Unix Commands

Unix Commands
http://www.datadisk.co.uk/html_docs/misc/unix_...
Common Unix Commands

Sysinfo
Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc
Memory and Swap
Information regarding the physical memory and swap area
Disks, Filesystems and Devices
Displaying disk information, filesystems
Networking
Display and configuring network parameters
Crash Dump
Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities
Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics
List, Monitor and trace processes
Kernel Modules and Parameters
Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters
Services
Display, start and stop services
Patching / Packages
Installing and removing patches and software packages
Accounts
Setting up and removing user accounts
NFS
Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc
NTP
Network Time Protocol
Log Files
Location to common log files
Security
Security information
Misc
Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc
sysinfo
Solaris
Red Hat
cat /etc/release
cat /etc/enterprise-release
cat /etc/redhat-release
Ubuntu/Debian
cat /etc/lsb-release
HP-UX
AIX
/stand/kernrel
lsb_release -a
Server Release info
oslevel -r
lsb_release -a
Server Release info
cat /proc/version
/usr/platform/ùname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
dmidecode
dmidecode
prtconf | grep -i 'System Model'

model
uname -a
Server type
lspci
lsusb
lshal
lspci
lsusb
lshal
prtdiag -v
prtconf -D
prtpicl -v [-c <class>]
picl = platform information and control
library
Server type
lscfg -v
lscfg -l ent0
lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter)
ioscan
ioscan -fun [disk|tape|lan]
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest
cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info
Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer
Hardware Info
lsdev
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0
Hardware Info
lsslot -c [pci|phb|port]
lsslot -c pci -l ent0
lspath -l hdisk0
diag
uname -a
Operating System
prtconf | grep -i mem
uname -a
uname -a
uname -a
oslevel [-r|-s]
Operating System
cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

free -om

free -om
dmesg | grep -i physical

/usr/sam/lbin/getmem
Memory
cat /proc/slabinfo
cat /proc/slabinfo
prtconf -m
prtconf |grep -i memory
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
bootinfo -r
Memory
cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)
cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)
## display,offline,online
psrinfo
psradm -f 0 (offline)
psradm -n 0 (online)
CPU (type, number, etc)
format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI)

Note:
EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface
SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)
parted <device> print
partprobe -s <device>
fdisk -l
partprobe <device>
ioscan -funC disk
lsdev -Cc disk

lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller)
lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined, stopped)
lscfg -v -l hdisk0
Disk Drives
smartctl -a <device>
/boot/initrd.?????.img
/boot/vmlinuz
/kernel/genunix
/boot/initrd.img-?????-server
/boot/vmlinuz-????-server
/stand/vmunix
/unix
/usr/lib/boot
/usr/lib/drivers
/platform/ùname -m`/kernel
/platform/i86pc/kernel
/kernel
/usr/kernel
Kernel File and associated

directories
CPU (type, number, etc)
format
prtvtoc <device>
Disk Drives
prtconf |grep -i processor

sam -> performance monitors -> system properties
Kernel File
Note: /unix - symbolic link to kernel file i.e /usr/lib

/boot/unix_64
isainfo -kv (solaris 9+)

isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first)
isainfo -b
uname -a
uname -m
getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'
cat /proc/version
uname -a
uname -m
getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'
getconf KERNEL_BITS ( version 11)

/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'os mode'
prtconf -k
bootinfo -K
HPUX < version 11 all 32 bit

Kernel 32 or 64
Kernel 32 or 64
Note: determine if system supports 64 bit

getconf HW_CPU_SUPP_BITS
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'hw capability'
At the OK prompt type banner
boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)
boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)
prtconf |grep -i firmware

lscfg -pv
invscout
workstations:
reboot
enter PDC
type: IN (information menu)
type: FV (Firmware Version)
Display Firmware
n/a
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/dma
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/dma
n/a
prtconf
admintool
linuxconf
linuxconf
sam
smit
smitty
Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA
GUI admin tool
Display Firmware
Display IRQ, IO ports and

DMA
GUI admin tool
Memory and Swap

Solaris
Memory
/usr/platform/ùname -i`/sbin
/prtdiag -v
prtconf | grep -i mem
Red Hat
free -om
Ubuntu/Debian
free -om
HP
dmesg | grep -i physical
/usr/sam/lbin/getmem
AIX
prtconf -m
prtconf |grep -i memory
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
bootinfo -r
Memory
page size
(memory)
display swap
/usr/bin/pagesize
/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

'pagesize|page_size'
/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

'pagesize|page_size'
dmesg |grep -i physical
pagesize
pagesize -a (display all supported pagesizes)
swap -l
swap -s
cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

swapon -s
cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

swapon -s
swapinfo (displayed in KB)

swapinfo -m (display in Mb)
swapinfo -tm (total / Mb)
lsps -a (detailed)
lsps -s
mkps -a -s 4 -n <volume group>
device:
create partition with fdisk (type 82)
file(create 50MB swap file):
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile
bs=1024 count=50000
device:
create partition with fdisk (type 82)
file(create 50MB swap file):
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile
bs=1024 count=50000
Create logical volume or filesystem
mkfile 5m /var/swapfile
swap -a /var/swapfile
swapon <device> | -f <logical device>

swapon -p 3 <device> | -f <logical device>
# change the attributes

chps -a n paging00 (don't use after restart)
update /etc/fstab
# change the logical volume attributes (name in this case)

chlv -n <new name> <old old> (chang page space name)
update /etc/vfstab
adding swap
mkswap <device>|<file>
swapon <device>|<file>
mkswap <device>|<file>
swapon <device>|<file>
update /etc/fstab
update /etc/fstab
1 of 8
Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswapdev

tunable system parameter controls the maximum
number of swap devices.
page size (memory)
display swap
adding swap
Note:
-a reconfigure paging space after restart
-s size of the page space (logical partitions)
-n activiates the paging space (use swapoff to deactivate)
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
also see /etc/swapspaces file

removing
swap
update /etc/vfstab
swap -d
swapoff <device>|<file>
swapoff <device>|<file>
Remove device or file as normal
Remove device or file as normal
remove entry from /etc/fstab

reboot
swapoff /dev/paging00
rmps paging00
removing swap
Note: paging space must be deactiviated before removing
Disks, Filesystems and Devices

