SOLTEQ Concentric Tu PDF

TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract ...
Introduction .
34
Objective .
Theory .
68
Material and Apparatus
9 10
Methodology
11 12
Data And Results
13 16
Calculations
17 35
Discussion
36 43
Conclusion .
44
Recommendation
45
References
46
Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)
Page 1
1.0
ABSTRACT
Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been designed specifically to demonstrate the working
principles of industrial heat exchangers. Heat exchanger is a device that built for efficient heat
transfer from one medium to another. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the
working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under co-current flow
conditions and counter-current flow conditions.the last objective is to demonstrate the effect of
flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger
operating under counter-current flow conditions.both hot and cold. The experiments start with
both hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction
in parallel flow(co-current).On the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
opposite ends and flow in opposite directions in counter flow. From the results, the percentage
efficiency in experiment D are more than 100% , although the percentages efficiency of counter
current is more than co-current. Also, based on the calculation, power absorbed is much larger
than power emitted. Lastly, we assume that that there could be external or internal factors that
could contribute to this kind of phenomena.
Page 2
2.0
INTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluid that
are different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. There are many
types of heat exchangers which apply different types of hardware and configuration of heat
transfer equipment. There are shell and tube, plate and shell, adiabatic wheel, plate fin, pillow
plate and other. It also has two types of flow arrangement which are parallel and counter flow.
Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from
heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing and power
production in large plants. Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not
allow the two fluids involved to mix. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves
convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the
analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U
that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer
between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the
temperature difference at that location, which varies along the heat exchanger.
For this experiment, the SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has
been designed specifically to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers.
The apparatus and materials requires only a cold water supply, single phase electrical outlet and
a bench top to enable a series of simple measurements to be made by students. Experiments can
be readily conducted in a short period of time, to accurately show the practical importance of the
temperature profiles, co-current and counter-current flow, energy balances, log mean
temperature difference and heat transfer coefficients.
Page 3
The equipment consists of a concentric tube exchanger in the form of a 'U' mounted on a
support frame. The external surface of the exchanger is insulated. Three temperature measuring
devices are installed in the inside and outside tubes to measure the fluid temperatures accurately.
To minimize losses in the system, the hot water is fed through the inner pipe, with the cooling
water in the outer annulus. Control valves are incorporated in each of the two streams to regulate
the flow. The flow rates are measured using independent flow meters installed in each line.
The hot water system is totally self-contained. A hot storage tank is equipped with an
immersion type heater and an adjustable temperature controller which can maintain a
temperature to within approximately 1C. Circulation to the heat exchanger is provided by a
pump and hot water returns to the storage tank to be reheated. The cold water required for the
exchanger is taken from the laboratory mains supply. A readily identifiable valve arrangement
allows simple changeover between co- and counter-current configurations.
Page 4
3.0
OBJECTIVES
1) To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating

