Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/etfs

Experimental study on turbulent flow and heat transfer in an air to water

heat exchanger using perforated circular-ring
M. Sheikholeslami , M. Gorji-Bandpy, D.D. Ganji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 16 April 2015
Accepted 6 September 2015
Available online 16 September 2015
Keywords:
Air to water heat exchanger
Pressure loss
Double pipe
Heat transfer
Circular-ring

a b s t r a c t
In this study, heat transfer and pressure loss in an air to water double pipe heat exchanger are experimentally investigated. Typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators are placed in
annular pipe. The working fluids are air, flowing in the annular pipe, and water through the inner circular
tube. The experiments are conducted for different governing parameters namely; air flow Reynolds number (600012,000), pitch ratio (1.83, 2.92 and 5.83) and number of perforated hole (0, 2, 4 and 8).
Correlations for friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal performance are presented according to
experimental data. Results indicated that using PCRs leads to obtain lower heat transfer enhancement
than the CRs because of reduction of intersection angle between the velocity and the temperature field.
Thermal performance increases with increase of N but it decreases with increase of Reynolds number and
pitch ratio.
2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
One of the significant types of heat exchanger is air to water
heat exchanger. This kind of heat exchanger has various applications such as: apartment buildings and condominiums, residential
heating, hybrid systems, air conditioning, dehumidification. Utilize
of augmentation techniques lead to increase in heat transfer coefficient but at the cost of enhance in pressure drop. To reach high
heat transfer rate while taking care of the augment pumping
power, various techniques have been presented in recent decade.
Currently, swirl flow devices have widely been used for increasing
the convective heat transfer in various industries. This application
is because of their low cost and easy setting up. Vermahmoudi
et al. [1] studied the overall heat transfer coefficient of water based
iron oxide nanofluid in a compact air cooled heat exchanger. They
indicated that the overall heat transfer coefficient and the heat
transfer rate of nanofluid have been improved with increase of
air flow Reynolds number. Buchlin [2] investigated effect of perforated ribs in a channel flow. He tested five types of perforated ribs
made in Plexiglas and found that the optimum design of ribs combines a rib pitch ratio of 5 with an open area ratio of 0.53. Prom-

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: m.sheikholeslami@stu.nit.ac.ir,
yahoo.com (M. Sheikholeslami).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.09.002
0894-1777/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

mohsen.sheikholeslami@

vonge and Eiamsa-ard [3] presented the effect of a free-spacing

snail entry together with conical-nozzle turbulators on turbulent
heat transfer and friction characteristics in a uniform heat-flux
tube. Bayrak et al. [4] studied the performance assessment of porous baffles inserted in solar air heaters (SAHs). They showed that
the highest collector efficiency and air temperature rise are
achieved by SAHs with a thickness of 6 mm and an air mass flow
rate of 0.025 kg/s. Sheikholeslami et al. [5] studied about swirl flow
devices effect on fluid flow and heat transfer.
Helical-wire-coils fitted inside a round tube have been experimentally studied by Garcia et al. [6]. They found that wire coil
inserts offer their best performance within the transition region.
Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite
design (CCD) was applied by Hatami et al. [7] to obtain an optimization design of finned type heat exchangers (HEX) to recover
waste heat from the exhaust of a diesel engine. Parametric analysis
and optimization of entropy generation in unsteady MHD flow
over a stretching rotating disk was investigated by Rashidi et al.
[8]. Durmus et al. [9] used snail entrance in order to increase heat
transfer in concentric double-pipe heat exchangers. They concluded that the swirl flow effect of the snail caused some increase
in pressure drop while this effect was unimportant compared with
the improvement in heat transfer capacity. Bandos et al. [10] studied the effects of thermal storage and vertical temperature variations on energy pile heat exchangers. Promvonge and Eiamsa-ard
[11] used combined conical-nozzle inserts and swirl generator in

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M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