Solaris
Disk Drives
format
prtvtoc <device>
cfgadm -al
fcinfo hba-port
luxadm probe
mpathadm list initiator-port
mpathadm show <initiator-port name>
iscsiadm list initiator-node
iscsiadm list discovery
Red Hat
fdisk -l
partprobe <device>
Ubuntu/Debian
fdisk -l
partprobe <device>
HP
ioscan -funC disk
AIX
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller)
lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined,stopped)
lscfg -v -l hdisk0
udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sda1

blkid
dmsetup [ls|info]
Disk Drives
format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI)

Note:
EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface
SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc
format
iostat -En
luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays)
Disk serial Number, type,

etc
hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)
hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)
hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test)
haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test)
sdparm -i /dev/sdb
sdparm -i /dev/sdb
cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model
cat /proc/scsi/scsi
cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model
cat /proc/scsi/scsi
fdisk -l
fdisk -l
lvlnboot -v /dev/vg00
lifls -Clv <device>
lsvg -l rootvg
lchangelv
cat /proc/partitions (very high level)

cat /etc/fstab
cat /proc/partitions (very high level)

cat /etc/fstab
# Display the LIF contents

lifcp /dev/dsk/c0t6d0:AUTO -
cat /etc/filesystems
diskinfo -v /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 (detailed but no serial

number)
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest (no serial number)
lscfg -vl hdisk0

lscfg -vl hdisk*
## Insure that the online diagnostic support tools have

been installed
swlist -l bundle | grep 'Support Tools'
Disk serial Numbe
## Command-Line Support Tools Manager (cstm)

## The run cstm
cstm
cstm> map
cstm> sel dev 4
(select the disk of you choice)
cstm> info
cstm> il
(obtain the serial number)
cstm> quit
prtvtoc <device>
cat /etc/vfstab
cat /etc/fstab
Disk disk partitions
Disk disk partitions
Note: Boot programs are stored in the boot area in

Logical Interchange Format (LIF), which is similar to a
file system. For a device to be bootable, the LIF
volume on that device must contain at least the ISL
(the initial system loader) and HPUX (the HP-UX
bootstrap utility) LIF files. ISL is like GRUB.
use format to partition the disk then just use the
## Old way
slice as a raw partition, remember to use the
/etc/sysconfig/rawdevices
character device
service rawdevices start
chkconfig rawdevices on
## New way, Edit below file
/etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules
udevinfo -d or udevadm info
List Raw Partitions
## Display raw partitions

raw -qa
format (use analyse )
badblocks
mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0

mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1
mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2
ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl
Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem - that's it.

Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem
# create a raw volume
mklv -y rawVolume vg01 10
## map raw devices to the disk

raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1
List Raw Partitions
## display raw devices

raw -qa
badblocks
dd if=/dev/rdsk/cXtYd0 of=/dev/null bs=1024K
chlv -b [y|n] <lv>
Note: no errors means disk is good
Note: enables bad block relocation
df -k
df -h
bdf
df [-egiklnvfb]
df -k
lsfs [<filesystem>]
lsfs -q <filesystem> (detailed)
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1
newfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1
Bad Blocks
Filesystem commands
df -k
df -h
df -k
df -h
newfs -v <raw device>

# Display how the filesystem was created
newfs -Nv <filesystem>
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
crfs -v jfs2 -d data02lv -m /data02 -A yes

mkfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1
# all point to mke2fs

mkfs.ext2
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.ext4
Filesystem (create|remove)
Filesystem comm
Note: mkfs and newfs are a pointer to

/sbin/fs_wrapper
-v filesystem type
-d device or logical volume
-m mountpoint
-A mount after restart [yes|no]
Filesystem (crea
rmfs -ri /data02

cat /etc/mke2fs.conf
-r remove the mountpoint
-i display warning before removing
chfs -a size=+1G /var (grow by additional 1GB)
chfs -a size=1G /var (grow to 1GB in size)
tunefs
fstyp -v <device> |grep -i minfree
Tune Filesystems
tune2fs
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
tune2fs
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
# change reserved blocks percentage to 1%

tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1
# change reserved blocks percentage to 1%

tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1
touch /forcefsck
shutdown -Fr now
fsck.mode=force (kernel parameter)
Force fsck
backup filesystem
Display the boot device
# Check to see filesystem needs checking

fstyp -v <filesystem> | grep fsclean
tunefs -v <filesystem>
vxtunefs -v <filesystem>
fstyp -v <filesystem>
# Disk fragmentation
fsadm -F vxfs -E / (report)
fsadm -F vxfs -e / (defrag)
touch /forcefsck
shutdown -r now
tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'
chfs
Note: you can perform the following
resize
freeze
change mountpoint
permissions
lots more..............................
Tune Filesystem
n/a
Force fsck
# Look at the second line to see if a filesystem

# needs checking
tunefs -v <filesystem>
tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'
# edit /etc/default/rcS change below so

# you dont have to hang around
FSCKFIX=yes
ufsdump|ufsrestore
tar
dd
cpio
dump/restore
tar
dd
cpio
dump/restore
tar
dd
cpio
fbackup/frecover
dump/restore
ftio
tar
dd
cpio
backup|restore
tar
dd
cpio
eeprom |grep boot-device

prtconf -pv |grep bootpath
prtpicl -v|grep ':bootpath'
cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
setboot
cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
cat /etc/lilo.conf
bootinfo -b (display last boot device)

bootlist -m [normal|service] -o (display bootable devices)
backup filesystem
Display the boot d

grub = grand unified boot loader
lilo = linux loader
setenv boot-device [<device>|<alias>]

eeprom boot-device [<device>|<alias>]
Setting the boot device
/boot/grub/menu.lst
/boot/grub/grub.conf
/etc/lilo.conf
setboot -p <primary path>

setboot -a <alternate path>
bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1

Setting the boot dev
# autoboot sequnce
setboot -b [on|off]
installboot /usr/platform/ùname -i`/lib/fs/ufs

