MA2264-NUMERICAL METHODS

KINGS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013 (EVEN SEMESTER)

QUESTION BANK
SUBJECT NAME: MA2264- NUMERICAL METHODS
YEAR/SEM: II / IV

BRANCH: EEE&CIVIL

UNIT - I
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
PART-A(2 Marks)
1. Write Newtons formula to find the cube root of N.
Let f(x) = x3 N and f(x) = 3x2 .By Newton method,
x n3 N
2 x n3 + N
x n +1 = x n

3 x n2
3 x n2
2. State the order of convergence of Newtons Raphson method.
The rate of convergence in Newtons Raphson method is of order 2.
3. Find an iterative formula to find N by Newtons method.
1 x2 + N
Taking x2 = N and using Newton Raphson formula x n +1 = n

2 xn
4. State the criterion for the convergence in Newton Raphson method.
2
Newton Raphson method converges if f ( x) f '' ( x) < [ f ' ( x)] in the interval
considered.
5. State the fixed point iteration theorem.(or) If g(x) is continous in [a,b], then
under what condition in [a,b]?
Let f(x) = 0 be the given equation whose exact root is . The equation f(x)=0 be
rewritten as x = (x ) . Let I be the interval containing the root x = . If ' ( x ) < 1 for
all x in I, then the sequence of approximations x1 , x 2 ,.........x n will converge to , if
the initial starting value x0 is chosen in I.
6. What is the order of convergence for fixed point iteration?
The convergence is linear and the convergence is of order 1.
7. Solve x+y = 2, 2x+3y = 5 by Gauss Elimination method.
Given x+y = 2,
2x+3y = 5

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MA2264-NUMERICAL METHODS

1 1 x 2
2 3 y = 5

1 1 2
[A, B] =

2 3 5
1 1 2
=
R2 R2 2 R1
0 1 1
y =1
x+y = 2
x+1=2, x=1.
8. When Gauss-Elimination method fails?
This method fails if the element in the top of the first column is zero. We can rectify
this by interchanging the rows of the matrix.
9. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Jordan method.
5x + 4y = 15, 3x + 7 y = 12.
5 4 x 15
3 7 y = 12

The given system is equivalent to
AX = B
5 4 `15

3 7 12
[A, B] =
Now , we will make the matrix A is a diagonal matrix.
5 4 `15

0 23 15

=
R2 5R2 3R1
115 0 `285

0 23 15
=
R1 23R1 3R2
115x = 285
57
= 2.4783
x=
23
23 y = 15
15
y=
= 0.6522
23
10. Distinguish Gauss Elimination method and Gauss Jordan method.
Gauss Elimination method
Co efficient matrix A of the system
reduces into upper triangular matrix.

Gauss Jordan method

Co efficient matrix A of the system
reduces into diagonal of unit matrix

Back substitution process gives

solution.

Solution obtained directly

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11. Distinguish between direct and iterative (indirect) methods of solving

simultaneous equations.
S.No.
Direct method
Iterative method
1.
We get exact solution
Approximate solution.
2.
Simple, take less time
Time consuming
laborious.
12. Write a sufficient condition for Gauss_seidal method to converge?
The process of iteration by Gauss-Jacobi method will converge if in each equation
of the system, the absolute value of the largest coefficient is greater than the sum
of the absolute values of the remaining coefficients.
13. Compare Gauss-Jacobi and Gauss seidal methods.
S.No.
Gauss-Jacobi
Gauss-seidal
1.
Convergence rate is slow
The rate of convergence
of Gauss-seidal method
is roughly twice that of
Gauss-jacobi
2.
Indirect method
Indirect method
3.
Condition for convergence is
Condition for
the coefficient matrix is
convergence is the
diagonally dominant
coefficient matrix is
diagonally dominant
14. Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix by Gauss-Jordan method
5x 2y = 10 , 3x + 4y = 12.
5 2

Coefficient matrix A=
3 4

[A,

5 2 1 0
I]=

3 4 0 1

2 1

R
0
1

=
R1 1
5
5
3 4 0 1
5

2
1 5
=
26
3
5

1
0
5
R R2 3R1
3 2

1
5

0
1 2 5
5
=
5 3 5 R2 R2
26
3 1

26 26

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2
1

1 0 13 13
2
=
R1 R1 + R2

3 5
5
0 1

26 26

1
2

A 1 == 13 13
3 5

26 26
1 4 2
A 1 =
26 3 5
1 3
by Gauss-Jordan method.
15. Find the inverse of A =
2 7
1 3
A=

2 7

[A,

1 3 1 0
I]=

2 7 0 1

1 3 1 0
=
R2 R2 2 R1
0 1 2 1
1 0 7 3
=
R1 R1 3R2
0 1 2 1
7 3
A 1 =

2 1
16. Write two iterative methods in solving a set of simultaneous equations.
1. Gauss Jacobi method
2. Gauss Seidel method
17.Check the conditions for convergence for the system of equations
10x-5y-2z=3 ,4x-10y+3z=-3 ,x+6y+10z=-3
The given system of equations are diagonally dominant.
18. Determine the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigen vector of the
1 1
correct to two decimal places using power method?
matrix
1 1

1 1 1 2
1
AX 1 =
= = 2 = 2 X 2

1 1 1 2
1
1 1 1 2
1
AX 2 =
= = 2 = 2 X 3

1 1 1 2
1
This shows that the largest eigenvalue = 2.

