Application of The LCA Method, For The Production of Substitute Natural Gas in The Area of Crete

HMCS
Heterogeneous Mixtures & Combustion Systems

, ...

2015,
1|Page

2014-2015
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..................................................................................................................... 0
.................................................................................................. 2
..................................................................................................... 5
Abstract ........................................................................................................ 7
1: ................................................................................. 8
1.1 ... 8
1.2 ............................... 12
2: .............. 13
2.1 ............................. 13
2.1.1 .............................................................................. 13
2.1.2 ........................................................................ 20
2.1.4 ....................................................................... 35
2.1.5 .............................................................................. 41
2.2 -LNG . 43
2.2.1 -LNG ......................................... 44
2.2.2 -LNG ...................................... 47
2.2.3 -LNG ......................................... 48
2.2.4 -LNG .............................. 49
3. (Substitute
Natural Gas) ............................................................................................... 51
3.1 ................................................................................. 53
3.1.1 ................................................................................................. 54
3.1.2 ................................................................................................. 56
3.1.3 .................................... 71
4. - ........................ 76
4.1 - ................................................ 78
4.1.1 -........................................ 79
5. ....................................................................... 82
5.1 LNG tankers ........................................................ 84
5.2 ......................................................................... 90
5.2.1 ......................... 92
5.2.2 . ............................................. 95
3|Page
5.2.3
................................................................ 97
5.3 -, CO2 ............................................ 105
5.3.1 - ............................ 105
5.3.2 ............................................................... 110
5.3.3 ................................................................... 115
5.4 -SNG ............................................. 119
5.4.1 SNG ................................................... 123
5.4.2 SNG ..................................................... 126
5.4.3 SNG ........................................................ 129
5.5 ......................................... 134
5.5.1 CO2 2015
............................................................................................................................. 134
5.5.2 SNG
............................................................................................................................. 136
6. .................................................................... 142
........................................................................................... 144
.............................................................................................. 148
4|Page

(Substitute Natural Gas SNG) .
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LNG tankers
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5|Page
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Simapro 7,0 .
6|Page
Abstract
The present thesis implements the methodology of Life Cycle Analysis in the production of
Substitute Natural Gas in Crete. The production of substitute natural gas is an emerging technology
that provides the ability to produce substitute fuel, creating the potential to transform the existing
market of natural gas, which is used for heating, electricity production, transport, etc. Possible
penetration of this technology promotes the energy and economic independence and provides the
ability to store discarded renewable energy. This technology has the effect of reducing the imported
quantities of Natural Gas, due to its replacement by the domestically produced Substitute Natural
Gas.
In order to assess the energy and environmental footprint of Substitute Natural Gas plants
implementing the Life Cycle Analysis methodology, with the use of the LCA software Simapro 7,0..
Various scenarios were examined , considering different production quantities of carbon dioxide
derived each time by different sources-units.
This thesis evaluates the differences in energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions by the
produced substitute natural gas over time and utilizes the estimates for the energy mix of mainland
Greece. It follows a parametric analysis of all the results and comparison of substitute natural gas
production units, resulting in that application which has the smallest environmental impact over time.
Another comparison is made between the existing policy of natural gas transportation and the
considered substitute natural gas production units in Crete.
The first chapter includes an introduction and an explanation of all concepts for the production
and the conventional natural gas transportation from the place of mining, the introduced technology
of substitute natural gas, and some advantages of this technology. The second section is a theoretical
review of conventional production and transport of natural gas from the countries of origin to the
mainland Greece. The process of producing substitute natural gas is analyzed in detail in the third
section. containing a presentation of the required individual processes for its production such as
methanation, electrolysis, and the separation of carbon dioxide from the emissions. The fourth
chapter sets out the methodology of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) which was used exporting results in our
application. The fifth chapter contains a scenario of conventional transport of Natural Gas in Crete
with LNG tankers and applications of Substitute Natural Gas production units, there are given the
results of this simulation LCA method. Here also are the results of the parametric analysis and the
comparison between the applications. In the final chapter are provided the conclusions from this
simulation method and the parametric analysis. In the Annex there are tables exported from the
software Simapro 7,0 which have been used for the graphs in this thesis.
7|Page
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atisMsc2013.pdf) [1]
.
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48 | P a g e
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49 | P a g e
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LNG tankers
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50 | P a g e
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(Substitute Natural Gas)

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(base load) (.. ).
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http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/pdf/s13705-014-0029-1.pdf) [17]
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53 | P a g e
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CO2
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.
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O, 298 = -206,1kJ/mol
,
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(C2H6). [17]

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54 | P a g e

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http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/pdf/s13705-014-0029-1.pdf)
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600 C.

800 C.

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400

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, http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/pdf/s13705-014-0029
1.pdf) [17]
55 | P a g e
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-
. 20 bar
450 C 93%.
. [17]
,
.

. [17]
, :
50 C 100 C

. [17]
200 C

. 550 C

.
. 3-05
.
, ,
. [17]
3.1.2
,
.
,
: , ,
.
(:
http://www.cres.gr/kape/publications/papers/dimosieyseis/ydrogen/A%20REVIEW%20ON%20WATER%20
ELECTROLYSIS.pdf) [18]
56 | P a g e
, ,
.

,
. ,
. [18]
:
, ,
.
,
/ :
() / / .
() ,
. , , ,
() . (:
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-40422013000800017) [20]
:
.
-
, () .
()
, () . [20]

.

( ),

.
,

.
(
)
3.6: (:
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=
S0100-40422013000800017) [20]
,
. [20]
57 | P a g e
( ),
. , ,
,
. [20]
,
- ,
.
. ,
. [20]
, :
: ,
. ( ),
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. [20]
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, ..). ,
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,

. ,
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. , ,
( ). [20]
58 | P a g e

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. ,
,
( , ).
(),
. ,
20 + 20 30+ + - (
). ,
, . [20]
, :
, .
, .
() ,
. ,
, . [20]
.
, ' ,
. ,
, , .
( Acid Base ) :
HxA+H2O Ax- + xH3O+
Arrhenius/Brnsted-Lowry
B(OH) By+ + yOH-
Arrhenius
B + yH+ HyBy+
Brnsted-Lowry
BXA xBy+ + yAx-
Arrhenius/Brnsted-Lowry
: , (
) ( ,
),
( ). [20]
, ( , ),
-
. (
59 | P a g e
/ ), ,
.
(HCl) (H2SO4)
(NaOH) (KaOH),
( ).
: , " "
' , ,
( ) H3O+. , H+ 3+
, , . [20]
:
.

,
.
/ ().
, ,
.
.. ,
,
.

. , ,
. ,
.
. (:
http://www.hydrogennet.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/PDFfiler/Aktiviteter/Kommende_aktiviteter/Elektrolys
esymposium/Tom_Smolinka.pdf ) [19]
:
, :
,
.
,
, .
,
60 | P a g e
,
.
,
, 13 (3 10 ).
, ,
kW ( )
MW. SOEC .
(:http://www.elygrid.com/alkaline-electrolysis/) [21]

, .
NicholsonCarlisle
Ritter,

1800,

.

