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Basic Nemeth Code

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Course Numbers: BNC-111

& 121

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Professional and Family

Programs
Prepared by the staff and faculty of
The Hadley School for the Blind

Copyright o 2006
by The Hadley School for the Blind
Winnetka, lllnois

No part of this course may be reproduced in any form

or by any electronic or mechanical means (including
photocopying, recording , or information storage and
retrieval) without written permission from The Hadley
School for the Blind.

I
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Contents

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Overview

..... vii

Lesson 1 : The Development and Uses of the Nemeth

..... 1
Code
.... 1
The Development of the Nemeth Code
.....3
The Uses of the Nemeth Code

Assignment 1 ...

...7

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals, and

Special Signs .
Numerals and the Numeric and Punctuation

lndicators.

...10

lndicator
The Punctuation lndicator..
The Mathematical Comma .
Roman Numerals
Additional Signs..
Assignme nt 2
Numerals and the Numeric

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Lesson 3: Signs of Operation and

Basic Signs of Operation ...

... 9

Grouping

... 1O

.....12
... 1 6
.. 1 9

.22
.. ..29
....

31

...32

{.

Contents
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Grouping..
Assignment 3

.... 36

Signs of

....43

4: Signs of Comparison
Basic Signs of Comparison
Assignment 4 ..
Lesso n

Spatial Multiplication......
Spatial Division.
Assignment 5

....53
54
..... 56
58

...62
.... 69

Fractions

Fractions..

.-

.. 51

Lesson 5: Spatial Display

General Rules.....
Spatial Addition and Subtraction

Lesson 6: The Slash and

The Slash ...

45
.--45

-.

.73
....7 4

.76
.83

Spatially Displayed Fractions

.. 83
Spatially Arranged Fractions .
Spatial Addition and Subtraction of Fractions . . . .. I5
.... 89
Assignment 6
Lesson 7: Letters and

Letters
English Letter

iv

Levels...

lndicator....

93
94
.. 95
.

Basic Nemeth Code

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Levels
Assignme nt

01

.. 1 09

Lesson 8: Omissions and

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Shapes

Omissions
Shapes
Assignment 8

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.111

Lesson 9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

Carried Numbers
Long Division ...

Assignment

9...

.... 1 12
... 1 1 5
.. 121

...

123
124
'. 128

...-137

Lesson 1 O: Contractions, Short-Form Words, and

.... 1 41
Abbreviations
Use and Nonuse of Contractions and Short-Form

Words....
Abbreviations
Assignment 10.
Lesson 11 Regrouping and Cancellation
Regrouping in Subtraction
Reducing Fractions
Assignment 11

...143
....147
.,..157
. 1 59

.. 1 60

-.164
167

T-

Contents

Lesson 12: Modifiers, Radicals, and Set Notation ...171

iers
Radicals

. 17 2

Modif

Set Notation .
Assignment 12

VI

.. 17 o
. .

80
1 85

Basic Nemeth Code

$
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Overview

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As a paient or teacher,-1ryho has learned .gontracted

braille, you know,that braille literacy skills increase
independence and career opportunities for a student
who is a braille user. Likewise, a critical factor in a
student's success in math, science, and related topics
is competence in the Nemeth Code, This code provides
a conceptual framework for brailling mathematical and
scientific notations. By learning the basics of the
Nemeth Code, you can help students who use braille
develop mathematical skills that will serve them
throughout their school years and beyond.
The goal of this course is to enable you to read and
braille the basic symbols of the Nemeth Code. You do
not need to learn the entire Nemeth Code in order to
use it. Just as in print, an individual learns various
mthematical symbols as they become relevant in the
curriculum. This course presents man,y of the symbols
used in rudimentary through early high school math and
science. lt is divided into twelve lessons. lncluded with

Overview
I

VII

your course materials is a list of the rules given in the

course and a list of Nemeth Code resources.
The information in this course does not enable you to
profeSsionally transcribe material from print to the
Nemeth Code. To do so requires additional study and
'practice.
in
Teachers and parents who are interested
,,
continuing their studies may ask their instructor for
information about braille and Nemeth Code transcribers'
cou rses

Many math teachers and parents of children who are

visually impaired often ask about tactile displays and
graphics. This topic is beyond the scope of this course,
since tactile graphics are not part of the Nemeth Code.
lf you would lke suggestons for resources that
addres tactile displays and graphics, ask your
instru ctor.
;

The practice activities in each lesson are for your

pers,onal development only. Do not send your anSWerS
to your Hadley instructor. You can always contact your
instructor, however, to either clarify these activities or
discuss your work.
)

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Basic Nemeth Code

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TcOr )o mplete ""'tt3

this course vou are required to submit
....,'.'*.,:; (,^c 2I
i',iri-..,.,
1a 0trytct,
1a
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wellv 'g nments, one at the end of each lesson.
tr
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your
TIhesSEe assrgn ments
instructor
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to
assess
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ourrtmaster of the material in the lessons.
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lf you'.re ready io stprt learring the Nemeth Code,

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begin Lesson,l:
The Development nd Uses of the
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Nemeth Code.

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Overview
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Basic Nemeth Code

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Lesson 1: The Development and

Uses of the Nemeth Code

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rhis lesson explains how the Nemeth code *"r'

developed. lt then explains how t s used, inctuding the
type of material transcribed into th.e Nemeth Code and
the devices used to produce it. The ability to describe
the development and uses of the Nemeth code
Provides a good foundation for the study of the Nemeth
Code itsetf.

Objectives

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After completing this lesson, you will be able to

a. briefly explain how the Nemeth Code was
developed

b.

explain how the Nemeth code is used and

prod u ced

The Development of the Nemeth Code

Dr. Abraham Nemeth, the developer of the Nemeth

Code, is a mathematics professor. He is congenitally
blind. As a child, he loved mathematics and wanted to

f--

Lesson

l: Development & uses of the Nemeth code

pursue advanced mathematical studies. When he

reached high scho?!l ho*ever, his counselors
discouraged him from doing so because of his
in
blindness. He followed their advice and -majored
-
psychology in college. Nevertheless, he took as many

mathematics courses as his curriculum would allow'

After graduating with a master's degree in psychology,

Nemeth was unble to fnd satisfactory work in his
profession. So he took various menial jobs while
cgnti,nuing,his study of mathematics during the
evenings. Observing his frustration, his wife suggested
that she go to work while he study toward'a Ph'D' in
mathematics. Nemeth readily agreed that working in
the subject he loved most wbuld bring him rewards and
satisf action in lif e.

ln 1946, os a graduate student at Columbia University

in New York, Nemeth improvised ways of brailling
increasingly complex mathematical concepts' Once, a
colleague who was blind asked Nemeth for a particular
mathematical table in braille. Npmeth replied that he
had such a table, but it was in his own private braille
code. T'e colieague desperately needed the table, so

Basic Nemeth Code

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he asked Nemeth to tutor him in the code. ln a short

time the colleague was able to read all the notation,
even the most difficult symbols. The precision and

clarity of the code impressed him. He urged Nemeth to

submit a paper describing the code and how it works to
the organization that sets braille standards. ln 1952,
the Braille Authority of North America (BANA) adopted
the code as The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics
and Science Notation. li fras'been through several
revisions since it was first accepted, and it has been
adopted in many countries

The Uses of the Nemeth Code

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I

The Nemeth Code is used for any work that is

mathematical or scientific (specifically mathematics,
statistics, chemistry, and physics). Wthin the textual
'.
parts of a mathematical or scientific work, numbers
and other symbols, such as parentheses, are written in
the Nemeth Code. The formatting also follows the rules
of the Nemeth'Code.
Exceptions to the use of the Nemeth Code in
mathematical or scientif ic writing occur on title pages,
t.

Lesson

l: Development & uses of the Nemeth code

in page numbers (at the corners of pages), and at the

end of the page separation lines. Other exceptions are
beyond the scope of this course.

TheNemethCodeisdesignedtorepreSentprintformat
as accurately as possible. Print problems that are
written linearly (i,e., left to right as a sentence) in print
appear linearly in the Nemeth Code. Print problems that
appear spatially (i,e., Volues and operations spaced
across from, above, or below one another on the page)
appear spatially in the Nemeth Code. Spatial
presentations usually involve computation. The
difference between linear and spatial formats will
become clear as You Progress t:hrough this course.

'/

The most common way to produce braille in the

Nemeth Code is with a braillewriter. Using this device,
the user can immediately. check his or her work
because the dots apiear on the top side of the paper.
Some students use a slate and stylus. The Brown slate
has an outer frame enabling the user to read the braille
without removing the paper. Other methods of
embossing exist, including computers connected to

Basic Nemeth Code

.
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embossers. lf you would like additional information

about devices for embossing, contact your instructor.

r.

Summary

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This lesson described the development of the Nemeth

Code and explained how it is used. Before the
existence of the Nemeth Code, many talented students
were denied the opportunity to study in the compelling
fields of math and science. Helping another person
learn the Nemeth Code can open up possibilities for
analytical learning'that will last him or her a lifetime.

Lesson I : Development & uses of the Nemeth

code s

Basic Nemeth Code

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Assignment

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For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full nam, address, and phone number.

Also list the name of this course, Assignment 1,'your
instructor's naffi, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

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1.

2.

Briefly describe how the Nemeth Code came to be

and for what type of material it is used.
State your reasons for learning the Nemeth Code.
l

once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, iornan Numerals, and
Special Signs.

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Assignment I

Basic Nemeth Code

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Lesson 2= Numerals, lndicators, Roman

Numerals, and Special Signs
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The first mathematical symbois
a person learns are
nymbers.: And it's the same when you begin to use the
I
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Nemeth
code. Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth
,]
Code was developed arid how t s used. This lesson
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describes the Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators,
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the mathematical
comffio, Roman numerals, the
C-.', t'
lt 'i,
decimal point, as well as the dollar, pound sterling,
cent, percent, and degree signs. Familiarizing yourself
with these symbols will enable you to begin using the
,. .
Nemeth Code.
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Objectives
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After. completing this lesson, you will be able to use

'(
a. Nemeth code numerals and basic indicators

b.
c.
d.

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the mathematicai comma
\,
RoJ'nan. numerald

the decimal point and the dollar, pound sterling,

cent, percent, and degree signs

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman

Numerals,

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Numerals and the

Numeric and Punctuation lndicators r

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T'he six Uots in a braille cell can appear in sixty-three

po/ssible combinations. Therefore, ffiEny, co,nfi.qurations
li"':''''

are used f or more than one symbol. Most of the

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ycu
will learn in this qPurse mean
Nemeth symbqls
something different in English braille.. Y,o, are learning
'/
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time and allbw each new
.
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Wth' much
fixed in ybur mind.
becrfie
io
symbol
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practlce artd review, you sodn wll be as fluent in the
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Numerals and the Numeric lndicator

Study the following rule:

The digits are represented by the symbols
whose configurations correspond to the
English braille letters a through i, but in
the lower portion of the braille cell.

Why aren't a through / used to represent numbers in

the Nemeth Code? ln more advanced math, the letters
a through 7 often are used together with numbers.

to

Basic Nemeth Code

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Using the lower part of the cell for numbers in math

avoids conf usion.

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You're familiar with the number sign, (dots 3456), used

in English braille. ln the Nemeth code the same symbol
is called the numeric indicator. The numeric indicator
serves an important purpose in the Nemeth Code.
Remember that numerals use the middle and bottom
dots of the braille cell. Therefore, if a number appeared
unconnected with another symbol of full cell height, t
would be difficult to know which dots are being used.
A reader could easily mistake the middle row for the
top row. The configuration of the numeric indicator is
the height of a full braille cell, so it orients the reader
for the symbol that follows.
Read thre Nemeth Code numerals and commit them to

memory.
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.o o.
oa a.

ao

.
'a
. o aa
aa . a

L,

.a ..
. a oo
aa a.

.o ..
'a aa
oa ao

..
'a
.a o.
aa aa

.o
.
.a .a
aa a.

.a
.
.a .a
aa ao

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b

.
.o
. o aa

.l
.a o'
aa ' a

.a .
.a a'
oa . .

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Lesson

2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals) I I

The Punctuation lndicator

As you may have noticed, the Nemeth Code numerals

are presented in the same portion of the braille cell as
punctuation marks. The punctuation indicator appears
immediately before the punctuation mark to avoid
confusion when a punctuation mark follows a
mathematical symbol.
The Nemeth Code includes a number of indicators. Like
composition signs in English braille, Nemeth Code
indicators have no print equivalents. They give special
meaning to the symbols that precede or follow them.
punctuation

indicator ':

(dots 456)

Study the following rule and examples:

Following a mathematical symbol, use the
punctuation indicator before the period,
question mark, exclamation mark, colon,
semicolon, apostrophe, and quotation
mark.
.a .. .a ..
'a a, 'a ao
oo . . .a .a

1.

t2

o. a' a.
'a a'
. a.
.a a. a. 'o
.a a. o. a. ao

Solve

'a
a.
aa

aa a. a' .a la .a
a. ao .o .a . o.
a' a. a. aa a. a.

the

problems

o. aa
.a 'a
a. a.

ao a. aa a.
. aa .a
o.
a. .. .,

on page

.o .. .a ..
.a .a .a la
oa a. .o .a

9.

Basic Nemeth Code

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i!.. :?:;;3::;:;;3
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A number that occurs after punctuation, as in clock

time, requires specal attention. Study the following

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ls the correct answer

rule and examples:

The numeric indicator must be used when
a number immediately follows a

punctuation mark, except the hyphen.

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The procedure for writing clock time is as follows:

numeric indicator
hour

punctuation indicator

colon
I

numeric indicator

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lnutes

Now study Example 3, which illustrates the use of the

numeric indicator after the colon.

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3.

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a: i:;: ii:::: ;:

r . r
.a
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o. .i .a
aa .a .a
. ao .o .a .a ro

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The first train left the station at b :45.

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals,'

... I s

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Example 4 illustrates the use of the hyPhen. Note that

no numeric indicator appears after the hYPhen.
.a .. .a
. a aa .l aa
aa . a .a .a
.

'o tt
a'
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'a'"'
'a''

. .a
:: .:
.a ia

'o

The answers

4.

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are

'' :a
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'' ''

on

aa a'
'a
aa a.
.o a'
o. ... aa
.. .. a.
a.

.
.a..
.a a. a. .. a'
oi .. 'a aa a'

pages

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'a 'a aa
a' 't ''

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15-29.

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

'a
.a
aa
.a
.i
aa
.a
.i

.a
'
o
..
.
.i

. '
a.
. '
..
.
a.
..

.-

.a .'
.a aa
.a 'a
.4 "
o
'o
.a .o

"
'a o'
'a
aa aa

.a '.
.o o
'r 'o

..
ro
i

'a
"
-i r
. :i

.'
'a " ' o'
'a o'
ao 'a "'o
''
''
'a " o'
"
'o.' .'
''"
..
'.

'a '
'a
ao ''a'

.a "
" a'

'
.a' ""
. .r
. .. .a
.a ..
.a aa a' aa 'a
aa oa a' a' 'a
.o .. .a "
'a
" a'
' oo .
.:ior
'.' o.
..
o.
io

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.a
.

. .a
'l.o
aa -o
ri ro .

.. 'o "
o 'a.a ..
ir 'a
.'
"
aa
"
'a
'o

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t'

''
o'
'.
.'
t'
"

''
''
''

''
".'

" "
'a a'
'a
a' " ''''
ao 'o ''
' o'
'
' '"'

''
.'"
''
'"'
''

''
''
''
" '
''

"

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'''

oo.a
a. a.
a' aa
a' .a
a. . .. o.

'o
a'
ao

aa
,o
a.

a.
'a
.. oa
..4.

'

'o
"t'

.o .a
ta aa

o..
a aa
a .a

Match each item with its corresponding braille

transcription by writing the number of the print item
next to its braille transcrption '

14

Basic Nemet'h Code

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8. 790
9. 54
10. 629
11.75
12. 111

.a .. '. . '
'o l. a. a.
aa . . . . .
.a .. .' ..
.a aa .a .a
aO aa a. Oa

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Answers

1.8
2.29
3. 546

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5. How many digits are in the number 726?

6. The train left the station at 7 :15
7. Count from 1-100.

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8.790
o54
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1

11

;:3::;

0. 629

11. 75

12. 111

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals,'

... l5

The Mathematical Comma

The mathematical comma is (dot 6). This is a different
symbol from the English braille comffiE, (dot 2). Can
you guess why the Nemeth Code does not use the
English braille comma? The English braille comma is the
same as the Nemeth symbol for the number 1 , so it
would be difficult to write some numbers without
conf usion (e.9., 1 ,11 1 ,1 1 1l,.

Now study the following rule:

The mathematical comffid, (dot 6), is
regarded as a numeric symbol, not a
punctuation mark. Therefore, do not use
the punctuation indicator before a
mathematical comma.
Use the mathematical comma to separate long numbers
by place value. Read the following example:
.
..
.a aa ..

'o,)u'o "'
.

a.

a.

'a

to separate mathematical
items in a list or a series. Read the following examples:
Use the mathematical comma

t6

Basic Nemeth Code

._l

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.a .. ..
'a aO "
aa .. 'a

.a .. .,
a a. '
aa '. .o

'a .' "

'a aa "
aa aa'a

.a .'
'
'a a'
aa 'a 'o

3, 5, 7,

1,

:: :; :: ?: :: ;,: ;: :;
::
'a.a""t''a"a''

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a'a'

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Check ltems

'a "
'' ''
aa a'

:: ;: ::

a''''

'a "
'' O'
'a 'a

9.
:: ;: ::

:: ;;

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"

t""O

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;;

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2, and 3.

When a comma follows text, use the English braille

comma. For example:

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.i o.
aa . .

a'
oa .a aa
.o .. .' '. .''. .'"
. . . a.
' a' ' '

dimes

'a a'
"
'a a
aa
'

aa 'a a' a' a'

''
' '' ''
'a a' "
a'
' ' ' a ' ' ' o'' ' ''t'

'
''' '

t'"
"

''
''
o'

"
''''

"
t'''

nickels, and 5

"
'''t

'' t' ''

"'' t' ''
' ' ' ' ' ''' '
'

Pennies

Practice Exercises
I
I

Write the print equivalent of the following:

I

r.
i

I'

.a ..
.a o.
oa '.
.a ,.
'o a'
aa a.
.a
.
'a oa
.a ..
.a ..
.a.a
aa .a

.a '
.o oa
.a .a
.a ..
.a aa
'a .t
.
'o
,a aa
'a ,a
.o ..
,. aa
.a .a
OO a.

-'

:
rA

.a ..
a. oa

.a,.
.a a. 'a.'
'a oa
aa .a .a 'a

.a .,
.t aaa a.
.a .
'a aa'
oa..
.. .a
.. a.a aa
.a
.
.a a.
ao a.

.. .o .a .a ..
.a to oa ao.a
.

oa
.a aa
.a
..
a'
,.
'.
'o
aa a. aa .a .,
a. aa o. ao
a. '. .a a. .a
.' a' .a aa
.. aa .. .o
.a a. .o '

a' 'o "

aa ao.a
a.
..
aa
.a
.O
aa

aa aa
.a .a
'. aa
.. .
aa..
" 'a

a. ar
aa a.
oa ..

.a .a .a
aa aa aa
a' 'a
a. a.
.
.a
a'
.a
.a
oa

'a
aa
aa a'4.
.. a. ..
.. a. aa
..
a.
'
'a 'a

aa
.'a'
.a
.a
aa

aa
o.
.t
aO'
aO'a

'a ' '

'l aa "
'a 'a 'o
aa .a .a aa a. aa
.

aa
O'
la

.a
. .
.a aa . a. a. aa
a. .a la
aa .a .a aa a. o. .a .a o. .o

'a " '

'a a'a'
aa
"

.a
aa a.
a. aa

'a a' aa
"
aa
'a ., l'
.a a.
a' 'a
aa
'a a'
a'
'a 'O
a'
a'
'

"
aa
'o
a' 'a aa a'
aa a'
' 'a
a' ' a' "

a'
a.
aa
.a .a.o 'o .a 'o
.
. a.
a. . a.

:: i: :: :: ::

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

6. 3,954,020
7. 2,000,000 is 2 million.
8. 2, 4, 6,8
Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals)

... l7

9. 586,400 square miles

10. Which is larger: 24,30O or 24,299?
Find and explain the errors in the following sentence.

Then braille it correctly.

.a '. ..
'a a. a.
44 .. ..
a.
..
'a
a.
..
..

.a ..
.r aa
,a .a
.a aa a'
a. ,. . '
. a'
..
.a
aa
aa
.a a. ..
a. .. a.

.. aa
. aa a' ..
.. ao
. .. aa la
.O a. a"a
'a "
,. .a .a '.
aa
.
a'
a. a. 'a
.a o. .a.a
aa
aa a. aa. a. .a
.a .a .a
.. a. a.
.. a. .
. a. a.

a. a.
aa.a
a'
'
.a
'a a'
al a.
,a
a'
a,

.,
a.
'a

.a . '
.a ao
aa 'a

aa a. aa a. .o .a
.a '.
.a ..
, ..4.
.. aa " a' a' 'a 'a'
'a .'
'O
" a'
'a aO
oa
'a
' aa a'
'a
'
.a .o
.a a.
'a .. .a
a' a' 'a
a'
.' a' aa a.'
aa
.. a. a, aa

a. a.
aa.'
" "
aa 'a 'a
a'
".. o'
.t a.

l. a.
aa .a

.a
a.
a'

.a '. ..
.a a. a.
aa ' a'

Answers

.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1

2,OOO,OOO

80,290
The study included 4,090 women.
2, 3, 5, 7 , and 11 are prime numbers.
Round off 4,826,594 to the nearest thousand.
3,7

.a . ' .o . '
.o ..
.aaa
.aaa..
.a .a
aa a. 'aaa
aa ..
.a .. .a..
'a '
.a oa .a aa
'a a'
aa aa .a .a
oa o'
.a . .o '.
.a ..
.a a.' .o aa
.o a.
aa aa .o .a
aa a.
.a . .a .'
.a ..
.o a'
aa
'a .a.o
aa a. .o .a
lo .o
,. .. .o..
..
'a
.a a. .a .a aa
,
.o
aa .' aa.a.a
.o .. .
.a a. ra
. a.
aa a. .a.a
a.

.aa.
.aa..a
aa..
.a a. .a .a .a aa a. ao
.a
.o . .a .a 'a
o.
..
aa .a ao oa aa
.. . '
.a .. '.
.o oa..
aa..
.a.o
la a. .a
.a ao a.
oa .a .a'
a. oo .
.a aa aa
t. a. aa
.a.a
a. ,a aa aa ,.
l. .a oa aa aa
a. a.
.. t.
a. a. .. .a..
.. .a ..
.a .a a'
a. .a aa

. .o .a
.a aa aa
.a
.
.a
.a
oa
.
a. oo .
aa a. .a
a.
.a
.a
..
.a
a.

.a
a.
o.
,a
.o
oa
.a
.a
a'

'o.
'l o.
oo a'

aa .a a. a. .a a. oa ..
' a. a. a. o. .a .a aa
a. .. a. a. '. a. a. .a

a.
al

o'
.o
.

aa .o a. a. .a
.. a. a, .o a.
a. .. a.
a.

.a '.
.a a. aa
ta a' .o.a

aa .o .a
.. aa aa

a. a'
.a aa
a. a.

11 . This sentence has three errors.

t8

The mathematical comma preceded by a

punctuation indicator appears instead of an
Basic Nemeth Code

L
I

English braille comffid, (dot 2), after the word

tr
f,
I

ducks.

I
I

t
f

ir
F
i
I

The mathematical comma preceded by a

punctuation indicator appears instead of an
English braille comma after the word chickens.
There is no need for a punctuation indicator
following text, but it appears before the period
after the word cows.

||
I

The correct way to braille this sentence follows:

: ::

.a .. . .o ..
:
.a a. a. .a ao
.o a.
aa '. .. .a.a
.a oa a. .. .o
a.
.. a.
.
. o. o.
.4..
'. a. .o a.
.a
a'
aa
.a a.
.a a.
.a a.
ao
. a. .. a

a. . .

aa aa
a. .a
a.
a.
.o

. . aa a. a. . ,
a.
.. aa aa .o a. .o
. t.
,a
.a ..
aa ,a .a
aa
.a a,
a.
a.
' . a.
.O a.
aa
aa O.
a.
a.
o. .a ..
.. a.
aa a.
aa
aa
" a'a'

a.

?: ::
..
aa
.a

.a
a.
a.

.a ..
.a aa
aa .a
.
a. 'a
.. aa a.
.a .
.a

.l
aa
.a a.
.. al
. a.
..4.
. aa ' a' o.
.a oo
a. la
.a ..
.a
.a a.
.. a.

..
t'
..

.
..
'a
.a a. a.
oa .. a.
.a ta a. a. .a
o. ,. . a. o.
.. a. .. a. a.

r
l
I

Roman Numerals
It is not dffcult to read and write Roman numerals in
the Nemeth Code. Note that the English letter indicator
is the same as the letter sign in English braille
(dots 56). The capitalization indicator is the same as
the capital letter sign in English braille (dot 6). Study
the following rules and examples.

Lesson 2: Numerals, Indicators, Roman

J

Numerals, I I

Math curricula generally use capitalized Roman

numerals; therefore this section provides practice with
capitalized Roman numerals only.
Use the English letter indicator along with

the capitalization indicator for single capital

Roman numerals.

:a::::

:i:;?:

IML

:i:;::

Use the double captalzation indicator only

before more than one capitalized Roman

numeral. Do not use the English letter
indicator before more than one capitalized
Roman numeral.

:.;::::.;.;:::;

XV

XX

:i:;:::i::
MDC

Use the punctuation indicator before punctuation that

follows Roman numerals. Also use the mathematical

comma following Roman numerals. Study the following
examples:
.a ..
.a a.

i'.
20

''

.o
'
. OO

..

.a
l.

aa a. aa o. aa
.a ..
. O. aO

.4..
'a a'

'1

.
'a

.a.o
a' O'

il; "rru"r o' is'

.
'a '

aa .a..
" 'a aa

' '-.''

''

Basic Nemeth Code

L_._

t't
{l

a .a .o ..
.. .. a' a' a' "
'O .a .. .. " 'a

.
.o .a ..
.. O. a. ..
.a '. .. .t

::;: ::;;
.a ,a

aa t.

lll,

ll,

2.

t_

a a. ..
"
"
' a' a'
'a'a
' aO 'a

lv,

..
, a'
'O ' a'
'a 'a aa

F.

Practice Ex ercrse s

J
I

I
I
I

-,

Write the prnt equivalent of the f ollowing:

.t ..
.o t.
.a ..

.a
.r aa'
.. ..

;: i, ,: ?i :; :; :: :;
....
....
:o oa 'a oa

F
I

,
'_
UI

.. '. .a
.a .' a'
.a .a ..

]i

''

.. .. ..'o't
" " a' ''

''

,i'l li rl,i;i;:;: i: i:

,:,;:: :::i

Bralle each of the following iteffrs, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

5. Xlll

6.

7.
8.

MDC

t-

:
:
_
I

V, Vl, Vll, Vlll, lx, x

Find and explain the error in the following example.

Then braille it correctly:

a '. .a . '
'a .a .a Oa
aa a. .a .a

'. .o
'..a a.
..

.a .a
a. .
. a.

.a ..
.a l.
aa ..

.a ..
.a aa
.a ,a

'-

Answers

1.
2.

XV

Lesson 2: Numerals, tndicators, Roman Numerals,' ...

2l

3.
4.

Vll

9.

Single Roman numerals require the English letter

indicator, (dots 56). lt s missing from the
sentence. The following is the correct way to
braille the sentence:

1,000 is M.

.o .. .a ..
.a .a .a aa

.a..

a
a,

'a .a
a. a.

.a ..
.a a.

'a ..
.a
aO

Addtional Signs
Note that these representations are different in the
Nemeth Code than they are in English braille. Read
them and commit them to memory:

22

Basic Nemeth Code

1-

decimal point

-l

b
\

a
t-

')

'o a.
..
a.
.. o.

(dots

4, 123l/

(dots

4, 14ll

c
pe

rcent

L
I

(dots 4, 2341l

cent (s)

.o .a
.. o.
.. a.

pou nd sterling

1_

(dots 46l

dollar

.a
.a

.a
.. .a
. ' aa

Yo

(dots 4, 356)

degree (s)
o

-)

(dots 45, 46, 1 6)

|f

{
t_

t
I

Read the following examples:

.O .
.a .
.o o. .a aa'
ao . .a.a

.a .. ,. .t .,
.a a. a. .. a
aa . oa .a .a

1.

18.5

;i :: :i i:

:: ii

.a
.a a.
ao a.

.a '.
.o ta
.o .l

2.

,a .. .a ..
.o .a ., aa
oa aa .a aa

o.7

t",

'

3.