Creating boot device (MBR) /bootblk <raw-device>
grub-install <raw-device>
lilo -v
grub-install <raw-device>
mkboot -l <device>
bosboot -a (uses default device)

bosboot -ad hdisk1
Creating boot d
Note: we are treating the disk as a LVM device
Format floppy drive
mount/unmount floppy
mount/unmount CDROM
fdformat -v -U
volcheck -v
newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0
floppy --probe (use device obtained below )

floppy --createrc > /etc/fd0
floppy --format /dev/fd0
mkfs /dev/fd0
n/a
n/a
format -d /dev/rfd0
format -d /dev/fd0.18 (high format)
volrmmount -l floppy0
eject floppy
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

umount /mnt/floppy
n/a
n/a
mount /dev/rfd0 /floppy
mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

umount /mnt/cdrom
eject cdrom
mount -rF cdfs /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 /cdrom
mount -v cdrfs -r /dev/cd0 /cdrom

umount /cdrom
mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path> /cdrom

/cdrom0
umount /cdrom/cdrom0
/etc/init.d/volmgr start
eject cdrom
2 of 8
mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

umount /mnt/cdrom
eject cdrom
start: /usr/sbin/pps_mountd
pps_mount
Format floppy drive
mount/unmount flo
mount/unmount CDROM
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
lofiadm -a <iso image> /dev/lofi/1

mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt
mount/umount ISO image
# to list
lofiadm
n/a
mount -o remount,rw /
mount -o remount,rw /
mount_vxfs -o remount,ro <filesystem>

mount -o remount,rw <filesystem>
remount a filesystem
create boot disk or

recovery tape
Note:I did find a note that it should be possible to remount a

jfs2 filesystem, but it did not work on my system
n/a
mkbootdisk ùname -r` (boot diskette)
n/a
ok> boot cdrom -s
using the grub window append the word single to

the kernel line
using the grub window append the word single to enter PDC
the kernel line
> search
>boot p1 (cdrom)
interact with IPL? Y
ISL> hpux -is
based on a 9114-275 workstation
f10 or f12
>boot pri
ISL> hpux -lm
based on a 9114-275 workstation
floppy:
/dev/fd0
/dev/rfd0
boot cdrom/diskette (single

user)
ok> boot -as
f10 or f12
recovery tape (preview)

make_tape_recovery -v -l -x inc_entire=vg00
/opt/ignite/bin/make_recovery -ACv
remount a filesys
mksysb
create boot disk or r
1. Restart the machine.

2. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices
begin to initialize here.
boot cdrom/disk
3. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the
F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console.
4. Choose default boot list when the maintenance
screen comes up.
1. Restart the machine.

2. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices
begin to initialize here.
3. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit the boot into mainte
F5 button or the 5 key depending on your console.
4. Choose select boot options when the maintenance
screen comes up, then option 1, then option 1 for
scsi, then option 3 service mode boot
boot into maintenace mode
floppy:
floppy:
/dev/fd0
floppy:
/dev/fd0
floppy:
n/a
disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda
/dev/hdb or /dev/sdb
disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda
/dev/hdb or /dev/sdb
disk:
/dev/dsk/c0t6d0
cdrom:
/dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0
/dev/scd0 (external usb cd)
tape:
tape:
tape:
/dev/dsk/rmt/0
tape:
cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)
cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)
cdrom:
/dev/dsk/c1t6d0
cdrom:
/dev/cd0
drvconfig
devlinks
disks|tapes|ports
/dev/MAKEDEV <device>
/dev/MAKEDEV <device>
insf -C tape (Class)
cfgmgr
cfgmgr -l scsi0
disk:
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0
Device paths
update /dev directory
tape:
/dev/rmt/0ucb
disk:
/dev/hdisk0
Device paths
update /dev dire
insf -H 0.1.0 -e (recreate deleted link)

mkdev
devfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10)

rem_drv
# remove all devices from a hardward path

rmsf -k -H 52.6.0
rmdev
rmdev -l cd0
remove or change a device
remove or change a
chdev
chdev -l rmt0 -a ret=no
prtconf -D
sysdef
cat /proc/devices
cat /proc/devices
lsdev
lsdev
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0
lsslot -c pci -l ent0
lscfg
lscfg -l ent0
lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter)
list device drivers
list device drive
lspath -l hdisk0
getconf DISK_SIZE hdisk1 (detailed)
Networking
Solaris
Basic network information
(hostname, ip address)
/etc/hostname.hme0
prtdiag -v
ifconfig -a
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
HP
AIX
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
/etc/network/interfaces
/etc/rc.config.d/netconf
stores information in the ODM (Object Database Manager)
ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI)
ifconfig
ioscan -funC lan (list hardware)

lanscan -v (list configured)
ifconfig lan0 (individual)
ifconfig -a
Basic network
information
(hostna
entstat -d <interface>
kstat hme:0:parameters:<param name>

kstat e1000g:0:parameters:<param name>
lsdev -Cc if
lsdev -Cc tcpip
module:instance:name:statistics
odmget -q "name=en0" CuAt
# Solaris 11
netadm list
lsattr -EHl en0

displaying network
interface
displaying network interfaces

dladm show-phys
dladm show-link
dladm show-linkprop
dladm show-vnic
dladm show-etherstub
ipadm show-if
ipadm show-ifprop
ipadm show-addr
ipadm show-addrprop
ifconfig
ifconfig
ifconfig <interface>
ifconfig
mktcpip (completely setup a network interface)

rmtcpip (remove all network interfaces)
# Solaris 11 - Automatic (using profiles)

netadm enable -p ncp Automatic
netcfg
(use by Automatic)
# configure an interface
mktcpip -h aix1 -a 192.168.1.200 -m 255.255.255.0 -i en1
-g 192.168.0.10
# Solaris 11 - Manual
netadm enable -p ncp DefaultFixed
netcfg
Configure network interface
-h - hostname assigned to interface

-a - ip address
-m - netmask
-i - interface name
-g - gateway ip address
dladm create-vnic
dladm delete-vnic
dladm rename-link
# remove an interface
ifconfig en1 detach
dladm create-etherstub
ipadm create-ip net1
ipadm create-addr -T static -a 192.168.0.110/24 net1/pfv
ipadm delete-ip
ipadm delete-addr
ifconfig qfe0 up
ifconfig qfe0 down
ifconfig (configures IP address)

chdev (add aliases to network interface)
/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0
/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0
Starting and stopping a network

interface
ifconfig lan0 up
ifconfig lan0 down
ifconfig en0 up
ifconfig en0 down
ifconfig en0 detach (remove)
note: there is no "ifconfig -a" in hpux use lanscan then