,

(
3.7:
).
(:https://sites.google.com/site/svsscience2014/chemistry/c2/

salts-and-electrolysis) [25]
,
-
.
(:http://www.topsoe.com/sites/default/files/sunde_0.pdf) [23]
, - ,
.
1902, ,
, .
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, ,
. [23]
61 | P a g e
:

,
. [23]
, , ()
, ,
20%-40% ( 25%-30%).
,
,
, . [23]

. ,
, .
[23]
,
( )
, .
,
, . [23]
:
40 C 100 C ( 80-90 C,
140 C 150 C)
1 30 bar.

,

3.8:
99,8%. ,
(:http://www.topsoe.com/sites/default/files/sunde_0.pdf) [23]

1000 3000 A m-2. [23]
62 | P a g e
(
) ,
( ) ,

( ). [23]
:
, KOH (
NaOH) -
. ( ),

. ,
, ,

. [23]
.
,
, ( )
.
, .
( )
, /
. [23]
,
( Raney)
pH.
,
. , ,
( ). ,
,
. ,

. [23]
, ,
, .
, (
), , / , ( ).
,
, , .
63 | P a g e
, . ,
.
,
. 70 , ,
, -
. [23]
:
( ),
95%.
. , 1,7-2,2 V
2V, 70-80%,
(HHV), 10%
. [23]
PEM
PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Proton Exchange Membrane),
SPE (Solid Polymer Electrolyte), ,

.
PEM (
).

70
3.9: PEM (:
http://protononsite.com/products/hydrogen-generator) [26]
, 70 80 ,
90 1966 Nafion General
Electric, .
() ,
64 | P a g e
, .
, ,
. [23]
:
:
, ,
.

. , ,
. , (
, ) ,
. ,
. ,
, .
[23]
,
,
- ,
. ,
,

. [23]
,
,

.

( Pt,
Pd), (
RuO2 IrO2)
3.10: PEM (:
[23]
( WO3, WC) .
http://www.terrancell.com/tech_pemelectro.html) [27]
:
PEM 80C 90C,
. , 8
200 bar. ,
( , , ) .
, .
PEM ,
65 | P a g e
.

. [23]

,
( ) ,
(99,999%).
, ,
. ,
. [23]

,
, (overload). ,

.
.
,
,
.
, .
, ( )
. [23]
:

,
, .

. ,
. ,
. [23]
,
, 20m
200 m. (
),
80 C 90 C ,
, .
Nafion DuPont,
. Fumapem, Flemion
Aciplex. [23]
66 | P a g e
,
. ,
( )
, .
,
( ) . (
) ,
. ,
, ,
. [23]
,
PEM . ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
. [23]
,

( 1,387 V).
, , .
, ,

,
. [23]
, ,
, ( ),
.
. [23]
:
,
( ) . ,
,
( 90%)
.
,
, .
1,7 1,8 V,
67 | P a g e
10 /cm 88% (HHV),

98%. (: http://ecst.ecsdl.org/content/33/1/3.full.pdf) [24]
:
, PEM ,
.
,
0,73 kWh 1,5 kWh . ,
1,7V 4,07
.
SOEC
SOEC (Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell)
()

.

SOFC. [23]

1902
(
),

Nerst YSZ
3.11: SOEC (:

http://www.hi2h2.com/theory.htm) [28]

SOFC SOEC.
PEM,
. 80
, .
(700 C 1000 C),
. [23]
:
, SOEC
PEM ,
68 | P a g e
. ,
.
. :
,
,
. [23]
(
),
.
( ,
),
. [23]

3.12: SOEC (:
http://www.topsoe.com/sites/default/files/sunde_0.pdf) [23]

SOEC
.
(
), ( ),
. PEM,
,
.
. [23]
:
.
:
69 | P a g e

700C 1000C, SOEC
( 800C - 1000C YSZ). ,
,
600C.
, . ,
,
, . ,
G/ 93% 100C 70% 1000C.
,
.
,
. [23]

().
, . ,
( ),
. ,
.
, ,
. [23]
:

SOEC SOFC, ,
. ,
,
. ,

(: 300 m, 250 m 100 m ).
, YSZ, (zirconia, ZrO2)
8% mole (yttria, Y2O3).
,
800C-1000C. ScSZ,
(scandia, Sc2O3). [23]
(600C - 800C),
-, (Mg),
(Ce) , , (Gd)
(Sm)
YSZ. (
70 | P a g e
) ,
. [23]
(Ni-YSZ),
YSZ ( ) ().
,
, ( ).
, Ni-YSZ,
SDC, (samaria,
Sm2O3), LSCM,
--. [23]
, LSM, (La1-xSrxMnO3), YSZ.
- (LSF), --
(LSCuF) -- (LSCoF).
LSM , LSM
. ,
,
. [23]
:
,
. SOEC,
1 - 1,1 V, 135% ( 1,29V
). 100%,
. ,
, .
,
100%.(:
http://solidcell.com/techElectrolyzer.htm) [22]
3.1.3

( )
, .
, . /
,
. .
,
71 | P a g e
, , .
,
. (:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947793/) [30]

,
, .. ,
,
. [30]
()
.
() ,
,
.
(, , ),
.
()
(), ,
.
. [30]

(swing). ,
,
.
. [30]
72 | P a g e
PSA
,
(PSA),
.
1932, 30 .
,
. 10-40 bar
-

. [30]
, PSA
( 1-2 % ). ,
, ,
.
, ,
TSA . [30]

.
,
3.13: PSA
(:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947793/) [30]
.
,
.
73 | P a g e
3.14: SA
(:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947793/) [30]

. [30]
CO2 40% PSA
0,22-0,25 kWh/m3
, ..
.(:stucki-2011-biogas-substrates.pdf(http://www.esu-services.ch/fileadmin/download/publicLCI/stucki2011-biogas-substrates.pdf) [42]
10 . ,

. ,
, ,
, .
. [30]
TSA
(TSA)
.
,
PSA 60
,
. [30]

,
( ).
, . [30]
74 | P a g e
, . ,
40C ,
120C.
, . [30]
PSA, TSA
() . , TSA
PSA :
4 bar.
PSA ( TSA
).
PSA,
TSA.
,
. ,
. [30]
75 | P a g e
4. -
()
, ,
,
4.1: . (:
http://www.solidworks.com/sustainability/design/2722_ENU_HTML.htm)[40]
.

(SETAC, 1993)?.
( 4-01) , ,
, , , , ,
. (:SETAC, 1993) [35]
76 | P a g e
SETAC
(Society of Environmental Toxicology And Chemistry)
(SETAC, 1993):

,

.
, ,
, , ,
, , .

,
. [35]
/
,
,
.
(, )
(.. )).
(: , 2003) [31]

,

. [31]
70
.
'80 ,
'90
. ,
90
ISO 14040 - 14049 (:Curran, 1996) [34]. 2006 (ISO
14040:2006 - 14049:2006).

,
,
- . (: WEC, 2004
[36]
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/lca2.pdf)
,
, . ,
.
77 | P a g e
, ,
/ . [36]

.
,
.
.
4.1 -
(SETAC, 1993; EPA, 2001?)
( 4-02):

(Goal and scope
definition). ,

,

.
(Life Cycle
Inventory Analysis).

,
,

//
4.2:
(:http://www.start2see.com.au/site/index.php/life .
cycle-services/life-cycle-assessments) [33]

(Life Cycle Impact Assessment).
. : i)
ii) iii) .
- (Interpretation).
, ,
,
.
. (: EPA, 2001) [37] & [35]
78 | P a g e
4.1.1 -

,
. ,
.