Nomenclature
A
Ai
Ao
cp
d
D
f
ho
hi
k

L
Nu
N
Pr
P
PR
Q
Re

heat transfer area

inner pipe inside surface area
inner pipe outer surface area
specific heat at constant pressure
diameter of inner pipe
diameter of outer pipe
friction factor (dimensionless)
average heat transfer coefficient of cold fluid
average heat transfer coefficient of hot fluid
thermal conductivity
length of pipe
length of test section
Nusselt number
number of perforated hole
Prandtl number
pressure
pitch ratio (=P/Do)
flow rate of water
Reynolds number

order to enhance in heat transfer. They showed that use of the

conical nozzle in common with the snail leads to a maximum heat
transfer rate that is up by 316%. Free convection heat transfer in a
concentric annulus between a cold square and heated elliptic
cylinders in presence of magnetic field was investigated by Sheikholeslami et al. [12]. They found that the enhancement in heat
transfer increases as Hartmann number increases but it decreases
with increase of Rayleigh number. Yakut and Sahin [13] used
conical-ring turbulators placed inside the tube to produce reverse
flows in each module of the conical rings. In their experimental
study, the level of the reverse flow (re-circulation flow) was generated from the separation and reattachment of a boundary layer
from different pitch lengths between the modules.
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of
typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR)
turbulators on flow and heat transfer in an air to water double pipe
heat exchanger. Experimental set up and formulas for calculating
heat transfer rate, friction factor and thermal performance are
presented. The effects of Reynolds number, pitch ratio and number
of perforated hole on heat transfer rate and pressure drop are
studied.
2. Experimental set-up and procedure
The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1(a). The dimensions
of the inner and outer pipes of the heat exchanger are:
Di 2:8 cm; Do 3 cm; di 5 cm; do 6 cm. The length of the
pipe is = 2 m and the length of test section is L = 1.2 m. Hot water
is passed through the inner pipe, while cold air is flowing through

T
U

fluid temperature
overall heat transfer coefficient

Greek symbols
thermal diffusivity
DP
pressure drop (Pa)
l
dynamic viscosity of nanofluid
h
dimensionless temperature
q
density
g
thermal performance

Subscripts
i
inner
o
outer
a
air
w
water
s
smooth pipe

the annulus. Heating of the water was achieved with an electrical

heater at the upper tank (three heaters are used in the upper tank
with the capacity of 2 kW, 2 kW and 3 kW). In the experimental
work, it is intended to search for the changes in the heat transfer
coefficients of the air side turbulent flow by affecting the regions
near the wall of the pipe flow. The inner tube is made from copper
with thermal conductivity k 300 kcal=m h  C, while the outer
tube is made from Plexiglas with an outer with thermal conductivity k 5  104 kcal=m h  C. The inlet and outlet temperatures
of the fluids (air and water), the temperatures of the points on the
inner pipe wall (six points), the temperatures of four points in different distant from inner wall and ambient temperature were measured with Sheathe type thermocouples (element C.A; class 0.75)
(Fig. 1(b)). An ST-8920 differential pressure is used to obtain the
pressure drop in air side. It can measure the pressures in
5000 Pa with 1 Pa resolution. In order to transfer the water from
the lower tank to upper tank, a pump with the head of 5.5 m, is
used. The inlet bulk air at 28 C from a 0.75 kW blower was directed through an orifice meter and passed to the heat transfer test
section. The volumetric air flow rates from the blower, situated
before the inlet of the test tube, are adjusted by varying the motor
speed through the SV008iG5A-2 inverter. The flow rates of the
water are adjusted with valves and measured with rotameter.
The experimental work is repeated for counter flow modes at various Reynolds numbers. The physical properties of air and water
are variable with temperature as illustrated in Tables 1 and 2. In
the test section, circular ring are used in order to heat transfer
enhancement. Also perforated circular ring have been used in this
study (Fig. 2).

Table 1
Temperature-dependent properties of air.
Coefficient

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

A1 + A2  T + A3  T2 + A4  T3 + A5  T4
Properties of air

q kg=m3

C p J=kg K

l kg=m s

k W=m K

4.5399557047065677
2.3244292640615217E2
5.6404522707476041E5
6.2803748539876179E8
2.3678170919661321E11

1.0540764984602797E+3
3.5067618164922393E1
5.8416753365658986E4
3.0329858178609656E7
5.2479296621138882E10

9.4680032779877928E5
1.0222587861878098E6
4.7054455296163551E9
9.1119064881185846E12
6.5461225665736524E15

1.8028147194179223E2
1.6851766935888901E4
1.3838388187738584E6
3.2630462746304979E9
2.7514584927209003E12

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

187

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the experimental setup; (b) test section and thermocouples.

