Pre-stressed concrete = Pre-compression concrete

Pre-compression stresses is applied at the place when tensile stress occur

Concrete weak in tension but strong in compression

Pretension

Steel tendon is first stressed

Concrete is then poured
After harden and reaching the
required strength, the steel tendon is
cut

Posttension

Concrete is first poured in the mould

After harden, steel tendon is then
stressed and anchored at both ends

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Steel
Tendon

Concrete
Between C30
and C60

7 or 19 nos of
strand

High workability
during wet and
high strength
when hardened

High strength
steel

Concrete
strength at
transfer, fci
0.6fck(t) N/mm2

Steel strength
usually 1650
N/mm2

Section 5.10.2.2(3): MS EN 1992-1-1: 2004

Stresses

Loading Stage
Transfer
Symbol
Value or
Equation

Service
Symbol
Value or
Equation

Compressive

fct

0.6fck (t)

fcs

0.6fck

Tensile

ftt

fctm

fts

Some losses are immediate affecting the prestress force as soon as it

transferred. Other losses occur gradually with time. Known as short-term
and long-term losses, they include:
Short-term
(a) Elastic shortening of the concrete
(b) Slip or movement of tendons at anchorage
(c) Relaxation of prestressing steel
(d) Friction at the bend due to curvature of tendons

Long-term
(a) Creep and shrinkage of the concrete under sustained compression
(b) Relaxation of the prestressing steel under sustained tension

b
Top fibre

yt

N.A
Ungrouted duct

yb

Bottom fibre
Prestressing
tendon

Reinforcement /
bonded tendon

w = 10 kN/m

8m

h = 500 mm

b = 200 mm

fc
+

yt
yb

ft
Mmax = wL2/8 = 80 kNm

Tensile stress, ft = fc = Mmax/Z = Mmaxy/I

where I = bh3/12 and yt = yb = h/2

Therefore;
ft = fc
= (wL2/8)(h/2) (bh3/12)
= 9.65 N/mm2

Prestress force, P is then applied to eliminate

tensile stress
P

N.A

fc = 9.65 N/mm2

14 N/mm2

ft = 9.64 N/mm2
Stress due to
loading

P/A
Stress due to
force P

0 N/mm2
Total stress

9.65 + P/A = 0
Prestress force, P
required to eliminate
tensile stress
= 9.65A
= 965 kN

If the prestress force, P applied is not at the centroid

N.A

P
Pe/Zt

fc = 9.65 N/mm2

+
_

14 N/mm2

=
+

ft = 9.65 N/mm2
Stress due to
loading

Pe/Zb
P/A
Stress due to force P

0 N/mm2
Total stress

9.65 + P/A + Pe/Z = 0

Prestress force, P required to eliminate tensile stress
= 9.65 / [(1/A) + (e/Z)] = 283 kN

(a) At Transfer
Mi = Moment due to self weight

= Coefficient of short term losses

_
Mi/Zb
Stress due to
self weight

f1t ftt

Pe/Zt

P/A

Mi/Zt

P/A

+
+
Pe/Zb

Stress due to force P

f2t fct
Total stress

(a) At Service
ws kN/m (Service Load)

= Coefficient of long term losses

Mi/Zt

Ms/Zt

+
_
Mi/Zb
Stress due to
self weight

Stress due to
ws kN/m

Pe/Zt

P/A

f1s fcs

_
Ms/Zb

P/A

=
+
Pe/Zb

Stress due to force P

f2s fts

Total stress

From both Figures:

At Transfer
Mi/Zt + P/A Pe/Zt ftt
Mi/Zb + P/A + Pe/Zb fct

-------------------

(1)
(2)

-------------------

(3)
(4)

At Service
Mi/Zt + Ms/Zt + P/A Pe/Zt fcs
Mi/Zb Ms/Zb + P/A + Pe/Zb fts

Rearranging Eqs. (1) (4):

P/A(eA/Zt 1) Mi/Zt ftt

----------

(5)

P/A(eA/Zb + 1) Mi/Zb fct

----------

(6)

P/A(1 eA/Zt) + Mi/Zt + Ms/Zt fcs

----------

(7)

P/A(1 + eA/Zb) + Mi/Zb + Ms/Zb fts

----------

(8)

ws = 20 kN/m

P
15 m

Rectangular beam = b h = 300 950 mm. Prestress force, P =

2000 kN acted at e = 200 mm below centroid. The short-term
and long-term losses of the prestress are 10% and 20%,
respectively.
(a) If fck = 40 N/mm2 draw the stress distribution diagram at midspan during transfer and service. Also check that these
stresses are within the allowable limits.