.
(
), :
( & )

(: Phd-Dimitrios_Giannopoulos.pdf) [39]

. ,
.
. [37]

,
.
,
. [37]
79 | P a g e

. ,
.
(,
) (
),
(.. ).
[34]

,
. :
, ,
,
, . ,
(threshold points) .
(:http://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/bitstream/handle/123456789/2934/lazoglouk_wastemanagement.pdf?sequ
ence=) [32]
:

.
.
, ,
.
.
.. ,
. ,
,
. ,
.. , . ,
,
. ,
,
. [32]
80 | P a g e
4.3: -
(:http://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/bitstream/handle/123456789/2934/lazoglouk_wastem
anagement.pdf?sequence=) [32]

. 15 ,
ISO 14041. (: ISO, 2006) [38]
, , ,
, , .
(background processes).
.

,
.
foreground data. [32]
81 | P a g e
5.
.

LNG tankers , ,
:
, , .
. 2015-2050.
,
2050. -
Culumatine Energy Demand ( )
CML 2 baseline 2000 V2.03/global warming GWP 100 ( ),
Sima Pro 7.1.
()

1.
5.1

LNG tankers
:
. ,
,

..

.
LNG tankers

:
GWP 100 (Global
Warming Potential)
Cumulative
Energy Demand
Ecoinvent
2.
5.2

2050,
:
.

:
GWP 100 (Global
Warming Potential)
Cumulative
Energy Demand

datasets

82 | P a g e

2015
.
(
)

2050
.
70%
(

)

2050
3.
5.3
,
CO2
:
.

,

CO2,

2015 2050

:
GWP 100 (Global
Warming Potential)
Cumulative
Energy Demand
datasheets

4.
5.4

-SNG

:
.
SNG:

5.3

CO2

:
GWP 100 (Global
Warming Potential)
Cumulative
Energy Demand

datasheets

83 | P a g e
5.
5.5
SNG

5.3 5.4

CO2 2015

GWP 100
(Global Warming
Potential)
Cumulative Energy
Demand

datasheets

5.3 5.4
: GWP 100 (Global Warming Potential)

kg CO2-eq/MJ Cumulative Energy Demand MJeq/MJ MJ ..,
MJ , MJ
.. .
84 | P a g e
5.1 LNG tankers

Sima Pro 7.1,
, LNG tankers
.
.

1 m3 , MJoule (1 MJ),
Hu=39 MJ/m3.

,
- (1,5) .
Products
Natural gas, production DZ, at evaporation
plant/RER U in MJ
MJ
4,20118E-07
m3
Natural gas, burned in gas turbine, for compressor

station/DZ U
0,014307692
MJ
Natural gas, liquefied, at freight ship/DZ U
0,256410256
m3
Production plant, natural gas/GLO/I U
2,023E-14
Carbon dioxide, fossil
0,000662
kg
Carbon monoxide, fossil
0,000000341
kg
Methane, fossil
8,4359E-06
kg
Nitrogen oxides
5,4872E-07
kg
Resources
Water, salt, ocean
Materials/fuels
Emissions to air
5.1:
LNG tankers. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
LNG tankers
/, .
Sima Pro
85 | P a g e
,
.
CML 2 baseline 2000 V 2.03 Sima Pro

LNG tankers.
.
86 | P a g e
LNG tankers
5.2:
LNG . (:Simapro 7,0) [49]
87 | P a g e
: , 98,6%,
,
. .
,
0,62% 0,132%
. 84%
14,6% .
64,2%
17,1%
.
LNG tankers 0,136 kg CO2 eq/MJ ..

(global warming).
.
5.3: LNG tankers

(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
:

tanker.

.
Cumulative Energy Demand V 2.03 Sima Pro

LNG tankers. .
88 | P a g e
LNG tankers
.
5.4:
LNG . (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
: , 99,9%
.
: 97,5% 2,33%
. 84%
89 | P a g e
13,3%
.
LNG tankers 12 MJ-Eq/ MJ .
.
.
5.5: LNG tankers (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
:

.
5.2
,
,
,
, ,

,
. (:EnPlan-RoadMap 2050_dtldApr-12.pdf)[45]
,
2010
90 | P a g e
,
2020. [45]
,

2050),
, ,
. [45],
2050,
2020,
20% ,
40% , 20%
/ 10% . [45]
2020
,
, ,

,

. ,
, ,
,
. [45]
, 2020,
- ,

, ,
. [45]
, ,
2020 ,

. ,
,
,

[45]
.
, ,
/ 2020
2050
91 | P a g e
,
,
. [45]
5.2.1

2050,
, . [45]

:
( )
.
2050 40% 2005.

.
( )
100%
, 60%-70%,
.

( -).
( )

60%-70%,
.
85%
. ,
( -), 2035-2040
( ) (
1,1GW) (CCS).

. [45]
,
63% 2050 ( 45% 2020)
. , , 56%
,
13% 2050,
. -,
92 | P a g e
CO2 (CCS)
2020-2050, 6% 2050. [45]
5.6: . . (:EnPlanRoadMap 2050_dtld-Apr-12.pdf)[45]
( 2050)
2012 ,
2050
70%.

.
i) 2015, ii) 2050 iii) 2050
70%.
i) 2015
(1 kWh) 2015
:
93 | P a g e
Products
Electricity, production mix GR/GR U 2015
kWh
Electricity, hydropower, at power plant/GR U
0,1217
kWh
Electricity, lignite, at power plant/GR U
0,37
kWh
Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/UCTE U
0,1713
kWh
Electricity, oil, at power plant/GR U
0,0725
kWh
Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U
0,1713
kWh
Electricity, at cogen ORC 1400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U
0,0371
kWh
Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U
0,0561
kWh
Materials/fuels
5.7: 2015. (:Simapro
7,0)[49]
ii) 2050
(1 kWh) 2050
:
Products
Electricity, production mix GR/GR U 2050 non-optimistic scenario
kWh
0,0931
kWh
Electricity, lignite, at power plant/GR U
0,142
kWh
0,154
kWh
0,325
kWh
0,0589
kWh
0,227
kWh
Materials/fuels
5.8: 2050 . (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
iii) 2050 70%

(1 kWh) 2050 70%
:
94 | P a g e
Products
Electricity, production mix GR/GR U 2050 full-optimistic scenario
kWh
0,133
kWh
0,176
kWh
0,34
kWh
0,083
kWh
0,268
kWh
Materials/fuels
5.9: 2050 70%.(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
5.2.2 .

,
, .
5,5% .
.
,
.
(: karnarost_kpis.pdf)
[51]
(: mikedism_windpowerintegrationgreece.pdf)
__.pdf)
[52]
(:
[53]
0,03
0,12
oil
wind power
mix photovoltaic
0,85
5.10: 2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
95 | P a g e
i) 2015
(1 kWh) 2015
:
Products
Electricity, production mix GR/GR U 2015 crete
kWh
0,85
kWh
0,12
kWh
0,03
kWh
Materials/fuels
5.11: 2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
ii) 2050
, 2050
,
2050 .
, , ,
2050,
70%. 30% .
60% 10% .
, (1 kWh) 2050
:
Products
Electricity, production mix GR/GR U 2050 crete
kWh
0,3
kWh
0,6
kWh
0,1
Materials/fuels
5.12: 2050. (:Simapro
kWh
7,0)[49]
5.9
96 | P a g e
5.2.3
.
1 : 2050
.

