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http://osp.mans.edu.eg/tahany/weirs1.htm
Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Floor Design
Detailed Drawings
Solved Example
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Reducing the hydraulic slope (gradient) in a canal (if canal water slope is
greater than the allowable water slope)
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ac = L * Slope (before)
ab = L * Slope (after)
rise (R) = ac ab
= L {Slope (before) slope (after)}
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b) Submerged Weir
Q H, h1, h2
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2 Submerged Weir
Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 h21.5 + Cd B h1 (2*g*h2) 0.5
3 BroadCrested Weir
Q = 1.71 Cd B H 1.5
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A weir on solid rock (impervious foundation) does not need long apron (Floor), but
needs sufficient width b to resist soil stresses.
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Vcritical = Qcritical / A
vcr
k = vcr L / Hcr
Soil
Clean gravel
Clean sand
Fine sand + silt
Clay
L = K Hcr / vcr
= Qcr L / A Hcr
K (cm / min)
5000 50
50 0.05
0.05 0.00005
< 0.00005
Type of flow
Turbulent
Turbulent or laminar
Laminar
Always laminar
Ability of fluid to move in the soil under certain head (dimensions of velocity)
v=ki
i=H/L
v porosity + arrangement of grains
water head will force (push) the water to percolate through the soil voids
if water velocity at D.S. end is not safe (> v critical) then undermining occurs,
i.e. water at exit will carry away soil particles
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v = k I (Darcy,s law)
= k dP / dl = k H / L
is unknown
e = voids ratio
e = vv/ vs
e = (1 vs) / vs = (1 / vs) 1
Or 1+e = 1 / vs
or
vs = 1 / (1+e)
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Upward force = H * A
Downward force =
(net weight)
= sp. Gr. Wt. Of soil under water
=(
-1) A L / (1+e)
for stability: H. A. = (
H / L = icr = (
-1) A L / (1 + e)
- 1) / (1 + e)
can be determined
L = H / icr
Or L = H / icr (F.S.)
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B
B
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L` = L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
L`
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d1 + d2
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t1 = 0.5 1.0 m
t2 is taken 2.0 m
t3 = t2 / 2
assumed
or
t2 = 0.8 (H)0.5
1m
(3-8) m
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Or
LScour = 0.6 CB (Hs) 0.5
Hs = USHWL DSBL Y c
= Scour head; Yc = critical depth
&
q=Q/B
L` = l1 + l2 + ls + 2 t2
LB = CB . H
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HD
h2 = H t1/CB l1 / CB
t2 = t / (m) * Factor of safety
t2 = F.S. [ h2 / (m)] m.; m = 2.2 t/m3
t2 = 1.3. [ h2 / (m)]
then t3 = t2/2
1 m.
t3 = F.S. [ h3 / (m)] m
thickness t3
L3 = CB * h3 = x + t3
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A canal (A) is divided into two branches (i & ii).The discharge of branch (i)=2Q of
branch (ii) at all times. Two weirs have to be constructed at the entrance of each canal
.
105 cum/sec .
45
cum/sec .
=
=
1/3
16
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QA = Qi + Qii
&
Qi =
2 Qii
QA = 2 Qii + Qii
At flood
QA
= 105
3 Qii
Qii = 35 m3/s
& Qi = 70 m3/s
At summer
QA
= 45
Qii = 15 m3/s
3 Qii
& Qi = 30 m3/s
For branch ( i )
Qmax /Qmin
= (2 B H11.5) / (2 B H21.5)
= H12/H22
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&
= (70/30)2/3
H1 = 1.76 H2
.7
(1)
(2)
= .7
H2 = .92 m
H1 = 1.62 m
h1/H1 = 1/3
h1 = 1.62/3
( 10.46 )
B = 17 m
B = 17 m
B = 17 m
Length of weir (ii)
Qmax = 35 = 2 B (1.62)1.5
B = 8.5 m
Qmin = 15 = 2 B (.92)1.5
B = 8.5 m
B = 8.5 m
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h2/H2 = 1/3
& h2 = .92/3 =
.3
= 1.08
= 3.7
take
LB = CB * HD
Assume L1 =
HD = 3.7 m
= 16 * 3.7 = 59.2
6m
L2 = 6 m
LS = CS (HS).5
HS = 12.08 - 6.76 - Ycr
CS = .6 CB
&
HS = 4.37
&
LS = 20 m
Assume t2 = 2 m
L\ = 6 + 6 + 20 + 2 * 2 = 36
L\ < LB
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= 3.1 m
t3 = t2/2
> 1
= 1.6 m
h3 = 1.47
&
X =
11.92 m
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