Alexandria University,

Faculty of engineering.
Electrical engineering department.
Power section (second year).

Fluid
(Report)
Pressure transducers
&
Distribution pumps

Name
1 Mohamed Sobhy Fath-Allah
Mohamed
2 Mohamed Salah Mohamed
Abd-Elhalim
3 Mohamed Tarek Mohamed
4 Ahmed Abd-elhamid Ahmed
Ali

secti
on
4
5
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1

no
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Positive
displacme
nt
pumps

Introduction
Pumps are classified intoCentrifugal Pumps (dynamic pumps)
and Positive Distribution Pumps. Our report will be focused on
explaining positive distribution Pumps.The Positive
Displacement Pump, unlike a Centrifugal (dynamic Pump), will
produce the same flow at a given speed (rpm) no matter the
discharge pressure.
The Positive Distribution Pump has enlarge cavity on the
Suction nozzleof the pump and a reducing cavity on the
Discharge nozzle. Fluid flows into the pumps as the cavity on
the suction side expands and the Fluid flows out of the other
side as the cavity decreases. So the positive distribution pump
drives a constant volume of liquidat each revolution
independent of discharge pressure and it called a "constant
flow machine".
It often used for small capacities and when needed to avoid
churning of centrifugal pumps. Can pump high viscosity liquids.
And control flow by regulating speed of drive with no loss by
throttling. Used often at high or very high pressures. Also often
used as metering pumps because of constancy of flow rate. The
flow rate can be easily changed by adjusting the rpm of the
driver.
Position distribution pumps can be grouped into two basic
categories based on their design and operation. The two
classes are Reciprocation pump, Rotary pump.

Plunger
Reciprocati
on pump

positive
distributi
on pump

diaphragm
Gear

Rotary
pump

Vane
Screw

How to operate the position distribution pumps?

Positive distribution pumps operate by the same basic
principle. The principle can be most easily described by
considering a reciprocating positive distribution pumps
consisting of a reciprocating piston in a cylinder with a suction

side and a discharge side.

During the suction cycle the piston moves to left side and
causes the check valve in the suction part between the
reservoir and the pump cylinder to open and drive water from
the reservoir. During the discharge cycle the piston moves to
right side seating the check valve in the suction part and
opening the check valve in thedischarge line.

I.

Reciprocation positive distribution pumps:

It can be used for less discharge at higher heads.
Priming is not required because it is a positive
displacement pump. Reciprocating pumps are used in
pumping water in hilly areas. The mean part in
Reciprocation pump is piston.

1- Plunger pumps:
Structure: Plunger pumps consists of a cylinder with a
reciprocating plunger in it. In the head of the cylinder the
suction and discharge valves are mounted. In the suction stroke

the plunger retracts and the

suction valves opens causing
suction of fluid into the cylinder. In
the forward stroke the plunger
push the liquid out the discharge
valve.
It configured in some ways as
direct or indirect acting, single
or double acting.
Direct acting piston pumps have
a plunger on the liquid end that is directly driven by the pump
rod and carries the piston of the power end. Indirect acting
pumps are driven by means of a beam or linkage connected to
and actuated by the power piston rod of a separate
reciprocating engine.
A Single acting plunger pump is one that takes a suction,
filling the pump cylinder on the
stroke in only on direction called
suction stroke and then forces
the liquid out of the cylinder on
the return stroke called discharge
stroke
A Double acting plunger pump
is tone that as it fills one end of
the liquid cylinder is discharging
liquid from the other end of the
cylinder. On the return stroke the
end of the cylinder just emptied
is filled and the end just filled is
emptied.
The advantage and
disadvantage of plunger
pumps:

advantage

disadvantage

Wide pressure range

High operating and

maintenance
Heavy and too big

Pressure can be controlled

Less effect on performance
due to pressure and rate of Handles lower flow rates
flow
Capable moving viscous
Pulsating flow
fluids
2- diaphragm pumps:
It acts as a limited displacement piston. The pump will function
when a diaphragm is forced into reciprocating motion by
mechanical linkage, compressed air, or fluid form a pulsating,
external source. The pump construction eliminates any contact
between the liquid being pumped and the source of energy.
This eliminates the possibility of leakage, which is important
when handling toxic or very expensive liquids. Disadvantages
include limited head and capacity range, and the necessity of
check valves in suction and discharges nozzles.