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1
The corresponding eigen vector =
1
1 2
by power method?
19. Find the dominant eigenvalue of A =
3 4
1
Let X 1 =
1
1 2 1 3
0.43
AX 1 =
= = 7

= 7X2
3 4 1 7
1

1 2 0.43 2.43
0.46
AX 2 =
=
= 5.29

= 5.29 X 3
3 4 1 5.29
1
1 2 0.46 2.46
0.46
AX 3 =
=
= 5.389

= 5.38 X 4
3 4 1 5.38
1
0.46

The dominant eigenvalue = 5.38 and the corresponding eigenvector = 1 .

20. How will you find the smallest eigen value of a square matrix A?
By power method, the largest eigen value of A-1 can be found. Then smallest
eigen value of A is the reciprocal of largest eigen value of A-1.

PART B
1 .a. Find by Newtons method , the root of xlog10 x=1.2 correct five decimal
(8)
places.
b. Find the iteration formula to find N where N is a positive integer by
(8)
Newtons method and hence find 11
2.a. Derive a Newton-Raphson iteration formula for finding the cube root of a
(8)
3
positive number N. Hence find 12
b. Obtain an iteration formula, using N - R values to find the reciprocal of a
1
given number N and hence find
, correction of 4 decimal places
(8)
19
3.a. Find the double root of x3 x2 x 1 = 0 choosing with the initial value of 0.8
(8)
b. Find a real root of the equation x3+x2-100 = 0.
(8)
4.a. Find a real root of the equation cos x = 3x-1 correct to 5 decimal places by fixed
point iteration method.
(8)
b.Solve the system of equations 10x-2y+3z=23; 2x+10y-5z=-33; 3x-4y+10z=41 using
Gauss elimination method
(8)
5.a. Solve the following system of equation using Gauss elimination method
2x + y + 4z = 12 , 8x -3y +2z = 20 , 4x +11y z =33.
(8)
b.Using Gauss-Jordan method, solve the following system of equations
10x+y+z=12,2x+10y+z=13,x+y+5z=7
(8)
6. a.Using Gauss-Jordan method, solve the following system of equations
2x y +2z = 8, -x +2y + z = 4, 3x + y -4z = 0
(8)
b.Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Jacobi Method 27x+6y-z=85;
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x+y+54z=110; 6x+15y+2z=72.
7. a Using Gauss Seidel method, solve the following system. Start with x = 1,
y = -2, z = 3, x+3y+52z = 173.61; x-27y+2z = 71.31; 41x-2y+3z = 65.46
b.Solve the following system by Gauss Seidel method
28x+4y-z=32, x+3y+10z=24, 2x+17y+4z=35
8.a. Using Gauss- elimination method , find the inverse of the matrix
4

2
1

1
3
2

1
2

(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)

25 1 2

b. Find the numerically largest eigen values of A = 1 3 0 by power

2 0 4

method corresponding eigen vector (correct to 3 decimal places). Start

1

(8)
with initial eigen value 0 .
0

9.a. Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector correct to 3
3 2 1

decimal places, using power method for the matrix A = 2 4 2

(8)
1 2 3

b.Determine the largest eigen value and the corresponding eigen vector of the matrix
2 1 0

(8)
1 2 1
0 1 2

10. a.Using Jacobi method ,find the eigen values and eigen vectors of
1
2 2

A= 2 3
2
(8)

2 1
2
b. Using Jacobi method ,find the eigen values and eigen vectors of
2 0 1

A= 0 2 0
1 0 2

(8)

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UNIT II
INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION
PART- A (2 Marks)

1. Write the Lagranges formula to find y if three sets of values (x 0, y 0 ) , ( x1 , y1 ) and

(x

2,

y 2 ) are given.

( x x0 )( x x 2 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )
( x x1 )( x x 2 )
y0 +
y1 +
y2
( x0 x1 )( x0 x 2 )
( x1 x0 )( x1 x 2 )
( x 2 x0 )( x 2 x1 )
2. Obtain the Lagranges interpolating polynomial for the observed data of points
(1,1),(2,1) and (3,-2).
y=

y=

( x x0 )( x x 2 )
( x x0 )( x x1 )
( x x1 )( x x 2 )
y0 +
y1 +
y2
( x0 x1 )( x0 x 2 )
( x1 x0 )( x1 x 2 )
( x 2 x0 )( x 2 x1 )

( x 2)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 3)
( x 1)( x 2)
( 2)
1+
1+
(1 2)(1 3)
(2 1)(2 3)
(3 1)(3 2)
1
= 3x 2 9 x + 4
2
3. Find the polynomial which takes the following values

X:
Y:

0
1

1
2
y

2
1

2y

1
-2
-1
2

y = y 0 + py 0 +

p ( p 1) 2
y0
2

= 1 + 2x + x2
4. Given f(0) = -1, f(1) = 1 and f(2) = 4. Find the Newtons interpolating formula.
y 0 = 1, y 0 = 2, y1 = 3, 2 y 0 = 1
x0
1
= x f (x ) = x 2 + 3x 2
1
2
5. State any two properties of divided differences.
(i) The divided differences are symmetrical in all their arguments.
(ii) The divided differences of sum or difference of two functions is equal to the sum
or difference of the corresponding separate divided differences.
p=

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6. State Newtons divided difference interpolation formula?

f ( x) = f ( x 0 ) + ( x x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ) + ( x x 0 ) f ( x 0 , x1 , x 2 ) + ..... + ( x x 0 )( x x1 ).....( x x n 1 ) f ( x 0 , x1 ,....x n )

7. What are the nth divided differences of a polynomial of the nth degree.
The nth divided differences of a polynomial of the nth degree are constant.
8. Show that the divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments.
f ( x1 ) f (x 0 ) f ( x0 ) f ( x1 )
f ( x0 , x1 ) =
=
= f ( x1 , x0 )
x1 x0
x0 x1
This shows divided differences are symmetrical in their arguments
9. Find the divided difference for the following data
X:
2
5
10
Y:
5
29
109
x

