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http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
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How Many Words Do You Need to Know in Spanish (or any other foreig...
http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
researcher, but what you will see are words that are used very frequently in written communication but hardly at all in spoken
communication and vice-versa, that is important and something to take note of.
A quick side note: if youre currently learning Spanish or interested in doing so (if not, skip this)
I have a short post and video (that are free to read and view of course, wont cost you more than a few minutes of your time) on how
to do precisely that with the system that I put together which allowed me to become fluent in Spanish in just 6 months after years of
trial-and-error by watching Spanish-language TV shows (like telenovelas, hence the name of the system) and movies, reading Spanish
books and comics, and listening to Spanish music. If this sounds interesting to you, check it out by clicking the link below (the
following link should open in a new tab or window for you when you click it so Im not asking you to leave this article here):
The Telenovela Method of Learning Spanish (a telenovela is a Spanish-language soap opera, theyre what I initially used
to teach myself Spanish!)
I also include some quick and valuable tips for learning Spanish as well as a couple of the most useful free Spanish-learning websites
that I recommend.
This is a truly unique and valuable study: you would think that there would be beaucoup data out there with regards to word frequency
lists/dictionaries in Spanish, but there arent. The primary reason is that its so damned difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to do
a study like this properly. The next most recent comparable study was one done in 1964 (he makes mention of it in the beginning).
They extracted the 6000 most frequent lexemes and broke it down by written fiction, written non-fiction, and oral (spoken); they then
further organized the data by lexeme type (noun, adjective, adverb, etc.) so youll see which particular type of word is the most used
thereby allowing you to focus your studies appropriately.
By the way, the frequency dictionary they mention, which this study was written about, that contains the entire list of the 6000
highest-frequency lexemes, is available on Amazon if youre interested. For some reason, the hardcover is ridiculously expensive at
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http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
$135, but theyve got a paperback edition here and a kindle edition here for much more reasonable prices ($34.15 and $28.76 ,
respectively)
Right, lets get down to brass tacks. According to the above study, for Spanish:
1. Learning the first 1000 most frequently used words in the entire language will allow you to understand 76.0% of all non-fiction
writing, 79.6% of all fiction writing, and an astounding 87.8% of all oral speech.
2. Learning the top 2000 most frequently used words will get you to 84% for non-fiction, 86.1% for fiction, and 92.7% for oral
speech.
3. And learning the top 3000 most frequently used words will get you to 88.2% for non-fiction, 89.6% for fiction, and 94.0% for
oral speech.
Essentially, just learning the top 1000 words will, if youre primarily interested in speaking to people as most language learners are,
get you to the point where you can understand roughly 90% of the spoken languagethis is more than enough to be able to muddle
through nearly any conversation. Sure, youll have to stop the speaker frequently to get them to define words for you and/or you may
have to pull out your dictionary quite frequently, but my point is that its enough of a base for you to actually start speaking to people
(which is the most important part of learning any language: actually talking to native speakers)youll be able to say nearly anything
you need to in some way or another, and you should be able to understand the general gist of what someone else is saying to you, even
if you do have to stop and ask them for help a few times.
Professor Arguelles, arguably one of the worlds foremost experts on language learning and who, himself, is fluent in eleven
languages and has studied 58 at some point or another, has addressed this in a fascinating thread on my favorite language-learning
forum, HTLAL, concerning how many words you need to learn (he is directly addressing the above study in this quote) and does a
superb job of boiling this down for us language-learners in practical terms that are useful to us:
The maddening thing about these numbers and statistics is that they are impossible to pin down precisely and thus they
vary from source to source. The rounded numbers that I use to explain this to my students I usually write in a bulls eye
target on the whiteboard, but I dont have the computer skills to draw circles in this post, so I will just have to give a list:
250 words constitute the essential core of a language, those without which you cannot construct any sentence.
750 words constitute those that are used every single day by every person who speaks the language.
2500 words constitute those that should enable you to express everything you could possibly want to say, albeit often by
awkward circumlocutions.
5000 words constitute the active vocabulary of native speakers without higher education.
10,000 words constitute the active vocabulary of native speakers with higher education.