The advantage and disadvantage of diaphragm pumps:

Advantage
Seal-less and oil-free
Self-priming
Simple cleaning and
maintenance
can run dry for short period

disadvantage
Low max. speed
Not very energy efficient
Pulsed flow

Rotary positive distribution pumps:

It operation depend on gear traps, screw or rotating vane.
The liquid in the suction nozzle of the pump casing and forces it
to the discharge
nozzle of the casing These pumps are essentially self-priming
due to their
capability of removing air from suction part and producing a
high suction lift.it
is essential that all clearance between rotating parts, and
between rotating
and stationary parts be kept a minimum in order to reduce
slippage-slippage:
is leakage of fluid from discharge to its suction.

3- Gear pumps:

Theliquid is trapped by the opening between the gear teeth of

two identical gears and the chasing of the pump on the suction
side. On the pressure side the fluid is squeezed out when the
teeth of the two gears are rotated against each other.There are
several types of gear pump like internal gear pump and
external gear pump.
Internal gear pumps generate flow using a gear with
externally-cut teeth contained in and meshed with a gear with
internally-cut teeth.As the gears come out of mesh on the inlet
side, liquid is drawn into the pump. The liquid is forced out the
discharge port by the meshing of the gears.
External gear pumps utilize two identical gears with external
teeth to generate flow. The rotation of the gears is such that
the liquid comes into the inlet port and flows into and around
the outer periphery of the two rotating gears. As the liquid
comes around the periphery it is discharged to the outlet port.
The advantage and disadvantage of Gear pumps:

Advantage
Easy to operate and
maintenance
Ideal for pumping high
viscosities
Compact and simple
structure
Self-priming

Disadvantage
Cant run dry
High shear stress on fluid
Reducing output efficiency
Cant handle clean it

1- Screw pumps:
Screw pumps have one or more screws to transfer high or low
viscosity
fluids along an
axis.As Two-screw,
low-pitch screw
andThree-screw,
high-pitch screw.

Two-screw, lowpitch screw pump

consists of two
screws that mesh
with close clearances, mounted on two parallel shafts. One
screw has a right handed thread. One shaft is the driving shaft
and drivers the other through a set of herringbone timing
gears. The gears serve to maintain clearance between the
screws as they turn and to promote quiet operation. The screws
rotate in closely fitting duplex cylinders that have overlapping
bores. All clearances are small, but there is no actual contact
between the two screws or between the screws and the
cylinder walls.
Liquid is trapped at the outer end of the pair of screws. As the
first space between the screw threads rotates away from the
opposite screw, a one turn, spiral shaped quantity of liquid is
enclosed when the end of the screw again meshes with the
opposite screw. As the screw continues to rotate, the entrapped
spiral turns of the liquid slide along the cylinder toward the
center discharge space while the next slug is being entrapped.
Three-screw, high-pitch screw pump
It has many of the same elements as the two-screw, low-pitch
screw pump, and their operations are similar. Three screws,
oppositely threaded on each end, are employed,

they rotate in a triple cylinder, the two outer bores of which

overlap the center bore
. The pitch of the screw s is much higher than in the low-pitch
screw pump
. So the center screw is used to drive the two outer idler rotors
directly without external timing gears.

2- Vane pumps:
It consists of the
cylindrically bored
housing with the suction
inlet on one side and
discharge outlet on the
other side. A cylindrically
shaped rotor with
diameter smaller than the
cylinder is driven about
an axis placed above the
centerline of the cylinder. The
clearance between rotor and
cylinder is small at the top but
increases at the bottom. The
rotor carries vanes that move
in and out as it rotates to
maintain sealed spaces
between the rotor and the
cylinder wall. The vanes trap
liquid on the suction side and
carry it to the discharge side, where contraction of the space
expels it through the discharge line.
The positive displacement pump characteristic cure:

Positive pumps deliver a definite volume of the liquid foe each

cycle of the pump operation. So the only factor that effects flow
rate in ideal positive pump is the speed at which it operates
The floresistance of the system in which the pump is operating
will no effect the flow rate through the pump.The dashed line
within the curve shows actual positive pump performance. This
line reflects the fact that as discharge pressure of the pump
increases, some amount of liquid will leak from discharge of the
pump back to the pump suction, reducing the effective flow
rate of the pump. The rate at which liquid leaks from the pump
discharge to its suction is called slippage.