2y

y
29 5
=8
52

16 8
=1
10 2

29
109 29
= 16
10 5

10
109
10. Find the divided differences of f(x) = x2+x+2 for the arguments 1,3,6,11.
The corresponding f(x) values are 4,32,224,1344.
The divided differences are f(1,3) = 14. f(3,6) = 64, f(6,11) = 224,
f(1,3,6) = 10, f(3,6,11) = 20 and f(1,3,6,11) = 1
11. What is a cubic spline.
A cubic polynomial which has continuous slope and curvature is called a cubic
spline.
12. What is meant by natural cubic spline.
A cubic spline fitted to the given data such that the end cubics approach linearity at
their extremities is called a natural cubic spline.
13. State the conditions required for a natural cubic spline.
S(x0) = M0 = 0,
S(xn) = Mn = 0 are called the free conditions for a natural cubic spline.
14. Given f(0)=-2,f(1)=2 and f(2)=8.Find the root of the Newtons forward
interpolating polynomial equation f(x)=0.
x
y
y
2y
0

-2
4

2
6

8
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MA2264-NUMERICAL METHODS
u
u (u 1) 2
u (u 1)(u 2) 3
y 0 +
y0 +
y 0 + .....
1!
2!
3!
where u = (x-x0)/h
Here x0=0, h=1, u=x and Y(x) = x2+3x-2.
The roots of the equation f(x)=0.
3 17
x=
.
2
15. State Newton Gregory forward difference interpolation formula
Pn ( x) = Pn ( x0 + uh) = E u Pn ( x0 ) = E u y0
y(x ) = y 0 +

= (1 + )u y0

Where u = (x-x0)/h

u
u (u 1) 2
u (u 1)(u 2) 3
= 1 + y0 +
y0 +
y0 + .....
1!
2!
3!
16. Find the value of Y at x =21 using Newtons forward difference formula
from the following table:
X:
20
23
26
29
Y:
0.3420
0.3907 0.4384 0.4848
u
u (u 1) 2
u (u 1)(u 2) 3
y ( x ) = y0 + y0 +
y0 +
y0 + .....
1!
2!
3!
x
y
y
2y
3y
20

.3420
0.487

23

.3907

-0.0046
0.0105
0.441

26

.4348

29

.4848

0.0059
0.05

21 20 1
=
3
3
y(x) = 0.3420+0.0162+0.0005+0.00013 = 0.3583

where u = (x-x0)/h =

17.State Newtons backward difference interpolation formula.

v
v (v + 1) 2
v (v + 1)(v + 2 ).......(v + n 1) n
y ( x ) = y n + y n +
y 0 + ......... +
yn
1!
2!
n!
18. Find the polynomial for the following data by Newtons backward difference
formula:
X:
0
1
2
3
F(x)
-3
2
9
18

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-3

2y

3y

5
1

2
0
7

18

9
v
v (v + 1) 2
y ( x ) = y n + y n +
y 0 + .....
1!
2!
x xn x 3
=
v=
h
1
2
y(x) = 2x -x+3
19. Find f(2.5) from the data:

X:
1
2
3
F(x)
0
1
8
2
y 0 = 0, y 0 = 1, y1 = 7, y 0 = 6, p = 1.5
f (2.5) = 0 + (1.5)1 +

(1.5)(0.5) 6 = 3.75

2
20. Find the sixth term in the sequence 8,12,19,29,42,......
X

12

4
3
7
2

19

29

42

0
3

10

0
3

13

The sixth term is

5
y5 = E 5 y 0 = (1 + ) y 0 = 1 + 5C1 + 5C 2 2 + .... y 0 = 58

PART B
1. a. Find the Lagranges polynomial of degree 3 to fit the data:
Y(0)= - 12, y(1)=0,y(3)=6 and y(4) =12. Hence find y(2).
b. Using Lagranges formula, fit a polynomial to the data
X:
-1
0
2
3
Y:
-8
3
1
12
Hence find y at x=1.5 and x=1
2. a. Using Lagranges formula, fit a polynomial to the data

(8)
(8)

(8)

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X:
0
1
2
4
5
6
f(x): 1
14 15
5
6 19 Also find f(3).
b. Using Lagranges formula, find y at x=6 for the following data:
(8)
X:
2
5
7
10
12
Y:
18
180
448
1210
2028
3. a. Find the age corresponding to the annuity value 13.6 given the table
(8)
Age (x)
30
35
40
45
50
Annuity
15.9
14.9
14.1
13.3
12.5
value (y)
b. If f(0) = 0 , f(1) = 0, f(2) = -12, f(4) =(0), f(5) =600 and f(7) = 7308,find a
polynomial that satisfies this data using Newtons divided difference
(8)
interpolation formula. Hence, find f(6)
4. a. Using Newtons divided difference formula find f(x) and f(3) from the following
data:
(8)
X:
0
1
2
4
f(x)
1
14
15
5
b. Using Newtons divided difference formula to find f(5) from the following data (8)
X:
0
2
3
4
7
f(x)
4
26
58
112
466
5. a. Using Newtons divided difference formula find the cubic function of x.
from the following data:
X:
0
1
4
5
f(x)
8
11
68
123
b. Using Newtons divided difference formula find the cubic function of x
from the following data:
X:
0
1
4
5
f(x)
2
3
12
147

(8)

(8)

(16)

6. Using cubic spline, find y(1.5) from the following data.

x
1
2
y
-8
-1
7. Find the cubic spline for the data:
x
f(x)

1
1

2
2

3
18

3
5

4
11

Assume that y(1)=0 and y(4)=0.