under co-current flow conditions.
2) To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating
under counter-current flow conditions.
3) To demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a
concentric tube heat exchanger operating under counter-current flow conditions.
4) To study the effect of flow and counter-current flow and co-current flow of heat
exchangers.
5) To study effect of fluid temperature on counter flow heat exchanger performance.
6) To study effect of fluid flow rates on heat exchanger performance.
7) To study the efficiency for co-current flow, counter-current flow and flow rate variation
of the fluid.
8) To study the different of overall heat transfer coefficient for co- current flow, countercurrent flow and variation of the fluid.
9) To determine the flow rate for different co-current and counter-current in the heat
exchanger.
10) To determine the different of Reynolds number for different co-current and countercurrent in the heat exchanger.
11) To determine the different of Nusselt number for different co-current and counter-current
in the heat exchanger.
Page 5
4.0
THEORY
The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters
called the double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through
the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes.
Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. In parallel flow,
both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same
direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.
Before calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U, power emitted and power
absorbed must be calculated first to determine the value of power lost by using formula:
Power emitted = QH H CpH (THin - THout)
Power absorbed = QC C CpC (TCout TCin)
Power lost = power emitted - power absorbed
The value of efficiency also must be calculated,
In heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is the appropriate average
temperature difference to use in heat transfer calculations. The equation for log mean
temperature difference is:
The determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient is necessary in order to determine the
heat transferred from inner pipe to the outer pipe. The coefficient takes into accounts all of the
conductive and convective resistance (k and h, respectively) between fluids separated by the
inner pipe.
Page 6
For a double pipe heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient, U can be expressed as:
Where,
Area = Surface area of contact
= pi x O Dinner pipe x Length
= (3.142 x 0.015 x 1.36) m
= 0.0641 m
The only part of the overall heat transfer coefficient that needs to be determined is the
convection heat transfer coefficient. Correlation is used to relate the Reynolds number to the heat
transfer coefficient. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless equation.
Reynolds number, Re =
If the Reynolds number in range between 2300- 4000, it consider as laminar flow. When
the Reynolds number is greater than 4000, it considered to be turbulent flow. So, the formula to
calculate the Nusselt number and Prandtl number used are:
Figure 1 - Nusselt number for fully developed laminar flow in an annulus with one surface
isothermal and the other adiabatic
Nusselt number = 0.023 (Re^0.8) (Pr^0.3) for hot water
Nusselt number = 0.023.(Re^0.8).(Pr^0.4) for cold water
Prandtl number, Pr = cp / k
Page 7
Then, the value of heat transfer coefficient can be determined with this formula:
Surface heat transfer coefficient, h = Nu k /d
The percentage error must be calculating to found out how much error in this experiment.
Before calculated the percentage error, it must calculate first the theoretical heat coefficient
because to calculate the error, the theoretical heat coefficient must be subtract the experimental
heat coefficient and then divide by theoretical heat coefficient. The formula used to calculate the
theoretical heat coefficient is:
Theoretical Heat Coefficient, 1 / U = 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]
Where,
= density,
= dynamic viscosity,
cp = specific heat,
k = thermal conductivity
d =diameter of pipe
Page 8
5.0
APPARATUS & MATERIALS
Page 9
Name Of The Component Of The Apparatus in Figure 1 and 2
1) Loose cover
15) Temperature controller
2) Level switch
16) Main switch
3) Heating element
17) Temperature sensor
4) Storage tank
18) Hot water inlet
5) Bypass valve
19) Selector valve
6) Pump inlet
7) Pump
21) Flowmeter
22) Control valve
9) Bleed valve
23) Cold water inlet
24) Cold water outlet
11) Bleed valve
12) Flowrate indicator
26) Control valve
13) Temperature indicator
27) Flowmeter
14) Concentric tub
Page 10
6.0
METHODOLOGY
The equipment had been installed on a firm, level work surface adjacent to a cold water
supply and drain.
A single phase electrical supply was also required.
No other services are required.
1. The drain valve underneath the water storage tank was checked so it fully
closed(clockwise).
2. The cover(1) was removed from the storage tank(4) and the tank was filled with clean
water to within 40 mm (about 1.5 inch) from the top.
NOTE: The heater were automatically off if the water level is below the level switch (2) in order
to prolong the heater life.
3. The cover on the storage tank was replaced.

4. The air bleed valves (11, 9) was closed on top of the heat exchanger.
5. The cold water inner was connected to a source of cold water using flexible tubing.
6. The cold water outlet was connected to a suitable drain.
7. The hot water flow control valve was closed (22).
8. The temperature controller (12) was set to zero on the front panel.
9. The pump was switched on and observed operation of the pump.
10. The cover on the storage tank was raised and observed circulation of water through the
tank.
11. The hot water flow control valve (22) was opened and allowed water to flow through the
exchanger until a steady flow of water was indicated on the hot water flowmeter (21).
12. The cold water flow control valve (26) was opened. The selector valves (19) was set to
co-current position. Water was allowed to flow through the heat exchanger until a steady
flow of water was indicated on the cold water flowmeter (27).
13. The hot and cold water flow control valve was closed.
Page 11
14. A length of flexible tubing was attached to each of the air bleed valves (11, 9) at the top
of the exchanger. Each bleed valve was opened and allowed water to flow until all air is
expelled.
15. Both bleed valves was closed and removed the flexible tubing.
16. The temperature controller (12) was set to an elevated temperature e.g. 50.0 . the heater
was switched on and observed the heater switch was illuminated indicating power output
to the heating element. The heater was observed in the storage tank and was make sure it
runs well.
17. Commissioning was now complete
Page 12
7.0
DATA & RESULTS
Experiment A : Co Current Flow Arrangement
READING
Table 1 Temperature at Different Flow Rate