Reference
Water Transmission and Distribution, Fourth Edition
.. #Author: Larry Mays
Maintenance Fundamentals, Second Edition
.. #Author: R. Keith Mobley
http://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/pump_men
u.shtml
http://www.globalspec.com/productfinder/flow_tran
sfer_control
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/classificationpumps-d_55.html

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy1iV6EzNHg
http://marinersgalaxy.com/2013/01/what-isreciprocating-pump-and-how-i.html

:
--/https://hdabash.wordpress.com
/-/

Pressure
transducer
s

Types of Pressure Measurements

Pressure measurement can either be relative to a
reference value or on an absolute scale.
1. Absolute Pressure Measurement: Pressure
measured relative to perfect vacuum is termed
as absolute pressure. Perfect vacuum is a
condition where there is no matter present in the
atmosphere and hence, nil air pressure exists in
that region. Absolute pressure sensors have
limited usage because it is impossible to attain a
state of perfect vacuum. Hence, sensors based
on absolute pressure measurement require strict
specifications for precise outputs. Sensors based
on this type of measurement are used in
barometric or altitude related pressure
measurements.

2. Differential Pressure Measurement: In

differential pressure measurement, pressures of
two distinct positions are compared. For
example, pressure difference calculated by
measuring it at different floors of a tall building
will give us differential pressure. Differential
pressure measurements, typically taken in pound
per square inch differential are applied when
high amount of pressure is to be measured.
These types of measurements are used for feed
pressure monitoring purposes where the
pressure with which the fluid is flowing in a
medium is monitored, so that homogeneity in
the flow can be maintaine

Differential pressure measurements find an important application in

monitoring filters in various types of purification systems. They take the
reference of the normal pressure with which the filters clean the fluid.
Whenever the filters face the problem of clogging due to contaminants,
these pressure sensors give a reading relative to the normal pressure.
This helps in keeping the filter clean and operational.

3. Gauge Pressure Measurement: It can be defined as a

subtype of differential pressure measurement where we
compare pressure at any point to the current atmospheric
pressure. Gauge pressure measurement is used in
applications like tire pressure or blood pressure
measurement. There is no consistency in gauge pressure
measurements because atmospheric pressure does vary
with altitude and hence its applications are limited to noncritical measurements.

What is transducer?
The transducer is a device, which provides a usable output in
response to specific input measured, which may be physical
or mechanical quantity, property or condition
In general, a transducer a device that, being actuated by energy from
one system, supplies energy to another system.
In particular, the essential feature of a conventional pressure transducer
is an elastic element, which converts energy from the pressure system
under study to a displacement in the mechanical measuring system.
An additional feature found in many pressure transducers is an
electric element which, in turn, converts the displacement of the
mechanicals system to an electric signal.
The popularity of electric element pressure transducers
derives from the ease with which electric signals can be
amplified, transmitted, controlled, and measured. Electrical
pressure transducers can be delineated further as follows:

An active transducer is one that generates its own electrical

output as a function of the mechanical displacement,
whereas a passive transducer requires an auxiliary electrical
input which it modifies as a function of the mechanical
displacement for its electrical output
There are types of transducer
First Mechanical transducers
First advantages of mechanical transducers: they are simple in
constructions and cheaper in cost, can be accurate without
external power supplies.
Second disadvantages: they are advantageous for modern
scientific experiments because of their poor frequency response
and need a large force to overcome mechanical friction
Because of this problems and disadvantages, electrical
transducers have been made to overcome this problems.
Mostly quantities to be measured are non-electrical such as
temperature, pressure, displacement, humidity, fluid flow,
speed etc., but these quantities cannot be measured directly.
Hence such quantities are required to be sensed and changed
into some other form for easy measurement.

Second Electrical transducers

As we said electrical transducers had overcame all problems
that were appeared when we used mechanical transducers
because of its advantages.

Advantages: Electrical quantities such as current, voltage, resistance.

Inductance and capacitance etc. can be conveniently
measured, transferred and stored, and therefore, for
measurement of nonelectrical quantities these are to be
converted into electrical quantities first and then measured.
Basically an electrical transducer is a sensing device by
which a physical, mechanical or optical quantity to be
measured is transformed directly, with a suitable mechanism,
into an electrical signal (current, voltage or frequency). The
production of these signals is based upon electrical effects
which may be resistive, inductive, capacitive etc. in nature.
There are two main types for pressure transducers that use electrical
properties to measure the pressure:
Strain gauge Pressure Transducer:
It works by having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs. As the diaphragm
stretches in response to a change in pressure difference
across it, the strain gage stretches and a Wheatstone bridge
circuit amplifies the output. A capacitance transducer works
similarly, but capacitance change is measured instead of
resistance change as the diaphragm stretches.

