1.

Selecting the Research Problem

1. The research problem undertaken for study must be carefully selected. The main
function of formulating the problem is to decide what you want and what to find out
about.
2. There are two types of research problems, viz., those which relate to behavior,
attitude, trends and those which relate to relationships between variables..
3. Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem, viz.,
understanding the problem thoroughly, and rephrasing the same into meaningful
terms from an analytical point of view.
4. A proper defining of research problem will enable the researcher to be on the
track whereas an ill-defined problem may create confusion.
5. The research problem may be something the agency identifies as a problem,
some knowledge or information that is needed by the agency, or the desire to
identify a hypothesis.
6. Initially the problem may be stated in a broad general way and then the
ambiguities, if any, relating to the problem be resolved.
7. It is extremely important to evaluate the research problem in the light of financial
resources , time availability and expertise.

2. Extensive Literature survey

1. Now that the problem has been identified, the researcher must learn more about
the topic under
2.Before starting any research study the researcher must at the same time examine
all available literature to get him acquainted with the selected problem.
3. Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc.,
must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem.
4. In this process, it should be remembered that one source will lead to another.
5. The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in hand should be
carefully studied.
6. provides foundational knowledge about the problem area .In the initial stage it
helps to establish the theoretical roots, clarify ideas and develop research
methodology. In later stages it helps to integrate new findings with the existing
knowledge.
7. Since it is important to compare your findings with those of others a review of
literature is very imp.

3.Development of working hypothesis

1. After extensive literature survey, researcher shouldstate in clear terms the
working hypothesis or hypotheses
2. Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test
its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research
hypotheses are developed is particularly important
3.hypothesis bring direction, focus and particularity to the research study.
4.. Researchers form hypotheses "tentative answers for a research question"
because the hypothesis will influence how the research study is conducted
5. The role of the hypothesis is:
a) to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research

b) to keep him on the right track.

c) sharpen his thinking
d) focus the attention on the more important facets of the problem.
e) indicate the type of data required and the type of methods of data
analysis to be used.
6. Black & Champion defines hypothesis as a tentative statement about something,
the validity of which is usually unknown
7. According to Grinnell---A hypothesis is written in such a way that it can be proven
or disproven by valid and reliable data in order to obtain these data that we
perform our study

4.Preparing the research design

1. A research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation so conceived
as to obtain answers to a research questions or problems
2. The plan is the complete scheme or program of the research. It includes an
outline of what the investigator will do from writing the hypotheses and their
operational implications to the final analysis of data.
3.imp for smooth sailing of various research operations
4. makes research as efficient as possible as yield max info with min expenditure of
effort, time & money.
5. A research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to
answer questions validly, objectively, accurately and economically
6. The process of how the research should be conducted is planned in this step. A
proper step by step analyze needs to be done to attain conclusion on time and right
7. The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research
problem, involves
usually the consideration of the following:
The means of obtaining the information;
The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any);
(iii) Explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be
organized and the reasoning leading to the selection;
(iv) Time available for research; and
(v) The cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose .

5.Detemining Sample Design

1. All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute a universe or
population. A complete enumeration of all the items in the population is known as
a census inquiry. Census enquiry is not possible in practice under many
circumstances. Thus The researcher must decide the way of selecting a sample or
what is popularly known as the sample design.
2. In other words, a sample design is a definite plan determined before any data are
actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population.
3. Samples can be either probability samples or non-probability samples.
4. With probability samples each element has a known probability of being included
in the sample. Probability samples are those based on simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster/area sampling
5. the non-probability samples do not allow the researcher to determine this
probability. non-probability samples are those based on convenience sampling,
judgment sampling and quota sampling techniques.

6.Collecting the Data

1. Once he instrumentation plan is completed, the actual study begins with the
collection of data.
2. In dealing with any real life problem it is often found that data at hand are
inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate
3. There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data which differ
considerably in context of money costs, time and other resources at the disposal of
the researcher.
4. Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey
5.Secondary data can be collected through earlier research, govt and semi govt
publications , personal records and mass media.
6. Every study includes the collection of some type of datawhether it is from the
literature or from subjectsto answer the research question
7. The programmers will be collecting data on the defined variables.

7. Execution of Project
1.The researcher must see to it that the project is executes in a systematic manner
and on time.
2.If data is to be collected through questionnaires, data can be processed but if it is
to be collected through intervies arrangements should be made for proper
selection , training etc.

8.Analysis of Data
1. After the data have been collected, the researcher turns to the task of analyzing
them.
2. The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations such as
establishments of categories, the application of these categories to raw data
through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences.
3. Researcher should classify the raw data into some purposeful and usable
categories.
4. Coding operation is usually done at this stage through which the categories of
data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted.

9.Hypothesis Testing
1.find out if the facts support hypotheis or not.

10.

11. Preparation of the Report

Finally, the researcher has to prepare a report of what has been done by him. At the end
of the report appendices should be enlisted in respect of all technical data. Bibliography,
i.e., list of books, journals, reports, etc., consulted should be given in the end. Index
should also be given specially in a published research report.