"ifconfig <interface>"
ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> (dynamically)
/etc/system (edit and update then reboot - permanent)
Configure
interface
mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0

ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full
ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full
ndd -set <device> <parm> <value>

lanadmin -X <option> lan0
Setting NIC speed
Starting and stopping a

network in
chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=1000_Full_Duplex -P

chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=Auto_Negotiation -P
Note:
entX - physical device
enX - frame type run on entX
Setting NIC spe
ethtool eth0
ndd -get <device> <parm>
Change NIC parameters
3 of 8
# List parameters
ndd -get /dev/hme \?
ndd -get /dev/e1000g0 \?
mii-tool -v
ethtool eth1
ethtool -t eth0 online
sysctl -a | grep net*
lanadmin -> lan -> display

sysctl -a |grep net*
## options supported
ndd -get /dev/ip ?
ndd -get /dev/tcp ?
netstat -v
NIC spee
no -a
no -o "ipforwarding=1"
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
ndd -get /dev/ip \?

ndd -get /dev/tcp \?
ndd -get /dev/arp ?

ndd -get /dev/udp ?
Display NIC statistics

ifconfig -a (as user root)
display MAC address
netstat -i [-I interface]

netstat -s
netstat -i [-f inet]

netstat -s
Display n
ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI)
ifconfig
lanscan
netstat -ia
tcpdump -i <interface>
ethereal (needs to be installed)
ethereal (needs to be installed)
nettl -start
nettl -status all
nettl -tn pduin pduout -e ns_ls_driver -file
/var/adm/LAN
nettl -stop
iptrace -i <interface> <output file>
ipreport (used with iptrace to view reports)
display MAC a
snoop -d <interface>
Displaying network packets
Displayin
packets
Note: you must stop the iptrace by using "kill -15"

use netfmt to display the trace file
edit /etc/network/interfaces
/etc/defaultrouter
route add 0 <gateway IP address>
edit /etc/sysconfig/network
default router
route add default <gateway>

route -p add default <gateway> (persist changes)
netstat -rn
netstat -rn
route -n
display routing table
if_mpadm -d
if_mpadm -r
(detach)
(reattach)
tail /var/adm/messages
Note: there is no file that holds the default router
default router
netstat -rn
netstat -rn
netstat -r -f inet
lsattr -EHl inet0 -a route
display ro
You buy an optional product called Auto-Port

Aggragation.
smitty etherchannel (creates, deletes and tests)
add: gateway <IP address>
add: GATEWAY=<IP address>
netstat -rn
route -n
ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach)

ifenslave bond0 eth1
(reattach)
ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach)

ifenslave bond0 eth1
(reattach)
cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0
cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0
entstat -d ent0
# create bonding
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0
Test IPMP, Bonding
Test IPMP
# modprobe
/etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf
# for bonding options - use BONDING_OPTS
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0
# see bonding mode
cat /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
change the following files:

/etc/nodename
/etc/hostname.<interface>
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/inet/ipnodes
/etc/net - few files in here as well
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/hosts
/etc/hostname
/etc/hosts
sysctl -a |grep hostname
sysctl -a |grep hostname
set_parms hostname (requires reboot)
hostname <new hostname>

chdev -l inet0 -a hostname=<hostname>
change th
change the hostname

# Solaris 11
svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop config/nodename
svcfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/nodename =
astring: hostname
svcadm refresh system/identity:node
svcadm restart indentity:node
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
# Solaris 11 - You need to use the svccfg command
svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/nameserver
svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/search
svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/host
svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/password
svcprop <pattern>
setup DNS
setup DNS
Note: just use listprop on its own to view all options

svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop "config/nameserver =
net_address: (192.168.0.1)"
svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop 'config/domain = astring:
("datadisk.co.uk")'
svccfg -s "name-service/switch" setprop 'config/host =
astring: "file dns"'
svcadm refresh name-service/switch
svcadm refresh dns/client
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
Name service switch file (DNS

client)
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/netsvc.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/irs.conf (may not be there)
# Solaris 11 - you need to use the svccfg command

see above
Flush DNS cache
chnamsv (change name service)

rmnamsv (remove a name service)
lsnamsv -C (list name services)
svcadm restart system/name-service-cache:default
## if installed
service nscd restart
/etc/defaultdomain
/etc/sysconfig/network (HOSTNAME option)

/etc/resolv.conf
Domain Name
n/a
netcdctrl -t dns -e hosts -f
/etc/host
/etc/resolv.conf
domainname <domainname>
Name serv
(DNS client)
Flush DNS c
Domain Na
Note: for NIS use the NISDOMAIN option

Obtain IP Address routing
Find Services on the network
route -n get <hostname>

traceroute
ip route get <IP address>

traceroute
ip route get <IP address>

traceroute
n/a
route -n get <hostname>
Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1




NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1
NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1
NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1
NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1
NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1
NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1
NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv
NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv
NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1
NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1
Obtain IP Addre
Find Serv
network
Crash Dump
Solaris
Crash Dump
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
dumpadm -d
<device>
coreadm
diskdump
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)
diskdump
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)
crash (used to
analyse crash dumps)
adb (used to analyse
crash dumps)
/etc/kdump.conf (select where you

want the dump to go)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on
/etc/kdump.conf (select where you

want the dump to go)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on
## to crash the system

echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger
## to crash the system

echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger
HP
edit /stand/system
add either:
dump 2/0/1.5.0
dump lvol
dump none
AIX
sysdumpdev -l (list dump destination)
sysdumpdev -e (estimates dumpsize)
sysdumpdev -L (info)
sysdumpstart -p (start dump primary)
sysdumpstart -s (start dump secondary)
Crash Dump
# crash config file

/etc/rc.config.d/savecrash
# set the dump device permanently

sysdumpdev -p <dump device> -P
# analyse dump file
echo "stat\n status\n t -m" | crash /var/adm/ras/vmcore.0
crash (used to analyse crash dumps) crash (used to analyse crash dumps)
Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

