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GROUP 4
Muhammad Aya Addina M.
(1506712266)
(1606864664)
(1606862822)
(1606897050)
(1506789215)
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2016
I.
INTRODUCTION
The movement of electron on a redox reaction is taking place with a direct contact
between the particles which are atom, molecule or ion which transfers electron for each
other. The movement of electron through outside circuit as electrical and redox reaction is
studied in the electrochemical field
Electro chemical cell is a cell where the flow of electrons happen caused by the change of
the chemical energy into electrical energy or otherwise. The cell is divided into two: Volta
cell and electrolysis cell.
II.
Theories
Properties of Acid
There are physical and chemical properties of acid explained by the following:
Physical properties of acid:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
With Aluminum:
What is Electrolysis
The decomposition (breaking down) of a liquid by passing an electric current through
it. Electrolysis needs: an electrolyte the liquid that the electric current flows through. a
negative electrode (the cathode)
What happens during electrolysis?
Positively charged ions migrate to the negative electrode (cathode) during
electrolysis. They gain electrons and are reduced. Negatively charged ions migrate to the
positive electrode (anode) during electrolysis. They lose electrons and are oxidised.
Example : Electrolysis of water
Uses of water electrolysis : The process is extremely useful for producing a variety of
elements and compounds, including hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, lithium, sodium, potassium,
aluminum, sodium hydroxide, potassium chlorate, and aspirin. The electrolysis of
water is used in submarines and space stations to generate oxygen for the crew.
Vitamin C in General
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is naturally
present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Humans,
unlike most animals, are unable to synthesize vitamin C endogenously, so it is an essential
dietary component.
Vitamin C is required for the biosynthesis of collagen, L-carnitine, and certain
neurotransmitters; vitamin C is also involved in protein metabolism. Collagen is an essential
component of connective tissue, which plays a vital role in wound healing. Vitamin C is also
an important physiological antioxidant and has been shown to regenerate other antioxidants
within the body, including alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).
Antioxidants
Antioxidants are man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some
types of cell damage. Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of antioxidants. There is good
evidence that eating a diet with lots of vegetables and fruits is healthy and lowers risks of
certain diseases. But it isn't clear whether this is because of the antioxidants, something else
in the foods, or other factors.
High-dose supplements of antioxidants may be linked to health risks in some cases.
For example, high doses of beta-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers.
High doses of vitamin E may increase risks of prostate cancer and one type of stroke.
Antioxidant supplements may also interact with some medicines. To minimize risk, tell you
of your health care providers about any antioxidants you use.
While oxygen is one of the most essential components for living, it is also a double
edged sword. Oxygen is a highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming part of potentially
damaging molecules commonly called free radicals. These free radicals are capable of
attacking the healthy cells of the body. This may lead to damage, disease and severe
disorders. Overall, free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of at least 50
diseases.
Since free radicals contain an unpaired electron they are unstable and reach out and
capture electrons from other substances in order to neutralize themselves. This initially
stabilizes the free radical but generates another in the process. Soon a chain reaction begins
and thousands of free radical reactions can occur within a few seconds on the primary
reaction.
Theory
1 Mol of electron = 1
faraday
Q
n
F
= Electrical current
= Amount of electrons mol
= Electrical current for each mol (coulomb/mol)
The mass of substance that is produced on the electrode is directly proportional to the
amount of the mol electron. Then, then amount of mol electron is directly
proportional to the electrical current.
So we can conclude:
WQ
With Q Showing the amount of Electrical Current, If the current works for t seconds:
Q= I x t
I = Current (ampere), t= time (second)
WIxt
Equivalent mass is the atoms relative mass divided by the oxidation numbers change
ME =
AR
Oxidation Number
Collagen
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and is the substance that
holds the whole body together. It can be found in the bones, muscles, skin and
tendons, where it forms a scaffold to provide strength and structures
Cartilage
Cartilage is an important structural components of the body. It is a firm tissue but soft
nad more flexible than the bone.
Cartilage is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body. It is made of
specialized cells called condocytes
Boost the immune system by attacking the nucleic acid of the virus.
Combat the free radicals, allowing the immune system to be better equippeed
to combat invading bacteria and microbes.
Ascorbic Acid
Weak acid
Six carbon compound
related to glucose
Essential nutrient in
human diet
Found naturally in citrus
fruits and vegetables
Reducing agent and
coenzyme in several
metabolic pathways.
Considered an
antioxidant.