?:

$35

:; :: ii

.49

;:

;: :a :: ?i :: :: :: ::

4.

f.26

Note that in Examples 3 and 4 you do not use the

numeric indicator. The dollar or pound sterling symbol
alert the reader that a number is to follow, so the
numeric indicator is not needed.
Lesson

2: Numerals, tndicators, Roman Numerals,' ... 23

-L

{
.a..
.a..
.a a. .a al
aa .a .a .o

5.

.'
'a
.a aa a" 'a
aa aa '4 "

aa
'

.a .. .t ..
.i ro . r
aa a. .a .a

6.

75C

.a "
.a a'
aa '

" ' 'a

'a 'o "
aa aa ''

"
'a
aa

l OOo/o

'-(

Note in ExamPles 5 and 6 you use the numerc

indicator. The cent and percent signs follow the
number, so use the numeric indicator before the

number.
.. .a .,
'a
.o ao .a aa
ta aa 'a .a

-7

t.

.
.a .'
'a a. .a
a a. aa

20"

The Nemeth code degree symbol is actually composed

of the superscript indicator (dots 45) followed by a
two-cell hollow-dot symbol. However, for now iust
learn it as illustrated.

When a symbol for degree is used with the abbreviation

for Fahrenheit (F) or Celcius (C), leave a space before
the abbreviation, whether or not a space appears in
print. Use the English letter indicator and the
capitalization indicator before the abbreviation. Lesson
7 discusses the English letter indicator in more depth.

Study Examples 8 and 9.

,.
'a
.a t.
aa aa

8.

.::;

:i:;

aa
a.

550 F
550F

24

Basic Nemeth Code

l)
f

L
fI
t

ll

F
I

.a ,.
.a'a
ao a.

.a ..
.a aa
.a .a

.a .. ..
.a a. a.
aa .. a.

,. . ' al
'4
.o ".a '"

.a .a o.
.a .. ..
.. .a .a

9.

120

120 C

I
{

I
I

!
I

t_
I

Practice Exercises

Match the following items by writing the number of the

Nemeth Code item next to its print equivalent.

r
i

F
I

'a ..
'o a.
aa ..

.a ..
aa
'a
.t .a

.
.a .a " .. .a . '
.. o. aa aa .. .l .a
. a. a. .a .a ao oa

f.1 ,500.00

.a '.
'a o.
aa a.

.a ..
.a aa
.a .a

.a . ' .. .a oa
'a a. a
al a. .a .. ..

60c

.a .. ,a ..
.o aa 'a oa
.a.o
aa..

.a .
. .a .'
.a a- o.' .. .a
.o..
aa
aa..

350

I
I

i-

.a..
.o..
.a a. .a aa
aa .a .a .a

.. .a .a a.
.a..
. ..
.a .o .t .o
oa o. aa .. .a .a

.a.

.a a.

.o.,

.. .. aa
.o
o.
.o .a .

o.

..

20.50

64.00

15o/o

.4..
.4.,
.o aa .a oo
ao aa .a .a

.O .O ! .. .4..
.
. ' a. o. .o . a. .a
.. o. a. ao .o .o oo

f 300.0o

.o..
.a
.
.a o. .a aa
oa ao .a .a

.4.,
...a
ao
.a aa .o , .
oo a. oo .. .. '

25o/o

.a .. .a .,
.a .o .o aa
aa o, 'a .a

.a a' .
,o .. ..
.. l. ao .a .a . ' .o 'o
. a. . aa aa .a aa aa

25Q

.a
. . .a ..
.a a. ,a 'a oa
aa .. aa .a .a

.a ' ' ..
'a ao o.
aa .. .t

.o 'o a.
..
'o ..
.a .a

.. .. aa
.a . a'
.a.o
;

900

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals, ... 25

J

Braille each of the following iteffis, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

11. 250 F
12. t560.50
1 3. 95C
14. $200.00
1 5. 8Oo/o
Find and explain the errors in the following example.
Then braille the example correctly.

Answers
6

f-1

,500.00

.a .
.a aa
.a .a

.a
' . .a ao
'a a. a
..
aa a' .a .

60c

.a .. .a ..
oa
'a oa .a
.a .a
aa .

.a
.. .a ..
.a a. a. .
.a
oa , .a ., oo

10

350

.a .. .a ..
.a aa .a aa
aa 'a .a ,o

.a
. . .a
.a a. a' .' '.'a
aa a. .a .. aa

.a ..
.a a.
aa a.

26

$20.50

Basic Nemeth Code

I
,t
1-_,1

-.I
_I I
I

.a ..
4..
.a o. 'a aa
aa .a .a .a

.a .. . .a.a
a'
.o .3 .a .o
. ..
aa a. aa .. .a .a

.. .. aa
.a '. a.
.a .a . '

. .l . '
I
' a aa .a aa
aa a. .a .a

,a a. .
.
. a. .o .a ..a .a' 'a'
a' a.
. a. . ' .o .a aa oa .a aa aa

15o/o

.a .. .a .
.a aa .a oa
!a aa .a .a

.o .a
. .. .a .. .
.. a. a. .a .. a. .a
'. a. a' aa .a .a aa

f 300.00

. .a . '
'ao o.
-o oa
aa aa .a .a

.a .. . ' 'a aa
.a aa -o . Oa a. aa . .

25o/o

25Q

900

64.00

U
||
,

lr
|

L-,
)

t'

i,

,4..
.a a'
ta ..

. .a ..
.a .a a!
aa .a .a

.a .. .. .a .a a.
.a Oa O' .a . ..
aa . .o .. .a .a

..
. aO
.4..
a.
.a .a ..

.a
.a
aa
.O
'.

.. .. oa
,O .. a.
.a .a , '
.r
.a
aa

Ir
lr

lr
L-

l'
I

'o .. ..
.O
a' a.
aa .. ..
.'
'4..
.O
a. a.
aa .. a.
.4.
.
.o o. al
.
oa ..
.a
.
.a l.
ao ..
.o..
.O O.
.
at

.a '.
.a aa
.a .a
.O..
.a Oa
.a .a
'4..
.t
.a aa
'a

. .a .
aa .a aa'
.a 'a ,a
. .a..
a, .a aa
.a .a .a

..
a'
a'

.. 'a .a a.
.a .. ,.
a.
.a .. .a 'a
.a .
O. .
a. a. Oa .a .. a.
a. .a a. oo .a .a
.a..
,..a
.a .a a. .. ao
aa o. .a
.a .a .
.. a. a' .o
.. a. a. oa
,a..
...a
.a a. .a ..
aa aa aa.

.a .. .
.a . .a .a
aa .o aa oa
..
.a
aa

3
I

16. This sentence has two errors:

o The dollar sgn at the beginning of the second
line is incorrect. lt should be (dots 4, 234]'
o The commas following the prices appear
incorrectly. They should be mathematical
commas wth no punctuation indicator.
.

r
t

Lesson 2: Numerals, lndicators, Roman Numerals,' ... 27

The following is the correct way to braille the sentence:

a. .o
.. aa
, a.
.a .a
'. a.
'. a.
.a a.
a. .a
.
a.

'o a. a.
a. 'o a.
a. a. a.
.a
oa aa aa
.. a' .a .a

aa
.a
.

.o
a.
aa

. .
..
a' .a . '
aa a..a

..
a,
'.

a,
.a aa
aa
.a a. .a

a. a.
aa .o

Summary
This lesson introduced the Nemeth Code numerals,
basic indicators, and the mathematical comma. lt also
introduced Roman numerals, the decimal point, and the
following symbols: dollar, pound sterling, cent, percent,
and degree. By practicing one symbol at a time, you
will soon be able to use the Nemeth Code with a
student.

28

Basic Nemeth Code

I
[*)

Assignment 2

r/

Ir
)
i_'

-)

rl

t
,]

L)
)

{r
-f

t
I

I
\
I

I
I

t
J
l

Fo' general

instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment
by giving your full name, address, and phone number.
Also list the name of this course, Assignment 2, your
instructor's name, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

Write ltems 1-12 in print.

.a ..
. 4.
aa ..
.4..
.l a.
aa a.
.a ..
.a aa
aa..
.a
.
.a ta
aa .a
.a
.a
aa
.a
'a
aa

.a ..
.a aa
.a 'o
'a..
.a
aa
.a .a

.a ..
.a aa
aa at
.o..
'a aa
.a
aa

.a ..
.a ao
'a.a
.a .
.a ao
.a .a

.a ,a ,.
.. a. .a
,. a. a.
.a .. .
,o ta ..
oa .a.a

. ,a ..
a. .a aa
.a .a 'a
,. .4..
aa..a aa
a. ,a .a

. ' ..
.a a.
aa aa
.,.a
aa
aa ' ..
a
.a
..
.. aa' l.
.a.
a'

aa a. .a ..
aa .l aa.o
ao a. .a
. a' a.
aa aa .

. ..
.a 'a
.. 'a a. aa
.. aa ,a ..
.a a. a. o.

a. a. .a
oa . a.
.
a.
.a ..
.t
,
a.
a.
a.
ao
ao
a.
.a .
.a aa .
.a oo .a a. ao
. .. a. ,a
aa a.
a. a. .. a,
aa a' a. .a
a. a.
a.
a.
.a .a 'a a.
aa .a
aa
..4.
'. o.
.a .. .a ..
. .a 'o
.a .. ..
.a aa .t aa
., o. a,
.a aa ao
.a .. a.
aa aa 'a.a
oa .. a.
.a .. .a..
.' .a
,a a. aa aa oa
.a a.
..
. o. aa
aa
aa ,a
.a .a
.a a,
aa aa 'a
ot
a. .. a. a. ,a
.a
.. .. oa
'a .. .'.o .'.a .a
.a .. a.
.o .
..
'a a.
,o .a ..
aa .. oa ao '. .a .a
.a . ' .a '.
.
.a a,
aa .o
.a .o .a aa
. 'a
a. .
ao aa
.a o.
. a.
aa a. .a .a
aa
a. a.
.a
. .a .. .a ,, .. ,a .
,o
.a a. .a oo .o ao .l .a a.
o.
lo 'a .a .. ao,.
aa .a a,
aa
.4..
.a
. .a'.
.. .a..
.o oo ,a ao .o .a .a .a aa
aa a. .a . aa aa ao .t .o
.4 ,
.a ..
.t a. .. ,. .a .. .,
.o a. "'a .a aa
.. ,a ,o
a. aa
,. o. a, aa
ta .. aa .a ,a
aa .a aa oa
.t !. '. .a . r
,a
al a. .a
.o a. a. 'a aa
,. ' a.
.a ,a ,a
.a aa
ao . .. .a .o
oa ., a.

Assignment 2
l

.a .o .a
aa aa aa

.o
'l
aa
..
..
.a
a. .o
a. oa
a. a.

a.
oa aa a. a. .o
.. a.
l. a. .a a.
.. t. a.
a.
a.
.a aa
.a
a. .a
aa
.o ..
aa a.
a. o.
.. .a
. a a.
a' . .
..
l.
ao
a. .a .a aa a, a.
a' aa l. l. a. .a
a. aa a. a. .. a. o. ..
a. a. a.
aa . aa a'
oa .a
aa
'a .a
toa.
'O.
.a
. 'a .a o.
a.
.o.a.a
.
'a
. .o .a
a.
aa a' aa '4..
.

t.

.a

?: ?:::
a' .a
.. ot
..4.
.a
aa
a.

a. '.
a.
.. .a
t.
.. a.
a.
.a a. aa
a. .o.
a' . ' ..

.a
a'
.a aa
a. oa
.
a.
a'
aa
.t aa
'a 'a
a. a. ..

..
a.

.o
.
.a .a
aa a.
a'
a. .O
.a aa
.. .a a.
.
. , . . a.

a.
ta
ta
.a aa
a' a. o.
. O, ,a
.
.o .
.a 'a

at o. .a ,a ,.
a. .o ,a a. a,
o. .. a. a. .,
a'
aa
aa

aa
a.
aa
aa O. a. .a .a
a. la..
o. aa
. . a. aO . a,

.a .. .a ..
.a ao .a a.
ao .. .o aa
aa
a.
aa ..
aa
.. .a

.a
.t " aa
o. ,a
, aa
a.
a
oa
o. .a a.
a,
.a a. a. ..
a.
o.
at .a
aa oa . .a
a. .o a. oo
. a.
o. a.
a. ., . a,

a. .a
. ' oa
.. a.

29

,'

.a
a. a.
.. a.

a. .a
aa a.
aa aa
.a
a.
aa

..
aa o. .a
..
aa aa aa
.. a. a.
'a
.. aa
a. ..
a. .a.a .a ,a
a. a'
aa

,
.a a. a. .a
.,
a, .. r. aa
.a
o. .
a' a.
. a ! . . a a.
a.
a. a. aa ..
a
a! . .a ..
aa

a. a'
a. o.
a. .. ,. .a
a. .. o. ..
. a Oa
aa ao
a. 'a

.'aa aa'
aa , '

Braille ltems 13-24 in the Nemeth Code.

1

3. 254

14. $0.89
15. f121 .OO
1 6. 33o/o
17. 400 F
18. 1,3,5,7,9
19. Xll
20. 25o/o of 4,OOO is 1,OOO.
21 . How did Tom evenly divide $35.00?
22. Deduct 20C from the price of all candy items.
23. X, XX, XXX, XL, L
24. 5Oo F equals 1Oo C.
Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to
Lesson 3: Signs of Operation and Grouping.

30

Basic Nemeth Code

'I

Lesson 3: Signs of OPeration and

Groupng
F
I

F
I

f
I

Now that you know the numbers, you can begin to use
them in mathematical expressions. Lesson 1 explained
how the Nemeth Code was developed and how it is
used. Lesson 2 described the Nemeth Code numerals,
basic indicators, the mathematical comlTlo, Roman
numerals, and Some special signs. This lesson
describes signs of operation, including plus, ffiinus,
times, and divided-by. lt also describes signs of
grouping, including parentheses and brackets. Once
you can use these signs, you will be able to read and
braille mathematical expressions in the Nemeth Code.
Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use

a. signs of operation in linear display
b. signs of grouping

Lesson 3: Signs
J

of Operation and Grouping

3t

Basic Signs of Operation

Signs that tell you to do something to mathematical
values are signs of operation. Read these signs and
symbols and commit them to memory:
pl us

+
minus

.a
aa

(dots 346)

O'

(dots 36)

trmes cross
(dots

4, 16)

times dot
a.
'a

(dots 1 6)

'a't
.a a.

(dots 46, 34)

a.
.a
a.

(dots 135)

divided by
divided into, linear

Nemeth Code symbols of operation follow these rules:

ln linear presentation, symbols of

operation appear unspaced f rom the

32

Basic Nemeth Code

r.

numbers and symbols on which the

operation is being performed.

ln general, the numeric indicator is not

used after a symbol of operation.

J
I
I

Now read the following examPles:

I

1.

'

)a

::::

r.

::

to

o..a.o

r:.

:3;::3ii
't 'o

.:;::?;: '.

::;::3;;
. .o

F
I

ii

''

8+4

2.

::a;::: :; i:

;: ii

7Ox3

4.

::::

::;:;:::;';:
'o'
"

"

''

25

;: i,

"

17

:::;:: ;i

20'10

.
.O .. .a
,a a. ,a la
aa .a .a .a

5.

l_

.a
.
.a
. .O .
.o .a .. a. . a.
aa o. aa a' aa 'a

9+2+5

::;;::;;

a aa .a .a

7.

:3;;:;::::;;

oa .a a.

49

.a a'

aa

+7

.O '. .a ..
.a aa 'a aa
aa a' '' 'o

.O . ' .a " " .'

.a aa .. aa . o.
o'
' ' o' t'
" "

::;: ::;;'l

aa

6.

aa aa 'a

8.

7+ 3-2

:3;;?;:;;;
"
''

''

''

6FE

)
,,

The plus and minus signs are also used to indicate

positive and negative numbers. Study the following rule
and examples:

Use the numeric indicator after a minus

I

symbol that occurs at the beginning of

braille line or that follows a space.

I
I

Lesson

3: Signs of Operation and Grouping

33

.a .. .a.'
.t .a .a oa
aa o. .a .a

9.

.. .a'a
.r iO..
a.
.
'. ,a a. .o .a .
aa aa .. ao . 'a 'a

aa
.a' .. ' a
.a 'a
.

-1OoF

'O '
" 'a "
a a. 'a 'a oa
aa .. aa .a .a

10.

".. 'O ' '

'a aa '
ao aa . ' 'a

'a. "
aa
aa ..

-3,+3

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

.a
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa
.O
'a
aa
.a
.a
aa

. .a ..
a.' .a aa
.. -a .a

'a
'a
aa
.a
.a
aO
.a
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa
.o
.a
aa

.. .a ..
a. .a aa
.a .a .o

..
t.
a.
.
aa
..

.a ..
.a aa
.a .a
.a .
. O la
-o.a

.. .a ..
aa .a aa
.a .a .a

..
aa
a.
,.
oa
aa
..
a.
aa
..
.a
a.
..
a.
..

.a .
.O tO
.a 'a
.a ..
.a ao
.a .a
.a
.
.a aa
.a .a
.a '.
.a aa
.a .a
.. .a ..
.a.a
aa
aa .a .a

.a
.a
aa
.a
'a
to
.'
..
.a

..
oa
oa
..
a.
..

.. .a .
.. a- ra
aa . .a a. aa
o. oa a. a' ,a aa " ' '
'. 't a' "
o. .. .a. aa
a. .
aa

oa
a,
..
'o
.a
..
oa
..
.a
.o
'o
aa
oa
.a
a. ..
.a
'
'a
aa
'a a'
.o a.
.. .a .
..
.. .o o. oa.
aa oa .. oo .. .a
.a a.
. . .a
. aa
aa .a'
.. a.
aa .a ..
t.
.. .t .. 'o
aa
.. .a a. .a
a.
.
aa aa .o
'a
aa
.. .a
'o aa
..
a.
a, .a .o
. a.
.
o.' ,a .a
r. oa a'
.. .a . '
aa . O.
ra .a 'O
'a
O'
oa

a'
a.
.,
.a
aa
..
a.
.

a ' aO ' '

a' aa a' 'a aa

'a ' ' 'a ta aa
a. a. .. a, .a
.o a. ..
.. .. a.
.. .a .a
..
.a
aa
.t .
" a'
'a a'
..
a.
a.
a.
.a

a' " aa 'o

aa a' 'a a'
.
a,
a.

'a " 'o '' t'

'a t.a' ' . .a' ,a'
' ao
oo
'

Oo "
" '
''.a.a' ' '. ' .o
"

..
a'
'a

.
o a.
. '. a
.o .a

a.
'a
..
.
.a .a

.a t.
aa .a
a, a,

.a .. .' 'a 'a a'

.. a. a. .a . .
aa .. .a '
'a 'o

.a
. .. .. .a .a . '
.a a. o. .o
' .. aa
aa a. .a ao .o a' .o

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

11.13 +

17

12.21 1 35
1 3. $39.50 x 3
14. -40 F
15. -10 + 14
16. 15 + 3
17. 14' 7

34

Basic Nemeth Code

18. 25FO
19. f2O0 x 5
20. -50 c
Answers

1.76 + 9242. 12x7

13

3. The thermometer reads -5o

4. $4.OO x 5

C'

5. 2oIO
6. 7.5' 9.25
7. -17 x2
8. f3O.35 x 4
9. from -5o to + 150
10. 25O + 4
-a .'
.i o.
rl i.
.
.a
.a
.l
:.
.a
.a
.::.
.a
.

..
.

..

.o

'a '
'..'
o...

..
ro
:;

.a .
rr
'
.-:.

' "
'a 'a
' '. r' ro 'o
.''.''o'.t'''''

''
"

''

'
'a "
'
lo.o
'.

'a
'o
"

'r
"
't

''
'r

"

't

"

:. .-:a

.. ..
o. o
.' r.
.'
' r
o.
. . ii
.
'o
.i r. .'.
o l,
.
.o.
'i r. -a
ao ' a.
.
.a .
'i ' 'a
oi i. oi

.a
.i
ri
.a
.i
r

"
"
"

'' '
'a a'
o. "

. .. .. .'
l.
a. aa 'a
;; .a:a
'. " 'a ..
. . .a aa

a;:.

"
''"

'o
"
.
.i.o

.i 1. . '
'
I. .- :.! .

"

"
""
'

''
'
"

."
..

o'
"
'' ''" .. " ''

'o "

'o
' 'a o' ..
ro' l''
o...
"
"
'''o

'a "
'..'
ao

'a "
'r oo
.
.r

" ''
" oo
'a o'
"
'a
a. ' ' '. '.
" " t'
'a a'
'"'
'a
.o.'
'''t
''
'o a' o' 'o
" '' t'
" a'
"
" 'a .' 'ot
' ''
o ri '''o
'

.a.'
'a ao
.o
'a
.t ..
'.. a'
:i

"
""

'
'' :
'' ''

"
''"

"
to

''

'' 'o t'"

' '
't o' '

'a '
' oo
.a .o

,a
'

'o
.:r

': ''
' ''
'o

"
"o.
" .,
'' ''
" "
't
'' " ''"
o' "
''
'' o'
"
'' ''
"
"

:'
'''t
': "
'? "
'o ''

t'
"
"

)
)

Lesson

3: Signs of Operation and Grouping

35

Signs of Grouping
Parentheses and brackets are the most common of the
signs of grouping. Always use the Nemeth code
parentheses and brackets with both text and numbers.
Perhaps you've already guessed why: the English braille
parenthesis symbol looks rike a numbe r 7 in the

Nemeth Code. Study the following chart:

left parenthesis
(

a.
ao
oa

(dots 12356)

.a
aa
aa

(dots 234561

.:::

(dots

4,

123b6)

::

(dots

4,

234561

right parenthesis
)

left bracket

[
right bracket

,:

Many other mathematical signs of groupng exist. They

almost always come in pairs. once you know how to
use parentheses and brackets, you can apply the same
rules to other signs of grouping. Now study the
following rules:

36

Basic Nemeth Code

L
-)

Use the Nemeth Code signs of grouping

with text and numbers (as punctuation

l-

,-'

and as signs of grouping). Do not use the

punctuation indicator before signs of
grouping.

,
i

l{*

No space appears between signs of

grouping and the characters enclosed

within them.

I
1

The numeric indicator is not used when a

numeral immediately follows a symbol of
grouping, since symbols of grouping
include a (dot 1 ) or (dot 4).

t
a
;
r
J

Study the following examples:

.4.
.a a.
.. ..

1.
.?:.
.o a,

.a
.
.a aa
,a .o

.?.,
.a ao

.a a. .. ., ., . ,o
a. ., .o..
oa oa . o, aa aa a. .a .. a. aa
aa .. ao , ao aa .. aa aa o. aa

(3+1)(10-2],
.o..
.a aa

. ..
.a

;."' ;' ;

o. !. ..
aa a. aa

'i

is

' -ft.;'

..
...o..
a. ao aa aa

r
)
-)

Notice in Example 2 that the m is the abbreviation for

"meter." Just as in English braille, use the retter sign
before a single-letter abbreviation that does not have a
period. Note that you do not use the punctuation

Lesson
I

3: Signs of Operation and Grouping

37

indicator before punctuation that follows an

abbreviation. Abbreviations are discussed again in
Lesson 10.

"'i;
''
i'to'l 7'i;'
."
.a ..
.i

a. ..
aa a'

.a '.
.i

.a .a a' " a'

" " aa aa "

" 'a
aa

'a
t'

'a
"

Can you guess why the contraction for in is not used in

the following sentence?
.a..

.a..

tt'.:.a
tt.a aa

aa

.:
l.

a.
.. a'

4.

..
..

.a
a.

'.:-t
a.
aa

'a "
'o t'

:o'

a' 'a oa
oo r' '

i r' o;

'''

io

o'
''

t'l'

''

't

t'

t'

''

t' ''
''
''
" "'r' "" "''" '' '''' " 'o"

''''

' '''''' t''' '''' o''.{o"

..:.. :..':aa

a' " "

o' aa a'

'a

The 1O (in the following example) is the sum.

According to the rule for nonuse of the numeric

indicator following a sign of grouping, if you used the
sign for in, (dots 35), it would appear to the reader as
the number 9. Can you think of other contractions that
should not be used next to signs of grouping? You'll
find more about the nonuse of contractions in Lesson
10.

Now study another rule and examPle:

lf punctuation follows a symbol ot

grouping, use the punctuation indicator.

38

Basic Nemeth Code

::;: :3;; ::
3: :;::
.a .. a. . '

oa .a .a .a

?:. a'?::3
aa

:::;;::::;
a' a'
' a'

"

::;:
?:::' :3:;;?;:
?:::
a' aa a'
'a a' t'
'' ''
"

5.

iA

Sentence 6, which follows, illustrates three enclosed

lists. The definition of an enclosed list is a group of
items, surrounded by signs of groupng and separated
from one another by a comma and one Space. Note
that you do not need a numerc indicator wth the items

i
J
I

t
J-

Find any prime

number(s).

inside an enclosed list.

F

a .. .o ..
a aa .a aa
aa a' .a .a

6.

a. .. '.
aa a. '.
aa a' 'a

a' " "

aa '4 "
aa ao 'a

" 'a
aa aa
'_ aa

(2, 3)

(O,

'a
" aa
o'
'a "

5)

a'
"
aa '
''
" " ''

.l
'
'o

'
''
o"''
o"'

F2, 7l

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

'a
.a
oa
.a
'a
aa
.a
.a
aa

.
. .a
o. .a aa
. , .a ,a
. .a
a. .o aa
a, 'a .o
.. .a ..
aa .a aa
. .a .a
o.
..
..

.o '. .a
.a ao .o
ao .a .a
I

.a
.a
aa
..
..
.o

,. .a a. a.
aa .. . aa aa
. a . . . a aa a.
aa .. .a ao
a, 'a a. .
.. a.
. .l

..
.. ..
.a aa
.
.a .a .
aa aa a. ,a
a. a. .a .a
,.
.. aa
. .a
aa
.o
.a ..

aa a. .a o.
. oa .a
o.
a. ao o. ..
ao
.a
a.

' aa
.a
aa
a.
.l
a.
oa

" aa
'a
".. a.
oa - . aa
aa a. a.
a. aa .o
a' a. a.
.a
a.
aa
.a
a. oa
.l .. a.
.

.a ao
'a ..
aa a.
oa o. a.
o' oa .a
a. a. a.
a.
la
.. .. a.
a.
a'
a.

oo o. a. .a aa
a. aa .o .a .
o. a. a. aa a.

o. .o .a
oa a.
aa a.
. a.
.
.a aa
.. .
. .
aa o. oo
oa o.
.a . .a ..
.
..
.a
a,
'a a. aa a,
.a a. .a oa
aa aa ..
aa
ao .o .o .a
aa ' ' oa .a aa aa
.a..
.a..
.a o. ..
l'
.a aa .a aa
aa .a .. oo aa a.
aa a. .a .a
oa a. .. aa .. .a

a. o'a.
a'aa
o. .
a
a,
' oa o.
. .a
. ..
ao .. a. aa
.a oa . aa
a .a.a
.o .. aa oa
a. .. oa ao

.a ..
,o oo
aa 'a
aa
.o o.
'
, aa
.a .a
a. aa
a. aa

t. a. 'a 'a
ao . oa 'a
aa , oa .t
ao. .a .a
aa a.
a. o.
.a .'
.a aa
.a .a

a, '
oa
.a
.o a.
aa l'
oo
a.
oa o.
.
,a a. a. ,a .o
aa .a aa aa .a ao
a. o' a' aa . .o

ao
.a
a. .a .a .a a,
oa aa a. al aa
. o, ..
la .o

aa
-a
.

o'
aa .a a'
.. .a .a 'a' l'
. l.
. 'a o'

a. .a .l .a a. o. a. 't
aa 'a " aa
ao oa a'aa
. a. aa a.
ao .a .. a'

=-'

Lesson 3: Signs
I

of Operation and Grouping

39

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

. The answer to item (c) is -5.25.

8. ([8 x -2Ol + [6 x -41)
9. (-3. 5) + t(-3l?ll
10. (2, 7l (3, 6) (4, 5)
7

11

. 25(7

2l

12. Solve for the unknown letter (hint: make a graph).

Answers

1.

4x (6 -

1)

2. Finish problem 4(al

3. Compute the products (with careful attention to
.

4.

decimals).
Do the problem in your head (without using your
calculator).

5. (3 + 5) (46. (et35et)
.a
.a oo
oa aa
.4..
.o o.
aa aa
.o .
.a .a
aa o'
.o ..
.o o'
aa .