2015
5.13:
2015 (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2015. , 99,5%,

, 0,179%
0,313%.
2015 0,209 Kg CO2-Eq/ MJ .
97 | P a g e
5.14: 2015
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2015, .
SimaPro
.
98 | P a g e
2050
5.15:
2050 (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2050. , 94,8%,
. 2015
, .
, 2,4%, 2,82% .
2050
0,0775 Kg CO2-Eq/ MJ .
99 | P a g e
5.16: 2050
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
2015,
.
.
2 : 2050
. 2050 .

70% 2050
100 | P a g e
5.17:
70% 2050 (:Simapro 7,0)[49].

2050 70%. , 77,5%,
. 2,61%
4,65% .
-132%.
( )
.
2050 70% 0,0404 Kg CO2-Eq/ MJ
101 | P a g e
5.18: 2050,
70% (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2050, 70%,
, (fossil) (biogenic). SimaPro
.
2050
5.19:
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2050 . 59,5%
. 31,9%
. 70% ,
1,17%
-44%.
2050 0,0859 Kg CO2-Eq/ MJ .
102 | P a g e
5.20: 2050,
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2050, ,
, . SimaPro
.
103 | P a g e
0,8
Kg CO2-Eq/KWh
0,7
0,6
Electricity, production mix GR/GR

U 2015 crete
0,5

U 2050 crete
0,4

U 2050 full-optimpist scenario
0,3

U 2050 non-optimpist scenario
0,2
0,1
0
5.21:
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
5.22: .(
MJ-eq/kWh. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
104 | P a g e
2050 1 ,
, 2 ,
,
, .
. 70%,
, ,
, . ,
SimaPro
.
5.22 ,
2015 10,4 MJ-Eq/ MJ ,
2050 3,84 MJ-Eq/ MJ NG , 2050 70% 2,38 MJ-Eq/ MJ
2050 4,89 MJ-Eq/ MJ
5.3 -, CO2
5.3.1 -
: CO2

20%.

PSA
0,25 kWh/m3 40% CO2 [42].
CO2 20%
1 kg CO2
0.506 m3 [48] 0,506/0,2=2,53 m3 el=0,25 kWh/m3 *2,53 m3/kg
elsep=0.6325 kWh/kg (: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf) [48]
: CO2
PSA Po = 5 bar
P1 = 30 bar (: DOW_HELMETH_(621210)_2014-02-07[1] (ID 199125)NTUA_highlights.pdf) [44]

:
W= [/ (-1)] po Vo [(p1/po)(-1)/ -1] (: vazakasn_hydrogen.pdf) [47]
W [J/kg]
po= 5 105 [Pa]
p1= 30 105 [Pa]

105 | P a g e
Vo= 0.10977 [m3/kg]
(: http://www.peacesoftware.de/einigewerte/calc_co2.php5) [46]
= 1,35
[46]
W=127,17 kJ
kWh 3600 W= 0,03477 kWh
n=85% elcomp= 0.03 kWh.
5% CO2
.

CO2 2015
.
5.23: CO2 2015

(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
106 | P a g e
5.24:
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

, 99,5%, .
107 | P a g e
5.25:
CO2 (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
108 | P a g e
0,45
0,4
0,35
CO2 industrial sources 2015 crete
kg CO2 eq
0,3
0,25
0,2
CO2 industrial sources 2050 fulloptimistic greece
0,15
0,1
CO2 industrial sources 2050 nonoptimistic greece
0,05
0
5.26:
CO2 (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
,
, ,
, .
2015 ,
CO2 2050,
.
109 | P a g e
5.27: CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
,
, .
.
2050 .
,
.
5.3.2
: CO2

8%.

PSA 0,25 kWh/m3
40% CO2. [42] CO2
8% 1 kg CO2
0.506 m3 [48] 0,506/0,08=6,325 m3
110 | P a g e
el=0,25 kWh/m3 *6,325 m3/kg elsep=1,58 kWh/kg.

,
,
CO2 ,
.
: CO2
PSA Po = 5 bar
P1 = 30 bar.

:
W= [/ (-1)] po Vo [(p1/po)(-1)/ -1]
W [J/kg]

5
po= 5 10 [Pa]

5
p1= 30 10 [Pa]

Vo= 0.10977 [m3/kg]
[46]
= 1,35
[46]
W=127,17 kJ
kWh 3600 W= 0,03477 kWh
CO2
.

CO2 2015
.
,
,
. Sima Pro 1 KWh
, 9,5 MJth. [49]
CO2 el=1/9.5=0.105 KWh.
,
,
:
111 | P a g e
0
-0,1
-0,2
CO2 oil plant crete 2015
kg CO2 eq
-0,3
-0,4
CO2 oil plant crete 2050
-0,5
CO2 oil plant crete 2050 full
optimistic
-0,6
CO2 oil plant crete 2050 non

optimistic
-0,7
-0,8
-0,9
Axis Title
5.28: CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
CO2
, 2050 2015
, .
.
112 | P a g e
5.29: CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

. ,
. 2015
2050 3 ,
, 2050
,
2015. 2050
.
113 | P a g e
0,4
0,35
kg CO2 eq
0,3
0,25
CO2 oil plant 2015
0,2
CO2 oil plant 2050 crete

CO2 oil plant 2050 full-optimistic
0,15
CO2 oil plant 2050 non-opt

0,1
0,05
0
1
5.30: , CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
2015
2050
.
114 | P a g e
5.31: , CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
,

2015 2050.
5.3.3
: CO2

6%.

PSA 0,25 kWh/m3
40% CO2. [42] CO2
6% 1 kg CO2
0.506 m3 [48] 0,506/0,06=8,433 m3
el=0,25 kWh/m3 *8,433 m3/kg elsep=2,11 kWh/kg.
,
,
115 | P a g e
CO2 ,
.
: CO2
PSA Po = 5 bar
P1 = 30 bar.

:
W= [/ (-1)] po Vo [(p1/po)(-1)/ -1]
W [J/kg]

5
po= 5 10 [Pa]

p1= 30 105 [Pa]

Vo= 0.10977 [m3/kg]
[46]
= 1,35
[46]
W=127,17 kJ
kWh 3600 W= 0,03477 kWh
CO2
.

CO2 2015
.
,
,
. Sima Pro 1 KWh ,
1 MJth. [49]
CO2 el=1/1=1 KWh.
,
,
:
116 | P a g e
0
1
-0,2
kg CO2 eq
-0,4
CO2 biomass 2015 crete
-0,6
CO2 biomass 2050 crete
-0,8
CO2 biomass 2050 greece full

CO2 biomass 2050 greece non
-1
-1,2
-1,4
5.32: CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
CO2
, 2050 2015
, .
.
117 | P a g e
5.33: CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
, 2015
2050 .
0,4
0,2
CO2 biomass plant 2015 crete
kg CO2 eq
0
1
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
CO2 biomass plant 2050 full

greece
CO2 biomass plant 2050 non
greece
-0,8
5.34: , CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
118 | P a g e
, 2050
, ,
.
5.35: , CO2
(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
,
.
5.4 -SNG

- ,
- -
, ,
. .
,
,
.
. ,
119 | P a g e
.