Hydrochloric Acid
Strong acid
Very corrosive
Colorless watery liquid
Sharp, irritating odor
solution and produces
irritating vapor
production of chlorides,
fertilizers, and dyes, in
electroplating, and in the
photographic, textile, and
rubber industries
5. How does ascorbic acid react with water? Why does ascorbic acid have two
equilibrium constants? How are the equations of these equilibrium constants?
Ascorbic acid reacting with water:
H2CHO(aq) + H2O(l) <==> H3O+(aq) + HCHO-(aq)
HCHO-(aq) + H2O(l) <==> H3O+(aq) + CHO2-(aq)
Ascorbic acids are polyprotic acids that can release more than one proton from each
molecule. Ascorbic acid is a diprotic acid and has two acidic protons causing it to have two
equilibrium constants.
H2CHO(aq) <==> H+(aq) + HCHO-(aq); Ka1 = 7.9 x 10-5
HCHO-(aq) <==> H+(aq) + CHO2-(aq); Ka2 = 1.6 x 10-12
6. In order to determine the amount of ascorbic acid content inside one tablet of
Vitamin C, you will do a small experiment in the labs: 0,5gram of vit C tablet is
diluted in 100ml water. At neutral point you need only 23,5ml of NaOH solution
of 0.12M to be added to this acid solution. What is the amount (weight) of
ascorbic acid in this tablet? Is this tablet contain only ascorbic acid, what is the
percentage?
We use titration to solve this problem:
Mol of vitamin C = mol of NaOH
MV = MV
Mol of vitamin C = (23,5)(0,12)
Mol of vitamin C = 2,82 mmol = (mol of vitamin c/100)(100)
2,82 mmol = gr of vitamin C/176
Gr of vitamin C = 0,496 gram
Percentage mass of vitamin C = (0,496/0,5) x 100% = 99,3%
10. Why people coat one metal with other metal using electrolysis technique?
Electroplating increases heat resistance. Using a zinc alloy or gold will enable the
electroplated piece to resist higher temperatures than just the base metal would allow.
This can be used to increase the durability of engine parts and other components.
It is used to prevent corrosion. Coating steel with zinc prevents rust formation and
electroplating is often less expensive than hot dip or inline galvanization.
To prevent rust,metal has to be coated with another metal that has lower tendency to
be oxidized.
11. How electrolysis process is carried out? What principles used in electrolysis process?
Electrolysis process is carried out using the principles of Redox,and also Volta series.
Redox (short for reductionoxidation reaction) is a chemical reaction in which
the oxidation states of atoms are changed. Any such reaction involves both a reduction
process and a complementary oxidation process, two key concepts involved with electron
transfer processes.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox - cite_note-1 Redox reactions include
all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox
reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. The chemical species
from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized, while the chemical species
to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced. It can be explained in simple
terms:
For the principle of Volta series is based on substances Standard potential reduction
The standard reduction potential is the tendency for a chemical species to be reduced,
and is measured in volts at standard conditions. The more positive the potential is the
more likely it will be reduced
12. If it takes 2.30 minutes using a current of 2.00A to plate out all of the silver from 0.250L
of a solution containing Ag+ what was the original concentration of Ag+ Solution?
Answer
1. Yes, they are completely different. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that is
extremely corrosive to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes while ascorbic acid
(C6H8O6) is a weak acid that is soluble in water. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient
in human diets and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone.
2. First of all, the chemical equilibrium of ascorbic acid which dissolved in water has to
be stated.
1.8 gr
176.12
Then since the Ascorbic acid was dissolved in 100ml water, mol (n) have to divided
by volume (L) to become molarity (M)
M=
0.0102
0.1
0.102 M
Change
-x M
+x M
+x M
Equilibrium
(0.102 x) M
xM
xM
8.010-5 M = Ka =
H 3O+
HC 6 H 6 O 6
x
[H+]
= 2.85610-3
= 2.85610-3 M
pH
= -log [H+]
= -log [2.85610-3]
= 2.544
12.
I x t x Me
Mole of Ag=Zn +
96500
Mole of Ag=
Cu2+ Zn2+ +
Cu
2 x 138 x 1
96500
=0.00286
Concentration=
n
v
Concentration=
0.00286
=0.01144
0.25
REFERENCES
1.Brown, Chemistry: The central science, Prentice Hall International (UK) Limited, London.
2.Brown, Lawrence, Chemistry for engineering students, Cengage Learning, Belmont.
3.Zumdahl, Steven S., Chemistry 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning, Belmont.