TT1
TH,in
(:C)
TT1
TH,mid
(:C)
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
TT1
TC,mid
(:C)
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
58.7
53.6
52.2
27.3
33.9
38.4
CALCULATIONS
Table 2 Data based on Calculation from result at Table 1

Power
emitted
(W)
Power
absorbed
(W)
Power lost
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
(:C)
U
(W/m2.:C)
892.7647
1153.4125
-260.6478
129.1956
22.5218
798.9572
Page 13
Temperature,
Flow Rate
Reynold
Nusselt
Surface Heat
T
(C)
Number,
Number,
Transfer
Error
Re
Nu
Coefficient,
(W/m2.C)
(W/m2.C)
(%)
(m /s)
Theoritical Experimental Percentage
Type of
flow
h
(W/m2.C)
Hot
60
3.3333x10-5
6873.2038
37.5108
1887.0818
492.6269
Water
Cold
Turbulent
30
2.5000x10-5
1134.5414
5.42
666.66
798.9572
62.18
Laminar
Water
Page 14
Page 15
Experiment D : Counter Current Flow Rate Variation
READING
Table 1 Temperature at Different Flow Rate

QH
(L/min)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TT1
TH,in
(:C)
58.8
58.7
58.7
58.8
TT1
TH,mid
(:C)
53.6
55.0
55.7
56.4
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
52.5
54.7
55.8
56.6
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
38.0
39.0
40.9
41.7
TT1
TC,mid
(:C)
34.2
35.2
35.6
36.1
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
27.8
27.7
27.6
27.7
CALCULATIONS
Table 2 Data based on Calculation from result at Table 1

QH
(L/min)
Power
emitted
(W)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
865.2448
823.8118
796.2166
754.9385
Power
absorbed
(W)
Power lost
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
(:C)
U
(W/m2.:C)
1413.1760 -547.9312
1565.2626 -741.4508
1841.6334 -1045.4168
1938.2495 -1183.3110
163.3267
190.0024
231.2980
256.7427
22.6942
23.1586
22.6026
22.4863
971.4565
1054.4279
1271.1206
1344.7255
Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (HE: 104-PD)
Page 16
8.0
CALCULATIONS
Data for theoretical calculation in Experiment A and B,
For Hot Water :
Water at 60:C : Density,

(Inner Pipe)
Dynamic viscosity,
Specific heat capacity, Cp = 4185 J/kg.:C
Thermal Conductivity, k = 0.654 W/m.:C
Prandtl number, Pr = 2.99
Inner Diameter, di = 13 mm = 0.013m
Outer Diameter, do = 15mm = 0.015m
Total Area,
(
For Cold Water :
)(
Water at 30:C : Density,

(Outer Pipe)
Dynamic viscosity,
Specific heat capacity, Cp = 4178 J/kg.:C
Thermal Conductivity, k = 0.615 W/m.:C
Prandtl number, Pr = 5.42
Inner Diameter, Di = 20 mm = 0.020m
Outer Diameter, Do = 22mm = 0.022m
Total Area,
(
)(
Total Area For Hot + Cold Side, Atotal

Atotal = 0.0641 m2 + 0.0555 m2
Atotal = 0.1196 m2
Page 17
1) CALCULATION A : CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
Controlled hot water temperature

Hot water flow rate , QH
)(
Cold water flow rate , QC
)(
Calculation For Experimental Value

Average Temperature at TH and TC ,
Density of the water at TH, average and TC, average ,