Gauge Pressure Types:

The following picture shows 2 different types of pressure gauges the first
one is called quarter bridge strain gauge where it uses only one resistor
to measure the pressure while the other is called full bridge strain gauge
and uses the four resistor as pressure sensors.

ELECTRICAL INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Transducer needs an excitation to operate, this excitation is electrical
input varies from 5 to 10 DC volt.
The transducers output needs to be interfaced with external Digital
Control Circuit to be measured, but the output of transducers is analog
signal so an analog-to-digital converter circuit is used to convert the
analog and produces a digital signal, and this digital signal is passed
through the digital control circuit to take the required action based on
readings measurement.
RANGE OF PRESSURE TRDANSDUCERS:
Range refers to min and max pressures that can be measured accurately
by a transducer.
Usually transducers are selected so that system operating pressure is 50
to 60% of the transducer's maximum rated pressure.
For example, a hydraulic system, normally operating in the 2500- to
3000-psi region, would usually use a 5000 psi transducer. In addition to
providing a safety margin, this practice also makes a good compromise
among performance characteristics.

Over-range capability is the maximum magnitude or pressure that can

be applied to a transducer without causing a change in performance
beyond specified tolerance.

RESOLUTION:
Refers to the smallest change in pressure that can be detected in the
transducer's output.
It is usually expressed as a percentage of Full-Scale-Output.
For example, if two transducers each have a resolution of 0.1% of FSO, a
100 psi (6.8 bar) transducer could detect a pressure increase or decrease
of 0.1 psi (0.007 bar).
A 5000 psi (340 bar) transducer could detect a pressure change of 5 psi
(0.34 bar).
MEASUREMENT ERRORS:
Pressure transducers are mechanical structures made from more than one
material.
Because of this, they respond not only to changes in pressure, but to
changes in temperatures as well.
These changes can affect both the zero and full scale output (FSO) of the
transducer, regardless of its type.
The term temperature effect upon zero refers to the change in output at
constant pressure as temperature is varied over a stated range.
Extreme temperature fluctuations may change a transducer's output
signal even though pressure remains constant.
So the temperature and other effects are taken in counting during the
measurement process.

Piezoelectric Transducers
What are Piezoelectric Transducers?
Piezoelectric transducers are a type of electroacoustic transducer that
convert the electrical charges produced by some forms of solid materials
into energy. The word "piezoelectric" literally means electricity caused by
pressure. An early application of piezo transducer technology occurred

during World War I with the use of sonar, which used echoes to detect the
presence of enemy ships.

The Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Transducer:

A piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer generates ultrasonic activity,
meaning it produces sound waves above the frequencies that can be
heard by the human ear. It functions by rapidly expanding and
contracting when appropriate electrical frequency and voltage is applied.
Typically used in cleaning systems, the expansion and contraction causes
the ultrasonic diaphragm, which serves as the pressure-sensing element
of the transducer, to vibrate, introducing ultrasonic activity into the
cleaning tank in the process. The piezoelectric ultrasound transducer also
offers the advantages of high electroacoustic efficiency while minimizing
heat generation.

Applications and Uses for Piezoelectric Transducers:

Piezoelectric transducers can be used for numerous applications for
industrial, environmental and personal use. Air transducers, for instance,
are frequently used in automobile, proximity and level sensors. They are
commonly used in residential products like motion and object detectors,
pest deterrents and home security alarms. They are also used in
electronic devices, such as toys, games and remote control units.

References:
- YunusCengel, John Cimbala-Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and
Applications-McGraw-Hill Science_Engineering_Math (2013).
- Dynisco, the strain gauge pressure transducer.
P. Moubarak, et al., A Self-Calibrating Mathematical Model for the
Direct Piezoelectric Effect of a New MEMS Tilt Sensor, IEEE Sensors
Journal, 12 (5) (2011) 1033 1042.
- Gautschi, G. (2002). Piezoelectric sensorics. Springer Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York. p. 3 via Google Books
-

- http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/pressuresensors-typesworking