.a
.a
'a
.a
'o
.a

..
aa
.a
.
ao
.a

.a
.
ao
'a
.a .a

. ' .o ..
.o 'a aa
aa .o 'a
.a
.
'a ,,
.a o. a.' ,a
ta
aa .. . ' .a .a

40

1)

.. .a
.. .a .a O.
a. aO .a .a aa
. a.
.. .a a. oo oa
oa a. aa .a
,a aa
.. a. a. .a .a
o. .. a. ..
a. .O a' .. .O a. . ..
'a .a .a.a
.
. a. .o' ..
aa .. aa a.
aa ..
aa .. oa ao .. .a ao a. ao . ' aa ao .
. . a. .. .a 't .a a. a
.a
a.
aa . aa . o. aa .. .' aa aa
aa aa
ao aa . 'a 'a oa aa
ao ao aa .. aa
..
.. .a
a.
oa o. .
oa oo
aa a. .a
aa aa
. .. a.
. .. ..
'a
.a o. t' oo
oa .. l.
aa o' .a aa aa aa a.

a. .. .
aa aa .
aa .. ,a
.a
aa
aa

.a 't
. .O
.a . .. .a.t
a' OO .O
. .o a. .. o. a. .a ao
aa . aa
o. a.
.. a.
oa '. aa
ao aa .a .a a. .a .a ,a
. .a a.
. .. .a .a .a
a.
. aa aa ..
.
. oa . oa aa
aa a. ., .a oo .o . aa aa
. .a 'a 'a
a.
at o. aa .. . aa
aa a. aa
ao
. .a
.a
a. ,
oa oa
aa oa ..
a. ao
a' aa
ta 'o .a
'a aa
lO
.
a.

Basic Nemeth Code

tr

i(

:3

aa

:: ;;
;:. ::
a' 'a 'a

:.
;: ?;::
'a a' a' r'

3:
r

?;
' '

:: ;;:::' :: ii:: ':::

"

?3 : i;t' :: :;' ' o':; ;: ;;

i!" :i" ::'' ::" ?:
.'
t'
"
''
''
''

??
''

?:
'

::
:;
t' '

t
I
a
'
F
I

i-

L_

Summary
This lesson introduced signs of operaton, including
those for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. lt also explained how to use signs of grouping,
including parentheses and brackets. Many signs of
operation and grouping exist in mathematics. tf you
need to use a sign of operation or grouping that is not
in this lesson, look up the Symbol, using one of the
references in the list that accompanies this course.
Then apply the rules you learned here.

I
I

L
,

I
I

H
'
I

Lesson

3: Signs of Operation and Grouping

4l

42

Basic Nemeth Code

{
I

Assignment 3

t
t

For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment
by giving your full name, address, and phone number.
Also list the name of this course, Assignment 3, your

t\

t
I

L
I

instructor'S name, and the date. Be Sure to include the

item number along with each answer.

Write ltems 1'1O in print.

.a
.o
ao
.a
.a
aa
.o
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa

.
I

.a
.a
aa
.a
.a
ta
.a
.a
aa
.a
.l
aa

LI

;I

ir

.
a.
..

.a ..
.a oa
.a .a

..
a.
a.
..
aa
..

.a "
.a ao
.a .a

.a ..
.a aa
.a 'a
.. ,a ..
aa ,a oa
.a .a .l

.a
.a aa' ''.a "'o
aa a. aa aa
a! ' "..
aa a. .a
a! a.
.a
.a
ao
..
.a

a.
,
a.

.a
"
'a
.
a.
.a

'
'
'a
'
ao'a

aa
'a
..
a.
a.
aa
. . aa..
.a . .' aa
'a 'a " 'a
o a'
"
'a ao
'a "
ao
"
'a
.a ..
'.,a aa
ao

a
o. ..
aa .'
oa
at aa
"
aa aa a. a.
.'o'aa
'a
aa o. o. '
.a a. . ' 'l
aa a' ' '
a. aa .a aa
.. '.
'
a. oa
aa
. .a .o

'a
aa
aa
.a
a'
a'

.a oo .o a. a. o.
a. .. aa . aa .a
. ' aa r' aa a' "

t'
tt
"

..
''
"

''

'
'

"
''''

''
o'
"

a' aa 'a 'a a'

" 'a .a a' a'
aa a' a' " a'

ot
o'

''
a'
"

'a 'a
o'
' t'''

'a
''
"

''
a'
''

"
aa
aa

a'
"
'a
'a
"
'a

'
'a "
'a
' 'a
aa 'a a'
aa
'a
-a
'a
a'
aa

.. . '
a' 'a
.a ao
.. .
a. a.
.. a.

'O "
.a
ao
.a .a

" 'a
a'
' 'a " 'a a' ' 'a '
aa aa . a. oa aa aa " a' a' aa
aa aa aa aa aa ao ' oa ' 'o oa

a.
.o
a.

'o
o' ot
'a aa

'a
aa

.a .
.O a.
aa .
.a
..
.o
ao
.a
oo

'o
oa
aa

"
a'

'a 'a '

a' 'o
' "
' 'a oo 'o a' ''"

'
''
aa

''
''
''

''
"

ot o'
" ''
"
''

'a 't "

" aa
O'
'O aa
'a aa 'o 'a

Braille ltems 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

11.25

.a
'.ar

a' "
ao a'
ao "

" 'a
a' aa
a. aa

.
'..a a.
ao ' o'
a. aa oa aa o'

aa a. a.
.l
.. a. a.
.. .a .. .' .o .a a.
.. ..
'. .a a. .a.a
la OO . aa " 'a 'a
.a .a '. ..
.. .a .,
aa o.
aa
l..a .a
". o.
.a .a
a' .a .a
.a .. a. ..
.. .l ..
. aa
.a a.
aa .a lo
aa .a .a .
a' .a 'o
.a . a. .o
.. .a ..
.o a. aa .
ta .a oa
aa a' ta
aO .a .O
.. .a
. ' .o ..
a'
.a
.. a.
a. .l aa
.a aa
.
aa 'a 'a

a'
.a
aa
.a .. .a
.a .a .a
aa a' 'a
.a .. ..
.a a. .o
aa .. oa

'a " "

" aa aa
aa aa a'

17

12. 579 + 300 +

I
l

Assignment 3

43

13. 283 tt. (86 m)

14. (6 ' -5) + (2O ' -44l.
1 5. 3F80
1

6. f2O.00 x 11

17. (6 - 2) x (8 - 4l
18. (7 xGl , (6 x7l, @2 + 71 , (42 + 6)
19. (O, O) (1O, O) (9, g)
20. The expression $15.OO - (O.20 x $15) gives you
the price after a 2Oo/o discount.
Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to
Lesson 4: Signs of Comparison.

44

Basic Nemeth Code

{__

Lesson 4: Signs of Comparison

I
'v
1
I

L._.

Once you can use the sign for equals, you can compare
values in math. Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth
Code was developed and how it is used. Lesson 2
described the Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators,

the mathematical cOmJTlO, Roman numerals, and Some

special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation

I
v
L
i
t

and grouping. This lesson presents signs of

comparison. These include equals, does not equal, less
than, greater than, and many other comparison signs.
Using the Nemeth Code signs of comparison will enable
you to read and braille equations.

I'
v

objective

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use

i'

Basic Signs of Comparison

lt's easy to define a sign of comparison when you read

mathematical expressions such as 5 _ 5 or 2

sign of comparison acts like the middle of a scale,

Lesson

4:

Signs

of Comparison

45

telling you something about the relative quantities on

each end of the balance.
Read these signs and commit them

to memory:

equals

:?

?:

(dOtS

;:

:::'

(dots 34' 46' 13)

46, 1 3)

does not equal

I
is similar to

.: :3::

::

(dots 4, 1 56 , 4, 1 56)

greater than
less than

ratio " is to "

ii

:i

(dots 5, 2l

proportion "as"

::

:3::

(dots56,23l

Follow these rules when using signs of comparison:

A symbol of comparison is preceded and

followed by a space.
46

Basic Nemeth Code

*l
l"
I

Study the following examples:

l'
.a '. .a ..
.a O. .a OO
oa .. .a .o

1.

'o .,
'a a'
aa a.

51

.
.a
.a aa
'a .a

.o ..
. a aa
aa . a

"

o , t
.a o. o.
oa . . o

.l a.a a'

th ree is

.a
. ..
.a a. oa
aa . ' a.

.a a'

12

45

.a ,.
.a aa
aa ,.

.a ., ..
.a oa a.
aa .a .a

,a o.
. 4.

. .
.a
'a a' O' " aa
aa 'a .. aa a'

16

to four as twelve is to sixteen"

Note that proportion can also appear as follows:

.a . .a
.a oo .o aa'
aa -. .a .l

3.

7
I

..
.a
.a a. o
aa .. a.

.a ..
.a ao
ao a.

lZ

4^at

'a a.
.a a.

.a .'
'a a'
aa a'

.4..
. a aa
ao . a

"six is to twelve as two

is

to four"

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

.a
.o a.
oa ..
.o ..
.a a.
aa a,
.a
.o aa
oa ..
.a
.
.a aa
aa .a
.a ..
.o a.
aa.a
.a ..
.a ao
aa o.
.a '.
,a oo
aa aa

.4..
.a aa
.o .a
.a
.a
'o
.a
.a
.o

..
.a

aa

,.
aa
.a

.a ..
.o oa
.o .o
.a
.a
'a
.a
.a
.a

..
aa
'a
.

ao

.a

.a '.
.o ta
'a .a

,a . ' ..
'o a. o.
aa a. 'a
.o .
.a aa
aaaa
.l .4..
.. a. a.
a. ..
.
.o ..
.a aa a.
aa .a .a
.a .a
.' a.
. ' a'
.a ..
.a a.
aa aa
'. . '
..
.a 'a'

aa O'
a' a'
aa .. .. aa
O' aa ' a'
.
.a ..
.a
. ' a.
.a aa
.a
.
aa..

.a..
..
.a
.. .a.a
.
'a aa oa
.a .a a.
.a ..
.a
.a
.. ,a .a'

.
.
.a .a .a . '
a. a.
oo' ta' '. .
a. a.
aa aa .
..
'a
.a a.
.a aa
oa a.
.l
a. .a 'a .a
o. a' o. a.
.
aa
'a

'O
'a a' a'
ao
'a aa t'
a' .' a' a'

.a .a .. .a .. .
, .a .a
.. o. a.
. ' a. .a .a aa ao

.o .a a.
o' .o a'

.a .. . . .a
.a a. a. a. ..
aa..
'. o.
.a a.
a.
aa
'o
..
. o.
'o
.o .. 'o
.a
'a
'
.
.a a.
.. .a '.
a. .. aa a.a
.a a.
. .a aa
,a ..
.'
a.
aa
'a
'a aa
.a a.
.o
aa .o
. .a ..
a.
'a
.o o.
oa
ao .a aa .
a.
a
..
a'

ao
'...
.a
.a
oo
.a
..
'

.. .a
aa'a ..
oo
.4..
a. a,
O. .O

.o
.'
'a
..
l.
aa

o.
,
.t

.a "
.a .a

.O

,
.o.
.. oa o.
.a aa 'a
.
'a .
.a o.
'o al a.
aa . a.
.a . '
.o a.
't a.
.a a.
oa aa

.-

Lesson
l

4:

Signs

of Comparison

47

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

8. 7 + 3 - 8 - 2
9. 8 x 8
10. 12:24 - 2: 4
11

. t46.80

12. $15O.OO = f8O.OO

13. 25 # 7'4
14. XC _ 1OO - 10 _ 90
Answers

1.

25 quarters

2.7
3. $1.00

$5.0O

4.45" F=70 C
5. $37 + $21 .75 :
6. 8:64::4:32
7. Vlll _ 5 + 3 -8
.a ..
.a a.
aa aa
.a . '
.a 'a
aa a'
.4..
.a a.
aa .,

.a ..
.o at
.a .a
,o
.
.a aa
.o .a

.
" .a
'a .O aO
.a
aa.a
.a .. .. .a ..
.o a. o. .a aa
aa ..
' .a .a
.a
. .. .1.'
'a a. a. 'O OO
ta . a. .a .a

48

.a
'a
aa
.a
,o
ao

..
oa
aa
..
a.
aa
.a
.a
aa
.a
..
.t
..

.a
..
oa
.a
.
,'
.'
a.
..

. ' .
to ..
, oa
a. ..
.. a.
.a ta
.
a,
a
.. .,
aa aa
.a a,

.
a.
aa

.a a.
.o l.
.a .
.a
. a.
.a
.a ..
aa
.a
.
.a a.
.a a.
aa o,
,a .. ..
.
.' o. .o
,a
.a ao aa
..

o.
o.
a.
.a.
'a.. .a ..
.a
l. a. O. .a ..
a. . ' ,a oo .a ao oa

$58.75

,a
,a
aa
..
la
a.
.
aa
.a

a,
a.
.

.a

ao

.a o.
.t..
.O
.o a.
aa
.a a.
. .,
a.
.. a. a. .a
. a, .o oo
a.
.a a..l
.a
a,
.. .a..
..
.a
.. .o .. .a
.

.a a.
a.
o,
.a
. .o .a
.o aa aa
. .a..
a. ,.
a. a. .O . 'a
a. aa aa .a aa

,a..
,O OO
aa.a

..
.a
ao

Basic Nemeth Code

Summary

F
t

7
'
I
I
I

This lesson presented some signs of comparison,

including equals, does not equal, is similar to, greater
than, less than, ratio, and proportion. Wth these
symbols, you can complete an equation. why not try
reading some examptes from a braille math book?

lI

-.1

*
\

L,
I

It

lr

il

Lesson

4: Signs of ComParison

'49

Assignment 4
'

For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the welcome Letter. Then start this assignment
by giving your full name, address, and phone number'
Also list the name of this course, Assignment 4, your

f
I

r
t

instructor's natrte, and the date. Be sure to include the

tem number along with each answer'

Write ltems 1-10 in Print.

*l
)

-I
I

5
)

Braille ltems 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

: 5
12.7:49:: 1:7
13. $500.00 = f26O.00

11.35 +7

il

r)

4ssignment 4

5l

14.9 + 5 # 9x5
15. 4 + 23
16. 7(3 + 4l - 49

17. 25 miles
18. 5OO grams = 1 pound
19. 18 : 36 - 2:4

20. 12 x

12

once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson 5: Spatial Display.

52

Basic Nemeth

Code

Lesson 5: SPatial DisPlaY

spatial displays enable the braille user to arrange values

above and below one another for computation' Up to
this point in the course, you've used linear displays.
Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth Code was
developed and how it is used. Lesson 2 described the
Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators, the

7
I

I
i'

l-

mathematical comfl1o, Roman numerals, and some

special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation
and groupng. Lesso n 4 presented signs of comparison
This lesson illustrates how to present math problems
spatially f or comPutation.

l
I

'

For those who have been braille users from a young

age, linear displays tend to be easier to read and write.
For many people who lose their sight after having

=-

rl

5
j

-l
)

learned math in print, however, spatal displays in

braille make analysis and computation easier. Braille
transcriptions of math textbooks must follow the print
arrangement. Therefore, students need to be able to
read spatial displays, whether they braille their answers

spatially or linearly. Reading and brailling spatially

J
)
I

')

f,

Lesson 5: Spatial DisPlaY

53

displayed math problems will expand your ability to use

the Nemeth Code.

This lesson starts with a section that presents general

rules that apply to all spatial displays. lt then illustrates
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
problems. Practice exercises for this lesson follow the
final section and provide a review of all the material in

the lesson.
Objective

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to read and write some basic, spatially
displayed math problems.

General Rules
A math problem displayed spatially has its components
on more than one line for computation purposes. For
example, an addition problem presented spatially
appears as follows:
3

+4

54

Basic Nemeth

Code

tI

ts
I

t'

ln print, a line separates the values being operated

upon from the result, or answer. ln the Nemeth Code,
this is called the separation line.

string of (dots 251

separation line

L-I

The length and placement of the separation line depend

on the type of problem. The partcular rules appear in
the relevant sections of this lesson. For now, look at
the separation lines in the following examples:

f
I

1.

?:
I

t_

+5

.a ..
.. a'
aa . a

la aa aa ao

a.
aa

r
lr

,I

.a ..
.a a.
oa a.

.a '.
.o oo
.a .a

a. l'
.. a.
la

aa

aa

2.

12
7

aa aa oa aa ta

;:.a

lr

-)
rr
rt
.t

Study the following general rules about spatial

presentations:

It
)

Ir
)

fl

Lesson 5: Spatial Display

55

One blank line appears above and below

spatially displayed problem.

The numeric indicator is not used when

problem is vertically aligned for
com putation.

Leave one blank column between the end

of the problem identifier and a spatially
displayed probleffi, and at least one blank
column between problems next to one

another across the page.

Spatial Addition and Subtraction

After you practice these rules, you'll be able to braille
simple addition and subtraction problems in the Nemeth
Code.

ln a spatial addition and subtraction,

position the plus or minus symbol one
column to the left of the longest entry
above the separation line.

ln spatial addition and subtraction

problems, the separation line extends one

56

Basic Nemeth Code

L-:

-)

cell to the left and right of the longest

entry in the problem (including the
answer).

I,

1
L
i
L
ll
.

ln print addition and subtraction problems, you line up

corresponding place values (e.9., ones, tens, hundreds)
and other elements in columns. ln braille you do the
same. Read and copy the following braille addition and
subtraction problems:
:;

237
+ 62

:: ;;;:
?: ?:

t_-

j.

:;... ;;
;:
a.

:!
.o.aii

:: :: :: ::

299

a. .o .a
a. a, a.

[_

tl

4.

a. aa
o. ..

aa

??

:?

897
23

::

??

?:

::

874

t. aa ao
aa aa .a

Ii

Note that in spatial addition or subtraction dollar signs

line up n the same column.

;: ?; ':

:i

:: i:

?:

i:

::

?;

;:

5.

$1

2.50

b,
)

.J

ao aa aa oo aa aa aa aa aa aa
.a .o . ' . ' .o .. ,.
.
a. a. aa .. a. 'a
.. o. .. .a .o oa aa

14.80

il

I
I

Lesson 5: Spatial Disptay

'57

It may be helpful to map out your problem on graph

paper before beginning to create it on a braillewriter.
For an example, look at the following map of
Problem 1 . Numeric and punctuation indicators and the
separation line cells are represented by the respective
initials, ni, pi, and s/,
ni

sl

sl

sl

pr

+
sl

sl

sl

Once you have a map of your probleffi, you can easily

count lines and spaces on the braillewriter or slate as
you enter each ch a racter.

Spatial Multiplication
Before studying the next rules, it may help to review
the terminology of multiplication problems:

58

Basic Nemeth Code

L
I

8
x3

i
I

\,

234

i
I

multiplicand
multiplier
product

t
I

i-'

In spatial multplication problems, the

separation line extends one cell to the left
and right of the longest entry in the
problem (including the answer)'

LI

I
l

tr
t

L
L
r-r
I

L
L

ln spatial displays, the multiplication

symbol immediatelY Precedes the
multiPlier.

Note that place values and other elements in a

multiplication problem do not necessarily line up
.

.O ., .a ..
.o aa 'a aa
aa a. .a .t

a. aa a.
., aa .a

t-

:: :;:a
)

Ir
)

..

vertically. Read and copy the following braille

multplication problems:

??

i?

6.

aa

175

x4

ii ii ::

::
;;:;
lt oa oa

700

rl
-t
.j

Ll
)

U
I

tt

rl
o

tesson 5: Spatial Display

'59

7.

0.05

x 1.3
0.065

;::; ,:::

::

i::. i; :: ii i;

8.

.a a. ..
'.. . ..a. oa.

18.65

X3

aa aa aa aa aa oa oa aa oa
. ..
.a
'a a.
..
a. a.
.. a. .a.a

.a .. .'
. .a a.
.a a. .a

$55.95

Study the following example of a multiplication problem

with partial products. Notice that two separation lines
of identical length appear: one between the problem
and the first partial product, and one before the
answer.
:?

separation

line

'.

?:

:: ;;;:
.a

a.

.a

:: :? ?? ?? ?: ::
;: ;: ;;;:

products ..:.:. '

?: ?; ?: 3;
separation line ii ?? i? ii i: i: ::
final answer i: ii ii :i i;
partial

9.

253

65

1265
1518

16445

Special formatting rules apply when a multiplication

problem with partial products includes decimal points,

60

Basic Nemeth

Code

commas , of both. First determine where the decimal

point and comma fall in the final answer. Then leave a

blank cell in each partial product directly above the
place where the decimal point or comma appear in the
final answer.

i
L
I

Ir
i

i,
it
J
)
I

To set up a problem wth decimal points, add the

decimal places in the multplier to those in the
multplicand. Then use that number to count the
number of cells before blank placeholder cells. You may
use zeros n partial products to keep track of columns.
Study the following examPles:

lr

L-

.a .. . .o ..
,. O. .. ....
aa .. aa 'a 'a

ii

o " "
.' .O
" .O..
'a aa 'o ' ' ''

iI

.a a. " 'a "

.. .o aa 'a aa

. ....

ir
h

....

decimal places

decimal places

t1
I

10.

57 .34

x 8.7

ao aa aa ao oa al aa aa aa

3 cells before

l1
t
L-l

placeholder cell

40 138
458 720

lr
t_'

498.858

fr
tl
-t

To set up a problem wth a comma n the answer, just

remember that a comma s three places away from the

,)

ones column.

'--)

i
L)
)

rt

ll

Lesson 5: Spatial Display

6t

a. a. aa aa
a. .a a. ..

11.

.a a. ., ..
'. .a ao
.. .a
a. ..

?:

x93

aa aa aa
oa
oo

.O

2563

a. aa .a
a' .' aa

ao aa .a
l. aa aa

aa aa la

at oo aa aa

a. ao a.
a. ,. aa

oa a. .a
. .a a'

7 689
230 670

comma
placeholder

239,359

Spatial Division
Before studyng the following rules, it may help to
review the terminology of division problems:

12 quotient

divisorSW

The separation line in a spatial division

problem appears in the line above the

divisor and dividend. It begins in the same

column that contains the "divided into"
symbol and extends one column to the
right of the entire problem.
The problem identifier appears on the
same line as the divisor and dividend.

62

Basic Nemeth Code

1)

ln spatial division, the place values and

other elements of the dividend and the
quotent vertically line up wth each other.

?
,

lo

Read and copy the following examPles:

-t-

L
)

l)

nw
9

.a .. ..
,t a. a'
aa .. a.

..
'aa aa
'
'a .a

12.

Tl

t/

.a .. '. .O .
.a a. aa .o aa
aa . , .. .a .a

O. 'a
a. .a ..
,a a. '.

'
'a " ' 'a "
r. a' a. ..a' ,a 'a
a' a. .o
aa aa

13.

)
Ir
I

T l.-

You!ll practce reading and brailling more complex

division problems n Lesson 9.

Practice Exercises

-)

fr
)

[,
-)

Write the print equivalent of the following:

'a ..
.a
a.
al ..

.t
.
. a aa
.a .a

a. a. aa
.. .4.
oa

rl

a. a.
.
o.

aa aa aa aa aa aa

-l
_)

tJ
)-

)
I

-)

Lesson 5: Spatial Display

63

.o.'
.a'.
.a aa .a aa
.a .l
aa.a

.a .a .. .'
.. a. a. .a
. ' a. .a a.
.a a. ..
., . ' aa
.. .a .a

.a
.
..
.a aa 'a
.a oa
aa .. .a .a

oa ol aa

aa

ao

aa

.o .a
.
a,
.
o.

a.
a.

aa
..

aa
o.

aa

aa

.;

aa

?: :? :? :? :?

::

?:

:: ::

aa

'r o. a.
a. .a ..

a. aa
a. aa

a.
aa

aa a. .a
aa aa aa

aa
a.

:?

aa aa aa oa aa aa aa aa aa oa
..
aa aa a.
a. a. ..
..
. a. .o aa

.4.
.,
. a. aa
.a aa aa

I
a. a.
. . It

??:::::::?
.a .. 'a
.a a, -a aa
aa .a 'a .a

" a' '

aO .a a, a. aa
aa a. .. a. a.

.a .. .a .
.a aa . a oo
aa aa .o .a

;;.a

. .a ..
.a
.a al 'a aa
aa o. .a .a

.a '.
.o a.
aa al

a.
a.

.o
,
.a oo
.a .a

aa a. .o
a. aa aa
a. a,
a. .a

a
a.
aa aa oo aa

.a
oa

::

aa aa aa oa aa aa

a. a,
.a aa
a.
a.

a. .a
.. a.

.a ao
a. .a

aa a. aa
aa a. .a

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:
9.

340
99

+75

10.

2,500
400
2,100

514

f
t

64

Basic Nemeth Code

(
(

[t

J
1

F\

'i
'\n

11.

$3.27

#h

12.

x2

/
\
tlJ

*iI

2,40 5.5
x 3.2

4 811

6.54

72165

I
_$

7,6 97.6 0

p
&
D

106

13.

5F30

15.

147

rD
_9

ir

16.

x29

&

l
'9

1 323

294

-'9

,340
220

,120

4,263

.)

t
b

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t

It

tl
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Answers
1.

60

+15
75

2.

153
21

132

t,
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Lesson 5: Spatial Display

65

$59

3.

4,3 9 0.3
x 2.9

4,

x4
$

3 951

236

27

7806

12,731.87
18

5.

7Y26

6.

7.

147

8.

680

x24

25

588

+ 19

294

724

3,528

66

Basic Nemeth Code

@
I

.a .a ., .a ..
. a. la..
t.
.. a. '. .a a.
.a a.
.
.
.. .a

;h
D,]

I
B?

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

..

aa
aa

.,
o.
a.
aa

aa

I
f

.h
I

p
I

&

l,
p

.a '.
.a a.
ao .

I
L

g
ttt

lr
)

!r
t

Ir

a.

aa a. al
.. a. . '

a'
a.

.a aa
a' .a

aa ,
.a.a

a. aa aa
a' 4.

,)
I
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i1
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/r

Summary
This lesson described the spatal display of problems
f or computation. You practced reading and brailling
addition, subtraction, multplication, and division
problems spatially. You have used the separation line
and become familiar with the rule that no numerc
indicator is used in spatial arrangements. You are now

t
l

Lesson 5: Spatial Display

67

able to read and braille many math problems that

appear in elementary math textbooks.

68

Basic Nemeth Code

tA
ful
$

Assignment 5

For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

fu/

rh

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.

Also list the name of this course, Assignment 5, your
instructor'S name, nd the date. Be SUre to include the
item number along with each answer.

s
I

&

s
t
f

Write ltems 1-10 in print.

,L
t_

o.

aa

.a '.
.. aa
aa aa

aa oo ta aa

il

a. a'

', ..

!
I

..
a.
"
.a a. .
.
. o.
.. 'a .o

I
I

'.
'a
a'
.a
.a

'a
..
'a
.
a.
a.

a.
a'
.

oa
aa

aa aa at ao aa at oa ao aa
I

)
i

a.

aa oa ao
.. .a .a

aa

o ' aa
aa . a

,a aa
a. o'

)
I

.o
ta

aa aa oo aa aa oa oo oa ao

. '4.
a. a. aa
a. ,a o.
.. aa .. .a .. aa .o

i)
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Assignment 5

69

.a . .o ..
.a a. .o aa
oo .o .a .t

a. 3a .a
. a aa a,
.
a. ..
'a
,' .. 'a aa
.. .a o. 'o
.a aa aa aa ao aa aa a:
a.
a'

.a .o
'. o.
'. a.

oa o. oa
.
. a.

a. a'
.. .a

aa aa aa aa aa a aa
.a ., .a .
'l aa .o aa
aa aa 'a .a

.. o. .a .a .. .. ..
aa .a . a, a. .a l.
. oa .a
aa a. '. a.

'a ..
'a o,
aa ta

.o ..
.l oa
.a .o

o. o.
.. aa
aa a.
. a.
.a
. ..
.. a. aa
aa a. aa

:?

:: ::
ao
ao

..
'a ..
.o
.o 'a
.a aa
ao a. .o .a

.a a. .
,. a. a. oa oo
,. o. aa ao..
, .o a
..
.. a. a. aa a.
ao .. a. a. .. ..

.a ..
.. ,o
.o aa
,o .,
.
.a a.
.o

?: ?:
aa
aa

..
.a
oa
..
.o
a,

;; ;; ;; ;; ;; :; ;; ;; ;; ;: ;;
.a
.
'a .,
. . a.
o.
aa a. . . la a.
. l. aa
. 'a .a
.
a, .a

70

Basic Nemeth Code

tl\
&n

&,

Pts
!n

'r\

g
h
lr',

Braille ltems 11-20 in the Nemeth Code.

11.

58

269

+73

-43
226

131

-.&)

12.

13.

.
'&
*9

83

14.

ALJ

't-\t

rS

7s

+11

600

123

rh

15.

ts

12
gFE

10.

x5
$7&70

i9
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,9

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$1b.74

17.

5,780
x24

19.

25

9Y2S

23 120
115 60
138 ,720

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4ssignment 5

7t

6 0.25

19.

x 2 5.3
1

20.

$4
3F12

I075

301 25
205 0
1 , 5 24.325
Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to
Lesson 6: The Slash and Fractions.