8. a. Find the polynomial of degree two for the data by Newtons forward
difference method:
X:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
F(x)
1
2
4
7
11
16
22

(16)
(8)
7
29

b. From the following table of half-yearly premium for policies maturing at

different ages, estimate the premium for policies maturing at age 46 and 63.

(8)

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Age X:
45
50
55
60
PremiumY: 114.84 96.16
83.32
74.48
9. a. From the following table,find the value of tan(0.12)

65
68.48
(8)

x:
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
y=tanx 0.1003 0.1511 0.2027 0.2553 0.3093
b. Use Newtons backward difference formula to construct an interpolating polynomial
of degree 3 for the data
(8)
f(-0.75) = -0.07181250 , f(-0.5) = -0.024750
1
f(-0.25) = 0.33493750 , f(0) = 1.10100 Hence find f(- ).
3
10. a. Given
(8)
Marks
0-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
No: of
250
120
100
70
50
students
Estimate the number of students who obtained marks between 60 and70.
(8)

b. The following data are taken from the steam table:

Temp.C
140
150
160
170
Pressure 3.685 4.854
6.302
8.076
kgf/cm2
Find the pressure at temperature at t=175.

180
10.225

UNIT III
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
PART A(2 Marks)
1. State Newtons formula to find f(x) using the forward differences.
1
1
1
dy

= y 0 2 y 0 + 3 y 0 .....

2
3
dx x = x0 h

dy
2. Find
at x = 1 from the table
dx
x : 1
2
3
4
y : 1
8
27
64
x

2y

3y

7
2

12
19

27

6
18

37
4

64
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1
1
1
dy

= y 0 2 y 0 + 3 y 0 .....

2
3
dx x = x0 h

y0 = 7

= 1 , x0 =1 ,

, 2y0 = 12

, 3y0 = 6

dy
= 3

dx x =10
3. Using Newtons backward difference formula, write the formulae for the first
and second order derivatives at the end values x = xn upto the fourth order
difference term.
1
1
1

dy
= y n + 2 y n + 3 y n + .......

2
3

dx x = xn h

d2y
1
2
= 2
dx x = xn h

11 3
2

3
y
y

+
y n + ...
n
n

12

d3y
1
3

3
= 3 3 y n + 3 y n
2

dx x = xn h
4. Find y(5) from the following table
x:0 1 2
3
4
5
y : 4 8 15 7
6
2
x
y
y
2y
0

15

3y

4y

5y

4
3
7

-18
-15

-8
3

7
-1

40
22

-72
-32

-10

-3
-4

1
1
1

dy
= y n + 2 y n + 3 y n + .......

2
3
dx x = xn h

= -4-1.5-3.3333-8-14.4
= -31.2333

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5. State the formula for Trapezoidal rule of integration

xn
h
x f ( x)dx. = 2 [(y0+ yn) + 2(y1+y2+........+yn-1)]
0
6. A curve passes through (2,8), (3,27), (4,64) and (5,125) Find the area of the
Curve between the x axis and the lines x = 2 and x = 5 by Trapezoidal rule.
5
h
2 ydx = 2 [(y0 + yn) + 2(y1+y2+.... +yn-1)]
1
= [(8+125) + 2(27+64)]
2
= 157.5 sq.units.
2

7. Given f(0)=-1,f(1)=1 and f(2)=4, find

f ( x)dx by Trapezoidal rule.

0

x
y

0
1
2
-1
1
4
Here h =1.
A = Sum of the first and the last ordinates = -1+4 = 3
B = sum of the remaining ordinates =1.
1
dx
8. Evaluate
with h = 0.5 using Trapezoidal rule.
1
+
x
0
t(s x
Y
1

ydx =
0

0
1

0.5
1
0.6666 0.5

h
[(y0 + yn) + 2(y1+y2+.... +yn-1)]
2

0 .5
[(1+0.5) + 2(0.6666)]
2
= 0.7083
9. What is the order of trapezoidal rule ?
Error in the Trapezoidal formula is of the order h2

10. Using Simpsons rule find e x dx. given e0 = 1, e1 = 2.72, e2 = 7.39, e3 = 20.09
0

and e = 54.6.
4
h
x
0 e dx = 3 [(y0 + y4) + 2y2+4(y1+ y3)]
1
= [(1+54.6) + 2(7.39)+4(2.72+20.09)]
3
= 53.8733.

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11. What is the local error term in Trapezoidal formula and in Simpsons one third
rule?
h 2 ''
y1
Principal part of the error in the interval (x1, x2) =
12
Where y1 is the value of y and y1 is the value of the second derivative of y at x =x1.
h 5 iv
y1
Principal part of the error in the interval (x1, x3) =
90
Where y1 is the value of y and y1iv is the value of the fourth derivative of y at x =x1.
2

12. Find

dx. by Simpsons rule taking h = 1. ..

t(sec) x
Y

-2
16

-1
1

0
0

1
1

2
16

1
[(16+16)+4(2)] = 13.3 sq units
3
2
13. Compare Trapezoidal rule and Simpsons 1/3 rule for evaluating numerical
integration.

dx. =

S.NO
1.
2.
3.

Trapezoidal Rule
Number of intervals may be
even or odd

Simpsons 1/3
Number of intervals is even

Order of error = h2
Principal part of the error
in the interval (x1,x2) = - y

Order of error = h4
Principal part of the error
in the interval (x1,x2) = - yiv
b

14. State Rombergs method integration formula to find the value of I =

f ( x)dx.
a

using h and h/2.