20,000 words constitute what you need to recognize passively in order to read, understand, and enjoy a work of literature
such as a novel by a notable author.
Now, in the above study by Davies, heres where things start to get really interesting:
Assume that a language learner is aiming for 90% coverage in each of the four parts of speech that represent open
classes nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. This 90% figure will be obtained by knowing about 2600 nouns, 230
verbs, 980 adjectives, and 50 adverbs, or a total of about 3800 total forms. [refer to page 110 of the study for a detailed
table that breaks down these four word types in much greater detail]
So you can see that nouns completely dominate the average spoken vocabulary (the above data is from the spoken, not written,
corpus), constituting 2600 out of 3800 lexemes, which is 68.4%, more than two-thirds, of all lexemes used. You should keep in mind,
however, that each verb is counted as a single lexeme no matter how it is conjugated: so saying that you only need to know 230 verbs
is a bit disingenuous when you not only have to know each of those verbs but you also have to know a bunch of different
conjugations for each one as well (e.g. you dont just have to learn ser, you have to learn soy, eres, es, somos, son, fui,
fuiste, fue, sea, seamos, sean, etc., etc., etc.).
Also, they found that (heres where we get into register and range) certain words had a very high frequency of use in one of the three
registers (oral, written fiction, written non-fiction) but barely appeared at all in the other two, or it was present in two (typically both
written registers) but not at all in one of the others. So youll see that there are words which are far, far more valuable to learn than
certain other words depending on which register youre most interested in becoming proficient in. Have a look at the two tables
11/5/2016 11:32 AM
How Many Words Do You Need to Know in Spanish (or any other foreig...
http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
below, the first one shows the ten words with the greatest difference in range between oral and non-fiction that have an extremely high
oral range (they are very, very common spoken words), whereas the second table shows the same except these are the ten words with
the greatest frequency difference that have an extremely high range in written non-fiction (theyre extremely common in non-fiction
writing but not at all in oral speech)Im not sure I explained that well, if not leave a comment and Ill try again:
Table 1
Table 2
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How Many Words Do You Need to Know in Spanish (or any other foreig...
http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
the hungarian word for voter turnout but I dont know yet how to book a flight or hotel room :/
Also, Ill tell you right now that the best way to learn vocabulary is to do it contextually. What does that mean? It means taking
material that youre actually interested in reading/listening to and using that to extract vocabulary from to learn, as opposed to going
off of some kind of list. Check out Tim Ferriss awesome post that delves a lot more into the matter, he talks about learning Japanese
through learning something he was genuinely interested in, Judo: How to Learn Any Language in 3 Months. Pick a book, podcast,
movie, or whatever in the subject that youre interested in, dive straight into it, and every word you come across that you dont
actually know you enter it into your SRS or write it on a flashcard for review. You will learn massive amounts of vocabulary that way
in very short periods of time, believe me.
And this leads into my last, and most important point: all of this is just a means to and end, and that end is speaking. You must
speak. The whole point of figuring out all this word frequency crap is just so you can get away from it as fast as possible and into the
realm of actually talking to native speakers, because that is where you really learn the language. Memorizing all the vocabulary and
grammar rules in the world, as my friend Benny loves to say, will not ever get you anywhere near fluent. Ill leave you with a quote
from a native Czech speaker and fellow language nerd (its the last post in that HTLAL thread):
Yesterday I met a woman who has been taking Czech lessons twice a week for two years. I asked her some very simple
questions Do you like coffee?, Are you Czech? and she was completely tongue tied. The best she could manage was
Urm, arm, yes to the first question, and no to the second.
At first I imagined she didnt know much Czech at all. I decided to probe into her vocabulary, and found it was quite
extensive. She knew words like octopus and hovercraft in Czech. Yes somehow couldnt say To be honest, I prefer
tea.
I gave her a two hour lesson in how to construct useful conversational phrases. Starting off with simple things like I have
to say that .. and Dont be upset, but and building up and chaining these things together into more complex sentences
such as That isnt something I have given much thought to, but now that I reflect on it, my personal opinion is
She told me it was a very uplifting lesson, since she now felt fluent in Czech rather than being frozen with a trapped
vocabulary of thousands of words. In fact, she got back to me later that after the lesson, she went into the city and had
sophisticated and stressless conversations in a couple shops and with a waitress in an ice-cream parlour.