72

Basic Nemeth Code

()
#\
&;,

t,

Lesson 6: The Slash and Fractions

U,J

()
[i

r)

.F9

r)
m

()
m

'
@

r')

,J
q

r)
D

r)
p

i,
lil

Your stock of Nemeth Code signs and symbols is

growing. With the slash and indicators for f ractions,
you'll be able to braille more advanced math problems.
Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth Code was
developed and how it is used. Lesson 2 described the
Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators, the
mathematical comffio, Roman numerals, and some
special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation
and groupng, while Lesson 4 presented signs of
comparison. Lesson 5 introduced spatial presentation.
This lesson presents the slash and f ractions. Reading
and brailling f ractions and the mathematical slash will
expand your ability to use the Nemeth Code.

'
't

t
t

t
,9

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to read and write

a.
b.

!
$

l'

the slash
simple fractions, mxed numbers, and complex
f

c.

ractions

spatially displayed fractions

il

r)

'd

Lesson

6: The S/ash and Fractions

73

The Slash
ln mathematical and scientific texts, the same symbol
is used for a slash, which is the diagonal line between
words, letters, and numbers. Study the Nemeth Code
slash:
slash
.a .a
.a ..
'a a'

(dots 456 , 34l'

Use the Nemeth Code slash for all

occurrences of the slash in text.

Use only uncontracted braille in words

adjacent to the slash.

Study the following examples:

''
i'.
,o .'
.a a.

.a ,.
.a ao

"
;:
.a '.
.o o.

'a
.a
aa

'u' '
.o
.
.a aa a

"'

.a .a .a a' a. a' a'

aa .a a. o.
o. o. .a t. .a '. ao .a
ao

mites/l;";

a.
aa .a .a a. a.
. ta
.a .o .o
. 'a aa

'

rniior'

ln the Nemeth Code, you use the slash to separate the

elements of a date, os illustrated in Example 3. ln
English braille, as you know, you use the hyphen.

74

Basic Nemeth Code

;
H\

HrJ

l\
W

i^

.. .a ..
'aa aa
.r aa
aa .. .a .a

3.

.a . ' ' a .a . .. 'l

a "
.a a' 'a .' a. ao'a
' a'
aa aa 'a a' " 'a 'a a'

11 411

"
a aa
'a
a' o'
'

993

E_

'::::::3

.o

l^

s45lB
6\

..

.a

.a

'.

.a

'a

..

;3:;.:;: :;

r'

I'

&,

L
F|

r",
P
l)

Look again at the preceding example. Note that a

stmple f raction dsplayed with a dagonal slash between
the top and bottom numbers does not need fraction
indicators, which are covered n the next section.

E
I

Practice Exercises

r_)

Write the print equivalent of the f ollowing:

i)

$f

.a a. .a aa
oa . .a .l

;: i:

:!:3 :; :::i:: i;:: a::: :':;::::::

::;;:3;;
tt

'-

,
t

I,
|t
it"
,
,'
)
.$
l)

r)

::

':;:::

o. t... .. a. .l .... .. '.

aa aa
o.
a. l. a.
a. ao . a. .. .o.a,a

S
V
,

tl

' aa
'a oa .a
aa .. .a l' 'l

.: .:
a. .
r...

::;? ;::;::

3::;:::::;:;:
" ....'

.'. ::.a .. :.
aa .'.. o' l'
o.

aa

.. :. ..:.
a'
'a aa
. '.'.

''

::
''

:!

.3:;::::;:;::::::;:;
'"'
"'

'o '".."

:3:;'

o' '

'"

Araille each of the following tems, including the item

dentifier, in the Nemeth Code:

+. Each train is traveling at 60 milesihour.

5.
6.
A

7lB

How many people completed their exams between

6/1

/03 and 8/31 /03?

,l

tf

ts

Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

'

75

Answers
1.

2.

3.

3t4
Write to the auth or clo the publisher.
The test results from 9115/03 are being reviewed.

.a .. .a . '
.a aa
aa
aa .o 'a
'a .a
.a .. .
.t aa .a
aa o. aa
.a
. .a ..
'a aa
'a o'
.a .o
.t
aa
.a '. .a ..
.a ao .o aa
ta a' 'a .a

.. a. a. a.
.. .o
.a ,.

.a
a.
a. a. .o
a' .a a.
a. .. l.
.a
a.
a.' aa

.. ,.

oa .o
.. o.
a, ..
.a
.a
.a ao .a
oa aa .o
. o. .a
.. aa a.
.a .. .o

.a .. .a 'a ..
'o aa 'a .. a'
aa a. .a a. .

a.
o.
.a
.a
,a

aa lo..

.oa at
.
'a a'

.a 'a
. a aa
'a
.a
a, aa . .

a.
'
.a
..
a'

la
a.
a.
oa
a,
aa

.o .o
a. a'
. a.

'.
'a
o.

.a a. a. a. o. a' .a
lo ao . a. .a a. ..
. ao.
a. a.
o' at

a. .a
., aa
a.

a. a. a. a. ..
ao .a .. to aa
, a. al a.
,a

'.
'.
aa
.o
.a
ao

ao a.
a' a.
a. a.
.a
o.' .a
aa .a

.a
o. .a oo
.o aa l'
.a
.. a. .a
'a
.a
a .a
oo a' .a . '
o.
o a.

.a
a.
ao
.. ..
.a aa
ao ..

a, ao a. aa .o
. o.
'a '. .
a. t.
'. ta.
..
'a
.o o.
. a ao

.. 'a
l' aa
a'a.

Fractions
It may help to review the terminology of fractions
bef ore proceeding to braille them. Note that f ractions
may appear in print with a diagonal or a ho rizontal
fraction line. ln either case, the braille corresponds.
simple f ra ctio n

1t2

mixed number

5 1t4

51
4

complex fraction

/
3/

20?

/ 400

76

20?
3

400

Basic Nemeth Code

p
&\
-,w
h

il

m
C

*?

1
2

numerator
denominator

l)
)h
9
_Y
E/

Nemeth Code fraction indicators enable a brailte reader

to easily identify fractions. tndicators come in pairs:
opening and closing. Read and commit to memory the
simple-fraction indicators and signs.

*9

J
$

)
!
)p
,-"

simple-fraction indicator,

opening
closing

,,
It
,
l
,I
,\
l)

;:

(dots34b6)

simpte-f raction line, horizontal

.t
a.

rJ

(dots 1 456)

simple-fraction indicator,

,t
tl
i)

::

(dots 34ll

Now read and copy the following examples. Remember

that fraction indicators always come in pairs; check
that for each opening indicator you also have a closing
ndicator. Notice also that fractions work just like
whole numbers in mathematicar expressions and
equations.

I
i

,
i

t
l

Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

77

.a ..
.a a.
aa ..

a ..
.a ao
'a .a

.a
ao .. .o . ' ..
.o 'a .. a. .o .a
'r a' a' ' aa la

..
'a
.a oo
.a .a

oa .. .a. '. .o
'a 'a 'l at
.o oa
a a'
o.
. o' ao la 'o a' 'o "
'a

19
l

10
,a ..
'a a.
aa a.

2.
.
.a , .o
,a oa .o aa
at .. .a 'o

3
8

+-

3.

a "
o'
o' o'

'a
'a
aa

12
2

'a ''
' '
'a a'

o' " '' " "

'a
' o' l'"
'o '' '
'
''

''
''
'o

16

ao '. .a .. .a
'o aa ' 'o 'a
'a al a' l' ao

,. l.
'o
"
.. a'

. .a
!t.a .. .a
,, .. .o 'a
.o ,a o. o. oa

o'
o'

tr
9

-7

Read and commt

to memory the mixed-number

indicators.

fractional part of mixed-number indicator,

(dots 456, 1 456)
openlng
f ractional part of mixed-number indicator,
(dots 456, 3456)
closing
',ao aa
.a
.t .a

'a .o
.a
'a
. a aa

Read and copy the following examples:

.a
. .a
.a a. -o aa
''
'
;.''

.a ..
.o a'
o'
"

.o aa .
'o .a a.
''
'
;''o

7B

.o ' ' 'a 'a

.. a. 'a 'o
'"'

Basic Nemeih Code

6\

HJ
I

$:"\
j/

.a
.
.a aa 'a.'
.t aa
aa o. .a .o

., .o 'a
.a
. .a aa..
a aa " 'a " 'a'o
. aa 'a a a'
.a ao .a .o a' 'a..
" 'a 'a 'a
' a. aa .a .a
la to ,r '! . ' a' a. ao .a .a la
' 'o 'o a' .' t' 'a ..

&r
ia

D2
\)-

71

b.

27

I
I

Eg

,h

l-'
m

ir

.a
.
..
,o lo 'l.a la
aa aa .a .a

. ,o .a 'a 'o "

.a
. .o
'o
. aa
.o
.t ao
.a a.' .. o.
'o ao
.a aa '..a a' .a
.' .a .a a. o. 'a 'a
aa

'o o'
'a a'

3-i4-

24

" 'o
ao
'o
a ao

17

A2

7'

aa " " 'a "

'o a' aa " t'
'a " aa a' a'

lr
@

'
q
d

Read and commit

to memory the complex-fraction

indicators and signs.

-,

)
I

I
)

com plex-f raction indicator,

open ng

. . aa
.. .a

(dots 6, 1456)

com plex-f raction indi"raor,

closing

..
..

.o
.a

(dots 6, 3456)

,
)

com plex-f ractio n line, horizontal

..
'o

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)

(dots 6, 34)

com plex-f raction line, diagonal

.a
a'

(dots 6, 456, 34)

,/

:; :: ;:

Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

,
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79

Read and copy the following examples. Note that

simple f raction or mixed number in either the numerator

or the denominator makes a complex fraction.

8.

4
2

Analyze Example 8. The expression begins with the

opening complex-fraction indicator. Then a simplefraction indicator tells you that the numerator of the
complex fraction is a simple fraction. The horizontal
complex-fraction line separates the numerator from the
denominator. The expression ends with the closing
complex-fraction indicator. Now study Example 9.
Make sure you can describe the purpose of each
Nemeth Code sign.
'a o.
'o a.

9.

BO

.a ..
. a ao
aa '

Basic Nemeth Code

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Practice Exercises

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B

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Write the print equivalent of the following braille. lf a

braille expression is too long to fit on one line, start the
runover, or the part that goes to the next line, in the
third cell of the new line, (i.e., skip two cells at the
beginning of the new line).The rules for formatting
braille are beyond the scope of this course. For now, if
you do need to divide an expression, do so before a
symbol of comparison or operation.
.a
.o
aa
.a
.a
oa
.t
.a
aa

. 'o
.
a. .o ao
, 'a .a
. .o '.
a' .o at
a. .o .a
. 't
aa .a
.. .a ao
.a

'a a.
'a a.
.. .a . '
'a
.a aa .o ao
aa .a .a .a
.a .. .a ..
.a a. .a aa
.a.a
aa.o

,o
oo..
.o aa '4..
. a. .a
.o .. t. aa aa
., .a .. ..
aa
.l o'
. a.
.a .a o, . a.
a.
.a .. .o ta
.
.a a. .t .o a,
aa a. 'a .a ..
.o
.a
oa
..
.a

aa
.a
.o

'a ..
.a
a.
aa..

o. a. a. a'
o. .4.
a.
. oa
a. l.
.o ao
'l.a
a. .o .a
ao a. ,a .a

a.'
a,

.a
.a
ao
.o
,
a.
.a aa .. .o
.a .a a. . '
.a .a 'a a'
aa . .o '.
.a a.
. ao
-o o. a. . '
. .a ao ,.
a' .o .a a'
a. .o.a'

.a ,
. o.
.a ..

..
,t
a'
aa
aa
.a
.a
aa
.o
..
a.

.. .o
aa
.a a. . .o .. a.
.a .a .o a. ,. .a
.a .o . ' .. a' .a
,o aa .. 'a
. 'a
.a .a
.a .a
.o aa
.. .a ao .. .a ..
.. .. .o l. .. ao
.a o. .a .a a. aa
. .a .a
ao o.
. ,.
a' .a 'o
.' aa
a. .a ao
a. .. ao
'.
ta o. .a
ao
'..a
o. .. .. ,a

a.
o.
a.
'a
.t a.
oa
a.
.. a.
..
aa
. .a .. .o .a
aa a' la 'a
. a, .a .a
.. ., a. a.
o.
. a. o. 'a aa
.. ta a. a.

a.
aa
aa

. 'a
ao .a
. aa
.a .o
aa '. .a '
.a l. .. aa 'a .a
'a a. a. aa .a aa

.a .. .a
.a
.a
aa 'a aa
aa .a
a.
I, O,
oa
a. a.
aa
I'.a.' o. a'
.,
.a
.

aa a, o. a.
a. a. oa aa
.. o. .a a.
o. a. a. aa
a, .a..
a.
a. a. ,. ..

aa a. a. a.
.
. .o
a. .. a, ..
aa a. aa .a
.a .a a. a.
a. .. .a a.

.a
,
.a a.
aa.a

aa o. o, a.
ao ao
a. a, oa
.. a, .a o. .a

Braille each of the following items, including the item

iP

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

:D
I
.9

6.

12

_2
7. 4- 1
2

I
I

iD
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Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

B1

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B. 9 *1?
82

151
3

400

10. Find the common denominator for the following

numbers' 4, 3 , 2

7 5

35

Answers

2, 9r1
12 3

1. I

3. zL*t?:
z!
977

4.

3
5
7

5. 12: cups of flour make 5 loaves of bread. Each

2
loaf need
'4..
.a aa
ao a.
.a ..
.a aa
al aa
.a
,a l.
to ao
.a ..
.o
'o a'
aa
.a
,
.a a.
aa ,.

.4..
.a ao
.a .a

.a '. ..
aa..
a. '. a.
a.
'o
.a 'o a.
'. a.
.a . a. oo
.o aa .. .a a.
.
aa 'a 'a .a
..
.
..
,a
aa
a
aa .. a. .a
'o
.a
. a' ot oa
.. .. 'a
' . aa
.o o' a. .a
.a .o
.a .l

.a
.
.a aa
.o .a
.a "
.o oo
.a .a
.o .
.a ao
.a ,o
. .t
'o ,a oa
oa .o .a

OO a, a. a.

o. .a
.. o'
.
at
.o a.
.a a.

82

tZL

a.
o.
.a
..
a.

a.
a.
.
oo
..

2I

cuDS

of f lour.

.a
.a
aa
.. .a
.a
'a o'
.a
'.
.l
a. a. aa
.l .a aa
a a. a,
'a a' .o .. a.
. .a .. .o
al
.t a. ' ao .o
.a '. a.
. .o

, oa
.o
.. oo
. ' a. .a oa
.a
.
.
a,
.a . a' ..
ao
aa a.
,a .a
aO a, aO a, aa ,a
.o
.. a. aa a'
a. '.
.a aa
a. aa a.
' .a a.
. ' .a
a. .a
.a oa

.a ..
.a a.
aa a.
.a
a
. a. .a
a. o. aa
.o . .a ,, . ..
.a
.. oa .a ,o ta.a
a. ,a aa aa.a
a.
..
a.

a. oa
aa a.
.a .a
.o ,a
,. ..
l. a,
.
Oa .. .t
,a aa
aa
.,
.a 'a a.

.o
.a
ot

aa a. aa ,.
,a .o ,
.a
a, a. a, o.
,t
,
ol ,o .
aa al .t

a. .a l. a.
aa .a
. ta .a oa
aa o,
.. a. a. a.
ao aa
., .a
, .a ..
ta
.a ao , a. .o
,a
t. .a ta .a

Basic Nemeth Code

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Spatially Displayed Fractions

This secton starts by illustrating a method of arranging
fractions spatially. Then it explains how to arrange
f ractions spatially for computation.

.7

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Spatially Arranged Fractions

RI

VA

=e
S
s

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Generally fractions are presented linearly in braille.

Sometimes, however, t is useful to display fractions
with numbers above and below one another as in print.
This will become especially useful when discussing the
concepts of "top" and "bottom," as well as "invert,"
with a braitle user. You'll also use spatial displays when
you learn to read and braille cancellations in Lesson 11 .
Note the application of the following rules as you study
the examples.

Use the separation line between the

numerator and the denominator. lt is the
same length as the longest string of

,l

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3
rf

symbols in the fraction. On either end of

the separation line, use the appropriate
f raction indicators.

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Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

gJ

When possible, ce nter the characters

above and below the fraction lines.
Use the numeric indicator before a
numeral that begins a line or follows

space in spatially displayed f ractions.

The problem identifier appears on the

same line as the fraction line.

As you study Examples 1 and 2 of spatially presented

f ractions, remember that they are usually transcribed
linearly. lnstructors may choose to present f ractions
spatially f or teaching.

1.

10

2.

3
8

B4

Basic Nemet'h Code

@
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-b

Spatial Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

4,
;
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b
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You've already practiced reading and braitling the

multiplication and division of f ractions, which are
almost always displayed linearly in print and braille.
Addition and subtraction problems with fractions,
however, are often displayed spatially. Each fraction is
displayed linearly, and the whole problem is displayed

t
D
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B
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-&
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When fractions are arranged for computation, do not

use the numeric indicator. Follow the rules for spatial
arrangements given in Lesson 5. Make sure all similar
elements lne up vertically. That includes numbers of
identical place value, indicators, l'ld other elements.
Study the following examples, noting where blank
tpaces appear to accommodate the vertical alignment:

spatially.

-9

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... '. .

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i:

:::

oo
.a aa
. 'a
aa.a

. .... .. ..

l!:: :: ;l :: :: ;i
. .a .
. a,
o.
. a. aa

3.

11

'a
.a

12

oa

al oa aa aa oa aa aa aa aa aa

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Lesson

6: The Slash and Fractions

85

r.
'.

a.
.
.
a'
a.

al

a aa .. .a " 'a't
.a ao . aa .a 'a
'a
.a .a .. a' .a .a aa
.a aa '. .o .. 'a .l
. .a a- .. ao 't
a
.o .o " a' .a .l ao

159

lJ^.

aa aa ta oa aa aa aa la ta ao aa ao lo
a oa . .a
"
a. . a.
a. aa .o 'a
a .o , a. a'

2T
4

'a
.o 'o
.a
.a al

131
2

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

.a
. .4..
't a. ..ao aa
.a
oa .

.a '.
.a a.
aa a.

ot . -a ., .o
aa.a
'aaa,.
.o
-a a. aa aa
.. ta . .o .. .o
. .a a. .. aa .o
aa' .o . o. aa oo

.l '.
.a aa
.a .a

;: ;; ;; ;; ;; ;: ;; ;;

oo aa aa oo oo aa aa
aa .. .a .. .a
.o aa . o. .a
.a .a a. .a aa

aa .. .t '. 'o
.a aa .. aa .o
.a
. a. ot aa

.a .. .a ..
.a aa .o aa
ao .. .a .t

.
.a aa .. .a
oa .o .a a.
,. .a .a .. a.
.a
.a . ' .a aa
.. a. .a .o oo
aa .a .a .o . ' a.

:: :i ::

:?

??

?: ?i

aa

.a .a
a. .a .a
.a .a ao
.. .a 'a
o. .o'a
.a .a aa

:: i: i:

??

. . .l aa . . a . . ' a . a
a. .a .o ao '.. a. .a .o
ao .a .a 't o. 'a .o aa

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:
Present ltem 4 spatially.

4.33
200

5.

b
1

12

B6

Basic Nemeth Code

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$#

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12!

6.

+ 18?

,)
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309
7

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B
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Answers
1.

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2.

+-5
1

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$
il

3.

4
5

3l5
+ 59
5

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84
5

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Lesson 6: The Slash and Fractions

B7

ta , ' 'l '.

.l a. ,. aa
.o
. a. l.

.a
'a

aa

. a
.. .a
'a a.
'. a.
.. .a a. ..
.a
. o.
ao .l
a. aa
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa ao aa

a, a'
.. a.
.a ..
.
. ' a. a.
ao . aa

.a ., ,a
a aa .
.a .a t. ' .. aa 'a
.a .a
. a. aa .o
.! aa .. .a .. .a
.o .a a. . aa .o
't .a o. o. oa .a

.a
'a

aa

.a
.a

oa

:: ??:: ?:::::::::::::::

?:

a oa . .a . ' .a .a
oa .a .a .a aa .. aa .a .a
.. aa .l .a ., a' aa 'a aa

Summary
This lesson enabled you to use the slash in text and
with numbers. lt also gave you practice reading and
brailling fractions both linearly and spatially. You know
that f raction indicators come in pairs, so always check
that you've used both the opening and closing
indicators f or each f raction. Subsequent lessons in this
course will provide more practice with fractions.

B8

Basic Nemeth Code

)
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Assignment 6

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For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment
by giving your full name, address, dod phone number.

Also list the name of this course, Assignment 6, your

instructor'S name, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.
Write ltems 1-10 in print.
'a
.o
a
.o
.a
aa

'.
a.
..
..
a.
a.

rt
b

rl

?
)

..
aa
.a

.o
.a
ol
.
'.
'a

.
aa
.a

.a..
.'
.a o. 'a
aa a. aa
..
. .o
'a
.a
aa .a aa
.r
.a.a
oa,.
.a .. .
.a oa a
aa .. .a
.o a.
aa ao
a' a'
a. ..
a. a.
.
o'

'-c

.a
-a
'a
.a
.a
.a

a' a'
a, .o
, o.
oa ..t
a.
.. a.
.o '. .o..
'o oo .o aa
oa .a .a .a
.
.a
'l
'a a. 'a oa
ao .t 'a .a
.o
.a
aa
.o
.o
oo

.
aa
a,
,
aa
aa
'a ..
.a
a.
at ao

.a ,.
.t oo
.o .o
.a ..
oa
'a
.o .a
.
.t
.a ao
.l .a

a.
., a.
a.
ao
a. a'
a. .a
lo .
aa
.a
.a

. .a .a
a. .a
.a .a a.
.o
l.
O'
aa
oa
a.
aa.a..
a' al aa
o. .l
.a
aa
a.
a.
.
aa

.. ..
a. aa
..
.

oo .a a.
l. a.
a.
' a'
.o
a.
o.
.a o. a'
. a. o.
.a
.a
.a
a.
a.
aa
.a
aa
aa
l.
..
ao

o. .o .a
.a a. .a
. o' .a
ro .
.a a.
oa .a

a. .a a.
".. aa
a. 'a
'.
.a
'o.o
.a ' ' a.
.a a. a.
.a
ao
.
..
.'
o.

.. .o .a
.
a. .a
. .a a.
.a a.
a.
.
a'

aa o' 'a aa ' ' 'a

a' aO
a'
'O
. ' 'a
.. o. " ' 'a a'

a.
Oa
aa

't
ao

.
a.
.a a
aa
. '. . .a

.l
.a l. a.
.a
aa aa
a. a. ..
a.
.a o. o' o' o.
.. aa .a
aa
a. .. a. la l.
.
oa .o a.
.a
o. a.
a. '. o.
aa
..
a. a. o.
aa aa aa
a'
a.
'l a.
a. a.
oa o.
. .a
al aa
a. .a
a.

a' a. a. 'o
a. .a a. l'
aa..
o. o'
'a
.. ' a'
.l aa
.a .a
t'
a.
.o a. 'a 'a' ao
,. l' .a a' "
. oo
'o
a'
a. o.
.
aa
t'
'a o' . '
aa
al 'a
"a
a' .. .a

"
oa
.a

a o'
a' 'a
a' "
o' o'
'o '
a' aa
.a
a'
o'

aa
'
' '
l'
oa
t

a'
'a
'a

aa 'o
'o
' t'

aa 'a
" a'
'a

l' aa al
'a 'a
'o a'
a'
"

aa 'a
aa 'a
l'
' ' 'a
'
' a'
" a'
aa
la
'
a'
'l a'
aa
"
a'
a'
'o aa o'
'o a' a' t''o
'a
'a
o' a'
' aa " a'

"
ao'
"
'l
'o
a. aa a'oo
'a " 'o 'a
l' o'

'a
a'
aa

o.

aa

.a
.. .a
oa,.
.. o. .a .a
'a a.
.o
,a a' a' aa aa
.. . .o
.
aa
.o a. .a' .. a. aa
.t
aa a. o. .a
ao , ' .a .. .. .a
.a la ., o. oa't
.o la I
oo
.o , ,. .a aa ..
.o o. .a .a .a ao
aa .. oa .o 'a aa
.a
.
al oa
,. ' .o .a a.'
.a .a .a .a a. a.
aa

.a
'o
'a
aa
'a
.o 'a oo
.. .. 'a
.a a. .a
. .a
.o
.. l, .o
a. ao .a

a.
aa .' .o .. . 'a
a .. a. a. .o
.aa .a a.
. a. oo
a'
. .a .. .a
oa .,
a a.
. "
la
a'
a. .a
'a
,a a.
.a lo
.a a. la ao
.o
.a

'o
., a'
a

'a
' 'a 'a a' ao " 'a '
ao a "
" 'a o' ' a' 'o
aa . .o 'a ao a' 'a aa

oa

.a
.a ., .a
,a .
ao . .a
. .a aa
a.
aa.a

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Assignment 6

B9

.a '. ! 'O ..
.o a. .a 'a oa
. ao .a 'a
la

.. .a aa .. 'a ..
to .o .o aa ' ' aa
.a .a .a .. o, oo
.a
. .a
.. ,a'.
. a. .o la
.o a. .. ao
aa'
'a .a a' a. aa

.O .a
.o
'a
.l aa
'a .a
'a .o
'a aa

aa aa aa ta aa aa la ta aa aa aa
.. .a to
. .o .. .o .o
a. .a 'a a. .. tl .o 'o
.o .o ,a .o o. ao .a ao

Braille Items 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

11.

t?-t!
42

12.

The study began on

13.

12J3

15.

< 12

33o/o _

1 1 t14tO3.

14.

16.

13
25

25

4
5
1

17.

90

8
12

384

4 12

.\

Basic Nemeth Code

p
LJEJ

I'J

Use spatial display

.p

18.

-@

dw

s
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rs

J
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15

35

'.&
b

for ltems 1B-2O.

19.

42

20.

12

4
5

tr

12

+ 3-y-

77

12

t*D
&

fl

t'.d

once you have completed this assgnment, proceed to

Lesson 7: Letters and Levels.

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Assignment

9t

92

Basic Nemeth Code

e*\

-_*v

&
5
V

Lesson 7: Letters and Levels

*s
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b
'ep
3
rpP
s
.P
@
p
'.s
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I
4!
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tr
YI
L
-'
b

rf

3
-,
d

As students advance in math, they encounter English

and Greek letters as mathematical symbols, ES well as
super- and subscripted symbols. The Nemeth Code has
a logical, unambiguous way to display these, Lesson 1
explained how the Nemeth Code was developed and
how t s used. Lesson 2 described the Nemeth Code
numerals, basic indicators, the mathematical comffio,
Roman numerals, and some special signs. Lesson 3
described signs of operation and grouping, while

esson 4 presented signs of comparison. Lesson s

introduced spatial presentation. Lesson 6 presented the
slash and fractions. This lesson describes the
mathematical use of English letters and the Greek letter
pi. lt also explains how to indicate the level of a
mathematical symbol: superscript, subscript, or
baseline. Reading and brailling letters, superscripts, and
subscripts will expand your ability to use the Nemeth
Code.

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Lesson

7:

Letters and

Levels

93

Objectives

',

After Gompleting this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to
a. read and braille letters as mathematical symbols
b. indicate superscript, subscript, and baseline levels

6
(

Letters

'

The following terms appear in this section.

yourself with their meanings

Familiarize

variable: (math term) a letter that represents an

unknown quantitY
single letter: (Nemeth Code term) a letter that
represents a whole word in contracted braille
short-form combination: (Nemeth Code term) two or
more lowercase letters that represent a short-form
word in contracted braille (lf letters are capitalized,
they are not considered a short-form combination.)

ln higher mathematics, letters of alphabets other than

English are used. This course introduces only the Greek
lette r pi.To find out about other Greek letters and
letters of other alphabets in the Nemeth Code, ESk your
instructor to direct you to a reference.
94

Basic Nemeih Code

,.p

.,.\

i\

hr

Familiarize yourself with the following indicators and

Slq nS:

English letter

I
I

wv

indicator

?
L

G ree

k lette

$
I

s
,)
I

56)

indicator

:i

':

(46)

Greek pi
a aa
.. a.
.t t.
.

TT

(dots 46, 12341

)
b
I

I
)

a
,

You probably noticed that the English letter indicator

looks just like the letter sign in English braille. lndeed, it
serves the same purpose. First, it provides a way to
identify letters used as letters. Second, it prevents the
reader from misinterpreting such letters as the alphabet
whole words or short-form words that they represent in

J
l)

{)
I

contracted braille .
English Letter lndicator

Study the following rule:

d
,-,
,9

j)

Lessan 7: Letters and Levels

'95

Use the English letter indicator

immediately in front of a single letter or

short-f orm com bination.

For an example of this rule applied to a short-form

combination, consider the letters ab in Example 1 . ln
English braille, the combinatio n ab represents the word

about. Therefore, to use ab as a mathematical variable

without confusing it with the short-form word, Nemeth
Code requires the use of the English letter indicator.