To quantify the uncertainties of measurements the reduced

data obtained experimentally were determined. The uncertainty
in the data calculation was based on Schultz and Cole method
[14]:

"
UR

n 
X
@R
i1

@V i

2 #1=2
UV i

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M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

Table 2
Temperature-dependent properties of water.
Coefficient

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5

A1 + A2  T + A3  T2 + A4  T3 + A5  T4
Properties of water

q kg=m3

C p J=kg K

lkg=m s

kW=m K

1.6622104933785317E+2
1.2256322983468429E+1
4.6535103004960353E2
7.7101273744096163E5
5.0319235543371908E8

1.2201774895976883E+4
9.2961742884825355E+1
4.0724280562804471E1
8.033901613887863E4
6.0554273200519027E7

4.5563422230298373E1
5.266709499675417E3
2.2937228364977076E5
4.4517867607521202E8
3.2451565252286636E11

2.1117772306964272E1
4.0615080360954991E3
4.0530952053441623E5
9.5665206133793231E8
6.772213049004531E11

Table 3
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (15).
aij

i=1

i=2

i=3

i=4

i=5

i=6

j=1
j=2

0.000395
7.352294

0.007348
0.737743

0.01396
0.05672

1.1E07
0.003036

0.124965
0.032623

0.0003
0.01492

Fig. 2. (a) Test section; (b) typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators.

where UR is the total error, U V i is the error of each independent variable and n is the number of total variables. The uncertainty analysis
showed that the measuring errors were less than 10% for all the
experiments presented in this study.

3. Measurement of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor

The data reduction of the measured results is summarized in
the following procedures.

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

Heat transferred to the air in the test section, Qa, can be calculated from

Q a ma C p;a T a;out  T a;in

where ma is the mass flow rate of air, Cp,a is the specific heat of air,
Ta,in and Ta,out are the inlet and outlet air temperatures, respectively.
Heat transferred from the water, Qw, can be calculated from

Qw

mw

C p;w T w;in  T w;out

189

where mw is the mass flow rate of water, Cp,w is the specific heat of
water, Tw,in and Tw,out are the inlet and outlet water temperatures,
respectively.
The average heat transfer rate, Qave, used in the calculation is
determined from the water side and air side as follows:

Q av e Q a Q w =2

The water side heat transfer coefficient, hi, can be calculated

from the average heat transfer rate obtained from

Fig. 3. Verification of friction factor and Nusselt number for smooth heat exchanger.

Fig. 4. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on friction factor (f).

190

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

Q av e hi Ai T s;av e  T w;av e

where Ts,ave is the average inner wall temperature, Tw,ave is the

average water temperature and Ai is the inner surface area of the
tube (Ai = pDiL).
The overall heat transfer coefficient, Ui, can be determined from

Q av e U i Ai DT LMTD

where DTLMTD is the logarithmic mean temperature difference.

An outside (air side) heat transfer coefficient, ho, is usually
obtained from the overall thermal resistance consisting of three
resistances in series: the convective resistance on the inner surface,
the conductance resistance of the pipe wall and the convective
resistance on the outer surface

1
1
lnDo =Di
1

U i Ai hi Ai
2pkL
ho Ao

Average Nusselt number along the outer pipe was calculated as

follows:

Nuo

ho D H
kair

where kair is thermal conductivity of air in bulk temperature and DH

is the hydraulic diameter of the tube (DH = di  Do).
The friction factor (f) can be calculated from

DP
qu2 =2L=DH

where DP is the pressure drop, q is the density of air, u is the velocity of air and L is the length of the tube.
For a constant pumping power,

V_ DPs V_ DP

10

and the relationship between friction and Reynolds number can be

expressed as:
1

f Re3 s f Re3 ! Res Ref =f s 3

11

The thermal performance factor (g) defined as the ratio as

follows:

Nu=Nus
1

f =f s 3

12

4. Results and discussion

In this paper, effect of typical circular-ring (TCR) and perforated
circular-ring (PCR) turbulators on the heat transfer and fluid friction characteristics in an air to water double pipe heat exchanger
is investigated. The present experimental results on heat transfer
and friction characteristics in a smooth heat exchanger are first
validated in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor. The Nusselt number and friction factor obtained from the present smooth
heat exchanger are, respectively, compared with the correlations

Fig. 5. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on Nusselt number (Nu).