Of course, I was delighted to hear this, and it certainly gave my ego a boost. But, what was most joyful for me to hear is
that it would now give her future learning a usefulness filter. She said that now she wouldnt just remember lists of
words, but rather filter them through how useful they would be in real conversations, and that real conversations, with
real people, will help her get a reality check on this as she goes along.
You can learn all the vocabulary in the world, but if you dont learn how to use it, youre never going to be fluent, and the only way to
do that is to speak with native speakers.
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How Many Words Do You Need to Know in Spanish (or any other foreig...
http://howlearnspanish.com/2010/08/how-many-words-do-you-need-to-...
Andrew
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Related Posts:
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What Does It Mean to Be Fluent in a Language? Fluency Levels Dont Really Exist
What Should You Start With? Grammar, Vocabulary, Basic Expressions, Everything?!!
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Man, that's awesome. Learn 1000 words and you can understand almost 90% of oral speech?
Where do I sign up? (I mean figuratively; I already subscribed to your blog.) I feel like I could
learn Spanish in a weekend.
I should say I study Japanese rather than Spanish (I also write about it on my site), and I came
here through All-Japanese-all-the-Time. Although the language is different, many of the same
principles apply. It's really great to see how thoroughly you've thought about language learning.
Reply Share
Andrew
Mod
Thanks so much Ken! I'm really glad I did that guest post for Khatz, I've gotten a fantastic
response from it.
Also, I completely agree, anything about "how to learn [language]", e.g. "how to learn
French/Spanish/Russian/whatever" is almost always just as applicable to any other
language. I'm subscribed to and read lots of different language learning blogs, most of
them are NOT specific to Spanish, and some (such as AJATT) are specific to other
languages.
Try getting your vocab from movies sometime, that's what I'm working on right now. Pick
one or two movies, fire up Anki, and put together your vocab from that. My point is this:
when you're doing this, notice just how much certain words get used over, and over, and
over, and over again. It's like that in real life, we just don't notice it when we're speaking
because we're native speakers and so don't keep track of how often we say a certain word
or how many different words we use per day. Seriously, when we're talking about
SPOKEN language, a couple thousand of the most common words makes up 99% of all of
it for nearly everyone.
Cheers,
see more
Reply Share
What a brilliant article. Just yesterday, before finding this, I realized that I really needed to
branch away from the vocab they teach (in an endlessly disorganized and concurrently redundant
fashion) on [certain site here] and save ONLY the words I plan to use in everyday life.
I created an Excel vocab workbook with different sheets for different word types (nouns, verbs,
food words, professions, colors, etc.). I've only been adding to it for 2.5 weeks, but it's already
GINORMOUS (!) and I get tired of wading through kafillions of words I could care less about,
when trying to find/remember the ones I do, just to pen a basic convo. After all, I'm NOT
planning on freakin' scuba diving, visiting "sitios arqueolgicos," or water-skiing with SHEEP
any time soon, thanks. I am also very NOT overwhelmed with the bladder-quivering urge to
differentiate between "monedero," "billetera," "bolsa," and "cartera." ("WHY are you people
teaching me this?!" I'm wondering.)
*sigh* Rant aside, thanks for helping shake me out of my reverie and giving me a tangible and
very well-justified *number* for which to shoot. I have already downloaded Anki and about to get
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Natalia Roig
Hola a todos, felicidades por tu artculo. Solamente quera contar mi experiencia con los "weirdos" y como veo que aqu
los que comentan saben mucho, pues escribo en espaol :-) Soy profesora de...
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I think you can certainly get to as a proficiency level as you want in terms of listening comprehension, reading
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max
I completely disagree with the statement that there is something "magical" about talking to a native speaker that provides
something you can't get in any other way. I would go as far as to say that...
How Many Words Do You Need to Know in Spanish (or any other foreign language)? And WHICH Words Should You
Be Learning? 2 weeks ago
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Bea
*claps* Such a nice and thorough review! It's probably the most in-depth one I've seen, and I've seen quite a lot in the
past few weeks. It's a shame that none of the current available languages...
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