:i:: :;j:ii :i ::i: 3: :: ::ii:: :: i, ;:::

1.
What is the length of line
;i::

,i:: i: ::i;
ab?

Note that you use the punctuation indicator before

punctuation that follows a single letter, short-form

combination, or a sequence of more than one letter

that is not an abbreviation. Study Examples 2 and 3.

''

.a
. .a ..
.a a' .o aa

;.'

''

.o .. ,a
.
.o aa .a oo

;.

';;;;
i"i tr,e
;
..

. ao , ao
. a. .a ,a

.a
a.

o, o, o. o. a.
. o. .. .a
o.

aa ..
. a. .a oa
.o

.o
a.

.. .a .a a,
aa ta . .a

a.
aa

.o
a. al

.. aa .. ..
.a .. .a aa

';. '

aa o. ..
a. .o .t

'

.a .a
aa o.

.. a.
,a ,.

oa
o.

, ol
.a ,.

'-

.a .
.o aa

i"d the'irirnl. u.i*."n'oo*r, o .no ;.'-

=-

Now study the following rule and Example 4.

96

Basic Nemeth Code

r)

\
,

When variables are capital letters, use the

captalization indicator. Each capital letter
that represents a varable is individually
captalized in the Nemeth Code.

,,)

i
,D

r)
-:\J

.)
L,)

r_)

OR

4.

intersects

ST.

I
)
?)
p

A sign of comparson that frequently appears wth

letters used in geometry is the " is parallel to" sign.
Study it now as t appears n the example that follows.

L-)

is parallel to

i!

(dots 1246, 123tl

aa a '
a. a.
.a a'

I
1

)
t

r*!

.! .. ..a oa
..

o o.
aa ..

5.

.a .l

.'. .... .'.. ...a

.o

.,

.a

..
..
a. t.
.o a,

CD ll

.. r. ... ...l ..
..
,a ao
.l

ao ..

ao .o ..

XY.

Jff
t
()
I
Ir
,
r\
)

'l

Note that in Exampes 4 and 5 the letters Sf and CD

are capitalized, so you do not use the English letter

indicator. You do, however, use the punctuation

indicator when punctuation immediately follows.
Look at Example 6, which follows. Why are English
letter indicators used with the capital letters C and l?
The letters do not represent an unknown; they are not

_f

It

i)
B

esson 7: Letters and Levels

97

varables. Therefore, the letters appear with the English

letter indicator as they would in contracted braille.

.a . .a ..
.a aa .a ao

;.'''

..
..

oa .. ,a la
a. .a o' ..

aa aa oo .a .a a. .a
a'
.a .. aa . a. t' .a o.

'rnrr,' '.;.;;;;;'
..

. ,
.a '.

aa .
.

. aa .o ..
a. .a ao

';;."o

Now study the following rules for and examples of the

nonuse of the English letter indicator:
Do not use the English letter indicator if
the letter is part of a mathematical
expression.
;:

:i

7.

'::a

:; :: : :, 3:

X+

12

Do not use the English letter indicator

after a f u nction name or its abbreviation.
Functions can be defined generally as "rules that work
with numbers." lt s not within the scope of this course
to def ine f unctions. Some f unction names that students
encounter in high school include sine (sin), cosine (cos),
tangent (tan), and logarithm (log, Study the following
example:

9B

Basic Nemeth Code

5
i

h
"'f
h
,t
i

n
V,l

.o .
'a
.o.....o

at

aa

.o

.a

B.

.a
aa
.....o.
..

a.

.. a.
.a

a.

..

cos

Do not use the English letter indicator f

the single letter or short-form combination
is preceded or followed by a sign of

--*\

+
B

com parison.

-D
b

::;::;:
.... ..::;;:;
.. .. ::
.' ..
.o.'
.. ::::

x _

9.

lr
,

.o .. ., .a ..
.a O. .a .a aa
aa
ao .a .a

J
)

-:It

t
:
t

;L

10.

.. at
.a ..

30
.a a.
.a a'

.a aa ao
. a. ,O
.a a' '.

C _

rud

ln Example
10,' the
r
--- Greek letter indicator only apples to
the letter that follows it, so the d is understood to be
an English letter.

-4

'

J
lf

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

t
I
\

I
'
t

.a ..
.t a.
oo
? r.
...'
oo t'

t'
li
t4
I
l

t
Ji

I r

.t.
'o aa
aa .
.
'a
.o ao
aa .a
'o ..

.a
.
.a aa
.a 'a
.a ,.
'a aa
.a
,a

.a a.
o,
a.
.a
ao
,a a.
.a
a'
, ,o oo
.. a.
. O.
.
.a . l...
.a a.
aa
.a a.
.o
.
a.
aa
.a t.
t
a.
t....::.
'o''
a oa .t aa
.o .r ,a .a
.a..
aa.a
.a al
.
o.
.a .a
aa la o.
.a
.
.a . aa
.a.a
'a.a
.a .a
at ao aa
.. .'
.. ,l '. a. aa ..

.. .a ..
. o.
o.
.. a. a.
.a.,
.a a.
o. a. .a
,a .a aa
o"

,.

.l .o ao ..
.o
. a. .o
ao .a o.
,...
.,
.a aO a
oa .a .o
.
a.

aa
a.
r'

..
..
a.
aa

l. .
aa
.a
'ot'

., ,o.l
..
a.
,. a.
.. ..
a.

....
.. .. .,
a, .a ,a aa a.
. a. ..
.a
aa
a,
l. ,a ..
,a aa
a. .a .o ao a,
'o
''-

aa ., ao
a. .a .o
''"'

..

t
I

Jt'
v

Lesson

7: Letters and Levels

99

Braille each of the f ollowing itetns, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

6.

Use a calculator to solve Problems D-G.

7.

What is the length of line cd?

X

8' Tz
9.

The value of lr

is 22 or about 3.1 4.
7

10. Let x equal the amount of money invested.

Answers

1. r - 1nd
2
2. lf V : 45 cubic feet, I -

5 feet, and

h - 3 feet,

find w.

3. x+2
4. 7x
5. x + 3(x+21
, a, .a
.o
,
.
.o at 'o
.a ao
. .. a.
.a aa a'
ao o. .a .a
. aa a' a. .a oa
. a. oa .o .a ..
.o a. a. a. aa a.
. 'o
.
o' a.
'a
. ' .a
.a oa .o oo
.a .a '.
ao ta .o .a
.o .. .a
.
aa oa .t .
.a a. .l aa
.a
.a aa a.
aa oa .o .a

100

o.
a.
.a
"
.a
..
.a
a.
.a
a.
.a
.a
aa
a.
..
a.
.
.a
a. o. .a
. a. aa

ao
'
'
oa
.a
'a .'
'a
l'
a.

a. a. al a'
' a
aa
" l'
aa .a
'...
.' " aa 'o
ao 't " 'o
o' '
'a
a' a'
a'
a' 'a
aa

o' 'a o' a'

' ao 'a oo
" a' a' ''

o'
a'
a'

" 'a a'a'a'

ao a' 'a a'
o' o' t'
''

o'
o'

o'
''

'

'

aa
'a
oa oo
al 'a
'a
'

a'
oa
oa

a' " a
l'
'o ''
o' a'
'

''
''

""
"

"''
"

''
''
''

''
'o

Basic Nemeih Code

 r$r/

r*p
@

l[J

i&

'."@

i@
r.q

'a .. .a .,
.a
.o ,a
oa a. .o al
.a
.a ..
.l aa
aa .
.a .. , .a
.a a, 'o .a
aa ., ot
.o

.
.a
" a.
'a al

a. a. a.
O. .. a. a.
..
aa .. a. aa
.a
.a
' '
. , o ' ao , a aa
.a . .o .a .a
.

aa

,a

a' a. .a
a. ,. aa
'a a, .. O.

. a, a. , a ao
'a a. .a .
a. oa . !. a.
.a .a

,. aa
,a
,a aa

a.
o.
. a aa
a. a.

a.
a. t
.c ao
cG , .
, . a.
aa ,
.

a.
a.
a.

.a
a.

aO

;;

a.

aa

'

o.

a'
. a.
l.

aa

aa

.--.1$/

Levels

,@

:,p
@

i&

-@

rs
@
,@
js
@
r_!
@

A Nemeth code rever indicator identifies symbors

that
follow it as superscripts or subscripts. superscript

indicators are used to write exponents.

subscript
indicators are used in chemicar formutas
as weil as in
math' The baseline indicator redirects
the braille reader

to the normar text rever. study the foilowing

indicators:

tp
,@

superscript indicator

(dots 45ti

i3
td

subscript indicator

(dots 5 6)

_q

baseline indicator

(dot 5)

i)

&

jr

Use the superscript indicator bef

ore
characters that appear raised above
the
baseline, which is the normal text
level.

tl

'g
,T
,I,

,q

i)

Now study the foilowing examples:

ir
t
l

I
)

Lesson

7: Letters and Levels

tot

F1

(i
@

.a .
ao
'a
.a'a

.a .
.t a,
aa.'

.o ..
'a a.
aa.o.,

dr

.o .'
.a o'
a'

ffi
(;

R2
rJ

1.

*l

.o.
.a a'
ao t.

.
.a
.a ta
.a 'a

2.

'a t.
'a o.

;i
49

:: ::

s&d/

:: :: :i :.

cm2

dl
w_t

2' you use the

As you can see in Examples 1 and

SuperscriptindicatorfollowinglettersaSwellas
:i :::; Now you
sign?
degree
the
Remember
numbers.
sign'
can decipher the first cell in that

quite as simple as

not
Use of the subscript indicator is
easier to start with
rt's
indicator.
superscript
the
of
that
it:
a rule about when You do not use

Donotusethesubscriptindicatorwhen
numeric
the subscripted character is purely
and subscripted to a letter or f unction
name.

Asyoureadthefollowingexamples'you'llseewhy
thisrulemakesSenseinbraille.ANemethCode
cell, so it is already
number is in the lower part of the
subscripted '
lower than the letter to which it is
notation' which is
Example 3 illustrates a chemical
subscript indicator'
of the most common uses of the

one

102

Basic Nemeth Code

6
i

.o .. .a . '
. a aa . a ao
aa ' ' .a 'a

.a

. .a
ao o.
. ' o. .a o.

Hzo

3.

Example 4 illustrates a f unction narne with a subscript.

\
I

LT

!I

.a .. .a ..
.a aa .a aa
aa.a.a.a

a. o.
aa ,
a. .a aa aa
a' 4. .. ..

4.
.a ., 'a . '
.o a. .a oa
.o
aa.o.a

tr

log s
:

: :: ;;

.a oa

Y3

lf the subscripted character(s) is NOT

purely numeric, use the subscript

5
i

6l

indicator.
v-

Study the following example:

.o .. ,a
.a aa .a oa
la a' .t .a

o.

oa .. la
. .o ,a
aa 'a a.

x-

- -t

The superscript and subscript indicators

affect all signs and symbols that follow
them until a space, punctuation indicator,

or baseline indicator occurs.

F

q
1

7
i

Lesson 7: Letters and Levels

t

t03

;: i3

'::i

:: .a:;,: :! !i .3:i::

-7

"

Yn

::

Yn+1

ln Example 7 the first n is subscripted. The baseline

indicator follows, which brings the reader back to the
normal text level for the plus sign. The entire
expression n + 1 is subscripted to the second Y.
..
'o
.a a.

.4..
.a ao

;."''

.
'o
.o a'

.a ..
'a aa

.a a.

"''2:';'' ''

.a , ..
,t a. ao

"1

ln Example 8, the space terminates the effect of the

superscript indicator.
'4..
.t
.a

.a.'
.a aa

"

;.

a.
..

.t
.a

'.
a.

;,

,,
.a

.a
..

a'
a.

.O .,
.a a

";'62

.a

O.

":

aa,a
. ,a

..
a.

'",

Example 9 is the familiar Pythagorean equation. Here

the effect of the superscript indicator after a is

terminated by the baseline indicator. This brings the
reader back to the normal level for the plus sign and
the , The spaces terminate the eff ect of the
superscripts that appear after the b and c.

"
l'0."
.o '.
.a l.

.l

104

. .a ..
'o aa

.,

ao . oo
a, ,a .o

'rno

"'
,iL rrlr" oi *r."'
.l
a,

a, a. a, a. a.
o. ., o. .. .a

o.
oa

..

aa .a .
o a.

.a ,.
.a oa

Basic Nemeth Code

I
II
;

ln Example 10, the effect of the superscript is canceled

by the punctuation indicator.
Look at Example 11that follows. Do you know why no
Uaseline indicator is needed before the plus sign?
.

a ,. ..
. a' a'
'. ..

.a ..
aa
'a
.a .a

11.

al .. 'l ao .,
' a'
'' o'
aa a' aa aa a'

x2+Yz

;
I

r
\
I

When no subscript indicator is required, a baseline

indicator also is not required .

5rr

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

:
h

;:i,'::i :::::i:ii,
;::' :: :i
;::? ,::i

;i :: :; :i ;: 3?
:::: ;::::, ;:::::;:

.a..
.o
.a aa .a aa
aa .a .a 'a

.
a'
aa.
, ' " a' " ' aa oo'
" 'a
'a " a''a

::;:;,

:: ,3:i

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

5. 3xy' + (2xyl2
E

6. logrgx(O
7. 32*-1 : 81

8.

NzH+

-t
I

Lesson

7:

Letters and

Levels

1O5

Find and explain the errors in the following exampte.

Then braille the example correctly.
. . ' .o ..
.a .a 'a aa
aa o. .a .a
.. ao
.. t.
oo a'
oo .a
.a a'
ao .'
.o ..
.a o.
at oo
.o
a.
oo

, ,a aa
o.
".a a.
,. ,,
.a oa
.. .a
.a '.
a,
a.
.o a'
'.4.
.a . '
. ' a.
.a .a

a'
.a
.o

aa .t
.a o.
.. a.
.
a.
a.
a, oo la .a
.a .. a. o.
. o. a. ..

.a
..
..
o.
oa
ao
.. .a a.
aa at ..
a. .
.a .. ..
.o aa a.
.,
aa
aa l.
ao aa
.. a.
o. .o
ao a,
.
a.

o. aa
..
.
.. a,

a. t.
o. ..
, aa
., .a
,a a.
a. a.
,
a.
. a.
a. a.
.a
a.
l.

ao a. o.
.. .. a.
. .. a,

.a
. aa
o. .o .o
o, ,a o.

a,
to
ao

., .
.a a.
aa ..
,. ..
,a.,
.a .o

a, ao !. oa
.a ,o a. .a
o, a. a. oa
.
aa a. ,. oo .a
a.
aa aa .. .. a,
.. t. ., a. l,
o.
o.
a. ,
, aa .o a. ,, a,
.a
aa
,a
, ,a a. .t a,
aa
aa ao t, a. a.
a. .a
, o,
aa ..
oa a.
oa a. ao a.
aa ao

.. o, ., .,
oa ,. .o a.
a. o. aa oo
.. ..
aa..
.. ..
.o..
.. .a
.a ,a
. aa .
.
.a .. .o

a.
aa
aa
.a
.
.a
,o a.
a.
.a o.
ao
.. aa ..
,. a. ..
oa a. .a

aa
,a
a.
aa
.a
..

aa a. a. aa
aa ao ,. ..
, ..
o.
a.
aa
aa
a,
,,
aa
..
,.
a,
,o .a a.
. . r.
a. a. .a
.a . - ..
.a ,. .r
,a .,
.a a.
,a lo

.a
a.
..
.. ,.
.o..
.a ,a

o. a.
oa ,.
aa ..
aa

.a
..

aa
aa

a.

.a .o
a. a.
.. .,

Answers

1.

nr2

.
o3+6
-.
-

3.

X1

4.

CzH+

'o
.a
aa
.a
.a
ao

. .t
.
a. .o aa
.o .a 'o
.. 'a ..
aa 'a ao
a' .o .a

'4..
.o ao
oa aa
,a
.a a.
oa ao

.t
.o
'a
.a
,a
.a

9.

t06

*x2* x3*...Xn

'.
aa
,a

.o ,.
at ,o
.a ao aa
., ,o .a
aa .. aa oa .
a, a, aa .. ..
a. .a ao a. .a
. at
a. a.
.a
. ,a..
.a aa ,a o. aa
.,
aa .. .. o. aa

.
ao
.a

.
..
.t

. . .a
a. .a ,
a. .. aa
..
aa
.
.o
..
ao

. ,
.. t.
aa ..
. a. ..
lo ..
,o a. ,. aa
oa
o. a. .a .. ..

a. . oa oa .o
ao o. ,, .a aa
al a. a, oa aa
.a ,.
a.
.,
.o ,a
a,
.a aa
,a a,
.a..
.a a.
.a a,
aa aa

.a ..
.o o,
a,

..
a.
,.

The example has the following errors:

. Two decimal points are ncorrectly formed.
o Subscript indicators are not needed for any
number that immediately follows a letter
variable.

Basic Nemeth Code

\
'i

,\

q9
i)
(p
ri
t)
il

t)
[

'

II It

le
r \
| ,

tf

it
il

i)
.l

,
r)
i

Ir

I
;

rt

i,

"
r
f

The punctuation indicator is not needed before

the question mark at the end of this sentence.

The correct way to braille this sentence foltows:

;:;::::: :i?:l: ::
:: :: ::::

;i:

?; ;;;:::
::;? :;:3::
:3 :;:.
::::
. a, ,. a. o.
.o ,a .. .a
a. a. a. ao

.a
aa a. .a ..
.a a. a. aa .a
oa
.a a. .a a. ,a a.

,a . ..
.a aa o.

:. ::.'..::.:::':'
.a a.
a. a.
aa ao .a .a a.
a. aa aa .a a.

:;:::a:i :3 ;: ::::::;:3; i;:::: ::::

.a ,. ,.
.. a. a.

oa oa . . o.
.. o, .. a. a,

.a

t.
::;.3: :: :?:: ao:: o.::3:

ta a. a. aa .o
ao aa . .. a.

a.
ao

::::.:l

.. aa a. .. ,a .o a.
.a
a. ,a a. .o a.
.. aa ,t
aa ao a, a, a.
a, .a

33;:

ao
aa

;;3: :: i::;

:;:: :;..

.a .a
..

aa ,.

:ai:
:;::
::
.a .a a.

::
aa

a. ..
, .a a.

aa
l.

::.':::."..

a. .a
aa a.
aa ..

.o .,
.o ..

aa
o.

a. ..
,. a.

.r
aa

;;i: :;:::;

rr

ummary
This lesson introduced the Nemeth Code rules for using
letters as variables, as well as the ndicators for
superscrpts and subscripts. Math textbooks, even at
the elementary level, include varables. Exponents
appear early in math currcula and are used throughout
high school math. Now that you've learned how ro rr"
the Nemeth code for variables, exponents, and
subscripted material, you're better abre to hetp a
student who uses braillle progress in math and science.

Lesson 7: Letters and Levels

p

t07

t08

Basic Nemeth Code

rp
v

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1t

Assignrnent 7

i\

ID
1)
i)

i)

1)
il

tl
i$

ir
,il
tf

For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.

Also list the name of this course, Assignment 7, your
instructor's name, End the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

t..-l

Write ltems 1-10 in print.

i\
.t
|.. _)

ll
,|

ir
lr
t

lr
!=
i

.o
.o
aa
.a
'a
ao

.
a.
..

'o aa
.o
.a .a

..
a.
a,

..
'o
.a at
.a .a
.a a. .a
aa aa a.
.a a. ..
.a
. .o
.a aa .a at'
ao . .a .o
.o
.a ..
.a oa' .a at
ao 'a .a .a
a.
.a
a.
.a .. .a
.a a. .a
aa .a .o
.a .. .a
.a ao ,a
aa a. .a
.a .. .a
'a aa .o
aa
aa .a
.a
.a
aa
.a
.t
aa

..
a.
al

oo
,o
a.
.,
aa
.a
'.
aa
.a
'.
ta
.a

.a .
.a aa
.a .o

.a ,.
'o 'o ta
a. .a 'a

'?
"
'
. a O. .'' O 'a
. a aa'
aa . ao .a .a

.. a. a. .o
.. o.
,. a. -a aa
.a aa
.a a. ., l.
,a .
aa
a,
aa
oa
'.
.. ..
. .a .a
,a aa
., o. aa
.a a.
a,
aa
o,
. ,o
.a
aa .a
. a.
a. ..
., aa ,, aa
.a
. a. .o ,o
.
.a ,, a. ..
aa
,. .a
o. aa .a .o
.. a.
.a
aa
.o aa
.. a. t.
a. .a
.a
oa t. ao o.
.
. oa .o
.a o,
a.
. .
.
a.
ta ,a
.l
aa o. .a
.
.. .a a.
.a a. -.
.. a. a.
aa a. .a
.a oo
.a o.
aa
.. a,
.a
.a o.
,a a.
.o
.. al .a .. .. .a ..
. o,
o o. .o
aa aa .. a, . rr .,
, a, oa .. ta
,a.a..
.. ,. o.
,a
.l aa a. .a
.a a,
.o .. o. ll aa .a
.
,o aa ao .a .. .a o.
aa . ta .a aa . o.
.'
.. o.
. . a.. o.
aa . .
.a
. l.a. a.
t. aa,a

aa
a.
a.
aa
aa
l.
a.
a.
a.

o. a. aa l.
aa ,a a. aa
. ,. a,
a.
,. .a
o.
,a .o aa
o- a. a.
a.. ,. aa
, .a
ao .a a.
.. aa aa
a. ao .a
,o ., .o

aa ,a
ao a.
.a a.
.a ..
a .a oa
t, ,a .a

.a
a. ,a .. .a
.a a, a, aa
o.
.. a, .o a.
aa
.a
o. aa ..
oa
. r
,
oa .
aa aa.a
la oa
o. a. a. o, .o .a
lo .a a. .. oo ..
a. .. o. .. ,
a.
a, . a
..
aa
a. .a .a
.a
aa
a. a. .,

.o o. .a
a. a.
aa .a a, a. aa
.a a,
a,
aa
oa
.o .a
.a
.a
!, a.
.. aa
oo
.o .o
a.
,a aa
aa
.. ., aa .a ..
a .a lo
.a
.a .,
. . a, oa oa aa .a ,a o. .a
..
a,
ao . .a .. oa . o. o. ,a o.
.a
,
: a. ,. a.
a. .a .. rr .i
.a l.., aa

.,
.a

aa

o.
o.
a,
,.
.a
,a

,. a. ..
,a .a a,
a, .. ..
aa .a ..
., .a oa
aa .a .a

,. a.
.a ta
.a .,

.t a.
.a .a
.
o.

a,
.
..
..
o,
o.
..
ro
o

.. .o ,. .,
a. .. .a .a
a. a. .a ao
aa
..
rr

aa
..
.
,,
,.

,a
.:
a.
.a ..
O, . .
a. .l

aa .a .t
,: .a a
ao ao oa
o. ., .. ..
.l r oO .
ol .r ll .

.a a.
.o a.

aa

.a
oo

a.
a.

Braille ltems 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

I

11.1a +

2b

Assignment 7
v

12. triangle ABC

t09

13. 02
15. x2 +
17. V

14.

16.

Y2:9
43

|ron,

18. n: 4

- ;n,

19. (m -1O)(m +

21

20- 2nr2

+ 2nrh

Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson B: Omissions and Shapes.

/ to

Basic Nemeih Code

,_b

IJ

Lesson 8: Omissions and $hapes

1$

,
:1

i)

f
l_il

t0

(!

ril
t,

rl
i

()

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[]

t)
tl
lr
t,
i)
tl

tr
lr
_|
I

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:-

Math textbooks contain more than just letters and

numbers. Arrows, shapes, fll-n-the-blank indicators,
and other printed symbols can all be transcribed in the
Nemeth Code. Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth
Code was developed and how it is used. Lesson 2
described the Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators,
the mathematical comffiE, Roman numerals, and some
special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation
and groupng, while Lesson 4 presented signs of
comparison. Lesson 5 introduced spatial presentation.
Lesson 6 presented the slash and f ractions. Lesson 7
described the use of English letters and pi, as well as
superscript, subscript, and baseline indicators. This
lesson describes how to indicate omissions, which
represent something left out for the student to enter,
and shapes, which are sometimes used as omission
symbols. Reading and brailling the symbols for
omissions and shapes will enable you to expand your
ability to use the Nemeth Code.

.j
1

_l
t

Lesson B: Om,ssrons and Shapes

tlt

Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to read and braille

a.
b.

omissions
shapes

Omissions
Math exercises often display a symbol that the student
interprets as something to be replaced after computing.
ln print this may be a question mark, a line, dD
underlined question mark, a blank space, or a shape. ln
the Nemeth Code, use one of the following signs for

the omission:
general omission sign

?::

(dots 123456)

long dash

;;;;;;;;

(dots 36, 36, 36, 36)

Note that an omission can stand for a number, an

operation, or a sign of comparison. Space the general
omission sign as f the correct sign were in its Place.

tt2

Basic Nemeth Code

IX
\,l

!b
:
r$

wth some exceptions, the long dash is preceded

followed by a space. Study the following examples of

and

-.)

,)
i ,)

;t

tl

:3;.::;;
'o 'o

'o

1.
.a .,

t t

()
il

I
II II

()

.a,.

a o. ,a aa
o..'
'o 't

2.

.?:'
..,,
.a aa .o aa
..
.a

aa

'a

::;;:::3
.a..

oa ..

r)

-'
[
i)

I
lt

::;;:l:;

4.

a.

25
a.

aa

aa

aa

ao

aa

,. ,. . ....
.a a, .. .. a... .,
,a
.a

aa

o.

121
.:;: ;:a. ao:: aa::::::::
aa aa oa

aa .,

12 +

aa

12.7 5

::::
.a o.

::;: ;:
27

aa a. aa

The omssion sign can be used in spatal display:

a. o, aa
a. .a a.
ta

.o , , .. o..,
.a ,o
.o a. . .a ,a o. ....
.. a. .a.a
.. a.
.a .a ,.
,a

aa

'a

.a.,

.a a, o.
...,
'.

....

5? 5 -

a ., 'a .,
.o a, .a
aa
aa .a .o .a

r-i
i

;:'

11

.a a,

...a t..o..oa a...

3.
aa 'a .o .a

::;:'

t'

7+7 -

[-J

t)

::::
't t'

o"""'

5.

aa
aa
aa

256

+?

ao aa ao aa aa aa

356

aa a. aa
. .a a.

Practce Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the foilowing:

Lesson B: Om,rbsions and

i

Shapes

I Is

a ao
. ot
at aa
.

{
.1..
.o..a aa .e aa
oa .a .a .a

aa

' .. oa
' oa
ao al

?:

:: ::

??

oa

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

x?
250
Answers

3. -7.2 +
4.8

,8,10,

12

B
7

_o

I t4

50

1. 2, 4,
2.4

5. $100 - ?- $60
_ 150
6. 75x
7. 18+?-6
8.

Basic Nemeth Code

T
.h

k
E

'a
.a
at
.a
.a
ao
.t
.c
aa

t
b

,. .a .
a. ' o aa'
'a .a ,a
' .a ..
ao . o aa
a ' .a .a
.. ,a ..
at . a a3
oa .a .a

.o
'
o. ao .a
o. a. aa
.t
. .
.
.a a. a. .o
aa .. .a lO
'a !.
.t ..
. a aa
aa a'
'a
..
..

::::

T
f
I

T
I!ry
h
I
I
.

Shapes

-l

ln the Nemeth Code, shapes begin with the shape

indicator, (dots 1246l'. A letter or number that is
suggestive of the shape follows the indicator. Study

Y
lr
d
.

the following shapes:

rl

rectang le
aa a.
a. ao
.a a.

a
,

(dots 1246, 1235)

circle

la aa
a. ...
'o

(dots 1246, 14ll

aa . a
a. aO
.a o,

(dots 1246, 23451

aa ..
o. oa
.a 'a

(dots 1246, 256ll

,l

I
I

triang le

-\
I
J

square

.l

j
I

Lesson B: Omissions and Shapes

115

diamond
oa ao
a. 'a
.o . '

(dots 1246, 145l'

aa ' a
a. a.
.a a.

(dots 1246, 234r'

oa .
a. a.
.a .a

(dots 1246, 246l-

sta r

angle

Note that these symbols represent miniature shapes

that could be substituted by the name of the shape.
Shape symbols are not used for diagrams. Also note
that the star shape is not an asterisk
Read the following rule and examples:

Leave one space between a shape and the

numerals or letters that identify it.
;: i: ::

ii i::i :;:::; i: :; :: :::.

1.
.a .
.o a'
aa a.

A
.o
.
.a ao
.o .o

oa .a
a. a.
.a .a

*
tt6

.. oo .a oa ,a
.
a.
.a aa aa a.
.a ,a

_
. ao
,. .a
.a oo

.o a,
.o a.

/. X+ /_ Y _

2.
aa 'a
' o.
.l a.

ABC

.a ,. .a .,
.a aa .a aa
aa .. .a .a

a' a.
aa .
aa ..