Cross sectional area, Ac

=bh
= 300 950
= 2.85 105 mm2

Moment of inertia, Ixx

= bh3/12
= 300 9503/12
= 2.14 1010 mm4

Modulus of section, Zt = Zb

= Ixx/y
= 2.14 1010 / 475
= 4.51 107 mm3

Stress limit for fck = 40 N/mm2 and fci = 28 N/mm2

At Transfer
fct = 0.6fck(t) = 0.6(28) = 16.8 N/mm2
ftt = fctm = 0.30 (28)2/3 = 2.77 N/mm2
At Service
fcs = 0.6fck = 0.6(40) = 24.0 N/mm2
fts = 0.0 N/mm2

Stress Distribution

At Transfer
Self weight, wi = (Ac)(25) = (2.85 105)(25) 10-6 = 7.12 kN/m
Mi at mid-span = wiL2/8 = (7.12)(152)/8 = 200.2 kNm
Short-term losses, = (1 0.10) = 0.90
Stress at top fibre
f1t
= Mi/Zt + P/A Pe/Zt
= 5.20 N/mm2
Stress at bottom fibre
f2t
= Mi/Zb + P/A + Pe/Zb
= 17.84 N/mm2

f1t (5.20) ftt ( 2.77)

_

PASS

+
f2t (17.84) fct (16.8)

FAIL

Stress Distribution

At Service
Service load, ws = 20 kN/m
Ms at mid-span = wsL2/8 = (20)(152)/8 = 562.5 kNm
Long-term losses, = (1 0.20) = 0.80
Stress at top fibre
f1s
= Mi/Zt + Ms/Zt + P/A Pe/Zt
= 8.33 N/mm2
Stress at bottom fibre
f2s
= Mi/Zb Ms/Zb + P/A + Pe/Zb
= 3.23 N/mm2

f1s (8.33) fcs (24.0)

PASS

_
f2k (3.23) fts (0)

PASS

 Eq. (5) + Eq. (7)

Mi/Zt Mi/Zt + Ms/Zt (fcs + ftt)
Zt ( )Mi + Ms (fcs + ftt)

---------- (9)

Eq. (6) + Eq. (8)

Mi/Zb Mi/Zb + Ms/Zb (fts + fct)
Zb ( )Mi + Ms (fts + fct)

---------- (10)

A prestressed concrete beam with an effective length of 20 m is

simply supported at both ends. During service, a characteristics
load 20 kN/m is applied to the beam apart from its self weight. The
concrete strength is 50 N/mm2 and the transfer is done when the
concrete achieve the strength of 30 N/mm2. The prestressing force
applied is 2000 kN at the eccentricity of 500 mm at mid-span. The
short-term and long-term losses is 10% and 20%, respectively.
Design the suitable beam cross section if a rectangular section is
used.

Stress limit;
At Transfer
fct = 0.6fck(t) = 0.6(30) = 18.0 N/mm2
ftt = fctm = 0.30 (30)2/3 = 2.90 N/mm2
At Service
fcs = 0.6fck = 0.6(50) = 30.0 N/mm2
fts = 0.0 N/mm2

Ms = (20) 202/8 = 1000 kNm (not including the self weight)

From Eq. (9):
(fcs + ftt) = 0.9(30) + 0.8(2.90) = 29.32 N/mm2
Zt ( )Mi + Ms (fcs + ftt)
Zt (0.1Mi + 900) 106 / 29.32

From Eq. (10):

(fts + fct) = 0.9(0) + 0.8(18.0) = 14.4 N/mm2
Zb ( )Mi + Ms (fts + fct)
Zb (0.1Mi + 900) 106 / 14.4

Since Zb Zt, only Zb is used & checked to find

the suitable cross section of the beam

For rectangular cross section

Zt = Zb = Ixx/y = bh3/12 (h/2) = bh2/6
Try 300 mm 1000 mm

Self weight, wi = 0.3 1.0 25 = 7.5 kN/m

Moment due to self weight, Mi = 375 kNm
Zb

(0.1 375 + 900) 106 / 14.4

65.1 106 mm3

Z = 300 10002/6 = 50 106 mm3 Zb

Increase size

Try 300 mm 1400 mm

Self weight, wi = 0.3 1.4 25 = 10.5 kN/m
Moment due to self weight, Mi = 525 kNm

Zb

(0.1 525 + 900) 106 / 14.4

66.1 106 mm3

Z = 300 14002/6 = 98.0 106 mm3 Zb

OK

TARMAC TOPFLOOR

TARMAC TOPFLOOR