Persistence of vision refers to the optical illusion whereby multiple discrete images

blend into a single image in the human mind and believed to be the explanation for
motion perception in cinema and animated film The phenakistoscope (also spelled
phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope)(Joseph Plateau) was an early animation device that
used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.
Stop frame.
Stop motion is an animation technique that physically manipulates an object so that it
appears to move on its own. The object is moved in small increments between
individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of
frames is played as a continuous sequence. The first use of stop motion was right at the
dawn of cinema, when Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton made The Humpty Dumpty
Circus in 1898. However, it wasn't until 35 years later that America truly woke up to stop
motion animation, and it was down to one man: Willis O'Brien. Dragonframe is the next
generation of our image capture software for stop motion animation and from the
Dragonframe website they aim to create the best quality of stop motion and also they try
to make it easy for those people who have their software to work. New features include a
visual timeline editor, integrated lip-sync, advanced DMX lighting, motion control and
much more. Puppet animation is a development of stop-motion animation, rather than
using objects in different frames puppets were introduced due to their human like
quality's so directors can move the puppet freely and more easily to show different
movements. It works by taking pictures and moving the puppet in different frames.
A frame rate is the frequency at which frames in a television picture, film, or video
sequence are displayed.
Time-lapse photography and stop-motion animation. 18 frames per second: Early motion
picture films. 24 frames per second: Worldwide standard for movie theatre film
projectors. Time-lapse photography and stop-motion animation. FPS stand for frames
per second, a measurement for how many unique consecutive images a camera can
handle each second. Low-end digital still cameras typically have a frame rate of 1fps.
Low end digital video cameras typically have a frame rate of 30fps.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFuB648-ZBY
Model movement.
A clay model of a chicken, designed to be used in a stop motion animation. Stop
motion (hyphenated stop-motion when used as an adjective) is an animation technique
that physically manipulates an object so that it appears to move on its own. ... Stop
motion using objects is sometimes referred to as object animation.

2.

Joseph Plateau
Joseph Plateau was a Belgian physicist & he was one of the first person to
demonstrate the illusion of a moving image. He did this by using counter rotating disks
with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced

slits in the other. He called this device of 1832 the phenakistoscope.

The phenakistoscope was an early animation device that used the persistence of vision
principle to create an illusion of motion. The phenakistoscope is regarded as one of the
first forms of moving media entertainment that paved the way for the future motion
picture and film industry.

Edward Muybridge
Edward Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in
photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.
Producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, capturing what the
human eye could not distinguish as separate movements. Muybridge began experimenting
with an array of 12 cameras photographing a galloping horse in a sequence of shots to help
with the idea from the governor of California that whether all four feet of a horse were off the
ground at the same time while trotting, while the product of this work was not quite perfect
while the idea by Stanford. Between 1878 and 1884, Muybridge perfected his method of
horses in motion and proved that they do have all four hooves in the air.

George Pal
George Pal was a Hungarian Animator and film producer who was mainly involved with
the science-fiction genre. He graduated from the Budapest Academy of Arts aged 20 in
1928 which from then on to 1931 he made films for Hunnia films in Budapest. At the age
of 23 he founded Trickfilm-studios with UFA studios being its main customer in 1931 till
1933 which in this time period he made the Pal-Doll technique which would be better
known as the Puppetoons in the USA, as an animator he made the Puppetoons in the
1940s which would be rewarded for an Oscar in 1943 for the development of novel
methods and techniques in the production of short subjects. He is best remembered
as the producer of several science fiction and fantasy in the 1950s, such as When
Worlds collide and 1960s, four of which were collaborations with director Bryon Haskin
including The War of the worlds (1953). He himself directed Tom Thumb in 1958, The
time machine in 1960, and The Wonderful world of the Brothers Grimm which came out
in 1962.

Developers
Ray Harryhausen was an American who has British origins visual effects creator, writer
and producer who created dynamation which is a form of stop motion model animation.
His most memorable piece of work is the animation on the Mighty Joe Young in 1949
with his mentor Willis H OBrian which won the Academy award for best visual effects for
the voyage of Sinbad in 1958 which was his first colour film and Jason and the
Argonauts in 1963, his last film was clash of the titans in 1981 after that he retired.

Willis OBrien
Willis OBrien was a motion picture special effects and stop motion animation pioneer
and he was responsible for some of the best known images in cinema history, his best

work is the lost world in 1925, king kong in 1933 and mighty joe young in 1949 which he
wont the 1950 academy award for best visual effects. When he was younger he had a
huge interest in dinosaurs which was his main inspiration for his work such as the lost
world. Willis OBriens work was mainly used with clay but he would hire other people to
make the models for him based on his own designs, which included; rubber skin over
metal armatures and the models included a bladder inside the skeleton model would
could be inflated and deflated to create the illusion of breathing which would make his
films more realistic. Thomas Edison was so impressed with OBriens work that he was
hired by Edison to work with him and his company to work on short films.

Contemporary
Stephen & Timothy Quay are influential stop motion animators who are also known as
Quay Brothers. Most of their animations feature puppets made of doll parts or other
organic or inorganic materials to film with and the doll parts are often disabled who have
a dark persona about their work. Their best known work, Street of Crocodiles which is
based on the short novel by Bruno Schulz who put his childhood memories into the
novel but the Quay brothers took it under their wing and change it to an image of their
own inspiration. Their films have no meaningful dialogue throughout their productions or
with no spoken words at all, their films are mainly dependent on music that is played
throughout their short films which have been written especially for their films by Polish
Composer Leszek Jankowski.
Aardman Animations is a British animation company based in Bristol, they are known
for making films mainly with clay animation techniques, most famously known, Wallace &
Gromit. After they did some experimental work with during the 1990s with Owzat the
entered into computer animation with Flushed Away with debuted in 2006, they have
made over $900 million worldwide and average $160 million per film. All of their work are
with the top grossing stop motion films such as Chicken Run being their number one
which they worked with DreamWorks and they eventually made DreamWorks animation.
Aardman Animation are very well known for providing generous resources for young
animators by training them who win awards at various film festivals who actually have
their own award called the Aardman Award at the Animex festival in the United Kingdom
which provides consultation to young animators and their stories for their next projects.
3. Animation in a variety of forms.
Animation is a massive part of todays film & television industry which makes it very
popular to use in a difference of forms and genres and over the last decade animation
has grown to have a huge audience. A popular use on animation is used in
advertisement & this is seen as a way to look different to other adverts out there and to
make sure that you stand out among them and that people remember your advert, music
videos have also adopted the use of animation such as Burn the Witch by Radiohead
but it still isnt the most popular use of music videos as most people will go for normal
film to advertise their music. Childrens television has been the main consumer of
animation as it has been for many years now such as shows like, Wallace and Gromit by
Aardman Animations and Sean and the Sheep also done by the same company, it is
seen as a great way to draw children into the show but it still isnt used for that age and
target audience, in 2016 the film Sausage Party by Conrad Vernon & Greg Tiernan, stars
many well-known actors such as Seth Rogan, Jonah Hill, Evan Goldberg & James
Franco, the film Sausage Party is mainly for adults as it has some adultery humour that

would not be suitable for children but it shows animation can be used for more than one
genre.