3.

(a

.a .a
. .o
a. o,

aa
ao
aa

star for

i::i

.; :i:; :i .: i:
DEF

aa
ao
oo

a. aa .o a. a.
.a . oo aa .
. aa a. a.
.

aa a. oa .a .a .a
.. ao o, a, oa aa
.. a. .a
. a. ao

extra

credit)

Basic Nemeth Code

I
7

,'b
t

1-

om rssrons.

-a
I

4
*T

::;;::;;

oa .o .o 'a

:3;;::::
::
, .r a.

ao .o

::::
.l a.

4xO -

4.

::;;
.a .o

l^

L
,,
I

.a
I

Arrows consttute another group of shapes. ln math

and especally in chemistry, arrows are signs of
comparson. An arrow has a barb (point) and a shaft
(line). The shaft is two cells of (dots 251. Sometimes,
n the nterest of saving space, you'll f ind right-pointing
arrows contracted without a shaft. Left-pointing
arrows, however, are never contracted. Study the
f ollowing signs:

right-pointing arrow uncontracted

_)
:? ;: ;; :;
(dots 1246, 25, 25, 1 35)

I
i

right-pointing arrow contracted

(dots 1246, 135)
oa o '
a. .a
'a a.

left-pointing arrow

:: :: ;;

;;

(dots 1246, 246, ZS, 2Sl

fd

J
Lesson B: Omissions and Shapes
D

'

117

Notice that if you connect dots 153, in that order, you

get a right-pointing barb, like this:

Similarly, if you connect dots 426, you get a leftpointing barb.

Now read the following examples:

.o .. .a
,o o. .a aa
aa 'a .o .o
oa a.
a. 'a
.a a.

'o
.a
aa
.a
.a
ao

..
a.
a.
.
aa
'

.t
aa
a.
.a
aa
a.

'a
a. a, a.a a'
.
.. .o ..
a. a.
a.
.a a'
.

'a
.a
aa
.a
.a
ao

5. 2 tens, 16
....
.a..
. oo .i r
.o a. .o .a

aa
a.

aa .a
a' a' aa aa
.a .a '.

.. .
o. aa
. a.
aa
o.

. - a' .o
.a 'a a.
. a. o.
.o
'..o a.
.a o.
. a. a.

ones

-+ 3 tens, 6

ones

aa

..

6.feg
118

Basic Nemeth Code

b
.h
t

Practice Exercises

i
g

Write the print equivalent of the following:

5
Y

,a ..
' o a'
aa ..

.a . '
.o.o
.a .a

t
.

.a
a o.
aa a.
'.oa . '
ta
aO '.

.o
.
.o oo
.o .a

!i3

r
'
!I
F
.lil

I
T
q

.a '.
.a aa
.a 'a
l oa
a. .a
.
't

.o .. .a
.
.a aa 'a aa
aa .a .a .a

aa 'a
.' a.
.o .a

" aa
'a
aa .o
.l
a. aa
.a o.
'a a.
.' a. o. .t
. ao
'. .a
'O 't
' a'
. .r
aa..
.. al .
.o .a.a
aa.a
.a .. '. ta a.
.a , r
.a o'
.
aa o. .o' a.

..

a' ,
. a. . '
'a . 'o
. ao
.o "
.a .a
l. a.
' O'
aa . a.
.a . .o
aa.a
lo
.t
. ao
,
aa .a ..

l.
.'
.. a. " a!
'
o. '
'a '
'a .. .a .. .o
.o
a.
aa
.a
.o
't
a'
l.
o.

aa 'a
" aa "
l' a'
'
'
.o 'a
'a
'a
a'
io aa 'l to a' 'a oa
oa
a' aa a' .' 'o oa ao
a' 'a
aa
a' 'a " O'

a'
o'

't !'
'a t'

'

aa
oo
aa

'
a.

aa

aa ' '
a'
a. la oo' 'a
.o .
., a.

'
a'
a.

aa a' "
'a a'
"
' "
'a a' " l''a
ao
'o
" 'o

ao a'
" o'
" a'

Bralle each of the f ollowing tems, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

5. 7x4 -I

6. Which is larger, C A or O B?
7. /-ab + /.cd_?
:

i6
i

o.

4Fe + 3O2

----

2Fe2Os

Answers

1. /. CBA
2. ln A CBD, /-CB :
3. What is the permeter of C WXYZT
?

.o
.a
at
.a
'a
oo

.. .o
.
a' .a aa
.o .o .a
. .o .
aa .a ao
a. .a .a

,o
.o
ao
.
'.
'a

. .a a. ..
.. oo
ao .
ao . .o 'a
a.
'o .o
o. a,
'a
.a
'. a'

'a o.
.a a.

aa
a.
'a
o. 'a ao al
a. 'a aa oa
t. a. .
'a

oo
.a
.
a.
.

aa ao
a.
.a

. a.
.a .

Lesson B: Omissions and Shapes

U

o'
a'
.a aa
o. a.

aa ao
a' . '
.a ..

. o.
. ' a'
.a '.

.o
.a a'
.a ao

' tt9

Summary
This lesson explained how to use omissions and shapes
in the Nemeth Code. Have you discovered some of
these symbols in braille math books? lf you have
access to a braille math textbook, why not find some
of these symbols in it? Then try reading and copying
them. The more practice you get, the more your ability
to use the Nemeth Code will improve.

120

Basic Nemeth Code

\
qf
j

Assignment

**
I

-"4
I

-,
I

*
I

For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.
Also list the name of this course, Assignment B, your
instructor's naffie, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

Write ltems 1-10 in print.

-A
I

J
I

.o
.a
at
.O
.o
oa
.a
.a
ao

..
a.
'
.'
o,
a.
.
aa'
.

.a . '
.a aa
.a .o

..
oa
.a

. ..
'a
.a o. ..
aa . .o
aa .. 'a
.o a. ..
.a 'l a.
.a a. ..
,. a. a.
a. .o

.o
'o
aa
.a
.a
oa
.a
.a
oa

. ,a ..
a. 'a lt
'o 'o .a
.a ..
oa 'a aa
a. .a 'a

ao , .a
.a a.
.
.o
a'
.l .. ..
.a aa ..
al .a.o

.a
't
'a
'a
.a
.a

,.
ao
.a

..
at
aa
..
,a
aa

.a
.o
aa
.a
.a
ta
.a
.
.a

. .
,o
.a aa
at oa .a

.. ..
ao ..
.l .a

la aa aa
.a .. .a ..
.a a. .. a'
aa .' .a .a
ao aa aa aa
.o o.
.o t.
aa
'..a ..
.. a.
.a 'a. aa
.o a.
.. o.
ao aa aa oa

aa .o

.a
.a a
ao '.

.
aa ..
. .a

.o
. .
'a a. aa
aa
t.

.. .. .a .. '.
aa l. '. ao .o
a. aa .a -o aa

]
)

-.|
I

)
I

I
I

. .o ..
aa .o oo
ta .a ,a
aa .o
o' 4.
,a .a
.o ..
.a at
.a .t

.. .a
.o a'
. ao .. a'
,. .a,.
.a
.O ., ,a . '
at .. oo
. o' .a .a
.o .. a. .

.
'a
.a aa
.o .o

. a.
.a ..

d
)

--)
I

_)

.a
.o
oo
.a
.o
ta

.'
a.
aa
.
.o
a.

.. .a a. aa
. aa
a. .a
a. aa 'a aa
aa a. 'o .
.t
. .. ,.
. ao.a
a'
.
aa .a
a. ao
'..o
.o o.

aa
a.
a'
.
'a
.a o. .a
aa
aa

o.
ao
a.
.o
'a
.o

.o o.
.a a'
.a
o.
aa
.a
aa .a
a. a.
a.
.a a.
l'

.
a. .a aa ,.
.o .a ,. aa .o
a. oa a. .a ao
.
.o oo
a'a
ao
a. oa . o. at
.o
.t a. ao .a ,a

o.
'a
a.
aa
.a
..

.a a.
.a a.
.
a.
a.
.. a.
,. 'a
,a ..

'o
,o
oa
aa .
a. lo
.a

..
aa ao
,. a,

a'
oa .o
a.
.. oa ..
.. a. ..
.a
.o

.a .. . aa o. .. .. o.
.o a. ,. .a
. o,
.a
aa o. ,a a. -- a. .a a.

.o ., ,. ,a .a a.
.aoa.a.a
...
ta O. Oa . .a .a
'a
.a
a'
.t
a.

o. a'
.a
. .

a.
oa
at

tl a'
a. aa
.a a.
aa aa .a oo .a o. .o
oa 'a a. a. a. .a a'
.
. a'
a.

.a a'
.a a.

.' aa
a, ,. .o . .o
. aa
oa.
a.
.o a, ,a o. .a o. ,a aa
a,
a'
'. a. a. a. a. ..
a. '.
a. a. a.
oa .a . a. l. .a

.a ..
.a la
.a .a
aa a.
ao .o
.
.

aa

la
aa

I
)

Assignment B

t2l

Braille ltems 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

11. 5

12

?_90

15

13.

12. BB.9 +

14.$125+5_$?

30

15.

x?
180

16. What is the difference in area between O WXYZ

and

. Zn + 2HCl -+ ZnCl2 + Hz
18. H +- G
17

19.

2300
20. two x

_ twelve

Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson 9: Carried Numbers and Long Division.

122

Basic Nemeth Code

Lesson 9: Carried Numbers and Long

Divislon
Math students, especially at the elementary level,
benefit from seeing each step of a problem computed.
Using the Nemeth Code, students who use braille can
follow each step in a problem that involves carrying or
tong division. Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth
Code was developed and how it is used. Lesson 2
described the Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators,
the mathematical comffio, Roman numerals, ond some
special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation
and grouping, while Lesson 4 presented signs of
comparison. Lesson 5 introduced spatial presentation.
Lesson 6 presented the slash and f ractions. Lesson 7
described the use of English letters and pi, as well as
superscript, subscript, and baseline indicators. Lesson
B described omissions and shapes. This lesson explains
how to braille carried numbers and long division.
ln very elementary math, addition and multiplication
problems often display carried numbers. Long division
has partial products, which are displayed in braille as

Lesson

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

123

they are in print. Students are often asked to show

their work, including carried numbers and partial
products. lt is therefore helpful for a parent, teacher, or
aide of elementary math students to be able to read
and set up problems in braille with carried numbers and
long division. Using the Nemeth Code to display carried
numbers and long division will enable you to expand
your ability to use the Nemeth Code.
Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to read and braille

a.
b.

carried numbers
long division

Carried Numbers
Read and mem orize the carried-number indicator.
carried-num ber

indicator

3:

33 33

i: :: 33

i3 string of (dots 2356)

The carried-number indicator is the same length as the

separation line. lt appears in the line above the top line
124

Basic Nemeth Code

11

1.

357

+49
406

:: :: ?:
;;
;; ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
aa aa oo aa aa ao aa

,
l

aa 'a a.
oa al oa
a. ..
.l.a
'a
at

a. aa aa
a. aa o.
a.
o. aa
aa . ' ..

111

2.

708
5,27 6
831

oa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
aa . ' o. a. a.
a..o
aa
'a

6,81 5

As you set up a problem with carried numbers, plan for

three lines above an addition problem. Remember the
following format rules:
Place the top number to be added
(addend) on the same line as the problem
identifier. The carried numbers appear
above the carried-number indicator.

t
\

Lesson

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

125

Leave a blank line above and below each

spatially displayed problem.
Leave at least one empty column between
side-by-side problems.
Leave an empty column between the
problem identifier and the beginning of the
separation line.

ln elementary math, ffiultplication problems can also

illustrate carrying. study the f ollowing exampre:
?:

ao aa ao aa aa aa aa
ao aa ao oa oo aa aa
.a .. 'a ..
.o ao .o ao
oo .. 'o .a

o. aa aa
.a r a.
.o a. . '
'... ..a' a.
o.

3.

536

x2

ao o ao aa aa ao al
a' -. .a aa a.
.. .a aa ao a.

1,O72

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

126

Basic Nemeth Code

Braille each of the following iterns, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:
I

11

78

3.

974

4.

x2

+ 387

156

,361

Answers
2

1.

78

2.

73

+59

x27

137

511

146
1,97

Lesson
g

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

127

oo aa t o a a a a
aa oa a a o o a o
a a

aa a

'o

ta aa
o.

a
a a

aa aa a

oa aa ta aa aa aa aa
a'
..

.. ao aa a.
'o .' 4. ,.

Long Division
Lesson 5 described simple division problems. This
section illustrates division problems where the several

steps are worked out in detail. Take care to maintain

numbers in their proper columns. All the separation
lines of a problem begin in the same column as the
"divided into" sign and extend one cell beyond the
longest line, including the quotient. This section
describes long division with decimals and remainders.
Begin by studying the following example:

t28

Basic Nemeth Code

a' 'a
a. a.

29

aa oa aa aa aa !a aa

1^')

..
. a
. a.
+ 4.
.a a.
a a.
'. al a' . ' .a '. aa a'

, I \J-

aa aa
aa a '

76

ao aa aa aa ao aa aa
aa aa a.

342

ao aa a'
'. .O O.

342

" '' ''

aa aa ao aa ao aa aa

.a
aa

Example

2 lustrates a long division problem with

decimal point in the dividend. Notice that the decimal

point is in the same column in both the quotient and
the dividend. A placeholder appears throughout the
problem in the same column.
.. .a .. ..
aa ,. o. oa
,. .a .. aa
aa al aa ao aa aa ao aa
.a '.
.a a.
oo o.

.o
.a aa
.o .a

. . ' " 'a " "

a.
. oo a'
aa a. 'l l. aa a,
.a .l a.
'a o' 'a o' 'a

2.

3.17
45Y42.65
135

76
45

decimal point
placeholder
column

315
315

Lesson

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

129

A long division problem with a decimal point in the

divisor can present a new set of challenges when
brailling the problem for computation. Before you
compute the problem, you must move the decimal
point in the divisor to the far right. A caret indicates
the new position of the decimal point. Print users
usually draw an arrow to indicate that the decimal has
moved. The caret is equivalent to that arrow, and it is
shift + 6 on a keyboard. Study the following sign and
Example 3:
caret

(dots 456 , 126l,

'a
.a a'
a,
't .a

/\

oa

.a

.a
.a

aa to

aa aa ao oa

.a o. a. .
.o a. 'o a.
.a .a a. o'

.. .a
.'a .a 'a t.
.a a' .a l..a

aa

decimal point in
quotient goes above
second cell of caret

a.
a.

::

??

oa aa aa aa oa aa
.a
o.

:?

::

ao

placeholder column
for original decimal
point
placeholder columns
for caret

aa

t30

Basic Nemeth Code

Y
$

The print equivalent of Example 3 is as follows:

,i

tt
n
!

3.

p
I

34.

8.5 A 294.9 A5
255
39 I
34 o

.b
,t

59
59

-J

-l

Example 4 is a division problem with a remainder. An

uppercase or lowercase letter r precedes the remainder.
A space appears before the remainder. The (dot 5) that
follows the letter r is called the multipurpose indicator.
Always use a multipurpose indicator between the r and
the amount of the remainder. The multipurpose

indicator is used in a variety of situations; for now, just

use it as directed.

Lesson
9

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

'

131

. ..
a.
aa.a
aa
o. .
a.

o. ao
'. 'o

:: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::
.a .. .a ..
.a aa .c aa
aa 'a .o 'a

.. .. a
a. .a .t t.
.. o. a, a'

4.

at ?.
aa o.

a. .a
' ' a.

14

rG

19+4,
19

ao aa ao aa ao aa aa aa aa

B2

a. a.
aa a.

76

ao ao
aa a.

oa ao ta aa aa aa oa aa aa

;;
a'

Remember to make the separation line extend one cell

to the right of the entire problem, including the

remainder. Example 5 also illustrates a long division

problem with a remainder. As mentioned, the letter F

can be capitalized.
o.
.o

:: :: :: ::
.a .
.a .
.o a. 'a aa'
aa .a .a .a

?:

'.
'a

a' . ' ..
aa.o
aa
t. .. ..

::

??

:: ::

?:

.
t
oa ao .o o. a. a.
. ao a' ,. al aa

5R3

5. 37F88-

a. a. a.
.. aa.o

185

aa aa aa oo aa aa aa aa aa aa

aa

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

132

Basic Nemeih Code

gh
I

|\

o. ,a aa
,. a' a,
aa aa oa aa aa ao ao

..
'a
.t a.
ao ..

F
p(

.t ..
.a aa
.a 'o

:?
.o '.
.a t'
aa a.

,. ' a
a. aa' .a aa '. a ea a'
.
., oa o.
. .a
o.

'a a
'. .a
'a

..
a'

??

:?

::

?:

::

:? :?

::

:?

::

:?

.. a
a .a .a .. aa a' aa
. .. a. a. .a a. .a aa

'l

aa
lo

o.

'a
a.

a.

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa ao ao aa aa aa

aa oa aa aa aa aa ao

I
I

_t
I

a.

la aa
o. ,.

a'
a.
.a .a

a.

a. aa
.a ..

a. a.
.a a.

aa

aa

oo oo la oo aa aa ll

aa

aa

aa

t.
..

'a o'
ta a'

aa aa
. ' oa

.a
O'
.. aa t.
a.

a. ao
a. a'

aa lo a ao oa

aa oa aa aa oa oo aa aa ao aa aa aa

oa oa ao ta aa aa ao
i

-,
l

J
a. 'a
..4.

a.
aa

,t . '
'..4.. oa

ao aa aa aa aa oo aa oo ao ao

_$

.a .. .a '.
'o aa 'a oa
aa '. ,a .

. ' ,a '. 'a a. o. .

. '.
. aa .a a. .a a. o' a.
ta
'a .t .. 'a .a a. oa .t o.

a. '.
'a . ' .a
aa .a a. .a
'a a. .a .a a.

oa aa
.a '.

aa aa aa aa ao aa aa ao aa aa
aa a. a.
.o o. a.

ao a. oa
.. aa aa

ao ao ao aa ao aa al aa aa oo

aa a.
.. .a

aa

aa aa
.. .a

aa
.a

*f

o,

oo oa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

t
)

a,

a.
a.

.a
a,

a.

a.
o'

.a
a.

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

.o

aa

J
)

-)
B

Lesson

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

133

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:
4.

10 R1 0

19
6F 14

29

10

54
54

o
10

6.

o. 63
2.9 n 1.8 n27

17

134

4
87
87

Basic Nemeth Code

l)

s
lt
p
R

Answers

t
1.

rl

712111

tYo

dh

2.

3,332

17

-$

lr
3

ir

63

53

r,

55

52

37
26

102

"'

.S

102

ll

11

_!
I

l
,

3.

19 8.
4.3 A 852.6

43

422

387

356

344
12
12

Lesson
I

9
9

9: Carried Numbers and Long Division

t35

a. .a
.. aa

o. .a
. a'

oo al aa aa aa aa la

aa oo oa ot aa
.. a. .
ca .a t, t. ta
. , .o
a. a.

.l
.a
aa

.
.a

.a . '
.a aa
.a .a

'a
. aa

aa ao aa aa

a, .a
a. o.
ao aa aa aa aa aa ao aa ao aa oa

aa oo aa ta oa
o ' oo

'a

a. 'a
.. aa

a. ao
.a 'a

.a
ao
aa oo ao aa aa aa aa aa aa oa aa

aa ta aa oo aa

o. .o
. ' aa

.a
oa

.a . ' ..
, aa la
.o a.
.

.a
oa

:: :: ::
..
a.
a.

o'

.. .. a
.o .a
t. .a .a aa
a. l' a. .. aa aa

ta
a.

'a

. a. .
.. aa 'a
,a a...

.o . ' .a a. o. ..
.. .l .a a. .a a.
.a o' .a .o a. ..
a.

:?

::

??

:: :: ::

. '
.a . .a a'
.. a. 'o l' a. aa
.o oa .a .a a' oa
ao
aa

,.

oa

oo aa aa aa aa aa aa ao aa

;:
;;
al aa
;:
;;
aa aa
aa oo ao aa aa aa aa ao oa
'a
aa

Summary
This lesson illustrated problems with carried numbers
and long division in the Nemeth Code. Remember to
maintain columns and plan for the correct number of
lines above and below a problem. You're now able to
read and write much of the Nemeth Code that is used
in elementary math curricula.
136

Basic Nemeth Code

I
,

),i

f
t

Assignment

;
E

F.il

For general instructions on completing assignments,

\

@
I

J
f
I

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.
Also list the name of this course, Assignment 9, your

instructor's naffie, and the date. Be sure to include the

tem number along wth each answer.
Write ltems

-6 in print.

a.
.a

ao ao aa ao oa
ao aa ao aa aa

I
I

.a
,a
aa

,.
a.
. .

't ..
'a o.
ao a.

'a '.
aa
'a
.a .a

.o ..
.o ao
.a .l

to aa
. a'

i: :;;:

6t
o. .. a. .o o.
'. .a .. aa a.
:

J
a. a.
a. a.

oa ao aa aa aa aa
oa ao ao aa. aa lo
o. a. ao
t. .a a.
)

aa aa aa aa aa aa a
o. ...
.a a. .. .a o. ao
.a aa . .a
a.

a. aa o'
.. oa ao

=
I

oa a,
aa aa

. a ao
a. a.

.a
ta

'o a.
a. ..
aa oa ao aa oa aa aa

a'a'
.. .o

a. 't oa
' aa .a

at aa aa oo ta ao

a. ao o.
.a .a 'a

a. ' a aa
'. aa 'a

:? :?

:: ::

?:

::

??

.a
ta

--)

Assignment

t37

o,.'
aa.a
4...

aa aa
oa '.

'.
a'
a'

l.'.
..

a ar aa aa la aa oa la aa ao aa oa
.a
.a t'
aa .l

.a .
'a et
.a
.a

.
..4.
a. 3a .a ao. .. a. ...o

!o ,o .t
aa ao ao

a.

a a.
a. ..

aa ao aa oa oa oa aa aa oa aa oa ao
,a .a

a ' aa

aa . o
o. a.
oo aa oa aa ao oa aa oa oa la ao oa
a. a'
a. '.

aa
aa
.
.4.,
.o.'
.a aa .a aa
oa o. .a .a

a.
aa

.a .,
.. la
'a ..

ao la aa oa oo oo oa ao aa aa

.. .a
. .a a. a! , .. .'
o. a'
aa . ' a. .o a. .o aa
.a .a o. .a .a a. .. a. la

a' "
'a
" .a
.. a.
.a a. aa
.o aa .a 'a a'

a' .a aa
a. a. .a
aa oa oo aa aa oa oa oa ao aa

.'...'

aa aa
., 'a

a.
aa

aa aa

ao

o.

aa aa aa aa ao aa oo ao aa oa
a.

a.
a.

OO

o.

o,
a.

aa
a.

a'

ao aa ao aa aa ao aa aa aa aa
.a

aa

Braille ltems

7-12 in the Nemeth

26

11

7.

t38

21

Code.

8.

139

+89

x7

300

973

Basic Nemeth Code

!
I

p
,b.

I
I

12

30

178
936

9.

h
I

10.

2eE70
'87
o0
oo

25

t\

dt

FI

.jv

14

1,153

I
I

5 3. 9R5

&
tr

,
,

11.

1.5 n BO.9 n O
75

12.

5.2 n

494

59
45
14

13

468

26
26

)
I

Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson 1O: Contractions, Short-Form Words, and
Abbreviations.

)
I

Assignment 9

'

139

140

Basic Nemeih Code

&

n
I

r
tiI

Lesson 1O: Contractions, Short-Form

Words, and Abbreviatlons

v'J)

$
f!

p
*
E

r
#
I
I

3
I

a
I

T
Fr
:

d
I
I

J
I

T
a
I

The Nemeth Code almost always occurs alongside

English braille (the literary code). Specific rules,
however, are required for the use of contractions when
the Nemeth Code is used. Lesson 1 explained how the
Nemeth Code was developed and how it is used.
Lesson 2 described the Nemeth Code numerals, basic
indicators, the mathematical comma, Roman numerals,
and some special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of
operation and grouping, while Lesson 4 presented signs
of comparison. Lesson 5 introduced spatial
presentation. Lesson 6 presented the slash and
f ractions. Lesson 7 described the use of English letters
and pi, as well as superscript, subscript, and baserine
indicators. Lesson B described omissions and shapes.
Lesson 9 explained how to braille carried numbers and
long division. This lesson discusses the use and nonuse
of contractions and short-form words in the Nemeth
Code. lt also discusses abbreviations.

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form

7

Words

l4l

You already know that in order to begin learning the

Nemeth Code, you must first be competent in English
braille. That is because contractions and short-form
words appear in mathematical and scientific material
according to the rules of English braille. However,
Nemeth Code rules state that contractions and shortform words must not be used in situations where a
contraction and a Nemeth Code symbol mght be
confused. This lesson presents some of those rules.
Since most units of measurement appear as
abbreviations in math, the second section of this lesson
provides practice in reading and brailling abbreviations.
It also includes the prime and double prime symbols, '
and ", which stand for feet and inches as well as
minutes and seconds (i.e., gradients of degrees).
Correctly using contractions and abbreviations in the
Nemeth Code will enable you to read and braille word
problems and mathematical expressions that include

text.
Objectives

After completing this lesson, you will be able to

142

Basic Nemeth Code

)
,iA

td
a

It

rt\

':
#
lr

a.
b.

follow some basic rules for the use and nonuse of

contractions and short-form words in the Nemeth
code
use abbreviations

Use and Nonuse of Contractions

and Short-Form Words

':
I

v
F-\
t

s
t

Study the following rules and examples. Then copy the

exa m ples.

Use uncontracted braille for words that are

in direct contact with a Nemeth Code
symbol.

r
I

r
*"1
r-

;::: ::::

t.

3:

:?:;:?:i;;:::i:i

-A'AA
Seven

.::, ::::::

One _

StX

)
I

.?:'
o a,
aa a.

.? .,
.a oa
.a.a

.. .o ..
oa ar ,a .. .a o, aa ao..
.o
.a .a a. a. ao , .o .. .a .. la a. ar..
.. .a .a
,a..
. a. a, .. a. .. .. a, a, ., a. .. aa

2.

istance
time

.. o,a o-

a. ., .a aaa . aa .a
a. ,. a. ,.

-fate

r
L
'

What if Example 2 were brailled spatially? Would the

words distance and time be in direct contact with a
\emeth code symbol? Study Example 3 as you answer
the q uestion
.

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form Words,

...

43

distance
time

3.

Use uncontracted braille for words that are

next to a comparison symbol, even though
a space appears between them.
;::3

4.

:::i ;:;:;a :::::i:; a: ::::

cents :

90

:; ?::i:i :i ?::::?::

nine

dimes

Note that if a word cannot be contracted, and t is

preceded by the preposition to, into, or by, you must
braille the preposition in uncontracted braille, separated
from the next word by a space.

' ten "- "

'
'';."
"git; oi"ii"J b;
.. .i
. .

.. .
. oo

.. ..
io r.

a. .a aa
. aa .a

aa
aa 'a a' 'a oa
.o a. a. .. .a a.

l'oa
o. 'o

oo
'l
.a '''a 'a

't

' ''

".a

Read and study the following rules and examples about

the nonuse of contractions for the prepositions to, into,

and by:

The contractions for the prepositions fo,

into, and by cannot be used before a
mathematical symbol.

144

Basic Nemeth Code

t)
@

t1
W
i

ii :i:::;:::ii: i' :: ;: 3, ::::

15
divided by 2

;: i::::3 ;:::

6.

*)

;:

::,::;

The contractions for the prepositions fo,

into, and by cannot be used before the
f ollowing:
. single letters

"lt,A

lf

1r

it
p

' ' 'or.* '

.a
. .a
.
.a aa .a aa

;."

'
''
'
a in. trom
;'; ;.

. ao a. a. .a
.a aa ,. aa

o.

"*r

$
_)
I

'a
.a
a.

;."

.a ,.
.a aa

''

..
,.

a.
a.

, o.
,a .a

..
,a

oo
t,

.a a.
aa .a

a.
.

., .
.o..

,a ..
.o ao

t.
a.

abbreviations that consist of a single

letter or a short-form combination (see
Lesson 7 to review these terms)

a.
a,

.. a,
,a .a

.. a, a.
.a
a.

.a ,o
a. a.

'rb

' 'Lnu

. .a
.o a. ta .a aa
.o aa aa
. aa a.
aa r. .o

is'

';n,"rr""t.o'

.. oa aa .a ..
.a .. ,o ,a oa

a. ao
a. .a

''

:;.'t "

,a
a,
.,

.a
,a
.a

;;-

*b

Roman numerals

)
.o.'
.o .a
at a'

_l

-
|

-.'

'a
'a
.a

"
aa
.t

..
..
.a

a.
aa
a.

..
r.
..

la
.o
..

Read

9.

a.
.a

.a

o, oa.a
. a. aa
,. o, o.

aa
ao
.o

.a
a.
!.