(
Specific Heat Capacity at TH, average and TC, average ,

(
Power Emitted,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Absorbed,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Page 18
Power Lost,
= Power emitted Power absorbed
= 892.7647 W 1153.4125 W
= - 260.6478 W
Power Lost
Efficiency,
Log Mean Temperature Difference,
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
(
(
(
)
)
)
Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient , Uexperimental
)(
)(
Page 19
Calculation For Theoretical Value
For Hot Water
Flow Rate, QH
QH = 3.3333x10-5 m3/s (2.0L/min)
Area of Hot Water Flows
By continuity equation, Q = Area x Velocity
Velocity of The Hot Water Flow
Reynolds Number, Re
)(
)(
Flow
Nusselt Number, Nu
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3
Nu = 0.023 (6873.2038)0.8 (2.99)0.3
Nu = 37.5108
Page 20
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h
)(
For Cold Water (Annulus)
Flow Rate, QC
QC = 2.5000x10-5 m3/s (1.5L/min)
Cross Sectional Diameter, dh

(
)
(
Cross Sectional Area, Ah

[(
[(
))
) ]
By continuity equation, Q = Area x Velocity
Velocity of The Cold Water Flow
Page 21
)) ]
Reynolds Number, Re
)(
)(
Based on Table 8-4 , page 499, Heat & Mass Transfer (Fundamental & Applications),
Mc Graw Hill 5th Edition,
(
(
)
)
Interpolation to find Nu,

)(
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h
)(
Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer Coeffiecient, Utheoretical
Percentage Error,
Page 22
Page 23
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
CALCULATION D : FLOW RATE VARIATION

Controlled hot water temperature
(
Cold water flow rate , QC
)(
Table 3 Calculation For Conversion Of QH (L/min) to QH (m3/s)

QH
(m3/s)
(L/min)
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
)(
)(
)(
)(
Calculation at QH = 2.0 L/min

TT1
TH,in
(:C)
58.8
TT1
TH,average
(:C)
55.7
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
52.5
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
38.0
TT1
TC,average
(:C)
32.9
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
27.8

(
Page 27

(
Power Emitted,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Absorbed,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Lost,
Power Lost

= 865.2448 W 1413.1760 W
= - 547.9312 W
Efficiency,
Page 28
(
(
(
) (
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U
)(
)(
Page 29

TT1
TH,in
(:C)
58.7
TT1
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
54.7
TH,average
(:C)
56.7
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
39.0
TT1
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
27.7
TC,average
(:C)
33.4

(

(
Power Emitted,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Absorbed,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Page 30
Power Lost,
= 823.8118 W 1565.2626 W
= -741.4508 W
Power Lost
Efficiency,
(
(
(
) (
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)(
)(
Page 31

TT1
TH,in
(:C)
58.7
TT1
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
55.8
TH,average
(:C)
57.3
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
40.9
TT1
TC,average
(:C)
34.3
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
27.6

(

(
Power Emitted,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Absorbed,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Page 32
Power Lost,
= 796.2166 W 1841.6334 W
= -1045.4168 W
Power Lost
Efficiency,
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
(
(
(
)
)
)
)(
)(
Page 33

TT1
TH,in
(:C)
58.8
TT1
TT1
TH,out
(:C)
56.6
TH,average
(:C)
57.7
TT1
TC,out
(:C)
41.7
TT1
TC,average
(:C)
34.7
TT1
TC,in
(:C)
27.7

(

(
Power Emitted,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Power Absorbed,
(
(
)(
(
)(
)(
)(
Page 34
Power Lost,
= 754.9385 W 1938.2495 W
= - 1183.3110 W
Power Lost
Efficiency,
(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
(
(
(
)
)
)
)(
)(
Page 35
9.0
DISCUSSIONS
The SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger use the same operating principles
as the simplest type of heat exchanger which is the double pipe heat exchanger. One fluid
flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between
the two pipes. For Experiment A, Experiment B and Experiment D, the hot water flows
through the smaller pipe whereas the cold water flows through the annular space between the
two tubes.
Cold Water
Hot Water
do
di
Di
Do
Length of tube = 1.36m
Figure 4 Schematic Diagram For The Experiments
Cold Water Out

