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Functional Analysis Worksheet I

Miliyon T.
April 26, 2016
1. Let ( X, d) be a metric space. Show that d( x, y) |d( x, z) d(y, z)| for all x, y, z in X.
Proof. Since d is a metric we have
d( x, z) d( x, y) + d(y, z)

d( x, z) d(y, z) d( x, y)

(1)

Similarly,
d(y, z) d(y, x ) + d( x, z)

d(y, x ) d( x, z) d(y, z)

(2)

The result follows from (1), (2) and the axiom of symmetry.
2. Let ( X, d1 ) and (Y, d2 ) be a metric spaces. Show that the Cartesian product Z = X
Y is a metric space with metric d(z1 , z2 ) = d1 ( x1 , x2 ) + d2 (y1 , y2 ) where z1 = ( x1 , y1 )
and z2 = ( x2 , y2 ).
Proof. Very simple to show.
3. Let ( X, d) be a metric space.
a) Show that ( X, d1 ) is also a metric where d1 ( x, y) =

d( x,y)
.
1+d( x,y)

b) Show that ( X, d) is iff ( X, d1 ) is complete.


Proof. a) Since d is a metric we have
d( x, y) d( x, z) + d(z, y)
Then
d( x, y) + d( x, y)d( x, z) + d( x, y)d(z, y) d( x, z) + d(z, y) + d( x, y)d( x, z) + d( x, y)d(z, y)
1

Take out the common factors


d( x, y)[1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y)] d( x, z)[1 + d( x, y)] + d(z, y)[1 + d( x, y)]
Hence
d1 ( x, y) =

d( x, y)
d( x, z) + d(z, y)

1 + d( x, y)
1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y)
d(z, y)
d( x, z)
+

1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y) 1 + d( x, z) + d(z, y)
d( x, z)
d(z, y)

+
1 + d( x, z) 1 + d(z, y)
= d1 ( x, z) + d1 (z, y)

b) We can see that d1 = 1+d d 1d = d, hence a d-Cauchy sequence is a d1 -Cauchy


sequence.
d( x,y)
d ( x,y)
Note that if d1 ( x, y) 6= 1, then since d1 ( x, y) = 1+d( x,y) , then d( x, y) = 11d ( x,y) .
1
Now suppose xn is a d1 -Cauchy sequence, and choose N such that if m, n N, then
d1 ( xn , xm ) 12 . Then for m, n N, we have d( x, y) 2d1 ( x, y) and so the sequence
is a d-Cauchy sequence.
Suppose { xn } is a Cauchy sequence in ( X, d). Then

{ xn } converges to x in ( X, d) lim d( xn , x ) = 0
n

d( xn , x )
=0
1 + d( xn , x )
{ xn } converges to x in ( X, d1 )

lim d1 ( xn , x ) = lim
n

4. Let ( X, d) be a metric space. Show that any non-empty subset A of X is open iff it is
the union of open balls.
Proof. () Suppose A is open. By definition if x A, then there is B ( x ) A.
For each x A B ( x ) A and hence x A B ( x ) A. Moreover, A x A B ( x )
because for each x A there is a ball in x A B ( x ). Therefore, A = x A B ( x ).
() Every open ball is an open set, the union of open set is open hence A is open.
5. Let X be the space of all ntuples x = ( x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) of real numbers. Define
d( x, y) = max | xi yi |,
i

Show that ( X, d) is complete.

where y = (y1 , y2 , . . . , yn ).

Proof. Consider a Cauchy sequence { xm } in Rn ,


(m)

(m)

xm = ( 1 , , n )
Since { xm } is Cauchy, for every > 0 there is an N such that
(m)

d( xm , xr ) = max | i
i

Then we have

(m)

| i

(r )

i | <

(m, r > N )

(3)

(r )

i | <

This shows for each fixed i, (1 i n), the sequence


(1)

(2)

{ i , i , . . .}

(4)

is a Cauchy sequence of real numbers. Since R is complete the sequence in (4) con(m)
verges say, i i as m .
Using these n limits, we define x = ( 1 , . . . , n ) Rn .
From (3), with r ,
d( xm , x ) <
This shows that Rn is complete w.r.t d.

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