I I
I = I2+ 2 1
3
15. If I 1 = 0.775 , I 2 = 0.7828 find I using Rombergs method.
I I
0.7828 0.775
I = I2+ 2 1 , I = 0.7828+
= 0.7802
3

3
1

16. If I = e x 2 dx. then I 1 = 0.731 , I 2 = 0.7430 with h = 0.5 and h = 0.25 Find I
0

using Rombergs method.

I I
I = I2+ 2 1
3
0.743 0.731
I = 0.743+
= 0.747
3

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17. Compute

x
2

dx. using Gaussian two point formula.

Given the range is not (-1,1) so by using the formula to make them as (-1,1).
ba
b+a
X=
z+
Here a = -2 , b =2
2
2
2+2
22
=
z+
2
2
x
x = 2z z =
2
dx = 2dz
2

e
2

x
2

1
dx. = e (2dz ). = 2 e z dz = 2 f +
3
1
1
1

1
f = 2(0.5614+1.7813) = 4.6854
3

18. State three point Gaussian quadrature formula.

Three points Gaussian quadrature formula is,
1
3 8
5
3
1 f ( x)dx = 9 f 5 + f 5 + 9 f (0)

This formula is exact for polynomials up to degree 5.
19. State Trapezoidal rule for evaluating

I=

f ( x, y)dxdy.

hk
[ (Sum of values of f at the four corners ) + 2(Sum of values of f at the
4
remaining nodes on the boundary) + 4(Sum of the values of f at the interior
nodes)]

20. State Simpsons rule for evaluating

f ( x, y)dxdy.

hk
[(Sum of the values of f at the four corners) + 2(Sum of the values of f at the
I=
9
odd positions on the boundary except the corners) + 4(Sum of the values of f at
the even positions on the boundary) + {4(Sum of the values of f at odd
positions) + 8(Sum of the values of f at even positions) on the odd row of the
matrix except boundary rows} + {8(Sum of the values of f at the odd positions)
+ 16(Sum of the values of f at the even positions) on the even rows of the
matrix)].

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PART B
1. a. Find the value of f (8) from the following table
x : 6
7
9
12
f (x) : 1.556 1.690 1.908
2.158
b. Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated below at x = 0.4
x:
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
y : 1.5836 1.7974
2.0442
2.3275 2.6511
dy
2. a. Find
at x = 1.5 given
dx
x: 1
2
3
4
5
y : 77
78
127
248
375
b. Find the first and second derivatives of y w. r. to x at x = 10
x: 3
5
7
9
11
y : 31
43
57
41
27
2
dy
d y
3. a. Find
and
at x=51 for the following data
dx
dx 2
x: 50
60
70
80
90
y: 19.96
36.65
58.81
77.21
94.61
b. Find the maximum and minimum value of y = f(x) given the data
x : 0
1
2
3
4
5
1
9
225
f(x) : 0
0
16
4
4
4

(8)

(8)

(8)

(8)
(8)

(8)

4. a. A river is 80 mts wide.The depth d in mts at a distance x mts from one bank is
given by the following table. Calculate the area of cross section of the river using
1
Simpsons rd rule
3
x : 0 10 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
d:0
4
7
9
12
15
14
8
3
(8)

b. By dividing the range into 10 equal parts, evaluate sin xdx by using
0

1
Simpsons rd rule.
3
6
dx
5. a. Evaluate
by Trapezoidal rule and simpsons 3/8 rule.
2
0 1+ x

(8)
(8)

0.7

b. Calculate

x dx taking 5 ordinates by trapezoidal rule and Simpsons1/3 rule (8)

0.5
1.4

6. a. Evaluate

x2

dx by taking h=0.1using Simpsons 3/8 rule.

(8)

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1

dx

1+ x

b. Evaluate

using Rombergs method. Hence obtain an approximate

value of .
2

7. a. Evaluate

(8)

dx
using Rombergs method hence obtain an approximate
+4

Value of
5
dx
b. Evaluate
using Gaussian Quadrature with three points.
x
1
1

dt

1+ t

8. a. Evaluate I =

1
1

dx

1+ x

b. Evaluate I =

(8)
(8)

by Three point Gaussian Quadrature formula.

(8)

using two point Gaussian Quadrature formula.

(8)

2.64.4

9. a. Evaluate

dxdy
by using Simpsons rule
xy
4

2
2 2

b. Evaluate

1 1

1
dxdy taking h =0.2 k = 0.25 by both trapezoidal and
+ y2

(8)

Simpsons rule
.0.5 0.5

10.a. Evaluate

(8)

sin( xy )

(1 + xy ) dxdy

by using Trapezoidal rule h = 0.25 and k = 0.25

(8)

01 0

/2

b. Evaluate

cos(x + y )dxdy
0

taking h=k=

by using Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons 1/3 rule and

/2

(8)