Solaris
CPU
4 of 8
top (sunfreeware)
prstat
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
ps
vmstat
Red Hat
top
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
ps
vmstat
procinfo
oprofile
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Ubuntu/Debian
top
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
ps
vmstat
procinfo
cat /proc/cpuinfo
HP
top
sar
w
(load average)
ps
vmstat
glance
sam
AIX
topas -P
topas -L (logical partitions)
mpstat
sar -c
w
(load average)
lparstat
ps
iostat -tT 1
tprof
curt
CPU
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
Memory
Network
prstat
vmstat
top
sar
free
vmstat
top
procinfo
slabtop
sar
cat /proc/meminfo
free
vmstat
top
procinfo
slabtop
sar
cat /proc/meminfo
top
vmstat
sar
sam
glance
topas
vmstat
sar -b
svmon
ps
ipcs -a
lockstat (version 4)
rmss
ndd
netstat
lsof
snoop
route
ethtool
mii-tool
netstat
lsof
tcpdump
ip
iptraf
nmap
ethtool
mii-tool
netstat
lsof
tcpdump
ip
iptraf
netstat
lanadmin
sam
glance
[ent|tok|fddi|atm]stat
netstat
netpmon (trcstop to stop trace)
sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof
sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof
sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof
iostat
sar
sam
glance
topas -D (disk)
topas -F (filesystem)
iostat
sar -D
fcstat (fibre)
lvmstat
filemon (trcstop to stop)
fileplace
Memory
Network I/O
Disk
Disk I/O
# disk stat history

chdev -l sys0 -a iostat=true
lsattr -HEl sys0 -a iostat
truss -p <pid>
ppriv -D -e <command>
strace -p <pid>
strace -p <pid>
download and install tusc

topas
truss
sar
probevue
tprof
svmon -P <pid>
tusc -p <pid>
Application
NFS
nfsstat
Process
top
prstat
ps -ef
pargs <pid>
pcred <pid>
pfiles <pid>
pflags <pid>
pgrep <pattern>
pkill <pattern>
pmap <pid>
pldd <pid>
preap <pid>
prun <pid>
psig <pid>
pstack <pid>
pstop <pid>
ptime <pid>
ptree <pid>
pwait <pid>
pwdx<pid>
nfsstat
nfsstat
nfsstat
Application
nfsstat
NFS
Kernel Modules and Parameters

Solaris
modinfo
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
cat /proc/modules (more detailed)
lsmod
cat /proc/modules (more detailed)

lsmod
modinfo <module>
Location:
/lib/modules/ùname -r`/kernel/drivers
display loaded
modules
Location:
/lib/modules/ùname -r`/kernel/drivers
display loaded modu
modload -p drv/<module name>
modprobe <module>
insmod
modprobe <module>
insmod
modunload -i <module number>
modprobe -r <module>
rmmod
modprobe -r <module>
rmmod
/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)

sysctl -p <filename>
/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)

sysctl -p <filename>
sysctl -w param=value
sysctl -w param=value
No reboot (dynamically):
echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
etc.............................................
No reboot (dynamically):
echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
etc.............................................
unload modules
/etc/system (edit and reboot)
set kernel parameters

(tuning)
AIX
genkex
Config:
/etc/modprobe.d/options
/etc/modprobe.d
Config:
/etc/modprobe.conf
/etc/modprobe.d
load modules
HP
kmadmin -k
kmadmin -L <module name>
n/a
load modules
n/a
kmadmin -U <module name>
kmadmin -u <module id>
unload modules
kcweb (11i)
kctune (11i only)
rebuild kernel (< 11i see below)
chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value>

no -a
(network)
vmo -a
(virtual memory)
nfso -a
(NFS)
ioo -a
(Input/Ouput)
raso -a
(reliability, availability, serviceability)
schedo -a (processor scheduler)
set kernel para
vi /etc/security/limits
cd /etc/tunables
tunchange, tundefault, tunsave, tunrestore, tuncheck
Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example
memory segments are dynamically adjusted
cat /etc/system
sysdef -i
display kernel
parameters
edit and update file then reboot:

/etc/system
build kernel
interprocess
communication
ipcs -a
sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf
sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf
cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
etc...................................
cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
etc...................................
kctune (11i only)

sysdef
kmtune
kmsystem
/usr/sam/lbin/getkinfo -f /stand/vmunix -o /tmp/kernel.data
Note: only a few kernel parameters can be changed
display kernel pa
chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value>
cd /usr/src/linux-2.5
edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION)
make mrproper
backup .config
make xconfig
make dep
make bzImage
make modules
move new kernel
make modules_install
change lilo/grub config file
reboot
ipcs -a
lsattr -EHl sys0
cd /stand/build
/usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -v -s system
edit system file
/usr/sbin/mk_kernel -s ./system
mv /stand/system /stand/system.old
mv /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.old
mv /stand/build/system /stand
mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix
reboot
ipcs -a
ipcs -a
Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example

memory segments are dynamically adjusted
build kernel
ipcs -a
interprocess
communicat
Services
Solaris
Red Hat
service --status-all
display services
start services
stop services
reload service
restart service
svcs -a
svcs -l <service>
svcs -vx
inetadm -l
Ubuntu/Debian
There is no services or chkconfig
command use the old fashioned way
/etc/init.d/<service>
HP
AIX
lssrc -a
There is no services or chkconfig
command
use the old fashioned way /sbin/init.d
/<service>
display services
svcadm enable nfs
service nfs start
startsrc -s <subsystem>
startsrc -g <group>
start services
svcadm disable nfs
service nfs stop
stopsrc -s <subsystem>
stopsrc -g <group>
stop services
svcadm refresh nfs

svcadm clear nfs (changes state)
service nfs reload
refresh -s <subsystem>
svcadm restart nfs
service nfs restart
stopsrc -s <subsystem>
startsrc -s <subsystem>
reload service
restart service
service status
svcs nfs
service nfs staus
lssrc -a
service status
service
dependencies
svcs -d network
n/a
n/a
service
dependencies
service dependants
svcs -D network
n/a
n/a
service dependants
# change or add
Service notifications svccfg
5 of 8
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
# verify or confirm
svcprop
service logging, etc
change service
startup
n/a
/var/svc/log
/var/svc/manifest
/lib/svc/method
/etc/svc/repository.db
/system/volatile/svc_nonpersist.db
n/a
/var/adm/ras
/etc/syslog.conf
/etc/rc.tcpip
chkconfig --levels 2345