,
, .
H2
CO2 . ,
, , ,
, CO2 . (:
Sterner_bioenergy and rm from renewable (thesis).pdf) [43]
,

.
state-of-the-art .
,
.
. 2
,
. CO2
(). CO2 ..
, , ,
CO2 , CO2
. (SNG)
, , ..
. [43]
,
, .
state-of-the-art
.
.
,
,
. [43]

,
, ..
.
,

.
120 | P a g e
RPM ( )
,
. [43]

62-80%.
.
, ()
70-140 C. 1-200 bar
> 0,1 MWel. :
() 2,
. , (<50 kW)
.
, ,
, 7001.000 C. [43]

. methanizing syngas ( 2,
CO, CO2) 75-85%.
180-350 C 1-100 bars. ,
. [43]
CO2 state-of-the-art .
CO2 95% 6-7 bar
280 C. , C2-4
RPM
., (DME, FT-,
, ) (, )
2 CO2. [43]
CO2
CO2 .
1 kg CO2 8.2 MJel
ZSW. CO2 ( )
, ( 10% ')
. [43]

RPM 46 75%, 63%. RPM
,
CHPS(Combined Heat and Power) 60%
. 28-45%,
121 | P a g e
CHPS ,
.
ORC
CHP
. CHP
50-60%. [43]
, RPM, to

RPM ..5% '. 39% , 6%, . [43]
5.36: Sankey
60% 60%
. : 46-75% - 50-70
&. : 28-45 - 30-40% CHP :
50-60% 0% (: Sterner_bioenergy and rm from renewable
(thesis).pdf) [43]
CO2
15% 48%. 10 MJth (0,28 ma) RPM 16 MJel
,
( 63%) 4,8 MJel CO2 0,29 mA (0,58 kg)
CO2. ,
122 | P a g e
30%. CO2
, ,
10 bars. [43]
, RPM ( , ,
), 30-60% .
, . ,

0%, 0%
.

. , RPM

. [43]
5.4.1 SNG
CO2
. ,
CO2,
CO2 1500C
. ,
, (.. ,
, ).

. CO2
. -
CO2 100% CO2
,
: CO2
.
CO2
.

5.2 CO2
Simapro 5.3.

CO2 . [43]
123 | P a g e
5.37: SNG CO2 (:


SNG
4kg
14,35kWh . ,
2 kg CO2 1 m3 SNG
, 39 MJ SNG.
MJ SNG
. (: www.elsevier.com/locate/he) [41]
124 | P a g e
5.38:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2015
2050
125 | P a g e
0,35
0,3
0,25
kg CO2 eq
SNG industry crete 2015

0,2

SNG industry crete 2050 full
0,15
SNG industry crete 2050 non
0,1
0,05
0
1
5.39:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
, 2015
. 2050
.
5.4.2 SNG
SNG
, ,
CO2
. CO2 RPM,
CO2. [43]

. CO2 (post-combustion),
(pre-combustion) (oxyfuel process).
CO2 ,
, RPM
126 | P a g e
.
oxyfuel process.

. [43]
5.40: SNG CO2 (:

SNG SNG
CO2 . ,
,
RPM, CO2
CO2.
, ..
CO2 ,
SNG . [43]

SNG
4kg
14,35kWh . ,
127 | P a g e
2 kg CO2 1 m3 SNG
, 39 MJ SNG. [41]
MJ SNG
.
5.41:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
2015
. 2050

.
128 | P a g e
0,3
0,25
SNG oil 2015
kg CO2 eq
0,2
SNG oil 2050

SNG oil 2050 full
0,15
SNG oil 2050 non

0,1
0,05
0
1
5.42:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
. ,
.
5.4.3 SNG
:
. CO2
RPM.
CO2 RPM CCS.
CO2 ,
, RPM <<>>
RPM, O2
RPM. [43]

RPM CO2
. CO2,
. CO2
. , CO2
. [43]
129 | P a g e
(CH4 + CO2)
RPM . CO2
.
.
, CHP
. [43]
5.43: SNG ( ) - ,
CO2 . (:
, ,

. ,
. [43]
130 | P a g e
5.44:
SNG ( )
. (: Sterner_bioenergy and rm from renewable (thesis).pdf) [43]
131 | P a g e

SNG
4kg
14,35kWh . ,
2 kg CO2 1 m3 SNG
, 39 MJ SNG. [41]
MJ SNG
.
5.45:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

. 2015

2050 .
132 | P a g e
0,3
0,25
kg CO2 eq
0,2
SNG biomass crete 2015

0,15
SNG biomass crete 2050 full

SNG biomass crete 2050 non
0,1
0,05
0
1
5.46:
. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

2015 2050
.
133 | P a g e
5.5
5.5.1 CO2 2015
5.47: CO2
2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
134 | P a g e
0,45
0,4
0,35
kg CO2 eq
0,3
0,25

0,2
CO2 oil plant 2015
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
1
5.48: CO2
2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

CO2
CO2
CO2
.

.
135 | P a g e
5.5.2 SNG
5.49:
2015, 12 MJ-eq/J
NG. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
0,301
0,3
kg CO2 eq
0,299
0,298
0,297
0,296
SNG oil 2015
0,295
0,294
0,293
0,292
1
136 | P a g e
5.50:
2015,
0,136 kg CO2-eq/J NG (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
5.51:
2050, 12 MJ-eq/J
NG. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
137 | P a g e
0,12
0,1
kg CO2 eq
0,08

0,06
SNG oil 2050
0,04
0,02
0
1
5.52:
2050,
0,136 kg CO2-eq/J NG. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
138 | P a g e
5.53:
2050 K 70%,
12 MJ-eq/J NG.(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
0,07
0,06
0,05
kg CO2 eq
SNG biomass crete 2050 full

0,04
SNG industry crete 2050 full
0,03
SNG oil 2050 full
0,02
0,01
0
1
5.54:
2050 70%,
0,136 kg CO2-eq/J NG.(:Simapro 7,0)[49]
139 | P a g e
5.55:
2050 ,
12 MJ-eq/J NG. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
0,14
0,12
kg CO2 eq
0,1
SNG biomass crete 2050 non
0,08
SNG industry crete 2050 non

SNG oil 2050 non
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
1
140 | P a g e
5.56:
2050 ,
0,136 kg CO2-eq/J NG. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]
141 | P a g e
6.

2015 , 5.49,

, .

.
5.50
.
2015 .
2050 5.51
2015 ,
.
2015
.
2050 5.53.
5.52

.
5.54 2050
.
K 70 % 2050

. 5.55.
5.56
.

70%.
.