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

Fig. 6. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on friction factor ratio (f/fs).

Fig. 7. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nus).

191

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M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

of Gnielinski for Nusselt number and of Petukhov for friction factor

found in the open literature [15] for turbulent flow in pipe.
Correlation of Gnielinski,

Nu

f =8Re  1000Pr
0:5

1 12:7f =8 Pr 3  1

3000 < Re < 5  106

13

Correlation of Petukhov,

f 0:79LnRe  1:642 ;

3000 6 Re 6 5  106

14

Fig. 3 shows a comparison of the Nusselt number and friction

factor obtained from the present work with those from correlations
of Eqs. (13) and (14). In the figure, the present results agree very
well within 12% with the published correlations.

Fig. 4 shows the effects of Reynolds number, number of perforated hole and pitch ratio on friction factor. Obviously, friction factor decreases with rise of Reynolds number. Friction factor
increases with decreasing pitch ratio. In the other word, a decrease
of the distance between each pair of the turbulators causes an
increase in friction factor. This is due to this fact that the smaller
distance between each pair of the turbulators, the more numbers
of turbulators available in the heat exchanger, thus the more blockage against the flowing stream. Clearly, friction factor decreases
with the increase of the number of perforated hole due to the
reduction of turbulent fluctuation or eddy motion and the appearance of reverse flow between the each pair of the turbulators.
Besides, it can be indicated that friction factors in the heat exchan-

Fig. 8. Effects of Reynolds number (Rea), number of perforated hole (N) and pitch ratio (PR) on thermal performance factor (g).

Table 4
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (16).
bij

i=1

i=2

i=3

i=4

i=5

i=6

j=1
j=2

0.326821
0.035122

0.017554544
0.859826928

0.0499
0.01412

0.000396
0.958071

0.00295
0.001889

0.000917
0.03401

Table 5
Constant coefficient for using Eq. (17).
cij

i=1

i=2

i=3

i=4

i=5

i=6

j=1
j=2
j=3

7.74E07
0.924403
0.24951

0.000213
0.062311
1.188146

5.75E05
0.06636
0.349578

1.3E08
0.00288
1.29671

0.001121
0.005529
0.31755

3E06
7.7E05
1.334045

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

ger equipped with the PCRs of N = 2, 4 and 8 holes, 1.550133

3.578695, 1.5750963.43694 and 1.8071083.703923 times lower
than those in the heat exchanger with typical CR, depending on
pitch ratio. This indicates that the presence of the perforated hole
in the conical ring possesses high potential for reduction of friction
in the heat exchanger.
Fig. 5 depicts the effects of Reynolds number, number of perforated hole and pitch ratio on Nusselt number. Rate of heat transfer
is improved at high Reynolds numbers because the convective heat
transfer is promoted more effectively at a higher turbulence level.
Nusselt numbers for heat exchanger equipped with turbulators are
higher than those found from the plain heat exchanger for a given
Reynolds number. This is due to the interruption of flow by the turbulators which results in the destruction of thermal boundary
layer near the heat exchanger wall. Nusselt number noticeably
increases with decease of pitch ratio which is in similar trend
found for friction factor. The quantitative results reveal that the
mean heat transfer rate the in the heat exchanger with perforated
circular-rings (N = 8) at smallest pitch ratio (PR = 1.83) is 1.037183,
1.140188 and 1.367915 times higher than those in the heat
exchanger with PCRs at PR = 2.92, 5.83 and plain heat exchanger,
respectively. Furthermore, the TCRs provide higher heat transfer
rates than those offered by the PCRs. This is due to the lower turbulence intensity in the heat exchanger. The mean heat transfer
rates in the heat exchanger with TCRs for all pitch ratios studied
are around 1.0644421.131967 times of those in the heat exchanger with PCRs with N = 8. The Nusselt numbers in the heat exchanger equipped with the PCRs with PR = 1.83 of N = 2, 4 and 8 holes,