Hot
Water
in
Cold Water in
Hot
Hot
Water Water
out
in
Cold Water In
a) Parallel Flow (Experiment A)
Hot
Water
out
Cold Water out

b) Counter-Current Flow (Experiment B
and Experiment D)
Figure 5 Different flow regimes in the concentric tube heat exchanger for the
experiments
Page 36
Experiment A : Co Current Flow Arrangement
QH = 2.0L/min
58.7:C
Hot
52.2:C
38.4:C
Cold
QC = 1.5L/min
27.3:C
Figure 6 Temperature Profile For QH = 2.0L/min and QC = 1.5L/min

The graph shows the temperature profile for co-current flow conditions. Both the hot
and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction.
Experiment B : Counter Current Flow Arrangement
58.7:C
QH = 2.0L/min
Hot
39.7:C
52.6:C
Cold
27.3:C
QC = 1.5L/min
Figure 7 Temperature Profile For QH = 2.0L/min and QC = 1.5L/min

The graph shows the temperature profile for counter-current flow conditions. The hot
and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.
Page 37
Experiment D : Counter Current Flow Rate Variation
58.8:C
QH = 2.0L/min
QH = 3.0L/min
58.7:C
Hot
38.0:C
Hot
52.5:C
Cold
39.0:C
54.7:C
Cold
27.8:C
27.7:C
Figure 8 Temperature Profile For QH = 2.0L/min and QH = 3.0L/min
58.7:C
QH = 4.0L/min
QH = 5.0L/min
58.8:C
Hot
Hot
40.9:C
55.8:C
Cold
41.7:C
56.6:C
Cold
27.6:C
inlet
27.7:C
outlet
Figure 9 Temperature Profile For QH = 4.0L/min and QH = 5.0L/min

The graphs show the same pattern since they represent the counter-current flow
conditions. The hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in
opposite directions. The hot water released heat whereas the cold water absorbed the heat
released by the hot water. Theoretically , the heat released shoud be greater than the heat
absorbed since it is impossible for them to be the same since achieving an ideal 100%
efficiency is currently not possible. Since the first law of thermodynamics stated that the
energy output cannot exceed the energy input.
Page 38
Based on the calculation, power absorbed is much larger than power emitted.
Therefore, the students assume that there could be external or internal factors that could
contribute to this kind of phenomena. It is determined that the efficiency of the heat
exchanger is above 100% for all the experiment. However, in reality, it is impossible to get
an equipment to operate in ideal condition with efficiency of 100%. Thus, the assumption is
proven that the equipment or the process encounter some problems which make something
impossible to be possible.
The first factor that could contribute to this problem is surely due to the human error.
The students might have misread the temperature of hot fluid making the temperature
difference for hot water too small whereas temperature difference for cold water larger than
the hot water which lead to power emitted smaller than power absorbed. The students could
misunderstand of how the heat exchanger works and the indication of the symbol TT1 until
TT6 which make the recorded data is in error state. In addition, during the experiment, the
indicator that shows the flow rate for the hot water always move up and down. The students
may have forgotten to give extra attention to the indicator and make corrective action which
should have make the flow rate constant at 2.0L/min so that the temperature could be stable
and the data taken will be accurate before proceeding to the next flow rate which is 3.0L/min,
4.0L/min and 5L/min for Experiment D.
The second factor that could contribute to this problem is the equipment itself. The
external surface of the heat exchanger is insulated so that no heat from outside will affect the
temperature of the cold water. However, the insulation may have undergoes some problem
like there is an opening at some part of the insulation which lead to the cold water absorbed
heat not only from the hot water but also from the surrounding. This could explained why the
power absorbed by the cold water is much larger than the power emitted by the hot water.
However, this bring us to another question which is, do the temperature of the surrounding is
much higher than the temperature of the cold water? since the second law of thermodynamics
requires that the direction of heat transfer rate is to be from the hot fluid to the cold one.
Standard condition for temperature is 25:C but the cold water temperature ranges from 27:C
to 28:C . Thus, theoretically the heat should have transfer from the cold water to the
surrounding which lead to much more smaller temperature difference for the cold water and
makes the power absorbed less than the power emitted. For this theory to be proven, an
Page 39
experiment needs to be done to prove the assumption whether there is an opening or not at
the insulation, which the temperature of the surrounding also need to be considered in the
experiment.
Besides that, another reason is that there could be leakage at the tube which holds the
flow of the hot water. The hot water might enter the cold water flow region and resulting in
increasing of the outlet cold water temperature. Thus, making the temperature differences of
the cold water greater that what it should be. However, this reason can only be proven by
inspection and maintainance by the lab technician since the students are not allowed to
disclose any part of the heat exchanger by themselves. The two reasons of there could be
opening at the insulation of the cold water tube and leakage at the hot water tube could be
the driven factor for the power absorbed larger than power emitted which obeys the Second
Law of Thermodynamic : Clausius statement which is It is impossible to construct a device
that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lowertemperature body to a higher-temperature body. Thus, the external force or factor affecting
the cold water temperature , resulting in larger temperature difference lead to larger heat
transfer to the cold water which producing larger power absorbed.
Since the power absorbed is higher than power emitted, the efficiency is also becomes
unreasonable and cannot be accepted since the values are above 100% for all of the
experiments. No equipments or machine is free of the effect of gravity and even with
lubricant, friction is always presence. For this experiment, viscous effect play a part in
allowing the heat transfer of the water from hot to cold. In addition, the heat have to flow
through different medium from hot water to the solid material of the inner tube before
arriving at the cold water region. Therefore, the energy released by hot fluid is should always
greater than the energy absorbed by the cold fluid in the heat exchanger. However, in all of
the three experiments, the energy absorbed is much larger and this broke the Second Law Of
Thermodynamic : Kelvin-Plank Statement which stated that It is impossible for any device
that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of
work. The Kelvin-Plank Statement could also be expressed as It is impossible for the cold
fluid to absorbed more heat than the heat released by hot fluid in a heat exchanger. A net
amount of power for experiment A is about 260W , while experiment B is about 450W .
Since both experiment absorbed that value of net power, the real source of unidentified heat
or power should have emitted a greater amount than the one absorbed.
Page 40
From Experiment A and B, counter-current flow shows better efficiency compared to