UNIT IV
INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
PART A(2 Marks)
1. State the disadvantage of Taylor series methods?
dy
In the differential equation
= f(x, y), the function f(x, y) may have complicated
dx
algebraical structure. Then the evaluation of higher of order derivatives may become
tedious. This is the demerit of this method.
2. What is the major drawback of Taylor series method?
If f(x, y) involves some complicated algebraic structures then the calculation of higher
derivatives becomes tedious and the method fails. This is the major drawback of this
method.
3. State Taylor series algorithm for the first order differential equation?
To find the numerical solution of with the condition y(x0) = y0. We expand y(x) at a
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general point xm in a Taylor series, getting

h2
h 3 ''' h4 iv
'
''
y m+1 = y m + hy m +
ym +
ym +
y m +
2!
3!
4!
Here yrm denotes the rth derivatives of y w.r.to x at the point (xm, ym).
4. Which is better Taylors method or R.K. method?
R.K methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x), as the Taylor
method does. Since the differential equations using in applications are often
complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult. Also the R.K formula involve
the computation of f(x,y) at various positions, instead of derivatives and this function
occurs in the given equation.
dy
5. Solve the differential equation
= x + y + xy, y (0) = 1 by Taylor series method to
dx
get the value of y at x = h?
Given y = x +y + xy, x0 = 0, y0 = 1
We know that the Taylors series formula for y1 is
h ' h 2 '' h 3 '''
y1 = y 0 +
y0 +
y0 +
y 0 + .......
1!
2!
3!
y = x + y + xy
y0 = x0 +y0 + x0y0=0+1+0=1
y = 1 + y + xy + y

y0 = 1+y0+x0y0+y0=1+1+0+1=3

y = y + xy + y + y
. . y = y + xy + 2y

y0 = y0+x0y0 +2y0= 1+0+2=3

. . y1 = 1 +

h
h2
h3
+
(3) + (3) + .......
1! 2!
3!

6. Write down Euler method to the differential equation

dy
= f ( x, y ) .
dx

yn+1 = yn + h f(xn,yn) when n=0,1,2.

This is Euler method.
It can also be written as
Y(x+h) = y(x) + hf(x,y)
7. State modified Euler method to solve y = f(x,y), y(x0)=y0 at x = x0 + h.
h
h

y n +1 = y n + hf x n + , y n + f ( x n , y n )
2
2

h
h

y1 = y 0 + hf x 0 + , y 0 + f ( x 0 , y 0 )
2
2

8. Using Modified Eulers method, find y(0,1) if

dy
= x 2 + y 2 , y ( 0) = 1
dx

Given f(x,y) = x2+y2,x0=0,y0=1,h=0.1,x1=0.1

By modified Euler method

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h
h

y n +1 = y n + hf x n + , y n + f ( x n , y n )
2
2

h
h

y1 = y 0 + hf x 0 + , y 0 + f ( x 0 , y 0 )
2
2

2
2
f(x0,y0) = x0 + y0 = 0 + 1 = 1
0.1
0.1

y1 = 1 + (0.1) f 0 +
,1 +
(1)
2
2

= 1 + (0.1)f[0.05, 1.05]
= 1 + (0.1)[(0.05)2+(1.05)2]
= 1 + (0.1)[0.0025+1.1025]
= 1+ 0.1105
= 1.1105
. . y(0.1) = 1.1105

(1)
(2)

9. What is the error of Eulers method?

h2
Error at (x= x1 ) =
y ' ' ( x1 , y1 )
2
Error = 0(h2) = Error is of order h2
10. What are the limitations of Eulers method?
1. The attainable accuracy is limited by length of step h.
2. The method is slow and has limited accuracy.
11. What is the Error in modified Eulers method?
h2
Error =
* constant
12
Error = 0(h3), order of h3
12. Write down the Runge-Kutta formula of fourth order to solve dy/dx = f(x,y)
with y(x0) = y0.
Let h denote the interval between equidistant values of x. If the initial values are
(x0,y0), the first increment in y is computed from the formulas.
k1 = h f(x0,y0)
k
h

k2 = h f x 0 + , y 0 + 1
2
2

h
k2

k3 = h f x 0 + , y 0 +

2
2

k4 = h f(x0+h,y0+k3)
and y= 1/6=(k1+2k2+2k3 + k4)
then x1=x0 +h, y1 = y0 + y
The increment in y in the second interval is computed in a similar manner using the
same four formulas, using the values x1,y1 in the place of (x0,y0) respectively.

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13. State the special advantage of Runge-Kutta method over Taylor series
method?
(or)
Compare Taylors series and R.K. method?
R-K methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x) as the
Taylor method does. Since the differential equations are using in applications
Often complicated, the calculation of derivatives may be difficult.
Also the R.K. formulas involve the computations of f(x,y) at various positions,
Instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation
14. Write Milnes predictor corrector formula? .
Milnes predictor formula is
4h
(2 y ' n 2 y ' n 1 +2 y ' n )
y n +1 = y n 3 +
3
Milnes corrector formula is
h
y n +1 = y n 1 + ( y ' n 1 +4 y ' n + y ' n +1 )
3
15. How many prior values are required to predict the next value in Milnes
method & Adams method?
Four prior values.
16. What is the error term in Milnes corrector formula?
h
'
The error term is - 4 y 0
90
17. What is the error term in Milnes predictor formula?
14h 4 '
The error term is
y0
45
18. Write down Adams-Bashforth formula?
Adams predictor corrector formulas are
h
(55 y ' k 59 y ' k 1 +37 y ' k 2 9 y ' k 3 )
y k +1, p = y k +
24
h
(9 y ' k +1 +19 y ' k 5 y ' k 1 + y ' k 2 )
y k +1,c = y k +
24
19. What is a Predictor-Collector method of solving a differential equation?
Predictor-collector methods are methods which require the values of y at xn,xn-1,
xn-2,. For computing the value of y at xn+1. We first use a formula to find the
value of y at xn+1 and this is known as a predictor formula. The value of y so got is
improved or corrected by another formula known as corrector formula.
20. What is the Error of Adam Bashforth method?
251 5 ( iv )
predictor
h f ( )
720
251 5 ( iv )
Corrector
h f ( )
720
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PART B
1. a. Using Taylor series method find y at x = 0.1 if

dy
= x 2 y 1, y (0) = 1.
dx

(8)