142 | P a g e
. .-
(1) MJ SNG 2050 70%

LNG tankers
, (1) MJ .. 0,136 kg
CO2 eq (1) MJ SNG 0,0173 kg
CO2 eq.
143 | P a g e

1. dspace.lib.uom.gr/bitstream/2159/15651/6/GrompanopoulosStratisMsc2013.pdf
2. www.education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/natural_gas
3. www.naturalgas.org
4. www2.epa.gov/hydraulicfracturing/process-hydraulic-fracturing
5. www.netl.doe.gov/research/oil_and_gas
6. www.greenplug.nu/hydraulic-fracturing-what-is-hydraulic-fracturing/
7. www.shetlandtimes.co.uk/2010/09/21/environmentalists-target-drilling-ship-in-protest-atwest-of-shetland-work
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9. http://www.mappery.com/map-of/Europe-Proposed-Natural-Gas-Pipelines-Map
10. www.endlessmtnlifestyles.com/?p=1134
11. www.electrical-engineering-portal.com/detecting-cyber-intrusion-in-scada-system
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mtl
13. www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/breakthrough/how-the-liquefied-naturalgas-works/article13261693/
14. www.laohamutuk.org/Oil/LNG/chap3.htm
15. www.lusas.com/case/civil/lng_tank_design.html
16. http://snmevents.com/zhoushan-changhong-buys-6-semi-submersible-rigs-fromtransocean/
17. Tanja Schaaf* , Jochen Grnig, Markus Roman Schuster, Tobias Rothenfluh and Andreas Orth:
Methanation of CO2 - storage of renewable energy in a gas distribution system (Energy,
Sustainability and Society), http://www.energsustainsoc.com/content/pdf/s13705-014-00291.pdf
144 | P a g e
18. Emmanuel Zoulias, Elli Varkaraki, Nicolaos Lymberopoulos, Christodoulos N. Christodoulou

and George N. Karagiorgis: A review on water electrolysis
http://www.cres.gr/kape/publications/papers/dimosieyseis/ydrogen/A%20REVIEW%20ON%
20WATER%20ELECTROLYSIS.pdf
19. Tom Smolinka: Overview on water electrolysis for hydrogen production and storage (2012),
Production and Storage Symposium - Water electrolysis and hydrogen as part of the future
Renewable Energy System, Copenhagen/Denmark.
http://www.hydrogennet.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/PDFfiler/Aktiviteter/Kommende_aktiviteter/Elektrolysesymposium/Tom_Smolinka.pdf
20. Diogo M. F. Santos, Csar A. C. Sequeira, Jos L. Figueiredo: Hydrogen production by alkaline
water electrolysis, Qum. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010040422013000800017
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22. M. A. Laguna-Bercer:, Recent advances in high temperature electrolysis using Solid Oxide
Fuel Cells: A review http://solidcell.com/techElectrolyzer.htm
23. Svein Sunde: Electrolysis for hydrogen production (2006), Haldor Topse Catalysis Forum,
Hornbk, Denmark, August 24 25, 2006
http://www.topsoe.com/sites/default/files/sunde_0.pdf
24. K. E. Ayers, E. B. Anderson, C. B. Capuano, B. D. Carter, L. T. Dalton, G. Hanlon, J. Manco, and
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28. http://www.hi2h2.com/theory.htm
29. http://www.promitheas.org.gr/default.asp?pid=415&langid=18&)
145 | P a g e
30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947793/
31. . . -
. 2003
32. .
.
- . -
" ". , 2009,
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pdf?sequence=)
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Assessment: A Code of Practice, SETAC (1993)
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(2006)
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, Phd-Dimitrios_Giannopoulos.pdf
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41. Myriam De Saint Jean, Pierre Baurens, Chakib Bouallou International Journal of Hydrogen
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146 | P a g e
42. Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas Production from Different Substrates, http://www.esuservices.ch/fileadmin/download/publicLCI/stucki-2011-biogas-substrates.pdf
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44. DOW_HELMETH_(621210)_2014-02-07[1] (ID 199125)-NTUA_highlights.pdf
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https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf
49. Simapro 7,0
50. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEL_pipeline
51. karnarost_kpis.pdf
52. mikedism_windpowerintegrationgreece.pdf
53. __.pdf
147 | P a g e

Simapro 7,0 .

.
No
Unit
Natural gas, production

DZ, at evaporation
plant/RER U in MJ
Total of all
compartments
kg CO2 eq
0.136
Remaining substances
kg CO2 eq
0.000304
Substance
Compartment
Carbon dioxide, fossil
Air
kg CO2 eq
0.123
Methane, fossil
Air
kg CO2 eq
0.012
Carbon monoxide,
fossil
Air
kg CO2 eq
0.000284
1: LNG tankers [49]
No
Unit
Natural gas, production

DZ, at evaporation
plant/RER U in MJ
Total of all
compartments
MJ-Eq
12
Remaining substances
MJ-Eq
0.1
Substance
Compartment
Gas, natural, in
ground
Raw
MJ-Eq
11.8
Oil, crude, in ground
Raw
MJ-Eq
0.0672
2: : LNG tankers [49]

5.3
148 | P a g e
Compartment
Electricity,
production mix
GR/GR U 2050
non-optimpist
scenario
Electricity,
production mix
GR/GR U 2050
full-optimpist
scenario
Electricity,
production mix
GR/GR U 2050
crete
Electricity,
production mix
GR/GR U 2015
crete
Unit
kg CO2 eq
0,7524
0,279
0,14544
0,30924
kg CO2 eq
0,0012888
0,0008028
0,0010656
0,0009504
Raw
kg CO2 eq
-0,0004284
0,0004464
-0,19404
-0,13788
Air
kg CO2 eq
0,0005364
0,0005328
0,19512
0,1386
Air
kg CO2 eq
0,7164
0,26532
0,13392
0,29772
Air
kg CO2 eq
0,02448
0,008856
0,0020088
0,0018144
Air
kg CO2 eq
0,009108
0,00378
0,007272
0,007956
Substance
No
2 Simapro
.
Total of all
compartments
Remaining
substances
Carbon
dioxide, in air
Carbon
dioxide,
biogenic
Carbon
dioxide, fossil
Dinitrogen
monoxide
Methane, fossil
3:
[49]
2050 full-optimist scenario 2050

70% non-optimist scenario 2050 .
Electricity,
Electricity,
production
production
mix GR/GR
mix GR/GR
U 2050 fullU 2015
optimpist
crete
scenario
Electricity,
production
mix GR/GR
U 2050
crete
Electricity,
production
mix GR/GR U
2050 nonoptimpist
scenario
Impact category
Unit
Non renewable, fossil
MJ-Eq
2,38
10,4
3,84
4,89
Non-renewable, nuclear
MJ-Eq
0,108
0,178
0,107
0,118
Renewable, biomass
Renewable, wind, solar,
geothe
Renewable, water
MJ-Eq
2,15
0,00485
0,00503
1,53
MJ-Eq
11,1
2,43
11
9,95
MJ-Eq
0,666
0,031
0,0296
0,478
4: , (non-renewable, fossil)
[49]
149 | P a g e
CO2
.
Process
CO2
concentration Number of
sources
in gas stream %
by vol.
Emissions
(mtCO2) % of total CO2
emissions
CO2 from fossil fuels or minerals
Cumulative Average
total CO2 emissions
/source
emissions
(mtCO2
(%)
per
source)
Power
Coal
12 to 15
Natural gas
2,025
985
7,984
759
59.69
5.68
59.69
65.37
3.94
0.77
Natural gas
7 to 10
743
752
5.62
70.99
1.01
Fuel oil
515
654
4.89
75.88
1.27
Fuel oil
593
326
2.43
78.31
0.55
Other fuelsa
NA
79
61
0.45
78.77
0.77
Hydrogen
NA
0.02
78.79
1.27
NAb
NA
50c
0.37
20
1175
932
6.97
86.13
0.79
3 to 13
638
798
5.97
92.09
1.25
15
180
630d
4.71
96.81
3.50
NA
89
16
0.12
96.92
0.17
Natural-gas
sweetening
79.16
Cement production
Combined
Refineries
ron and steel
industry steel
Integrated
mills
Other
Petrochemical
processesd
industry
Ethylene
12
Ammonia:
process
Ammonia: fuel
combustion
Ethylene oxide
100
240
194
258
113
1.93
0.84
98.85
99.70
1.08
0.58
19
0.04
99.73
0.26
100
17
0.02
99.75
0.15
NA
90
7,584
33
13,375
0.25
100
100.00
0.37
1.76
3 to 8
213
73
0.34
100
90
17.6
0.2
Other sources
Non-specified
CO2 from
biomasse
Bioenergy
Fermentation
150 | P a g e
5: CO2
[42]
Property
Value
Molecular weight
44.01
Critical temperature
31.1C
Critical pressure
73.9 bar
Critical density
467 kg m-3
Triple point temperature
-56.5 C
Triple point pressure
5.18 bar
Boiling (sublimation) point (1.013 bar)
-78.5 C
Gas Phase
Gas density (1.013 bar at boiling point)
2.814 kg m-3
Gas density (@ STP)
1.976 kg m-3
0.506 m3 kg-1
Specific volume (@ STP)