193

are respectively 1.454797, 1.450367 and 1.367915 times higher

than those in the plain heat exchanger. In contrast, the Nusselt
numbers in the heat exchanger equipped with the PCRs of N = 2,
4 and 8 holes are respectively, 1.0049031.064344, 1.03521
1.067569 and 1.0803171.131967 times lower than those in the
heat exchanger with typical CR, depending on pitch ratio.
Effects of Reynolds number, number of perforated hole and pitch
ratio on friction factor ratio are shown in Fig. 6. Friction factor ratio
increases with the rise of Reynolds number. This can be attributed
to higher flow blockage, larger surface area and the act caused by
the reverse flow. It can be observed that friction factor ratio shows
a steeper increment at the beginning before gradually increasing for
higher values of number of perforated hole. Also it can be found that
friction ratio increases with decrease of number of perforated hole
and pitch ratio. Effects of Reynolds number, number of perforated
hole and pitch ratio on Nusselt number ratio are shown in Fig. 7.
Nusselt number ratio decreases with the rise of Reynolds number
and number of perforated hole while it decreases with increase of
pitch ratio. Fig. 8 shows the effects of Reynolds number, number
of perforated hole and pitch ratio on thermal performance factor.
It is found that the thermal performance factor decreases with augment of Reynolds number and it is also observed that the turbulators with the smallest pitch ratio (PR) provide the highest thermal
performance factor for both of the TCR and PCR turbulators. According to the quantitative results, the maximum thermal performance
factors of heat exchanger fitted with PCRs with N = 8 at PR = 1.83,
2.99, and 5.83, are found to be 1.119634, 1.108086 and 1.031247,
respectively. The performance factors of heat exchanger with the

Fig. 9. Comparison of experimental data with those calculated from the correlation for (a) friction factor; (b) Nusselt number; (c) thermal performance.

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M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

TCRs are around 1.1443141.366547 times lower than those of the

heat exchanger with PCRs with smallest pitch ratio. This indicates
that at the same pumping power the PCRs can enhance heat
transfer more efficient than the TCRs and this confirms the greater
benefit of the use of PCRs as energy saving device over the TCRs.
The corresponding polynomial representations of Nusselt number along air side (Nu), friction factor (f) and thermal performance
factor (g) are as follow:

Nu a12 a22 Y 1 a32 N a42 Y 21 a52 N2 a62 Y 1 N

Y 1 a11 a21 Rea a31 PR a41 Re2a a51 PR2 a61 Rea PR
f b12 b22 Y 1 b32 PR b42 Y 21 b52 PR2 b62 Y 1 PR
Y 1 b11 b21 Rea b31 N b41 Re2a b51 N2 b61 Rea N

g c16 c26 Y 1 c36 Y 2

Y 1 c11
Y 2 c12

c46 Y 21

c56 Y 22

15

16

c66 Y 1 Y 2

c21 Rea c31 N c41 Re2a c51 N2 c61 Rea N

c22 N c32 PR c42 N2 c52 PR2 c62 NPR

17

Also aij, bij and cij can be found in Tables 35, respectively. Fig. 9
depicts the comparison of the friction factor, Nusselt number and
thermal performance factor between experimental data and those
calculated from the present correlations. It is found that the majority of the measured data falls within 10%, 5% and 7%, for f ; Nu
and g. Contour plots of friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal
performance according to current correlations are shown in Fig. 10.
The heat transfer rate and friction factor of PCRs increase with
decreasing pitch ratio (PR) and decreasing number of perforated
hole (N). However, the thermal performance factor increases with
increasing number of perforated hole and decreasing pitch ratio.
5. Conclusion
Heat transfer and friction factor characteristics in the air to
water heat exchanger equipped with the typical circular-ring
(TCR) and perforated circular-ring (PCR) turbulators are investigated experimentally. The effects of the pitch ratio and number
of perforated hole on flow and heat transfer characteristics are considered. The correlations of the Nusselt number, friction factor and

(a) PR = 1.83

(b) N = 8

Nu

(c) PR = 1.83

(d) N = 8

(e) PR = 1.83

( f) N = 8

Fig. 10. Contour plots of friction factor, Nusselt number and thermal performance according to current correlations.

M. Sheikholeslami et al. / Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 70 (2016) 185195

thermal performance are presented. Results show that using PCRs

leads to obtain lower heat transfer enhancement than the CRs
while they have lower friction factor. Consequently, the thermal
performance factor of PCRs is higher than those of the CRs over
the range studied. Nusselt number increases with increase of Reynolds number and number of perforated hole and it decreases with
increase of pitch ratio. Friction factor enhances with increase of
Reynolds number and it decreases with increase of number of perforated hole and pitch ratio.
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