dy
(8)
= x 2 + y 2 , y (0) = 1. Use Taylor series at x=0.2 and 0.4, Find x = 0.1.
dx
dy
dz
2. a. Solve the system of equations
= z x2 ,
= y + x, with y(0) = 1,z(0) = 1 by
dx
dx
Taking h = 0.1 , to get y(0.1) and z(0.1).Here y and z are dependent variables and
x is independent.
(8)
b. Using Taylor series method, find y(1.1) and y(1.2) correct to four decimal places.
dy
Given = xy 1 / 3 and y(1) =1.
(8)
dx
3. a. By Taylors series method find y(0.1) given that y = y + xy , y(0) =1 , y(0) = 0
(8)
b. Using Eulers modified method find y(0.1) from y ' = x + y + xy , y (0) = 1, with h=0.05 (8)
4. a. Using Eulers method find y(0.3)of y(x) satisfies the initial value problem.
1
(8)
y ' = ( x 2 + 1) y 2 , y (0.2) = 1.1114, with h=0.1.
2
b. Using modified Eulers method, compute y(0.1) with h=0.1 from
dy
2x
(8)
= y
, y ( 0) = 1.
dx
y
5. a. Solve y ' = 1 y , y (0) = 0, find y(0.1) ,y(0.2),y(0.3) by modified Eulers method.
(8)
dy
b. Given
= x 3 + y , y (0) = 2. Compute y(0.2), y(0.4) and y(0.6) by Runge-Kutta
dx
method of fourth order.
(8)
2
2
dy y x
6. a. Using R.K. method of 4th order, solve
=
, y (0) = 1. at x = 0.2.
(8)
dx y 2 + x 2
b. Using R.K. method of fourth order find y(0.1) for the initial value problem
y = xy - y ,y(0)=3, y ' (0) = 0.
(8)
dy
7. Determine the value of y(0.4) using Milnes method given
= y 2 + xy, y (0) = 1;. use
dx
Taylor series to get the values of y(0.1), y(0.2) and y(0.3).
(16)

8. Given y = 1-y and y(0) = 0 , find

(i) y(0.1) by Euler method
(ii) y(0.2) and y(0.3) by modified Euler method
(iii) y(0.4) by Milnes method
(16)
dy
1
9. a. Using Milnes method find y(0.8) given
=
, y (0) = 2. given y(0.2)=2.0933,
dx x + y
y(0.4.) =2.1755 y(0.6)=2.2493.
(8)
dy
b. Given
= x 2 (1 + y ), y (1) = 1, y (1.1) = 1.233, y (1.2) = 1.548, y (1.3) = 1.979, evaluate
dx
y(1.4) by Adams Bash forth method.
(8)

b. Solve

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10. Consider the initial value problem

dy
= y x 2 + 1, y (0) = 0.5.
dx

(16)

a. using Taylor series, find y(0.2)

b. Using 4th order Runge-Kutta method, find y(0.4) and y(0.6)
c. Using Adam-Bashforth Predictor.

UNIT V
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART - A(2 Marks)
1. State the conditions for the equation. Auxx + Buyy + Cuxy +Dux +Euy + Fu =G
where A, B, C, D, E, F, G are function of x and y to be (i) elliptic (ii) parabolic
(iii) hyperbolic
The given equation is said to be
(i) Eliptic at a point (x,y) in the plane if B2-4AC<0
(ii) Parabolic if B2-4AC=0
(iii) Hyperbolic if B2-4AC>0
2. State the condition for the equation Auxx+2Buxy+Cuyy=f(ux,uy,x,y) to be
(a)elliptic (b) parabolic(c) hyperbolic when A, B, C are functions of x and y.
The equation is elliptic if (2B2)-4AC<0 i.e. B2-AC<0. It is parabolic if B2-4AC>0.
3. What is the classification of fx-fyy=0?
Here A=0, B=0, C=-1
B2-4AC=0-(4)(0)(-1)=0
Therefore the equation is parabolic.
4. State Schmidts explicit formula for sloving heat flow equation?
u i , j +1 = u i + +1, j + (1 2 )u i , j + u i 1, j
1
1
, u1, j +1 = u i +1, j + u i 1, j
2
2
5. What is the classification of one dimensional heat flow equation?
2u
1 u
The One dimensional heat flow equation is
= 2
here A=1, B=0, C=0.
2
x
t
B2-4AC = 0
Hence the one dimensional heat flow equation is parabolic.
6. Write down the Crank-Nicholson formula to solve ut=uxx?
(or)
Write down the implicit formula to solve one dimensional heat flow equation?
1
1
1
1
ui +1, j +1 + ui 1, j +1 ( + 1)u i , j +1 =
u i +1, j u i 1, j + ( 1)uij
2
2
2
2
or
if =

(ui +1, j +1 + u i 1, j +1 ) 2( + 1)ui , j +1 = 2( 1)u i , j (ui +1, j + ui 1, j )