Cv (@ STP)
0.0364 kJ (mol-1
0.0278 kJ (mol-1
Cp/Cv (@ STP)
1.308
Viscosity (@ STP)
13.72 N.s m-2 (or Pa.s)

14.65 mW (m K-1)
Cp (@ STP)
Thermal conductivity (@ STP)
K-1)
K-1)
1.716 vol vol-1

21.34 kJ mol-1
Solubility in water (@ STP)

Enthalpy (@ STP)
117.2 J mol K-1

213.8 J mol K-1
Entropy (@ STP)
Entropy of formation
Liquid Phase
Vapour pressure (at 20 C)
58.5 bar
Liquid density (at -20 C and 19.7 bar)
1032 kg m-3
99 N.s m-2 (or Pa.s)
Viscosity (@ STP)
Solid Phase
Density of carbon dioxide snow at freezing point
Latent heat of vaporisation (1.013 bar at
sublimation point)
1562 kg m-3
571.1 kJ kg-1
6: CO2 [42]
STP 0 C 1.013 bar

151 | P a g e
Impact category
Unit
CO2 separation industrial

sources 2015 crete
CO2 compression
2015 crete
Non renewable, fossil
MJ-Eq
6,56
0,311
Non-renewable, nuclear
MJ-Eq
0,116
0,00534
Renewable, biomass
MJ-Eq
0,00315
0,000146
Renewable, wind, solar,

geothe
MJ-Eq
1,54
0,0729
Renewable, water
MJ-Eq
0,0205
0,00093
7: CO2
2015 [49]
Impact category
Unit
CO2 industrial
sources 2015 crete
CO2 industrial
sources 2050 crete
CO2 industrial
sources 2050 fulloptimistic greece
CO2 industrial
sources 2050 nonoptimistic greece

5%
5-15 Simapro.
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00417
0,00114
0,000787
0,00195
global warming (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
0,442
0,185
0,097
0,205
ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,7E-08
2,16E-08
1,13E-08
9,97E-09
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,186
0,148
0,0538
0,0938
fresh water aquatic ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0969
0,0186
0,00678
0,0419
marine aquatic ecotoxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
675
95,8
28,1
279
terrestrial ecotoxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00199
0,00357
0,000179
0,000416
photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4
0,000105
7,76E-05
0,0000122
0,0000389
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00261
0,00176
0,000244
0,00095
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,000113
7,12E-05
0,0000846
0,0000912
8: CO2
[49]
152 | P a g e
CO2 oil
CO2 oil
plant
plant
crete
crete
2050 full 2050 non
optimistic optimistic
Impact category
Unit
CO2 oil plant

crete 2015
CO2 oil
plant
crete
2050
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00107
0,00496
0,00569
0,00333
kg CO2 eq
-0,832
-0,193
-0,0131
-0,234
kg CFC-11 eq
0,000000021
9,7E-08
1,2E-07
1,2E-07
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,107
0,493
0,685
0,604
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0108
0,05
0,074
0,00252
kg 1,4-DB eq
79,3
370
508
-3,46
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00355
0,0164
0,0233
0,0228
kg C2H4
0,0000757
0,00035
0,00048
0,00043
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00173
0,00801
0,0111
0,00965
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,0000467
0,00023
0,0002
0,00018
9: CO2
[49]
CO2 oil
plant
2050
crete
CO2 oil
plant 2050
fulloptimistic
CO2 oil plant

2050 nonopt
Impact category
Unit
CO2 oil
plant
2015
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,0085
0,00774
0,0076
0,00806
kg CO2 eq
0,381
0,257
0,222
0,265
kg CFC-11 eq
1,7E-07
1,5E-07
1,5E-07
1,5E-07
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,925
0,85
0,812
0,828
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,102
0,0945
0,0898
0,104
kg 1,4-DB eq
658
602
575
674
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0275
0,025
0,0237
0,0238
kg C2H4
0,00059 0,00054
0,00051
0,00052
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,0135
0,0123
0,0117
0,012
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00043
0,0004
0,0004
0,00041
10: CO2
[49]
153 | P a g e
CO2
biomass
2050
crete
CO2
biomass
2050
greece full
CO2
biomass
2050
greece non
Impact category
Unit
CO2
biomass
2015 crete
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
-0,0018
-0,0005
-0,0003
-0,0011
kg CO2 eq
-1,29
-1,08
-1,03
-1,1
ozone layer depletion

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
-4E-08
-1E-08
-4E-09
-3E-09
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
-0,126
-0,0031
0,058
0,0321
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
-0,0173
-0,0048
0,0028
-0,02
kg 1,4-DB eq
-143
-50,1
-6,25
-169
kg 1,4-DB eq
-0,006
-0,0019
0,00032
0,00017
kg C2H4
-0,0001
-4E-05
7,4E-06
-1E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
-0,0025
-0,0005
0,0005
4,2E-05
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00018
0,00023
0,00022
0,00022
11: CO2
[49]
CO2
biomass
plant
2050
crete
Impact category
Unit
CO2
biomass
plant 2015
crete
CO2
CO2
biomass
biomass
plant 2050 plant 2050
full greece non greece
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00808
0,00314
0,00222
0,00522
kg CO2 eq
0,323
-0,487
-0,716
-0,435

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,6E-07
5,9E-08
3,3E-08
2,9E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,96
0,47
0,226
0,33
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,104
0,0542
0,0237
0,114
kg 1,4-DB eq
626
257
82,9
731
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0259
0,00963
0,00088
0,0015
kg C2H4
0,00056
0,00022
4,7E-05
0,00012
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,0131
0,00519
0,00128
0,0031
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00069
0,00046
0,0005
0,00051
12: CO2
[49]
154 | P a g e
Impact category
Unit
CO2
biomass
plant 2015
crete
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00808
0,00417
0,0085
kg CO2 eq
0,323
0,442
0,381
kg CFC-11 eq
1,6E-07
1,7E-08
1,7E-07
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,96
0,186
0,925
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,104
0,0969
0,102
kg 1,4-DB eq
626
675
658
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0259
0,00199
0,0275
kg C2H4
0,00056
0,000105
0,00059
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,0131
0,00261
0,0135
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00069
0,000113
0,00043
CO2 industrial
sources 2015
crete
CO2 oil plant