nfs on
service logging, etc
n/a
change service
startup
n/a
# Create your stop/start
# script in /etc/init.d
Add a new service
chkconfig --add <script>
Patching / Software
Solaris
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
HP
showrev -p
patchadd -p
display installed patches
patchadd
patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches)
display installed patches

instfix -k
swcopy (install patch into depot)

swinstall (install patch from depot)
Note: -p = # of path stripping
patchrm
patch -R -p1 <patch>
pkginfo (all packages)

pkginfo -l (single package)
pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs)
rpm -qa (all packages)

rpm -q (single package)
rpm -qf (file belongs)
rpm -qi <package> (very detailed)
adding patch
Note: the swagentd daemon must be running

swremove
# NEW IPS
pkg list (all packages)
pkg info (single package)
pkg search (find packages and files)
display installed packages
instfix -ia
patch -p1 <patch>

zcat patch46.gz | patch -p1
adding patch
removing patch
AIX
swlist -l bundle
swlist -l product
swlist -l patch
installp -r
swlist -l bundle <bundle>

swlist -l product <product>
dpkg -l
dpkg -S <search string> (search)
dpkg -S <filename> (file belongs)
dpkg -s <package> (status)
dpkg -p <package> (detailed)
## check a package
swlist -s <full_path/software>
removing patch
lslpp -L all (all filesets)

lslpp -L <package> (single fileset)
lslpp -w <file> (file belongs)
lslpp -ha (history of filesets)
rpm -qa (all packages)
rpm -q (single package)
rpm -qf (file belongs)
rpm -qi <package> (very detailed)
display installed packages
oslevel -g (install packkages above os level)

whereis <filename>
which_fileset <filename>
rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already)
rpm -ihv (install)
pkgadd
dpkg -i <package>
swinstall
swinstall -s <full_path/software>
# NEW IPS
pkg install
pkg update
adding package
installp -a
installp -c (cleanup after failed install)
adding package
rpm -i
geninstall (generic installer: installp, RPM, etc)
rpm -e <package>
dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config files)

dpkg -P <package> (remove config files)
pkgrm
swremove
installp -u (commited packages)
installp -r (applied packages)
# NEW IPS
pkg uninstall <package>
removing packages
rpm -e <package>
removing packages
geninstall -u <package>
rpm -V <package>
n/a
swverity <fileset> (see /var/adm/sw/swagent.log)
pkginfo -l
pkginfo -p
verify package
lppchk -v
rpm -V <package>
verify package
# NEW IPS
pkg publisher
pkg verify <package>
pkgchk -l <package> | grep -i pathname
rpm -ql <package>
dpkg -L <package> (list files)
swlist -l file <product>

lslpp -f <fileset>
List files in package
List files in package
# NEW IPS
pkg contents <package>
rpm -ql <package>
# NEW IPS
pkg history
pkg purge-history
pkg freeze
pkg unfreeze
pkg fix
pkg refresh
pkg publisher
Other package commands
/var/sadm
/var/lib/rpm
/var/lib/dpkg/info
/var/adm/sw
/usr/lpp
Package directory
Package directory
/var/lib/rpm
List libraries required for binary

program
ldd <file>
ldd <file>
ldd <file>
chatr <file>
ldd <file>
List libraries required for binar

program
Accounts
Solaris
cat /etc/passwd
display users
Red Hat
cat /etc/passwd
system-config-users (GUI)
Ubuntu/Debian
cat /etc/passwd
HP
cat /etc/passwd
logins -x
logins -x [-p]
AIX
cat /etc/passwd
display users
lsuser -f ALL (detailed)
useradd
create a user
# user defaults
/usr/sadm/defadduser
remove a user
userdel
useradd
useradd
useradd
sam
mkuser
useradd
create a user
userdel
userdel
userdel
sam
rmuser
userdel
remove a user
usermod
sam
chuser -a
usermod
passwd -f
passwd -s
chfn <username>
chfn <username><shell>
modify a user
usermod
modify a user
usermod
usermod
change user
password
passwd
passwd
passwd
passwd
passwd
pwdadm
pwdck -t ALL
change user password
create a group
groupadd
groupadd
groupadd
groupadd
mkgroup <group name>
create a group
remove a group
groupdel
groupdel
groupdel
groupdel
rmgroup <group name>
remove a group
modify a goup
groupmod
groupmod
groupmod
groupmod
chgroup <attribute><group name>
modify a goup
password files
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/passwd
/tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system)
/etc/security/passwd
password files
id -a
whoami
who
w
finger
logins -p
id -a
whoami
who
w
finger
id -a
whoami
who
w
finger
id
whoami
who
w
uptime (displays # of users logged in)
finger
id
whoami
who
w
uptime (displays # of users logged in)
finger
useful user
commands
# License information
lslicense
chlicense
useful user commands
# Maximum number of processes for a user

lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc
chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=<number>
6 of 8
useful group
commands
groups
setpgrp
newgrp
groups
Password Policy
/etc/security/policy.conf
/etc/default/passwd
/etc/login.defs
groups
groups
setprivgrp
groups
setgroups
lsgroup ALL
useful group commands
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
passwd
Password Aging
chage -l <user>
chage <options> <user>
NFS
Solaris
NFS Daemons
NFS files
List nfs clients that have a remote mount

display nfs shares
Red Hat
HP
AIX
server: rpc.mountd,nfsd
client: rpc.statd, lockd
/etc/dfs/dfstab
/etc/dfs/sharetab
/etc/rmtab
/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab
/var/lib/nfs/xtab
/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab
/var/lib/nfs/xtab
/etc/exports
/etc/xtab
/etc/exports
/etc/xtab
/etc/rmtab
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab
/etc/rmtab
/etc/xtab
dfshares
showmount -e localhost
exportfs
/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share)

share <path>
redhat-config-nfs (GUI)
/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example)

exportfs -rav (export the shares)
## dfstab example
share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart
create nfs share
Ubuntu/Debian
server: mountd, nfsd

client: statd, lockd
/etc/exports (edit and add share)

/sbin/service nfs reload
server: rpc.mountd, nfsd

client: rpc.statd, rpc.lockd
/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit)
/etc/exports (edit and add share)
exportfs -a
/etc/init.d/portmap restart
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart
## /etc/exports example
/export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)
unshare <path>
/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share)
server: rpc.mountd, nfsd

server: rpc.mountd,nfsd
NFS files
List nfs c
remote mount
displa
mknfsexp -d <directory>
mknfsmnt
shareall
crea
## /etc/exports example
/export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)
/etc/exports (edit and remove share)