the co-current flow. A counter-flow heat exchanger is generally 100% efficient in transferring
heat energy from one medium to another at a slight loss in temperature. It takes a smaller heat
transfer surface area, As to achieve the same heat transfer rate as a co-current flow with all
else is constant. It can transfer the most heat from the heat transfer medium due to the fact
that the average temperature difference along any unit length is greater. In a co-current flow
heat exchanger, the fluid travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the heat
exchanger.In this experiment, the water could affect the efficiency of heat exchanger because
the water supplies could contain contaminant such as sand, dust, microorganism and other
that can be affect the result and the heat exchanger cannot work efficiently. The problem
occur in heat exchanger are fouling, scale and corrosive.
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U due to variations in fluid properties and flow
conditions, U may vary over the flow length. However, in many applications such variation is
not significant and one can reasonably assume a constant and average value of U. For
Experiment A and B, Uexperimental is greater than Utheoritical. The percentage error
calculated is negative. However , percentage error is an absolute value and cannot be
negative. Therefore, the negative sign is neglected. Thus, the percentage error shows that
there is approximately 60% error which the experimental value of overall heat transfer
coefficient, Uexperimental deviate about 0.6 times larger than the theory value of overall heat
transfer coefficient, Utheory for Experiment A whereas approximately 30% error for
Experiment B which shows that the Uexperimental deviates about 0.3 times larger than the theory
value for the overall heat transfer coefficient. The error is significant but can still be
considerably acceptable.
Page 41
Experiment D shows that the overall heat transfer coefficient, U increases as the flow
rate of the hot fluid increases. Increasing U decreases the resistance to heat transfer thereby
Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient, U (W/m2.C)
enabling a higher heat transfer.

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
2
3
4
5
Flow Rate Of The Hot Water, QH (L/min)
Figure 10 Graph of Flow Rate of Hot Water,QH versus Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient,
U
The effects of Reynold number,Re to the surface heat transfer coefficient, h for
experiment A is directly proportional. The greater the value of the Reynold number, the
Surface Heat Transfer

Coefficient, h
(W/m2.C)
greater the value of the surface heat transfer coefficient, h.