2015
13 CO2 2015
, [49]
Impact category
Unit
SNG
industry
crete
2015
SNG
industry
crete
2050
SNG
industry
crete 2050
full
SNG industry
crete 2050
non
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00192
0,0007
0,00048
0,00119
kg CO2 eq
0,301
0,113
0,0589
0,125

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
3,4E-08
1,3E-08
7E-09
6,1E-09
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,197
0,0889
0,0315
0,0559
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0259
0,0111
0,0039
0,0253
kg 1,4-DB eq
168
58
16,8
170
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00561
0,00217
0,00011
0,00025
kg C2H4
0,00012
4,7E-05
7,4E-06
2,4E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00284
0,00107
0,00015
0,00058
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
9,4E-05
4,3E-05
5,2E-05
5,6E-05
14: SNG
[49]
155 | P a g e
Impact category
Unit
SNG oil
2015
SNG oil
2050
SNG oil
2050 full
SNG oil 2050

non
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00214
0,00103
0,00083
0,0015
kg CO2 eq
0,298
0,116
0,0653
0,128

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
4,2E-08
2E-08
1,4E-08
1,3E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,235
0,125
0,0704
0,0935
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0261
0,015
0,00816
0,0285
kg 1,4-DB eq
167
83,9
44,8
190
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00692
0,00327
0,00131
0,00145
kg C2H4
0,00015
7,1E-05
3,3E-05
4,8E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00339
0,00161
0,00073
0,00114
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00011
0,00006
6,8E-05
7,2E-05
15: SNG
[49]
SNG
biomass
crete
2050
SNG
biomass
crete
2050 full
SNG biomass
crete 2050
non
Impact category
Unit
SNG
biomass
crete 2015
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00212
0,0008
0,00055
0,00135
kg CO2 eq
0,295
0,0783
0,0173
0,0922
kg CFC-11 eq
4,1E-08
1,5E-08
8E-09
7,1E-09
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,237
0,105
0,0403
0,068
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0262
0,0129
0,00477
0,029
kg 1,4-DB eq
165
66,3
19,6
193
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00684
0,00248
0,00014
0,00031
kg C2H4
0,00015
5,4E-05
9,1E-06
2,8E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00338
0,00125
0,0002
0,00069
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00012
6,3E-05
7,3E-05
7,7E-05
16: SNG
[49]
156 | P a g e
Impact category
Unit
SNG biomass
crete 2015
SNG industry
crete 2015
SNG oil 2015
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00212
0,00192
0,00214
kg CO2 eq
0,295
0,301
0,298

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
4,1E-08
3,4E-08
4,2E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,237
0,197
0,235
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0262
0,0259
0,0261
kg 1,4-DB eq
165
168
167
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00684
0,00561
0,00692
kg C2H4
0,00015
0,00012
0,00015
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00338
0,00284
0,00339
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,00012
9,4E-05
0,00011
17: SNG
2015 [49]
Impact category
Unit
SNG biomass
crete 2050
SNG industry
crete 2050
SNG oil 2050
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,0008
0,0007
0,00103
kg CO2 eq
0,0783
0,113
0,116

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,5E-08
1,3E-08
2E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,105
0,0889
0,125
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0129
0,0111
0,015
kg 1,4-DB eq
66,3
58
83,9
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00248
0,00217
0,00327
kg C2H4
5,4E-05
4,7E-05
7,1E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,00125
0,00107
0,00161
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
6,3E-05
4,3E-05
0,00006
18: SNG
2050 [49]
157 | P a g e
SNG
industry
crete 2050
non
SNG oil 2050 non
Impact category
Unit
SNG biomass
crete 2050
non
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00135
0,00119
0,0015
kg CO2 eq
0,0922
0,125
0,128

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
7,1E-09
6,1E-09
1,3E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,068
0,0559
0,0935
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,029
0,0253
0,0285
kg 1,4-DB eq
193
170
190
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,000306
0,00025
0,00145
kg C2H4
0,0000275
2,4E-05
4,8E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,000688
0,00058
0,00114
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
0,0000771
5,6E-05
7,2E-05
19: SNG
2050 [49]
SNG
industry
crete 2050
full
SNG oil 2050 full
Impact category
Unit
SNG biomass
crete 2050 full
abiotic depletion
kg Sb eq
0,00055
0,00048
0,00083
kg CO2 eq
0,0173
0,0589
0,0653

(ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
8E-09
7E-09
1,4E-08
human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,0403
0,0315
0,0704
fresh water aquatic

ecotox.
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00477
0,0039
0,00816
kg 1,4-DB eq
19,6
16,8
44,8
kg 1,4-DB eq
0,00014
0,00011
0,00131
kg C2H4
9,1E-06
7,4E-06
3,3E-05
acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,0002
0,00015
0,00073
eutrophication
kg PO4--- eq
7,3E-05
5,2E-05
6,8E-05
20: SNG
2050 70% [49]
158 | P a g e
GWP 100 global warming

.
Simapro
GWP 100

159 | P a g e

Application of The LCA Method, For The Production of Substitute Natural Gas in The Area of Crete

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Application of The LCA Method, For The Production of Substitute Natural Gas in The Area of Crete

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HMCS

Heterogeneous Mixtures & Combustion Systems

CO2, N2, H2S, .

(On Shore Drilling)

(Off Shore Drilling)

2.2: (Off Shore Drilling)( : http://snmevents.com/zhoushan-changhongbuys-6-semi-submersible-rigs-from-transocean/) [16]

2.7: (: http://www.mappery.com/mapof/Europe-Proposed-Natural-Gas-Pipelines-Map) [9]

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

Base Load Storage

Peak Load Storage

Gas Transport(GT No.96)

3.2: power to gas (:

HxA+H2O Ax- + xH3O+

B(OH) By+ + yOH-

BXA xBy+ + yAx-

10 /cm 88% (HHV),

: GWP 100 (Global Warming Potential)

5.1 LNG tankers

Natural gas, burned in gas turbine, for compressor

Natural gas, liquefied, at freight ship/DZ U

Production plant, natural gas/GLO/I U

Carbon dioxide, fossil

Carbon monoxide, fossil

5.3: LNG tankers

5.5: LNG tankers (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

5.6: . . (:EnPlanRoadMap 2050_dtld-Apr-12.pdf)[45]

Electricity, hydropower, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, lignite, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/UCTE U

Electricity, oil, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U

Electricity, at cogen ORC 1400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U

Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U

5.7: 2015. (:Simapro

Electricity, hydropower, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, lignite, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/UCTE U

Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U

Electricity, at cogen ORC 1400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U

Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U

5.8: 2050 . (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

iii) 2050 70%

Electricity, hydropower, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, natural gas, at power plant/UCTE U

Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U

Electricity, at cogen ORC 1400kWth, wood, allocation exergy/CH U

Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U

5.9: 2050 70%.(:Simapro 7,0)[49]

5.10: 2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

Electricity, oil, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U

Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U

5.11: 2015. (:Simapro 7,0)[49]

Electricity, oil, at power plant/GR U

Electricity, at wind power plant/RER U

Electricity, production mix photovoltaic, at plant/CH U

5.12: 2050. (:Simapro

Electricity, production mix GR/GR

Electricity, production mix GR/GR

Electricity, production mix GR/GR

Electricity, production mix GR/GR

Vo= 0.10977 [m3/kg]

5.23: CO2 2015