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Carolyn Kennett

Ross Moore
Frank Valckenborgh
Elena Vinogradova

2009 semester 2

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FACULTY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

Weeks 69
some visual structures

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares
Number puzzles

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares
Number puzzles
Symmetry

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares
Number puzzles
Symmetry
Tilings of the plane

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares
Number puzzles
Symmetry
Tilings of the plane
Platonic solids

Weeks 69
some visual structures
Latin squares
Number puzzles
Symmetry
Tilings of the plane
Platonic solids

Latin squares

Latin squares
Wikipedia: A Latin square is an n n table filled with
n different symbols in such a way that each symbol occurs
exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.

Latin squares
Wikipedia: A Latin square is an n n table filled with

The name Latin square originates from Leonhard Euler,

who used Latin characters as symbols; e.g.

A B C
B C A
C A B

Image from Wikipedia: Leonard Euler

n different symbols in such a way that each symbol occurs

exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.

Latin squares
Wikipedia: A Latin square is an n n table filled with

The name Latin square originates from Leonhard Euler,

who used Latin characters as symbols; e.g.

A B C
B C A
C A B

A# B$ C%
B% C# A$
C$ A% B#

Wikipedia: A Graeco-Latin square is an n n table filled

with two sets, each of n different symbols, in such
a way that a Latin square is formed with each symbol set,
but each pair of symbols occurs exactly once.

Image from Wikipedia: Leonard Euler

n different symbols in such a way that each symbol occurs

exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.

How many Latin squares are there?

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)
6 6 : 812851200 (12 isotopy classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)
6 6 : 812851200 (12 isotopy classes)
7 7 : 61479419904000 (147 isotopy classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)
6 6 : 812851200 (12 isotopy classes)
7 7 : 61479419904000 (147 isotopy classes)
8 8 : 108776032459082956800 (283657 classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)
6 6 : 812851200 (12 isotopy classes)
7 7 : 61479419904000 (147 isotopy classes)
8 8 : 108776032459082956800 (283657 classes)
9 9 : 5524751496156892842531225600
(19270853541 classes)

How many Latin squares are there?

2 2 : 2 (1 isotopy class)

3 3 : 12 (1 isotopy class)
4 4 : 576 (2 isotopy classes)
5 5 : 161280 (2 isotopy classes)
6 6 : 812851200 (12 isotopy classes)
7 7 : 61479419904000 (147 isotopy classes)
8 8 : 108776032459082956800 (283657 classes)
9 9 : 5524751496156892842531225600
(19270853541 classes)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku
5 5 : mutually orthogonal

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku
5 5 : mutually orthogonal
6 6 :

36 officers problem

Kenken/MathDoku

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku
5 5 : mutually orthogonal
6 6 :

36 officers problem

Kenken/MathDoku

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku
5 5 : mutually orthogonal
6 6 :

36 officers problem

Kenken/MathDoku

9 9 : Sudoku puzzles

(most newspapers, daily)

Lets try to understand

some of these layouts
2 2 : 2 (1 class)
3 3 : 12 (1 class)
4 4 : Kenken/MathDoku
5 5 : mutually orthogonal
6 6 :

36 officers problem

Kenken/MathDoku

9 9 : Sudoku puzzles

(most newspapers, daily)