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
1000
2000
3000 4000 5000

Reynolds Number, Re
6000
7000
8000
Figure 11 Graph of Reynolds Number versus Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient for
Experiment A
Page 42
Page 43
10.0 CONCLUSION
From this experiment, there are many error that occur when do the experiment. Based on the
calculation, the percentage efficiency in experiment D are more than 100% but it still we can
prove that the counter-current is more efficiency between co-current and counter-current. It is
because the percentages efficiency of counter-current is more than co-current. Therefore, the
counter flow is better that parallel flow. Secondly, the heat should have transfer from the cold
water to the surrounding which lead to much smaller temperature difference for the cold
water and makes the power absorbed less than the power emitted. So, we assume that there
could be external or internal factors that could contribute to this kind of phenomena. Lastly,
we also can conclude that the water could affect the efficiency of heat exchanger because the
water supplies could contain contaminant such as sand, dust, microorganism and other that
can be affect the result and the heat exchanger cannot work with efficiently. The problem
occur in heat exchanger are fouling, scale and corrosive.
Page 44
11.0
RECOMMENDATIONS
1) In an effort to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings, it is recommended that the
heat exchanger be well insulated. Presently the heat exchanger has no insulation and
the ambient room temperature has a large effect on the results.
2) It is also recommended that during the process of data collection that the user adjusts
the flow rate of only one stream per setup. If this is not done the graphs of the data
becomes very difficult to read and understand.
3) Another recommendation is to ensure that the flow rates obtained are measured
accurately. There are two ways that this may be done. One way is to purchase new
flow meters, and the other is to manually measure each flow rate with great care. This
is extremely important because without accurate flow rates the temperature data is
worthless.
4) Increasing the diameter of the heat pipe would allow for greater power carrying
capacity.
5) Increasing the lengths of the evaporator and condenser regions would also improve
the heat removal capabilities since this would increase the surface area for the heat to
pass through and dissipate.
6) A higher operating temperature will allow a greater maximum heat removal from the
system.
Page 45
12.0 REFERENCES
BOOKS
1) Yunus A. Cengal & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics An Engineering
Approach, 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
2) Holman, J.P. Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 2001.
3) Perry, J.H.(Ed.):Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, 1963.
WEBSITES
1) Heat Exchanger. Retrieved on March 2016.
www.real-world-physics-problems.com/heat-exchanger.html
2) Standard Room Temperature? . Retrieved on March 2016.
www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=767454
3) Heat exchanger. Retrieved on March 2016.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger
Page 46

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Material and Apparatus

Data And Results

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

1) To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

The value of efficiency also must be calculated,

Theoretical Heat Coefficient, 1 / U = 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

APPARATUS & MATERIALS

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Name Of The Component Of The Apparatus in Figure 1 and 2

15) Temperature controller

16) Main switch

17) Temperature sensor

18) Hot water inlet

19) Selector valve

20) Temperature sensor

22) Control valve

23) Cold water inlet

10) Temperature sensor

24) Cold water outlet

11) Bleed valve

25) Temperature sensor

12) Flowrate indicator

26) Control valve

13) Temperature indicator

14) Concentric tub

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

3. The cover on the storage tank was replaced.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

DATA & RESULTS

Experiment A : Co Current Flow Arrangement

Table 1 Temperature at Different Flow Rate

Table 2 Data based on Calculation from result at Table 1

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Theoritical Experimental Percentage

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Experiment D : Counter Current Flow Rate Variation

Table 1 Temperature at Different Flow Rate

Table 2 Data based on Calculation from result at Table 1

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger (HE: 104-PD)

Data for theoretical calculation in Experiment A and B,

For Hot Water :

Water at 60:C : Density,

For Cold Water :

Water at 30:C : Density,

Total Area For Hot + Cold Side, Atotal

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

1) CALCULATION A : CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

Controlled hot water temperature

Cold water flow rate , QC

Calculation For Experimental Value

Density of the water at TH, average and TC, average ,

Specific Heat Capacity at TH, average and TC, average ,

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD)

Log Mean Temperature Difference,

Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient , Uexperimental