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7. What type of equations can be solved by using Crank-Nicholsons difference

formula?
Crank-Nicholosons difference formula is used solve parabolic equations of the
Form uxx = aut
8. Write the Crank Nicholson difference scheme to solve uxx=aut with u(0,t) = T0,
u(l,t)=T1 and the initial condition as u(x,0) = f(x)?
The scheme is
1
1
1
1
ui +1, j +1 + ui 1, j +1 ( + 1)u i , j +1 =
u i +1, j u i 1, j + ( 1)uij
2
2
2
2
9. For what purpose Bender-Schmidt recurrence relation is used
To solve one dimensional heat equation
10. State the explicit scheme formula for the solution of the wave equation?
The formula to solve numerically the wave equation a2uxx-utt=0 is
u i , j +1 = 2(1 2 a 2 )u i , j + 2 a 2 (u i +1, j + u i 1, j ) u i , j 1
11. For what value of , the explicit, method of solving the hyperbolic equation
2u 1 2u
=
is stable, where = Ct/x?
x 2 c 2 t 2
The explicit method is stable only if =1/c
12. Write the diagonal five-point formula to solve the Laplace equation uxx+uyy=0?
1
u i , j = u i 1, j 1 + u i 1, j +1 + u i +1, j 1 + u i +1, j +1
4
13. Write down the standard five point formula to solve Laplace equation
2u 2u
+
=0
x 2 y 2
1
u i , j = u i 1, j + u i +1, j + u i , j 1 + u i , j 1 + u i , j +1
4
14. What is the purpose of Liebmanns process?
The purpose of Liebmanns process is to find the solution of the Laplace equation
uxx + uyy = 0 by iteration.
15. If u satisfies Laplace equation and u = 100 on the boundary of a square what
will be the value of u at an interior grid point?
Since u satisfies Laplace equation and u = 100 on the boundary of a square
ui,j = 1/4(100+100+100+100)=100
16. State Liebmanns iteration process formula?

u in, +j 1 =

1
u i(n1+, 1j ) + u in+ 1 , j + u in, j 1 + u i(,nj ++11)
4

17. Write down the finite difference form of the equation 2u= f(x,y)
2
i1, j
i+1, j
i, j1
i, j+1
i, j
18. State the general form of Poissons equation in partial derivatives?
2u 2u
+
= f ( x, y )
x 2 y 2

u +u +u +u 4u =h f (ih, jh)

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19. What is Shooting method?

In this method, the given boundary value problem is first converted into an
equivalent initial value problem and then solved using any of the methods. This
methods makes use of the techniques of solving initial value problems.
20. What is the procedure of shooting method?
* Convert the problem into an initial value problem.
* Initialise the variables including two guesses at the initial slope.
* Solve the equations with these guesses using either a one-step or a multistep
method.
* Interpolate from these results to find an improved value of the slopes obtained.
* Repeat the process until a specified accuracy in the final function value is obtained.

PART - B
1. a. Solve by finite difference method, the boundary value problem
y(x) y(x) = 0 where y(0) = 0 and y(1) = 1, taking h = 1/4 .
(8)
b. Using the finite difference method, find y(0.25),y(0.5) and y(0.75) satisfying the
(8)
differential equation y(x) + y = x subject to the boundary conditions y(0) = 0,y(1)= 2.
2u
u
2. a. Solve
given u(0,t)=0, u(4,t)=0,u(x,0)=x(4-x) taking x= t=1. Find the
=2
2
t
x
value of u upto t=3 using Bender-Schmidt explicit difference scheme.
(8)
b. Using Schmidts process solve 25 uxx=ut where 0<x<1 t>0 with boundary conditions
x(10 x )
u(0,t)=0=u(10,t); u(x,0)=
and choosing h=1 and k suitably. Find ui,j for
25
i=1,2,3.9 and j= 1,2,3,4
(8)
2
u u
3. a. Solve
=
, 0 x 1, t 0 with u(x,0)=x(1-x), 0<x<1 and u(0,t)=u(1,t) = 0, for all
t x 2
(8)
t >0 using explicit method with x=0.2 for 3 time steps.
2
u u
b. Solve
=
in 0<x<5, t 0 given that u(x,0) =20, u(0,t)=0,u(5,t) =100.Compute
t x 2
u for the time-step with h=1 by Cranck Nicholson method
(8)
2
u u
x
4.a. Solve
= ,0<x<2,t>0,u(0,t)=u(2,t)=0,t>0 and u(x,0)= sin ,0 x 2, and
2
x
t
2
t=0.25 and x=0.5 for two times steps by Crank-Nicholson implicit finite difference
method.
(8)
2
2
y y

b. Solve
= 2 , 0<x<1.t>0 given u(x,0)=0, (x,0) =u(0,t)=0 and u(1,t)=100sint,
2
t
t
x
complete u(x,t) for 4 times steps with h=0.25.
(8)
5. Solve the Laplaces equation over the square mesh of side 4 units satisfying the
boundary conditions:
(16)
U(0,y)=0,0 y 4 ;u(4,y)=12+y, 0 y 4
U(x,0)=3x, 0 x 4 ;u(x,4)= x 2 ,0 x 4

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KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-PUNALKULAM

MA2264-NUMERICAL METHODS

6. By iteration method , solve the laplace equation uxx+ uyy=0 , over the square region,
satisfying the boundary condition.
(16)
u(0, y) = 0 , 0 y 4
u(4, y) = 12+y, 0 y 4
u(x,0) = 3x , 0 x 4
u(x, 4) = x2 0 x 3
7. Solve uxx+uyy = 0 for the following square mesh with boundary values as shown in the
figure below
(16)
1000
1000
1000
1000

2000
2000

u1

u2

u3

u4

500
0

1000
500
0
0
8. Solve the Laplace equation at the interior points of the square region given below
(16)
0
500
1000
500
0

1000

2000
1000

U1

U2

U3

U4

U5

U6

U7

U8

U9

500

1000

500

1000

2000
1000

9. Solve 2 u = 10( x 2 + y 2 + 10) over the square mesh with sides x=0,y=0,x=3,y=3
With u=0 on the boundary and mesh length of 1 unit.
(16)
2 2
10. Solve the Poisson equation u xx + u yy = 8 x y in the square mesh given u=0 on the four
Boundaries dividing the square into 16 sub squares of length 1 unit .

(16)

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KINGS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-PUNALKULAM