..
.o
.a

,.
..
.o

a.
o.
oo

Chapters V

,a
aa
t.

a.
.a
a,

..

.
.a

..
.a

to

a.
t.
aa

.o
a.
.,

..
aa
.a

Vll.

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

:3;:
::;i
.. .a .o

ao
.a
,o
oa

.,
a,
a,

,a ..
.a aa
.a .o

::
3!?:
a. oa .,

:;;:;::?::;;
a. a. o. .a o.

aa a. o. oa .a .a
o. aa ,a a. a, la
. . a.
a. a. a.

.o

.a a.
.a a.

:?::
::::
.. aa :?;?
a.
a. a.

.,

.a a. a. o. .o aa ao
r, .o . a. a. .o oa
. o. ,
a. .. a. a.

al a. .. aa a. .. oa a. .o .a
a. oa a. , .o
a a, aa
. o.
al .. a. a, a.

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form

t

Words,

l45

. .a ..
'a
.a aa .a aa
aa . . a ' a
.a a.
.a a.
.a
.
.a
'
.e aa a Ga
oa.a'a'a

.a
'a .. la
a.
oo .a .a
, a a. ' '
'
al a. o. a.
al aa 'o ..
.' a. a' aa
" o'
"
"
'a 'r

aa aa
i
'o
'i

a. a' aa 'o
.a .o 'o
'
' la
' ' ' '
aa
'a aa
.a
a' l'
t' a'
"
" '' a''
'a a'
' ' .a
'a
"
o
aa '
' 'o

ao
a.
a'
al
.a
a'

'o ta a' a'I la

l' a' 'o
'a
'
a' aa
't o'
'
'a
'o '
'' o'
'o
'' ''
"
"
'o
'' ''

a ' a'

"
"

t'
"

''

''
''

'

'

'o o'
' '' o" '

' '' ' ' '' "

" "
' "
'''"

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

5.

quarts
4

(sPatial disPlaY)

- cups
6. $ 5 5 .90 _ the total paid per day.
7 . Complete sections vi to x.
8. Divide each amount by 5.
Find and explain the error in the following sentence.

Then braille it correctly:

.a .. .a ..
.a .a .a oa
oo a' 'o 'a
aa .a a.
-. a. aa
., ., a.
.. al .
aa .a o.
. a ..

'a
ao
..
.
..
..
o.

oo .t a. aa
.. a. aa ..
. . o. ..

.a
"
l.
..
a'
,.
aa
'
t'
o.
a.

a
a'
aa

'o a'
.a
'o
a' "
.
aa
a.
.a a.
a.
aa
'. ..
a'
a
aa
ao .a .a
ao
a. l oo

l' o'
ao ''
"
''
t'
'o
"
o'
a' a' 'a a'
" at
a' 'a oa 'a
" o'
a'
"
a' '
ao
o' a'

"
" aa
'a ao
'o
aa ' o'
'.o' a'
.o
., a.
'o
o'
aa

aa a'
'
"
'a
'o 'a ao
'
'o
aa a' aa a' a'
.a .l oo aa 'o
. a. .,

l'
'o
'o o'
" t'
'' ''
.' a'
" a'
't
'''' t'
a'
''

o' to
" 'o "''
" t' "
o'
'''a " ''" " ''
.' 'a
o' o' " ''
''
t'
ot
o' '' '
''
o'
'
"

''
''

"
't

a. .
.a ao
.. ,o

Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
146

4:

cups (linear displaY)

profit _ selling price - cost
wind speed + speed in still air - ground speed
Add 13.5 to 17 .4.

quarts +

Basic Nemeth Code

f)

s
()

.a ,
.a a.
aa 'o

.l ..
.o ao
'a .a

aa a, .o
oa .. .a
a. aa a,
aa " .. ..
.a oa aa ta
. ,,
'o

.a
aa
a.
,,
aa
,.

.a
t.
t.
., .o
oo .o
. ao

.a o.
,a a.

aa a. ao .a
. o. a.
. ta a. a.

:: ;:
.a

';

aa

@.\

')

s
f'
_b

rt

4
I
l

-$

)'

3
_l

\
iJ

.o
.a
oa
.a
'a
aa
.a
.l
ao

.
" .a
.a aa
aa
a. .a 'o
'. .o .
oa 'a lo'
al .a 'a
.. .a ,.
t. .a oo
aa .a .a

9.

.a .o ,,
. a. a.
.. a, .a
.. ,. aa
'..o . a.
la a.
. oa 'a
.. .a a.
.o ..

.a ,.
. .o
o.
.a .a o,
a. a. .o
a' .a aa
a.
a.

..
.l
aa

.o a,
.a o.
ao aa
.a a.
.
o.
.a a, ao ,. ao
a' .a ., .a .a
a. ..
' 'a a.
a.
a'
a.
a.
.a . .
,
o

o.
.a
'
o. 'o ao
a.
a. a' .a .o
.
oa .. ..

t..a .a a. a,
oa . a.
. o.
a. a.
.a
.o a,
a. .a
a.
o. o,
ao ,o
a.
aa ..
a, a.
.a
ta .a .a
a. oa
.. .. aa
.a
a. .a
. oa
o. .t a.
aa
o.
.a
,

,o
ao
a.
,.
.o
.a

aa aa
aa a.
a. .o
a. oo
a.
a, .o
. ao .a
.a
. ,o
.a aa ,a oa
.a
,. .a ..
a. .a aa
.a .a .a

.. aa ,.
.a .a aa
.a
,

The error is the use of the contraction for to before

a Nemeth Code symbol. The word to must be
pelled out when it occurs before a Nemeth Code

symbol. The correct way to braille this sentence

f ollows:
.o .
.a ..
.o .o .a aa
oo a. .o .o
aa .o a.
.. a. aa
.. ..4.
aa .. .o
.o a. .
.o . a.
aa .a a.
.. a. aa
..
a'

..
.t

.a o.a
.. aa

.a a.
.a .a
a. .

aa a. a. .
a.
'. a. .a
..4.
.. ..

ta
a,
aa

.
. . .a
at ao .o 'a
.. a. aa oo
oa o' l. ..
.. a. 'o ao
.. a. .. .a

a. .a
aa a,
ao aa

.a
.a
oa
.
.a
..

..
oa aa .a
. a. ao
o.
oa
.o
.a
o.
., aa a.
. a. a.
aa a. a.

a.
.a
a.
,o
.

aa a, oa a, o. a. .o
.a .a oo aa .o .a a.
, a, ..
a.
.a .a
aa a. a. a.
aa aa .a .a
a. a.
. a,
.
o.
.a a.
a, o. ,a .. aa
.o
.a
aa
at
aa .. .a
a. ..
a. a. a. .a a.

.a
a,

a. aa ao
.. .a .o
,. a. ao

a.
a, a. t.
,o ta
.. ,. a,
.. aa
a. at,,
t,
a. a,
.
ao
aa .,

,a a,
aa .t
a,,,

'

t_,

L
5
1

Y
;
N

Abbreviations
Most of what you know already about the use of
abbreviations in English braille is valid for their use in
the Nemeth Code. This section provides practice with
abbreviations, ffiny of which stand for units of
measurement. The section also includes the prime and

t*

I
F
I

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form Words,

147

double prime symbols, ' and ", which stand for feet
and inches as well as minutes and seconds.
Use accepted abbreviations (i.e., those that appear in
dictionary) in the Nemeth Code according to the rules
for English braille. Remember, use the punctuation

indicator and mathematical comma after mathematical

symbols, but not after literary symbols. Study the

following examples:
.! .. 'a ..
.a a. 'a ta
aa . .o 'a

1.
.
.a
,a t.

.
a. .o .. .,
'o a.
.. .a o. oa a.
.. la
.
.a o' oa '. o. .a

., oa .a ..
. a oa
.a a. a' .a

Mar.

Tues.,
.a
.a
'a a.
aa a.
.a ..

.a .
.o a.
oa..'a
.. 'l
aa
.a .. a.
.a a. a-

ao
t.
a'
a. ..
'.. aa
'a

.'
.a
.a oa .
aa oa . o

7,
;;

oa
a. .a
o.

.a .. .a .. .o
.a a, 'a aa .a .a .a
aa .a .a .. oo aa ao

5:00

oa , oa. ..
aa
a. aa
l. .o a' .a

p.m.

:3;;;: :: ;;
:;::
oa ot.o

oa .a .o ao
.o .a
.. ao
o' o.
aa ..
oo .a a' a.
a. ,. a' a'
o. a'

a. .. oo
aa a.
a. .. :?
a. oo a. ao .a
a' .a
.a , a. at o.
aa a.
.. a. , .o o.
oa aa

o.
oa aa
.. .a

2. ln Vol. 1, pp. 45-70, read Dr. Nemeth's address to

members of the AAWB-AEVH.
The remainder of this section discusses the use of
abbreviations for units of measurements. A question
students of the Nemeth Code often ask is whether to
use the English letter indicator with an abbreviation.
Some abbreviations appear with a period after the
abbreviation; others appear without a period. Braille

always follows print. Study the following rule, which is

148

Basic Nemeth Code

\,
l

similar to the rule for the use of the letter sign in

English braille.

\
!
I
5

!l
i

lf a period follows the abbreviation and it

!,

applies to the abbreviation (does not end

sentence), do not use the English letter

"\
t

indicator.

Study the following examPles:

,
l
I

.
.o .. .o
a.
.a aa .a aa
aa
. 'o a
at
'a ..
.a a. o. .o
'a
. o' ta ao . .
a' .. a. a. aa

I
,l
i

..
l.
..

,a .. . 'a .o a'
.l a. a. .o
at a' .a ..

.a
aa
a.

'.
'a

aa

3. Heat the water to 25 o C. bef ore stirring.

.a ..
'o ta
aa a.

..
.
.o
.o aa 'a
'a aa
ao .a .a 'a

length:

4.

.a ..
oa
'l a.

6.6

. aa
a.
a a.

ln linear and spatial presentations, insert a

space between an abbreviation and a sign
of operation or a sign of comparison.

T
f

..
'a o.
'a
al .l

tr

.a "
aa
'o
.a .a

.o ,.
.o ao
ao .a

.
o. a,
.a .a aa
a. aa .a

.a .. .'
.. a. o'
ao . a.

oz. + 12

a' o'
'
'a 'a aa
a' aa 'a

oz.

.a a'
'a t.

.
'a
.a o.
aa ' .

a. o. .
oo
a. a.
a. ,. .a

tb.

.a ..
.
'a
. o aa . t ao
al a. .a .a

6.

i'',

15 g
2Og

35g

,\
I.t
D

(.,

tli*i

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form Words

149

;::: :i::
.o

. 't

i: i::i ?3 i: ?::i::

'.

,o .,
.. .l
.a a.

oa .o .
a, aa aa
. o. .o

.
.!
o.

ao oo ta -a aa a aa aa aa ag a ae

::. ;i'a

3?;:;;
;:. ;:
.. a. ,a
..

.a aa ,.
o. .a aa
..r,
.i
e

5 ft. 2 in.
+9 ft. 9 in.

3 aa 3c aa

i??!;;
.. o. .o

14

ft. 11 in.

ln Examples 6 and 7, notice that the separaton line

extends one cell to the left and right of the entire
problem, including the abbreviations.
.a a.
. .a a. ..
,o ,. .a
. ao ,. .. . r.
.... .a....,, ......., aa.: ::;:
jl;;:::: :j
:::;;:;:;j:3:::;
.a ..

8.

c-

iv tr - 321

Study the following symbols:

prime: feet, minutes
t

(dot 3)

::

doubLe prime: inches, seconds

;:

;:

(dots 3, 3)

ln print the feet and inches symbols look like they are
raised, or superscripted. rn braille, however, they are
not.

Study the following rule and examples:

t50

Basic Nemeth Code

r)
jp

()

p
n
a

Use the sym bols f or f eet and inches

immediately after the number, without

^,
superscript ndicator.

n;}
'I
\
Et
I

J
Ir

rt

f
t
el

;
J)
,
r

.a .' .o..
'o .o 'a to
.a
a' 'o 'a

..
'.

9.
.a ..
a a.
aa..

. a, a. a.
.o
. .
" " '.

,a o. l .. .o
l. .o aa .t aa
.' " '. .a a.

Each segment
..
.a
.a .a
aa.o.a

..
aa

..
..
'a

a' .a
aa a.
.. .a

.a
.a
.a

aa
..
a.

,a .,
.a a.
aa .'

.
.a ,,
aa a.

.a ,a
a. o.
o.

,a..
..
.a at .
t. .. a.

., aa..
.a aa aa
.r .. '.

o.
o.
..

is 3'
..
a.

.a
..
a.

a. .a
aa a.
a' .r

long.
aa .a
a. o.
a o.

aa
aa

..
,a
a.

.a a.
aa .a
a' o'

,a ..
.a a.
aa'a

1O. Howmany'l O" strips gointo

,,
..
a.

,a
,a
'a

.,
a,
aa

5'?

The symbols for minutes and seconds are often used

with the degree symbol. Study the following rule and

exa m ples:

r
p
y

When values for minutes immediately

follow the degree symbol, use the baseline
indicator (dot 5) before the number.

;
t.

The following examples each indicate within quotation

marks how the mathematical expression is interpreted

in English.

.a .. ..
.a o. a.
aa ,. ..

11.

.a ..
.o
.a oa
.a

.a
.
. ,a .a a. ..
.o aa .o ,a
,. .a a. o,
.
ao a, ao , .a .o .. ,. a, a.
.

60o12'
" 60 degrees , 12 minutes"

b-

t
I

L.

Lesson I o: contractions, short-Form

I

words

sl

:: ?:3: :: ii

12.

;::3;i :i:::;:: i: ;i;: ?;;i;:

;:

20' 50"
" 4C deErees , 2A rninutes, 50 seconds"
400

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

.f
'o
aa
.a
.i
aa

..
a'
..

.o ..
.o ao
.a .a

.
r'
a.

.o ..
.o ro
'a .a

.'
'a
"
. o
.i oo 'a
aa .. .a 'a

' aa
'r
r.
.a . '
.a a'
aa a'

l'
'
i

a' "
i' or
r 'o

'o "
', a'
'a 'a

o'
' 'l
.a " .'
" a' 'o
at a. aO
a'

o'
a'
' '

t'
o'
"
at
a'
.

"
'o a'
'l
.a
'
ao
'o
oa

"
'' " 'o o'
''
'o
aa aa
''
'o "

' "
oo "
aa .a
'a "
'a
aa ''''

'' '
ta
o' "'a

''''

'o "
aa aa
O. .a

to
.

'' "
" ''
'o
''

aa ao ao oa aa aa oo ao oa 'o
'o
.a
.
aa
a'
a. aa ao
aa a. a. .o
. .a
aa

"
'''o

"
' '

''
''"
''
''

"'"' "
'o
''
ot "
'' ".O
a.

"
.a
a'
.,

'l

o'

't "
't ''
aa
"
t'

"
''''

"
''
''

"
t' "'
'o
''

' '
"''

''

"

aa .
'a oa
a' 'a

Braille each of the f ollowing items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

7.
8.

Water boils at 1OO" C.

7lb.3oz.
+6 lb. 2 oz.
13 lb. 5 oz.

152

Basic Nemeth Code

:p
H

3
r

9.

;
i\
f
-$

Find and explain the errors n the following examples.

Then braille the examples correctly.

Divide 6.5 m into 5 equal segments.

10. 12|b.
11. 12o 30' 24" + 1bo 10' 'l 3" _ 27o 40' 37"

I
rt
'd
ir
I

a ..
.i o. .'.
aa .. a.

.a . '
.r oo
.a .o

'. . a. .a
a. o.
'a Oa .
aa .o
.,
. a.
a a' ..

{
d

. 'l
.. a.
.o ao
aa
..
"
l'
a.
o'

'a a. t'oa
aa
'a
a' a' O'
a. a.
aa
.a ' ' aa
'aa a'

.a
. .. ,o .
.a a' ao ,o ao
,a .a
aa .

Iil

:;;::;

,I

o. a. a.

Answers

1.

2.

'

3.

.a

o' .o a' o.
aa a' o' 'a
a ..
.a o.
a
a. . '
aa
'a
" '
a.
r' ra
.'
.a 'a
a'a'
"

a. .o
aa a.
. .a

ao
'a
.o
.
.a a.

.a
"
o.
a' 'o
' a'
" a'
..
.'
'a

aa "
.a a'
'a .'

'a a' aa aa a o' 'o l' a'

ao 'a
' a' aa ' aa ' 'a
a'
a' o' 'o ' a' aa o'
o " 'a 'a o'
'a
'a aa oo " a' 'a " "
Oa 'O al 'a a' " 'O ''
.a a. aa .a .
'a " "
aa " 'a ' ao'
'a a' 'a
' a' 'a'a
"
"
'a ' ' " ao '' "
' o'aa
'a " "
a' " a' 'a a' a'

::;: ::?:;:
::;.::?::::::::;::;:
.o .l
a. a. .a .a . a. a. ..

oa a'

a'
'a
"

' '
"
''

a' aa a' a' oa

''., " ''
''
"
' l' "''
.'
o' ''
" .' "
' '
'a "
'
't ''
' "O'
" "'t
''
't
" " aa
'a a'
'a
'a ''
'a
''
" t' " ''
"
a'
"
a'

'
'o 'o
'a a' aa
a'
'a aa t aa a'
a'
a a' a'

"
''''

''
t'

oo'
''

'o ''
a'
". , o' a'
"
''

'a aa

Nov.17,B:15p.m.
2.5 by 5.25 cm

15ft.5in.

*z}ft

3in.

35 ft. B in.

ff

4.

5 gal.

5. 5'2": 1.57 m
6. 46o 46' 48" _ 46.7 Bo

a-. ,
I

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form

Words

53

.. .o o. ,a aa
., ao " ta at
.a .a .. a. .t

,o
.
.a ..
.t t' 'a ta
aa aa 'a.a

a. a. .a t. .a
o. .a o. a' a.
,. o. .. a. o.

a' o.
a. o. aa
. .a
a.
o' t. .
a. a. aa
a' . ' .a

aa
aa
.a ' '
,. oa
aa a'

a. .a
. . ao
.. o,

ao
..

o. o. ..
.a 'a ao
.o
a, aa

o'
o.

.
a. a,
.a .a aa
a. aa .a

'a
'. .a' ..
.a a.
'a
aa . . al at

oo ao ao oo aa oo ta oo aa oa aa aa aa aa
a. a'
a. a. aa
.a
a. .

o. ao

.o . ' .o
,o .a
aa a' 'a
'a
.a
a.
a.

..
aa
.o

.a

.a

..

t.

. ' oa .a a.
. ' .a o. o'
.a '. '. aa
a. Oa .. 'O.a'.
.o ao .o oa a. ao
.. ,. .a a. a. .a
..

.a

, r

.a o. .o .a oa
.a o.
aa ..
aa .. aa .a .a
.4..
.o..
" .o..
.o o. a,
.a oo
.o o.
aa .. . ' .a .a
aa .
.a o.
.a
. .
'a a. aa
.a a'
ao o, oo

..

a.
a'
..
a.
a'
.o
.a

.
a. a'
'o .o ao
a. to .a

a.
.a

r.

ra.

'a
'a aa .,
ao a' .l

a,
.a

..

aa

'a ..
.o
a'

.. .a a.
'a ao 'a
t. l, o.

..
.a .
.. aa aa
.a .a .a

a.
a.
.. .a .. .. .o
..
. a. a. 'a
a. aa .. .a ..

.a '.
.a a.
oa .a

a. aa o' o'
.a aa ., ..
'. a. ta ..

a.
o.
a.

aa
oo
..
'a. a.. ..
.o
.a .a . '

12. This example has three errors:

o The word was should be contracted.
o
An English letter indicator appears before the
abbreviation. An abbreviation that ends with a
period does not need an English letter
icator.
A punctuation indicator appears after the
abbreviation Jan. No punctuation indicator is
used after text.
ind

The following is the correct way to braille the

sentence:

t54

Basic Nemeth Code

rI
{
*\
g

.b,
I
I

13. This example has the following errors:

. Two closing fraction indicators are brailled

_!

incorrectly.
Do not use a superscript indicator before the
double prime symbol ("), and therefore do not
use a baseline indicator after t.

I
I

,
pi
I
!

The correct way to braille this sentence follows:

i
3

.a
.r.rr.ro

.o

.. .. ..
"aaa''a.

.a " '. "

'o aa
''aa''a'aa'a"''''"''""'

"' ...:.: :...:...: :. .:..:. .:.:: "

.a aa .a
a. a. a'

,o o'
aa a'

'a
'l

a a'
' a'
'a ' ' a' a'

'o 'a
' "
'o aa a' l'

"

'.

"

''

'"' ""' ''

''

a'

'o

' ''

''

' ''

t' ''
"'"

't

'o a'
'' "

i^

This lesson discussed the use and nonuse of

contractions and short-form words in the Nemeth
Code. lt also provided practce usng abbreviations and

,
k
I

minutes, and seconds. Now you're better able to read

and braille word problems and other mathematical
expressions that include text.

-'
I

Lesson I O: Contractions, Short-Form Wordsr

...

55

156

Basic Nemefh Code

d)
I

Assignment 10

t
I
I

For general instructions on completing assgnments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

F\
,l

J
lr

_b

Ir
I

n
t
Pq

'l

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.

Also list the name of ths course, Assignment 10, your
instructor'S natTte, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

Write ltems 1-10 in print.

.a ..
.a a.
aa ..

t)
N

l)
)

a .
.a a.
aa a'

a. a. 'a ao a. .a
a' 'a 'a la 'a a' 'a a'
. ' ao o' 'a aa ta '. .. aa .a a. aa aa aa
.a
o.
a 'a " ' a' " '

.a
.a
.o
.o
.a

..
aa
.o

a
.a
.a

at o. aa
l. .a 'a
a. . ' a.
a. a.
.. a.
a.
.. ao t. a' a. ao .a aa
a.
o .a oa .a o. .a
. . a.
.a . ' a. o. a.
a.
a. a. .a
aa aa a '
.o a. a.

.a
'a
.o
aa .o
.a
at
.o
.o
o.
aa
..

a.
a'

aa
'a
,.
ao
.o

a.
a.
a.
a,
a.
aa
.t..
'a
aa
..
..
.a

a, ao aa 'a
-o 'a aa aa
. a,
.. a.
o. a. a.. ao.
.o o.
a. a. aa a.
,. .'
aa .o .a
'. aa oa
aa . .o o'
. a. aa aa
. .o a. a.

o' 'a
aa '.
a.
.o
.'

a'
'a
"
.. ,a aa
. . a.
'a t' aa
o' 'a a'
' oa 'o
a'
aa'a
'o a'
a' .'

.a
'a o.
aa
.a a.
o.
,, .a 'O
aa
'a
.. oa l.
.a .a
,
.a o.
a'
.. a. aa.a
aa
a t.
'o
.a aa a.
'a
a'
a'

a.
aa
'.
aa
..
o.

.o
a. a.
aa
.o i..a a- a. 'a a.
,. o' a. a. I''a o.

t. a.
a.
aa .o .a
a

O'

.o
..
.a 'a aa l.
'
. .a . . aa
'.a aa a.
.
aa a.
a' .. a.

a. aa .a a'
a.
a. ao
ao .o o.

o.
a.
a.

'a aa ' o'

a' a' a' "
a' a' " a'

aa 'a
aa a'
'a o'

"4
!.r,

.a
.a
aa
.a
'o
aa

.. .t aa a. 'a .
.. a' o' lo
o.
.a o. a. a, aa '
. a' oa'l
.. oo aa a. ao oa
.a a. ,. aa .a o.

,. .
'o o.
.a a'
'a
aa . a' tt
.
a. la
. oa
oa
a. '.
l'

..
a.
o.
.o
'o
aa
.a
..
.a

,.
oa
. a
'a
.o .a ..

ir
I

rf

it
-9

U
-

" .t'
.o aa
a.
.a .a .o

. .o ..
ao .a al
a. .a .a
.a
.
,a a. 'l'.
aa a. 'o
.o .. .o .
.a ao .o oa
aa ao .a .a
. .o
,
'o
.l a. .o aa
al aa .o .a

a.
aa
aa

.a la o. aa .a aa
a. a. " 'a a' .'
a. o. .' a' " 'a

.a ,. .a
.a aa 'a aa
oo .o .o ,a

o. oi
a. aa
'. .a

.
..
'a

a. aa
ta
.a .
.
a. aa a.
ao ' ' .
,o oa ao at
.a '. .

" 'a
"
aa aa aa ao aa aa aa oo aa aa aa la aa ao la aa aa aa aa aa
'o
" " "
..
aa
aa a. o.
aa a.
a. .a a. .. a. ...a .a
a.
a. a. a' aa a.

,a
o. l' a. ..
. a. ,a a' aa
'a
.a aa a' a' 'a
aa
ao
a.
a'
'a 'a
o. o
a' oa a'
a.
o, a. ao
a' oa a' a'
a. ., .a ..
ao ..
la,a

'
aa
"
oo
o'
a'

"
aa
oo

a'
o'
a'

aa
'a
ao

'a a'
'o
aa o'
a'
o'
"

'
'a oa
'a
't ''

aa
'a
aa

'a
.a ao
.o .a
. 'a .a
'
.o
ao o.
aa .a . ' 'o
aa,a . a.. aa
.!
a.
.a .
a'..

'a t'
'a a'
.a a. .a a' 'o o' o'
. ,. 'a aa 'a aa
t.
. a. .. o' " a'
..

t'
.a

'a " "

'a o' aa
la a' 'o
aa
'a a'
"
'a a'

'a 'a ''

'a "
'
'a 'o
o'
o!
o'
'a
a' oa
' a ' tt

"
't
"
'

''
o ''
l'
l'
"

"

'
'

o'
''

''
"
''

o' t'
''
'
''

ot
" ''''
"

tf
'g

tI
G

Assignment

1O

157

Braille ltems 11-2O in the Nemeth Code.

11. 2(2b ft.) + 2(1b ft.) _ perimeter

12. Area of a triangle

_ 1 (base x height)
2

13. eggs _
dollars

12
$ 1 .89

4. library area + total area _ f raction of total area

taken up by library
15. Mon., Oct. 23, dt 4:3O p.m.
16. 1 fl. oz. _ 29.75 ml

17.159+15g_30g
18. 1 in.3 _ 16.39 cm3
19. Bob is 6'3"; his sister is 5"1 ".
20. 35.57o : 35o 34' 12"
Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to
Lesson 11: Regrouping and Cancellation.

t58

Basic Nemeth Code

",i
:

Lesson 11: Regroupng arld

Cancelletion

ti
-

I
-"rl
i

I
i

*)
)

!'''t
\
I

Borrowing in subtraction and f raction reduction can be

presented clearly in the Nemeth Code. Lesson 1
explained how the Nemeth Code was developed and
how it is used. Lesson 2 described the Nemeth Code
numerals, basic indicators, the mathematical comma,
Roman numerals, and some special signs. Lesson 3
described signs of operation and grouping, while
Lesson 4 presented signs of comparison. Lesson 5
introduced spatial presentation. Lesson 6 presented the
slash and f ractions. Lesson 7 described the use of
English letters a nd pi, as well as superscript, subscript,
and baseline indicators. Lesson 8 described omissions
and shapes. Lesson 9 explained how to braille carried
numbers and long division. Lesson 1O discussed the
use and nonuse of contractions and short-form words,
as well as abbreviations. This lesson introduces the
cancellation indicator, which is used to show borrowing
in subtraction and the reducing of fractions.

l._

I
(

t
I

Lesson I

l: Regrouping

and Cancellation

159

As students advance in math, they learn to borrow

mentally, But at the elementary levels, students benefit
from having the process presented in braille. Displaying
cancellation when reducing f ractions similarly clarif ies a
process that more advanced students do mentally.
Using the Nemeth Code to read and braille regrouping
and cancellations will enable you to expand your ability
to use the Nemeth Code.
Objective

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

cancellation indicators for
a. regrouping (borrowing) in subtraction
b. reducing fractions

Regrouping in Subtraction
ln order to display "borrowig," surround the crossedout number with cancellation indicators.

160

Basic Nemeth Code

h
E

cancellation indicator,

opening

Hf

(dots 246l,

?:

rq
s
f

cancellation indicator,

closing

"b
p
C

(dots 12456)

i:

I
p

Study the following rule and examples:

lndividually surround each item to be

cancelled with cancellation indicators.

d
I

J
I
I

a. a.
.. a.

ao
a'

_t

.a..
.a a'
aa ,.

I
I

. aa.a
.. .o
aa a. aa aa a'
.a .a aa .a .a

.a..
.a aa
.a ,o

.. a.
aa .

aa

612

1.

. at
a. aa
a. 'a

4lz
135

o.
.a

aa aa aa aa ao aa aa aa aa aa aa

ao

aa

337

aa
aa

_l

13

tl

2.

zlrc
, 1,6

1 B9

1 57
I

t-_
)

Lesson I

l: Regrouping

b
c

and Cancellation

'

161

Note in these examples how place values are

maintained. When a cancelled one-digit number is

replaced by a two-digit number, o ffiaintaining space
appears.

