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SEMINAR ON :
WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION VIA SPS
SEMINAR SUPERVISOR:
PRESENTED BY
V.RAMAIAH
L.SAICHANDAR
Prof,Dept.of EEE
ROLL.NO:B14EE010
III/IV EEE-1
WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION
THROUGH SPS (SOLAR POWER
SATELLITE)
Overview
History
Solar
power
satellite
Wireless
Power
transmissi
on
Components
of
transmission
Application
s
Conclusio
n
1899
1965
2007
Introduction to SPS
Solar power satellite(SPS) is a gigantic satellite
designed as an electric power plant orbiting the
geostationary orbit(GEO).
It consists of mainly three segments
Solar energy collector
DC to microwave converter
Large antenna array
Classification of WPT
WIRELESS POWER
TRANSMISSION
SHORT
DISTANCE
MEDIUM
DISTANCE
LONG
DISTANCE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
MICROWAVE
RADIATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC
RESONANCE
LASER
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Transmission:
Four basic steps involved in the conversion of solar energy to
electricity and delivery are:
Step 1
Receive the radio frequency energy on Earth and convert it back to electricity
Step 4
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Microwave
generator
Transmitting
antenna
Rectifying
antenna
(Rectenna)
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Microwave Power
Transmission(MPT) for SPS
.
Microwave Frequency
Within the limits of antenna size and atmospheric
attenuation microwave frequency has been taken in the
range of 1-6 GHz.
The microwave transmission often uses 2.45GHz or
5.8GHz of ISM band.
The highest efficiency over 90% is achieved at 2.45 GHz
among all the frequencies
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Microwave generator
The microwave transmitting devices are classified as:
Microwave Vacuum Tubes (magnetron, klystron etc )
Semiconductor Microwave transmitters (GaAs ,
InGaAS etc) :
Typical semiconductor devices are FET (Field Effect
Transistor), HBT (Hetero junction Bipolar Transistor),
and HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor).
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Continued.
The microwave tube is lighter than that of the
semiconductor amplifier.
The microwave tube can generate/amplify higher
power microwave than
that by the semiconductor amplifier.
A light weight phase controlled magnetron called
COMET, Compact
Microwave Energy Transmitter with a power-weight
ratio below 25g/W has been invented.
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Transmitting Antenna
Transmitting antenna is a gigantic antenna array.
They may be of many types, some are The slotted wave guide antenna,
Micro strip patch antenna
Parabolic dish antenna
The slotted waveguide antenna is ideal for power
transmission because of its high aperture efficiency (> 95%)
and high power handling capability.
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Antenna
Parabolic antenna
Table 1
Model
Old
JAXA
Model
JAXA1
Model
JAXA2
Model
NASA/DO
E Model
Frequency
5.8GHz
5.8GHz
5.8GHz
2.45GHz
Diameter of transmitting
antenna
2.6km
1km
1.93km
1km
Amplitude taper
10dB
Gaussian
10dB
Gaussian
10dB
Gaussian
10dB
Gaussian
Output power
(beamed to earth)
1.3GW
1.3GW
1.3GW
6.72GW
114mW/c
m2
2.2mW/cm2
63mW/cm2 420mW/c
m2
Antenna spacing
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
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Table1 (continued)
Model
Old
JAXA
Model
JAXA1
Model
JAXA2
Model
NASA/
DOE
Model
Max.0.95W
(3.54
billion)
Max 6.1W
(540
million)
Max 1.7W
(1.950
million)
Max 185W
(97 million)
Rectenna Diameter
2.0km
3.4km
2.45km
1km
100mW/cm2
23mW/cm2
87%
89%
180mW/cm 26mW/cm2
2
96.5%
86%
JAXA : Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, NASA : National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, DOE : U.S. Department Of Energy.
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Rectenna
The word rectenna is derived from two individual words, namely
rectifier and antenna.
It is a special type of antenna that is used to directly convert
microwave energy into DC electricity.
A simple rectenna element consists of a dipole antenna with a
Schottky diode placed across the dipole elements.
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22
Continued.
A typical rectenna has an efficiency of 85%.
The efficiency of a rectenna is affected by;
array connection loss
change of optimum operation point
any losses on the systems
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Advantages
Unlimited energy resource.
Solar radiation can be efficiently collected in the space.
Zero fuel cost.
Can delivers energy anywhere in the world.
Less CO2 emission.
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Continued..
Cost of transmission and distribution become less.
Power failure due to short circuit and fault on cables
would not be
possible.
Completely eliminates the existing high-tension power
transmission
line cables, towers and sub stations.
Long range environmental impact is minimum.
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Disadvantages
Launch costs is high
Requires a network of hundreds of satellites
Possible health hazards
The size of antennas and rectennas is quite large
Interference with communication satellites
Heat reduction is important problem in space, lost power
converts to heat
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Future Applications
Roadway powered electric vehicles for
charging electric batteries.
Solar power satellites in geosynchronous
orbit can supply terrestrial power
demands.
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Environmental issues
Interference to existent wireless system:
Harmonics of the MPT signal should be small to
avoid interference to other radio services in
operation.
Safety on ground:
MPT uses more intense microwaves than that in
wireless communication system hence MPT safety for
human is considered. Research results thatmicrowave
effect to human health is only heating problem.
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Continued.
Interaction with atmosphere:
Absorption and scatter by air, rain and irregularity of air refraction
ratio.
Attenuation by rain need to be considered.
Biological impacts
Health hazards:
Effects of long term exposure.
Exposure is equal to the amount that
people receive from cell phones and
microwaves
Public exposure to WPT fields would
be below existing safety guidelines.
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Conclusion
The concept of
WPT offers
possibilities of
transmitting
power with
negligible losses
and ease of
transmission.
There will be a
shift towards
renewable
sources and
solar will be a
major
contributor.
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References
M.Muthupriya, S.Vinothini, Wireless Power Transmission Via Solar Power
Satellite, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4,
Issue 5, May-2013 ISSN 2229-5518.
P. E. Glaser, "An overview of the solar power satellite option," IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1230-1238, June 1992.
James O. McSpadden, Space Solar Power Programs and Microwave Wireless
Power Transmission Technology, ISSN 1527-3342, Dec 2002 IEEE
Susumu Sasaki, Microwave Power Transmission Technologies for Solar Power
Satellites, proceedings of THE IEEE/ vol. 101, no.6, June 2013
Hiroshi Matsumoto, Satellites and Microwave Power Transmission in Japan,
H.Matsumoto is with Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan.
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THANK YOU
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