors of
red, green and blue light. They only function
in bright light.
EYESIGHT DEFECTS

NEARSIGHTEDNESS / MYOPIA A
nearsighted person can see near objects clearly
but cannot focus distant objects. This is because
the eyeball is a bit too long. Distant objects
appear blurred because the image gets focused
in front of the retina.

FARSIGHTEDNESS / HYPEROPIA A
farsighted person can see far objects clearly but
cannot focus distant objects. This is because the
eyeball is a bit too short. Near objects appear
blurred because the image gets focused at the
back of the retina.

CAMERA A box like device for taking pictures, is

modeled after human eye.

COUNTERPARTS OF EYE AND

CAMERA
EYE
CAMERA
Retina
Film
Iris
Diaphragm
Pupil
Aperture

o
o
o

o
o

SHUTTER a little door behind an aperture

or hole.
APERTURE allows light to hit the film.
DIAPHRAGM controls the amount of light
that enters the camera by changing the size
of the aperture.
LENS convex lenses are found inside a
camera.
FILM where the image captured by the
camera is formed.