As you probably realize, students cannot braille a

problem with cancellation until they've worked out the
problem. Therefore, this type of display is usually used
for demonstration or to show work,
Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

a.
o'

'o.. a'
.o
ao

a. aa
ao
.. oo
.. 'o.'
oo.o
oo ao
a. a. aa la o'
.a .o .. .o .a
aa .a

.t..
.a ao
.a .a

,. a.
aa ,

o.

a.
aa

oa ao aa aa aa aa ao ao aa aa ao

:: i:

;:
;:" aa.;

.a
aa
o.
.a
a.
.a . aa .a
a. a at a.
.a aa .a 'a
oa

aa

.
.a
ao
..
a.
.'
a.
ao

aa
oa
.o

o. aa
, 'a
.. ao
ao .a
ao a.
ao aa
.o .o
.a'o
oa
o.

aa at oa aa oa aa aa aa aa aa aa oa oo oa
oa

162

o.
a'

a.

aa

Basic Nemeih Code

il

I
;

"l
'u
f\

Braille each of the following itetns, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

13

T
"A

s tz

1 15

"
?

3.

4.

z,B

566

-3 17
50 B

I
I

9,4 Z

76

t
t

Answers

10

I
I

ol

217

1.

5zz

2.

3 2I
;.

.a
. .a
.a aa .a aa
aa
'o .o

'. .a .. oo .a
a. a' a. oa o.
aa .a a' .a .o
.. aa
ao ..

7fl
386

-1 1B
419
i

t+

a'

;:. ;:.a
., aa
a' oa
'a 'o
aa
aa

aa aa oa oa aa aa aa aa ao oo ao
I

?; ;i

3;

.. .,
!

)
)

il

l)
6

Lesson I I : Regrouping and Cancellation

'

163

ao
aa

ao
a.

Reducing Fractions
To display reducing fractions to the lowest terms, you
use spatial display. You may benefit f rom turning back
to Lesson 6 and reviewing spatally displayed f ractions.
Remember the rule from Lesson 6: Use the numeric
indicator before a numeral that begins a line or follows
a space in spatially displayed f ractions.
Study the following example:
.
't.a
a.
oa
.a..
aa
a. a. oa
.o.a
.a

.l
. .a
.
aa
'a a. .a
.a .a
oa,.

164

,.
. .a
oa ,
oa ao oo ao .o
'a
.l
- . .. oa
'
.o
at
a. aa .a aa
.t .a lo .o
.a ..
'a a'
aa
ta

.a o,
.. ..
.a o'

ao . ' .a . .a
.o a. '. a. .a
.o
a. aa aa

Basic Nemeth Code

r)

J
t-!
5}

m
I

.V

@$

rl

f)

Practice Exercises

_p

Write the prnt equivalent of the f ollowing:

l-r
d

P
I

d
l

,.

.a
.a
ao

aa
.a

.a
aa

.a
.t

::
a.

It

_)

fr
1

Braille the following item. lnclude the item identifier.

2.
I

k5

ks

Lesson
7

1I

: Regrouping and Cancellation

165

Answers

12

aa
oa
.l
.a ..
.a a.
aa a.

..
'a
. a oa
.a .a

i?

.a
.o
aa

.a a.
.a a.

,a " 'a
aa
.o a. .. la
'o
.a
. a' ' oa

aa
aa
'a

Summary
This lesson introduced the cancellation indicator, which
you use when displaying a subtraction problem that
shows borrowing and when reducing fractions.

166

Basic Nemeth Code

(!
j9
t-i

AssiEnment 11

m
J

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tt

J
f)

A
g

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d

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For general instructions on completing assignments,

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.

Also list the name of this course, Assignment 11, your

instructor's naffie, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.
Write ltems 1-B

print.

rn

fr

o.
a.

[-,

i,
F

.o . .o .
.o a. .a aa
ao . .a .a

.a .. oa ,a
a. aa ao t.
.l .. .o .a

ao

o.
o,

l.

l.
.o
.. aa
a.
.a aa
.a
,a
a.

aa aa aa oa aa aa oo aa aa ta

aa
a.
.. ..
.a a.
aa a,

.a
.
'l aa
.a
.a

l'
'.

.. .a . oa .a
a.
aa
a.
.a a.
.a aa oa
.a .a
.. at
aa .a

.a

aa

.. at
.a aa
aa .a

ao

o,
aa

aa aa aa aa oo oo aa ao aa oa aa

;;
a.

a.

aa

a.
a-

I
I

ao

.t

a. oo
a.

l.
,.

l.
a'

,4..
oa . a
a. a' at o.
.l .a .a .o

a.

. aa .o
oa' oa a,
aa .a ,a

. aa
o. a
a, .a

a'

.a

a.
ol

aa
aa

ao

6f

a.

aa

.a

Assignment I I
v

167

:3;:a

oa '

.. ao
.4.
aa
t' aa a'
'a .a .a ,o
.. .a ..
'o
.o o. ,a aa
oa .a 'a .a

oa .. ,. .. . ' 'o
.o oa oa aa oo 'a
'a ,. . ' . ' , ' aa

'a a'
.' .'
'o a'

lt
'a " 'a
'o
'o a' a'
' aa
aa a'
'a 'a

'a a'
" l''
'a

" ''
'a
'a oo "
o'
'a
"

.a .. . oo
oa
I' OO ta
'l a. .. 'a
,a ..
. o ao
oo aa

:3

;;

ao ta
'o..
a'ao ..
.a
.a . ' .a ..
.i or ,o oo
aa a. 'a .a

., ao
a'aa
'o 'a

.. . ' ' " 'a

aa
.o aa ao' oa
oo 'o
.a .. " ' aa

''"

' " 'l

''
'' to
'o

.a .. .. ao
a. a. .a aa
.o .a oa .a
.a
-.
.a a' ' 'a
aa . ' ao

::;:

::;:

aa .,

oa o.

.a.'
aa
a. a. aa
''
'"'

.. aa
.a..
a. a. .O aO
'a a' oa 'a
.a .. .a
.
.a aa 'a aa
oa ao .a'a

at .' . ' '

" 'a
.a aa aa aa oo
'a
. .. 4a
.. .. .

a'
'a
..
.a a.'

aa
'a ta'
a'
'o oa
'a o' lo 'a

o'
'o

'

" ''
"''
'
'o '' '''

'o ''
'a ''

''
'o
oa

''
o' ' 'o
'
"

"
"''

.a
. oa
aa
o. ao
'a .a .a

.a .. .. aa
a. aa .a oa
.a 'a ao .a

168

''
'''t

"
ot

,.
'a
.o a'
aa a.

.4.
. a aa
aa . a

. " 'a
aa ' ' '.
.o aa aa ta' oa' aa
'a
,
.'
.a'
' oo

"
o'
"

.a ..
'o aa
oa '

.O ..
.a aa
aa o.

.o .. .a ..
.a l. .a aa
aa aa .a'a

oa "
t
'4 ""

'a o'
'a o'

aa "
'
'a aa ao o'
" "
'a

" 'o
ot
'o
' t'

.a .. .. ,. oo
a. a. 'o .a oa
'a .. aa aa .a

.o .. '. ao
a. a. .a at
.a
. aa .l

.. .
'a 4.
.a
.!
ao .. aa

.a .
,o a'
oo ' a

''
'
''

'''
o'

"
"''
'o ''
''

't
"
''

"
'''"'

''
''

Basic Nemeth Code

J
['

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1)

Braille ltems 9- 1 6 n the Nemeth Code.

rA

tr

316

4g

,l

118

3ZF

10.

19

39

Ir

309

*!

fr
9

'

614

)
r*4

11.

'l-

J
it

7fr
-46

12.

13.

:1

.y

14. +5

1.6

14

197
107

tl

*6

zpft

2B

*t
t

v7

12

"4
)

J
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)

15.

8x

.g -'l

x- x

16.

-y
ZO

10

10

1
)

-4
)

Once you have completed this assignment, proceed to

Lesson 12: Modifiers, Radicals, and Set Notation.

,l

;f
b

Assignment I I

169

t70

Basic Nemeth Code

Lesson 12: Modifiers, Radicals, and

Set Notatlon
\v
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w
oo

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t\
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l,
,lr:
5
;
,'
:
L
{l

r,

By now you know that any mathematical sign and

expression can be transcribed into the Nemeth Code.
Lesson 1 explained how the Nemeth Code was
developed and how it is used. Lesson 2 described the
Nemeth Code numerals, basic indicators, the
mathematical comffio, Roman numerals, and some
special signs. Lesson 3 described signs of operation
and groupng, while Lesson 4 presented signs of
comparison. Lesson 5 introduced spatial presentation.
Lesson 6 presented the slash and f ractions. Lesson 7
described the use of English letters and pi, as well as
superscript, subscript, and baseline indicators. Lesson
8 described omissions and shapes. Lesson 9 explained
how to braille carried numbers and long division.
Lesson 10 discussed the use and nonuse of
contractions and short-form words, as weil as
abbreviations. Lesson 1 1 introduced the cancellation
indicator. This final tesson explains how to use the
Nemeth Code to read and braille modifiers, radicals,
and set notation.
,

Lesson

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and Ser

Notation l7l

the
related sign or expression. The most common radical is

A modifier is a sign that appears above or below

the Square root. Set notation uses signs of groupng,

:"JJ:lliLl:TlT:1"1,

i"":j"::,:i::llllf,T:::

the Nemeth Code.

Objective

After completing this lesson, you will be able to use the

Nemeth Code to read and braille

a.
b.
c.

modif iers

radicals

set notation

Modifiers
ln elementary math, students encounter the horizontal
bar above a number or numbers to indicate " repeating. "
The horizontal bar modifies the number. Modifiers may
appear directly under or over expressions, and they
may be arcs, arrows, carets, dots, and other signs.
To place a horizontal bar over a single digit or letter,
braille the symbol for the bar after the digit or letter.

172

Basic Nemeth Code

'

-ru
F

t
*-t
v

Study the sign for the horizontal modifying bar and the
exam ple.

'@
b
b

\d,

horizontal bar,

modifying

r$

::

(dots 1 56)

rp

tp

.a .
.a a.
aa.

IJ

1.

ry
')

#
iil

J
ril

it
T|

r)
@

.a ..
'o
.l aa
.a

.a
. .o . ' .. . ' a.
'a aa .. aa ao aa .a
al .. .a .. .. .. .o

3.333

To modify more than one number or letter, you use the

following symbols:
multipurpose indicato

directly-over

::

(dot

5)

indicator i;

(dots 126ir

indicator ::

(dots 14Gl

directly-under

U
I

termination

indicator i:

(dots 124561

:l
I

Ir

t'
b-t

The following describes the f ive steps for brailling a

modified expression. First read the examples; then

study the illustration that follows each step of the rule.

br/
I

L
t
i

=-

Lesson

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and ser Nohtion

' l7s

'a '.
.o
o.
.. a'

.a ..
.o aa
.a .o

.. ao .a al a'
.a .. " 'o a'
. at ao aa 'l

x+y

2.
.a .. ,a ..
.a oa .a ao
aa 'a 't .a

..
'a

a
.a ' '. '.o aa a'
aa.'
oa.a..

'.aa ' ' 'l.o ' '

o
aa
.a'o
aa.'

a' ao
'a aa
'o 'o

3.

' ' a' t ' 'o

' ' o'
a'
''
'a al
a. aa 'a 'a'l

.71.2.8

a. oa a. ta
o' " 'a aa
o 'a 'a

4.b
To braille a modified expression, enter the
symbols in the following order:
1 . multipurpose indicator (alerts reader to
the modifier)
.a . 'a ..
.a a.' .a ta

,t,,,;,,

2.
.a
'o
oa
,a
.r
aa

..
a.
o.
.
aa
.

.a
.a
o
.a
.o
ao

t,t,;,,,, ,',' r, t, r,

.a ..
.a oa
.o .a
.a ..
. ro
.a .o

.'
'a
.'
.a
'a
aa

aa
"
aa
.a.
"'a
'a

a' lo
'a aa a
'a o' 'a ao
" aa
aa
'o 'a 'a
.
o'
aa o'o'''
" oa " a' aa ''''

a' aa
'"'
'' ''

.o ..
.a oo
.o .a
.a ..
.a aa
.a .a

ao
aa'a
.a' ,
. 'a
.. aa aa ao
.a .a'
aa
'l .a' 'a
.. aa
aa

a' a' aa
o' 'a ao
'a 'a 'a
o'
.,

' a' a'at

" a'
a'
'"1
a' aa '''a ' 'o

modif ier
..
a'
a.
.,
ao
..

5.

174

o' aa
'a oa

directly-over or directly-under indicator

4.

.a
'a
ao
.o
.a
aa

aa 'a oo a'
'a o'
" '

expression being modified

..
a.
o.
..
oo
.

3.
.o
.o
aa
.a
.o
oa

'a

.'
'a
.o aa
.o .a
,a ..
.o aa
'o .a

..
'a
'
.a
'a
aa

la ,a aa
..
' 'a
ao oo ao
'a .
oa
.o' 'o
oo
'

l' a'
o' 'a
'a 'a
.
a' o'
" a'

aa
aa

'a
. ' a' a' aa
a' a' 'a
aa 'o a 'o
''

termination indicator (alerts reader to

the end of the modification)
.
a'
t'
..
aa
.

..
'a aa
.a
.a .a
.
.a
.o aa
.o .a

. aa 'a aa
.a
. '.
a
.' aa ao
oa
.a 'a '
'o la
'a
al
aa 'a

a' a' aa
a' 'a aa
'a 'a 'a
" ' o' o'
a' a' o'
'l
'''a'a
a'ao

at
to
''

Basic Nemeih Code

g)

!h

_s

,/

*p

_\
'J/

FI,
T

1l

*/.s

ln math and chemistry textbooks, you may find other

modifiers besides the bar. These include arcs, arrows,
dots, tildes, and other forms. Study the following
examples, which are from geometry:

,}
d
_d.l
_

lP
h

.l .. .a
.
.a a, .a oa
t..o.a.a

s.

.. .. a.
.a
. ..
.
.. .a .,.a

AB

"segment AB"

It
d
tE|

.o
.
o
.a aa ,a aa
a a. 'a .a

)6.

.. ., a. . t. a. aa a, aa
,o .. ..
a. a. .a aa
.. .o .. .a a.
., .a .a o. .a

*A

"ray AB"

It

J
f I
r<l-'

t,

a. I, o. aa
a. a. .t ao
.o.a.o

.a '. .a .,
.a aa ,a ao
aa aa .a ,a

7.

..
.
. . a. ao
aa .a
.a .. a. .. a. o.
.a aa
.. .a .. .a a.
.. .,.a ...a a,
.o aa. aa
. a. .a

AB
"

line AB"

rE
)

Practice Exercises

_;

Write the print equivatent of the following:

Ir
l

| |
'I

.aa t.
aa .
.t ,.
o...
.4.,
.,4 aa
.. ,.

..
'a
.o ao
.o 'a
.o ..
.a ..
.a..
.a oa
.a .a

.a .
.
..
.a aa .ao ao
ta .a ,o .o

'a
,a o.
aa a.

.o . ' '. ..
.. t. oa ,a
.a ., .. .o

o
. aa 'o
.O . .O.
.a a. .. .a
oa .. .o .
.
.
.o .. oa, ,
. .o oa.a
.

t. a. aa
.a .o .t
,, . a, a. aO
aa aa o. .a oa
a, ao .t .a ,a

.a a.
.a t.

aa ,. .a .. ,a
.a
.. at .o
.a a.
a. a. , - oa

aa
a, a. aa
.a a.
.t ao
ta .o .a .o

E
;

Braille each of the following items, including the item

Lesson

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and Ser

Notution l7S

5.

0.637 1

7.

Does O.9

6.

_ 1?

B.

3.5 729
-----)

CD

Answers
1.

3.

2. 3+4
4. XY

2.14
)

1.67--

.a . ' 'a "

l' t' oo
.a .a .. .a ta' oo aa a' ' a' 'o aa
a. .. aa ' 'a 'o 'a
aa aa .o ,
o'
't'''
'a
" oo
" .a a'
" 'a
.. a.
.a aa
'a o' 'a aa
aa . .t .a oa .. a. a' 'a 'a 'o
,o
.
.. aa a. o' .a
" a'
.a 'o 'a
.. 'a .a .a a.
" 'a 'o
.a .. a. .. a.
oo aa 'a o' 'a
.
ao a' al a' aa
' aa
.. .
.o
a' 'a aa
'a a.
.a
.a .o o.
'. .o ' .a .

Radicals
Study the radical symbol and the rules for brailling
square roots and other radicals.
rad ica

"'[

.o
'o
a.

(dots 345)

a.
a.
.a

(dots 126ll

index-of -radical
ind icator

176

Basic Nemeth Code

r)
h

__-v

r!

Jra
J
II
v-)

Before studying the following rute, it may hetp to

review the terminology of radicals. The following
expression is read "the square root of 81 ":

#J

\_

r)

l^A

{l

The number 81 is called the radicand.

ll

To braille a square root, enter the symbols

in the following order:

.
2.
3.

J
i

ir
I

-,

radical symbol
radicand

termination indicator (Use the same

symbol to terminate both radicals and
modif iers.

Now study the following example:

I

.o
. .o
.o a. .a ao
aa . .a'a

1
i

.a . . aa
.a a. a, aa
a. a. ,l .a

"125

"the square root of 25"

L-

Lesson
I
I

pr
L

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and Sef

Notation

177

The following expression is read "the cube root of

The number 3 is the index of the radical, and it
indicates the cube root.

27."

?n

To braille a cube root, enter the symbols

the follorruing order:
f . index-of-radical indicato,

2.
3.
4.
5.

in

number 3
radical symbol
radicand

termination indicator

Study Example 2:
.o
.a a.

.a
.a oo

.a ..
la
o.
o. oa .a aa ao oa

2.w

"the cube root of 64"

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the following:

,a .. .a .'
.a t' .a aa
aa ' ' .a 'a

.a . .. oa
.o aa at oo
a. a. .a .a

.a ..
,a o.
aa a.

. ao " 'a oo
.t a. ao ..
. a. aa aa
,a ao .. a. '.
a' aa aa o. aa oo " aa 'a

'a
'
.a aa
.a .o

178

Basic Nemeth Code

,*p
lsl

tul

,o
.a
aa
.a
.o
t.
.a
.o

-*\

J
-&
.sr3
'v

bV
rh
w
h

ili

J
s
i-$

,=0

.. ..
,o
a. o'
.a
a' .o
..
aa
o, a, aa
o, .l .a
..
.a a.
a.
.a a.

.a .a ..
t.
l- .a a.
a.
a. .. a.
.a a.
.a
a.
.t a,
o.
.a
a.
a.

Braille each of the following items, including the item

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

4. Js0-6
5. v343-

"9
?

6. Ji oo

'-l
$

Answers

ff
3

1.

ry

2.

"lo4

.i

25:s2

3.

t;;

"/ZC :

{_r

5:S

,
t

T
t'

q
I

.a
.a
ao
.a
.a
oo
.l
.o
aa

.. .a ..
oa ' a ao
. a .o .a
.

a.

.a ,
. a aa
aa a.

.a
.
. a ao

' a .o .a

.
'. .a
aa . a ao
a. .a .a

.a .,
,
.t a. 'a
oa . . aa

L
I

i
,

Lesson

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and sef Notation

'

179

Set Notation

It is helpful to review the terms of set notation. A sef is

a group of objects. The objects in the set are called
elements. Sets are usually represented by capital
letters. For example, N stands for the set of natural
numbers. Elements in a set are usually shown in
lowercase letters: for examPle , x, Y
-

Now study the following signs and examples:

"

is contained in "; inclusion

,:

'i

:,

(dots 456 , 5, 1 3)

"contains" ; reverse inclusion

I
"is an element

::

:::,

(dots 456

, 46, 2l

of "

(dots 4,151

The examples in this section each indicate within

quotation marks how the mathematical expression is

interpreted in English.

180

Basic Nemet'h Code

il
h

lr
-F

ir

;: i:

.:?: ;::? :::i

1.

:3:;i:
B

"6 is an element of B"

n
I

,#,-)

ll

.a ..
.a a.

';.'

.a . '
.a aa

.a ..
.o a.

"',

"

.a .. a.
.o .o ..

aa

;'

;'

. ' ..
,o .

"2 is contained in C"

il
I

lr
p
l)
I

J
_)

The symbols C, J, and are sgns of comparison.

Remember from Lesson 1O that you use uncontracted
braille for a word that is next to a sign of comparson,
even though a space appears between them. Study the

following example:

.'
'a .. 'a
'a aa .o aa
)

;.

.a a. ao
ao .a .a

"

.a a.
.. .a

aa
a. o. a'
.a o. .a .a

oa
aa a. aa .a
.a a.
..
, o. aa a.

;;,.'' uu"n' ;";t";t

"ten is an element of even numbers"

)t

-)

J
I

*t
I

i)

Elements of a set are surrounded by curly braces,

which are signs of grouping. Study the f ollowing signs
and example:

,I
*,}

-r
*-,1

_t
rt
:

L,'
I
t

Lesson

l2: Modifiers,

Radicals, and Ser

Notation

I B1

left curly brace

{

.o o,
.. aa
. a oo

(dots 46 ,1 235 6)

.a 'a
.. ao
' a aa

(dots 46, 23456)

right curly brace

)

;::: :: ?: ,;:: ii:::;::3i ::::

,a ,o '.

'' " '

4.

.a o. t.

aa aa a. a.

.o .

a'

o. o. oa aa o.

.a ..

:: .. 3: :: :: :?:: ?: ;:3? :: ;::: :::: ::

ta o'

'a 'a

'a

.o

3: :::? 3: :;:3

{frut} f {apples , oranges, pears}

"the set 'fruit' contains apples, oranges, and
pears "

The vertical bar is used in set notation to represent

"such that. " lt is a sign of comparison. Study the
following sign and example:

vertical bar

;::; :::a

5.

tB2

(dots 1256')

a.
ao
.a

,::::; ;3 :i

{n I

:?

::

ii i, ;: ,!:!

"the set of all n such that n is less than 1O"

Basic Nemeth Code

t
,

Practice Exercises

Write the print equivalent of the f ollowing:

l:

ro
r

.o .,

;:::

.a ..
o o.
aa a'

J
I
'

il

a
f
I

.l
t
f_
|r
_y

;
j
I

.a ,.

:3

..

.a a.

a.

.a . '
'... a.
.a ll
a'
.a 'o
.a ,.
.a . '
ao

.a a'

:;;:

?: :; ::

:;3:;;

?:

.a a'
.o a. oa
. la ..
.o a.
.a ao ao
'a .. .a .a

::

::::

a.
aa
a

ao
aa

?:

'.

:;

.a .a
a' a'
o'

.a .a

3: :;:3
a' aa
". 'a
a.

.. .a o' aa aa
'a al 'a aa aa
a' a' '
" 'a

ao

a'
al

;; :;?: ;:::::::
. .o ..
.oa aa .a ao
.a .o
a

. .a
.. a.
.a a'

..
a.
at
'a
. ' ..
..
ra
.a
.a ..
aa
.a
.a .
. ' a.
.a aa .a aa
., 'a
.a ta
oa 'a .o .a

.o a.
.a a.
.a
'a
oo
.a ..
.o.a
.a ..

.l a. aa
.. ao ..
.a ao aa
. .a 'a
. aa
r.
.. .a aa
a.
.'
a'

'a
. ' a'
.a

o. l' a'
.. aa 'a "
-a a. .'

o'
o'
a'

" aa o' aa a' a' o' 'a

'o '
" o' 'a aa a'
'a o' la o' " " a' a'

.. aa
.. aa
.a a.

Braille each of the following iterrls, including the item

IrA
i
I

identifier, in the Nemeth Code:

R
\"'
{all persons wth the last name Smith}
6. A set wth no numbers is called the empty set, and
is written {}

J. xlx

B. CfA

i-

Answers
Some of the following print answers indicate within
quotation marks how the math expresson is interpreted

in English.

1. A _ t_1, O, 1, 2I

a
I

esson I 2: Modifiers, Radicals, and Ser Notution

'

83

2.

B _ {x I * s an integer and x
"B is the set of x such that x is an integer and x is
greater than 'l . "

3.

_ {x is real numbers l x

"S is the set of all real numbers x such that x

is

greater than 1."

4. ZC. O
.o
.a
aa
.t
.o
aa

.a
.o
ao
.a
.a
aa

.a a. a. a. a,
.. aa . a. a.
.a ao .. o. t.
..
.. o.
.a a.
o. .o
aa
.a
.
.a
a.
.a a.
oa aa .o at
a. .o
a. aa .a
a. a. a. aa
a.
..
aa
o.
aa
aa
oa
.o
.a
aa
oo
..
. ' aa
.a 'o
.a '.
aa
.t
.a ..
.a .a

.o ..
a' ' .o oa
.o .a ,a
. .a
aa .o
a. 'o
a.
.o
..
.
oa
aa
..
a.
aa

.a
.a
,a
.a
.a
.a

.a
oa
a.
'a
aa
a.

..
t
.'

al aa .a a,
a. ao a. .a
a. .a a. a.
.a
aa
.a
aa
a.
aa
.
aa
o.
a.
..
aa
.
.a
.o
. o.
'a
.a ..
aa
.
a.
.a ..

.. ao
.o .a
.. o.
.a .o
a. aa 'a
o.
aa
a'
oa
.a
.o
.. a. ao a.
o' a.
.. a.
a.
a' aa a' .' .o a.
.a a.
,o .a
.a a. 'o .o .a
aa
a. a.
aa ao t. aa aa a.
.a ao
. a.
.a o' .. o' o' .a

aa .a
'a a.
o. a.

.a .o
oa a.
oa oa

a. a. .a
a' .. ..
a. . a.

al
.'
.a
..
.a

'. 't aa 'o oo 'a 'a

ao
'..a a' ' a' . 'a
o. a.
'a 'a aa
o. a. a. aa
'a
.. l' a' a'
a'
. o. o. 'a
ao
.a .a ..
oa .o oo
ao .a .a

a.
a.

Summary
This lesson explained how to use the Nemeth Code to
read and braille modifiers, radicals, and set notation. lt
would be incorrect to assume that these symbols are
only introduced to students in advanced math classes.
You'll f nd them in middle-school textbooks too, so it's
important to know how to use these symbols.

184

Basic Nemeth Code

$\
g

Assignment 12

r
I

;\

For general instructions on completing assignments,

arb
t

_p
I
l

it

refer to the Welcome Letter. Then start this assignment

by giving your full name, address, and phone number.
Also list the name of this course, Assignment 12, your
instructor's name, and the date. Be sure to include the
item number along with each answer.

14

-.,

.
f'
\

I
1
II I
[,
iI '
J

..J

I
t

L
I t
i
I
I

I t
I

'

ft
F

i,

Write ltems 1-10 in print.

.
'a
.a
a.
aa . ..
'aO O.
'
aa a.
.aa
ao
.a
.O
ao
.o
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa
.a
.a
aa
.a
.o
ao
.a
.t
aa
.r
.a
aa

.t ..
.a ta
.a 'a
.a ..
.a OO
.a .o

'. .t .,
aa .a aa
.a .o

,a.'
, .a
'o '.
a. ..
. ' ..
.. 'a
. ' '. a. ..
.a
. .a ..
.. .o .. .a

.
aa
'o
..
o.
.a

.a ..
'a aa
.a
'a
.a . '
.o ao
.a .a

.r .
.a aa
a. .a
.
a'
a. aa
.a
.

i r
aa
a.
..
oo
aa
..
a.
aa
.'
.a
a.
.
a.'
..

. r
.a aa
.a .a

.
a'
.. ' a'
.a a'
.o
. oa
.a aa oo
.a .. oo
a' aa .a
.a o. .
.. oa
.o ot a.
a.
.o a.
.
a.
".a aa
ao ..

.a ..
.a lo
.a .a
.t '.
'a aa
.t
.a
..
'a
.a ao
.o .o

.a .'
.o aa
aa a
'..O . '.
. ,a

. .. .,
.a 'a ao
ao .a 'o
.. ,.
..
.. ,o
aa
a
aa at

..
.a
aa
.a
.a
a.

.'
t.
,.
a'
a.
.
oa
a.
..

.. a.
a. o.
a. 'a
a. aa
O. a.
.a 'r
t. aa
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.. al
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af 'o
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at
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to
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aa .
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la

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o.
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ta

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ao

Braille ltems 11-20 in the Nemeth Code.

11,3.57

I
I
I

12. 0.6

t
I

4ssignment

12

'

185

13.

a+b

14.

?m + ?127
13

15.

22
I + 10

16.

17. OR
18.

CCD

19.

{xRlx+oI

20. {-1, n, "..fi0}

You have now completed the course "Basic Nemeth
Code. "

186

Basic Nemefh Code

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