/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit)
exportfs -au (unshare all)
exportfs -u /home/vallep
rmnfsexp -d <directory> (unshares and removes from file)
/sbin/service nfs start
/etc/init.d/portmap start
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start
/sbin/init.d/nfs.core start
/sbin/init.d/nfs.server start
/sbin/init.d/nfs.client start
mknfs
chnfs
uncreate nfs share
/etc/init.d/nfs.server start
/etc/init.d/nfs.client start
start/change nfs daemons
exportfs -u <filesystem>
unshareall
un
sta
startsrc -s nfsd
startsrc -s rpc.mountd
svcadm enable nfs/server

svcadm disable nfs/server
/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
/etc/init.d/nfs.client stop
stop nfs daemons
NFS Da
/sbin/service nfs stop
ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons>
/etc/init.d/portmap stop
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop
/sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop
/sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop
/sbin/init.d/nfs.core stop
rmnfs
stop nf
stopsrc -s nfsd
stopsrc -s rpc.mountd
/sbin/service nfs status
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status
ps -ef | grep <nfs daemons>
lssrc -a |grep -i nfs
nfs reload
shareall
exportfs -a
exportfs -av
nfs
nfs performanace
nfsstat
nfsstat
nfsstat
nfsstat
nfsstat
nfs
n/a
cat /var/lib/nfs/etab
cat /var/lib/nfs/etab
n/a
nfso -a
nfso -o <option>=<value>
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
nfs status
nfs Options
nfs status
nfs Options
exportfs (display options)

## Make sure you use NFS version 3
solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to
mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount>
v4)
<mountpoint>
so
prob
NTP
Solaris
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
HP
ntpd
Time daemons
xntpd
ntpd
# Solaris 8
/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/ntp.server
/etc/ntp.client
/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers)

dateconfig (GUI)
/etc/default/ntp
/etc/ntp.conf
chkconfig --list ntpd

chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on
/sbin/service ntpd start
/etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart]
/etc/sysconfig/ntpd
/etc/default/ntp
/etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop]
ntp setup
AIX
xntpd
xntpd
/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons (set XNTPD to 1)

/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/ntp.conf
Time daemons
startsrc -s xntpd
stopsrc -s xntpd
lslpp -L all|grep xntpd
ntp setup
# Solaris 10
/etc/inet/ntp.server
/etc/inet/ntp.client
svcadm enable ntpd
/lib/svc/method/xntp
/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons
startsrc -s xntpd -a "-x"
ntp daemon options
ntp daemon options

/etc/rc.tcpip
ntpq -p
ntptrace
NTP Trace commands
ntpq -p
ntptrace
ntpq -p
ntptrace
ntpq -p
ntpdate (set the date)
ntpq -p
ntptrace
ntpdate
NTP Trace commands
Log Files
Solaris
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
HP
AIX
messages
/var/adm/messages
/var/log/messages
/var/log/messages
/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
/var/adm/ras
messages
syslog
/var/log/syslog
/var/log/syslog
/var/log/syslog
/var/adm/ras
syslog
/var/log/mail
/var/log/mail.*
/var/adm/syslog/mail.log
/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog
mail
/var/log/cron
/var/log/cron.log
/var/adm/cron/log
/var/adm/cron/log
cron
mail
cron
/var/cron/log
/var/adm/ras
boot
/var/adm/messages
dmesg
/var/log/boot
dmesg
/var/log/boot
dmesg
dmesg
alog -o -t boot
alog -o -t console
alog -L (list all the logs available)
boot
/usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes)

/usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging)
/usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging)
Error
logging
logger
logger
logger
# use with above errorlog file

errpt (summary errorlog report)
errpt -a (detailed errorlog report)
errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report)
logger
Error logging
errclear (clears errorlog)

errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors)
errlogger "message upto 230 chars"
Security
Solaris
Red Hat
Ubuntu/Debian
HP
AIX
Checking the passwd file
pwck
pwck
pwck
pwck
pwdck -t ALL
usrck -t ALL
Checking the passwd file
checking the group file
grpck
grpck
grpck
grpck
grpck
checking the group file
# No reboot required
/etc/securetty
/etc/securetty
# Solaris 10 (no reboot)

/etc/default/login
console login (allow/deny)
/etc/security/user
/etc/securetty
# Solaris 11 (no reboot)

/etc/default/login
/etc/user_attr (see below)
chsec -f /etc/security/user -s root

console login (allow/deny)
Note: you may need to create this file

if it does not exist
rolemod -K type=normal root
Misc
Solaris
eeprom
startup
7 of 8
setenv boot-device
Red Hat
grub (GUI)
lilo (text based)
Ubuntu/Debian
grub (GUI)
HP
setboot -p <primary path>
setboot -a <alternate path>
AIX
bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1
startup
# autoboot sequnce
setboot -b [on|off]
04/28/2014 04:32 PM
Unix Commands
shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down)

shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot)
shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt)
shutdown
Change run level
init status
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Startup options
shutdown -h (halt)
shutdown -r (reboot)
shutdown -f (fast reboot no fsck)
shutdown -F (force fsck)
shutdown -h (halt)
shutdown -r (reboot)
shutdown -P (power off)
reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure)
touch /forcefsck
touch /reconfigure
# edit /etc/default/rcS change below so

