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lasers work
z Medical
imaging techniques
CAT scans
z MRIs
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Ei (larger energy)
photon
Ef (smaller energy)
Spontaneous emission
Incoming
photon
Stimulated emission
Population Inversion
In a normal situation (a)
more atoms are in the
lower state than the
upper state
If an external energy
source is provided to
excite electrons into a
higher energy state, a
population inversion can
be created as in (b)
this is called pumping
Simulated emission
With stimulated emission, one photon
comes in and its vibrations cause the
electron to fall to the lower energy level,
emitting another photon (the bridge)
Thus, one photon goes in and 2 come out,
moving in step and in the same direction
To get a system of atoms to undergo lasing
action, we must arrange to have many
atoms in the excited state this is called
population inversion.
Using lasers to
Cut metals
Laser
Fusion
pellet
Lasers Diodes
Come in a variety of
different colors
X-rays
very short wavelength
(0.01 0.1 nm)
electromagnetic waves
produced when
energetic electrons
slam into a metal target
able to penetrate soft
tissue, but not bone
produces a two
dimensional shadow
image
CAT Scans
Computerized Tomography
A computerized tomography
or CT scan image is formed
by analyzing x-ray shadow
images taken at many
different angles and
positions
an x-ray source and an array
of electronic detectors
rotates around the patient as
the patient slowly moves
through the ring.
spin-down
spin-up
N
N
S
S
Magnetic Resonance
Protons has a spin that can be either
up or down relative to the direction of
the magnetic field
If radio waves (FM) hit the protons, it can
cause it them to flip from one spin state to
the other at a frequency that depends on
the strength of the magnetic field
These spin flips result in the absorption or
release of radio wave energy that can be
detected electronically
protons
MRI DEVICE
Homer