# you dont have to hang around
FSCKFIX=yes
halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit
halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit
uadmin
halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit
0 - shutdown
1 - single user
2 - n/a
3 - Multi-user
4 - n/a
5 - power off
6 - reboot
0 - halt
1 - single user
2 - multiuser (no networking)
3 - multiuser (networking)
4 - unused
5 - GUI
6 - reboot
# change default
vi /etc/inittab
# change default
vi /etc/inittab
boot <option>
single - use grub to edit kernel line

emergency - use grub to edit kernel line
linux rescue - use at the boot prompt
single - use grub to edit kernel line

emergency - use grub to edit kernel line
linux rescue - use at the boot prompt
single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network

emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run
rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as
/mnt/sysimage
single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network

emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run
rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as
/mnt/sysimage
# Options
-s single user
-a interactive
-x no device drivers (used in
clustering)
-r reconfigure devices
-m milestone
0 - halt
1 - single user
2 - multiuser (default)
3 - same as 2
4 - same as 2
5 - same as 2
6 - reboot
# change default - change all the telinit

vi /etc/event.d/rc-default
shutdown -h now (halt)

shutdown -r now(reboot)
shutdown
init
reboot
shutdown
0 - halt
1 - single users
2 - multiuser (networking)
3 - multiuser (networking, NFS, and CDE GUI) (default)
4 - multiuser (netwrking, NFS, and VUE GUI)
5 - n/a
6 - n/a
# change default - change the initdefault line

vi /etc/inittab
/etc/init.d
/etc/init.d
/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d
init
shutdown
reboot
telinit
halt
Change run level
init status
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 - reserved
1 - reserved
2 - multiuser mode with NFS
3 - user defined
4 - user defined
5 - user defined
6 - user defined
7-9 - user defined
# change default - change the initdefault line
vi /etc/inittab
Based on 9114-275 workstation
# single user
ISL> hpux -is
1. switch off the machine

2. power on and enter the SMS menu
# Logical volume maintanence mode

ISL> hpux -lm
# No quroum check
ISL> hpux -lq
/etc/init.d
shutdown -F (fast shutdown)

shutdown -Fr (fast shutdown and reboot)
/sbin/init.d
/etc/rc.config.d (startup config files)
Startup options
Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1
after the word keyboard but before the word
speaker
/etc/rc.d
/etc/rc.d/init.d
/sbin/rc0.d - /sbin/rc6.d
/etc/rc.d/rc2.d - rc9.d
startup scripts
startup scripts
/etc/rc.* (config files for auto-starting)

also uses the System Resource Controller
F10 or F12
boot prompt
commands
F10 or F12

Based on a 9114-275 workstation
boot
printenv
setenv
banner
devalias
show-devs
show-pci-devs-all
probe-scsi-all
probe-fcal-all
probe-pci
watch-net-all
reset-all
Phases:
Boot PROM: displays system
information, run POST, load
bootblk, locate ufsboot
Boot Programs: bootblk loads
and executes the ufsboot
Kernel Initialization: ufsboot
loads and executes the core
kernel, initializes core kernel
data structures, loads other
kernel modules based on the
/etc/system file, starts /sbin/init
program
init: starts other processes
based on the /etc/inittab file
Boot process
1. switch off the machine

2. power on and enter the SMS menu
Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1
after the word keyboard but before the word
speaker
Boot sequence
1. BIOS
2. POST
3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the
bootloader GRUB or LILO
4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific
filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files
6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /etc/grub.conf and
displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel
and the initrd files
7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8. INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs /etc/rc.d
/rc.sysinit script
Boot sequence
Phases:
1. BIOS
2. POST
3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the
bootloader GRUB or LILO
4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific
filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files
6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /boot/grub/menu.lst
and displays the grub menu, it specifies the
kernel and the initrd files
7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8. INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script
boot prompt
commands
Phases:
1. PDC - processor-dependent code; executes and

performs self-tests
2. ISL - initial system loader; loads the secondary
system loader hpux
3. HPUX - is the secondary system loader and loads
the kernel /stand/vmunix, then hands over to the
kernel
4. KERNEL - swapper processes are started by the
kernel then starts the init process
5. INIT - reads /etc/inittab
Read Only Storage (ROS): check the

system board, perform POST, locate and
load boot image, begin system initialization
and execute phase 1 of the /etc/rc.boot
script
Base Device Configuration: start
Boot process
configuration manager to configue base
devices
System Boot: start init process phase 2,
switch to hard-disk root filesystem, start
other processes defined by /etc/inittab and
execute phase 3 of the /etc/rc.boot script
bootadm list-archive
bootadm update-archive
bootadm list-menu
bootadm set-menu <option>
Boot Environments
(BE)
beadm create
beadm rename
beadm activate
beadm list
beadm destroy
determine the run

level
who -r
runlevel
who -r
runlevel
who -r
who -r
who -r
obtain default run

level
cat /etc/inittab
cat /etc/inittab
/etc/event.d/rc-default
/etc/inittab
/etc/inittab
list locale
locale -a
locale -a
locale -a
locale -a
locale -a
n/a
startx (shorthand of below)

initx (lots of parms)
n/a
n/a
set_parms [initial|hostname|ip_address|timezone]
install_assist
start xwindows
sys-unconfig
initialize system
determine the run level

obtain default run level
list locale
start xwindows
initialize system
Note: set_parms is in /sbin
Timezone
8 of 8
/etc/TIMEZONE
/etc/default/init
/etc/sysconfig/clock
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
/etc/timezone
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab
/etc/TIMEZONE
/etc/environment
/etc/profile
Timezone
04/28/2014 04:32 PM

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Unix Commands

Common Unix Commands

Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc

Memory and Swap

Information regarding the physical memory and swap area

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

Displaying disk information, filesystems

Display and configuring network parameters

Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

List, Monitor and trace processes

Kernel Modules and Parameters

Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters

Display, start and stop services

Installing and removing patches and software packages

Setting up and removing user accounts

Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc

Network Time Protocol

Location to common log files

Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc

Server Release info

prtconf | grep -i 'System Model'

Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

dmesg | grep -i physical

cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)

CPU (type, number, etc)

format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI)

ioscan -funC disk

lsdev -Cc disk

Kernel File and associated

CPU (type, number, etc)

prtconf |grep -i processor

Note: /unix - symbolic link to kernel file i.e /usr/lib

isainfo -kv (solaris 9+)

getconf KERNEL_BITS ( version 11)

HPUX < version 11 all 32 bit

Note: determine if system supports 64 bit

At the OK prompt type banner

boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)

boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)

prtconf |grep -i firmware

Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA

GUI admin tool

Display IRQ, IO ports and

Memory and Swap

/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

dmesg |grep -i physical

cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

swapinfo (displayed in KB)

Create logical volume or filesystem

swapon <device> | -f <logical device>

# change the attributes

# change the logical volume attributes (name in this case)

Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswapdev

page size (memory)

also see /etc/swapspaces file

Remove device or file as normal

Remove device or file as normal

remove entry from /etc/fstab

Note: paging space must be deactiviated before removing