Department of petrochemical

College of Technical Engineering

Duhok polytechnic University
Physic lab
Name of student :

Muhammad Akram

Group:B
Name

of

Experiment

laboratory instruments
No, of Experiment: (2)
Date :23-11-2016

:introduction

to

Introduction:
Resistance of a substance is the property due to which it opposes the flow of
electricity through it. Some substances such as metals, acids and salt
solutions are very good conductors of electricity. Amongst metals silver,
copper and aluminium are very good conductors. This is because of loosely
attached electrons in their atoms. When the potential difference is applied
these electrons attain a motion and while passing through the atoms of the
conductors collided with other electrons generate heat. Whereas some
substances such as bakelite, mica, glass and rubber and PVC provide
relatively greater hindrance to the passage of electrons through them and
are termed as Poor conductors. Some substances such as paper cotton,
mineral oil free from water and acid, ceramic, porcelain and asbestos provide
great hindrance to the passage of passage to the electricity as termed as
insulators.

Units of Resistance Unit of resistance

is Ohm A conductor is said to have resistance of one ohm if it allows a
current of one Ampere to flow through it when a potential difference of one
volt is applied across its ends. The resistance of a conductor depends upon
the following :1. Directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
2. Inversely proportional to the area of cross section
3. Nature of material
4. Temperature of conductor
Now the questions is how do you check the resistance of a resistor without
having an ohm-meter. Well you just need to figure out the meaning of the
color coding printed on the resistors and here is how to go about reading
resistor colour codes

Resistor Colour Codes Explained

The various lines of colour code are allotted a specific value and these are
given as follows in this list
1. B-Black 0
2. B Brown 1
3. R Red 2
4. O Orange 3
5. Y Yellow 4
6. G - Green 5
7. B - Blue 6
8. V Voilet 7
9. G -GREY 8
10. w - White 9

Procedure:
First find the tolerance band, it will typically be gold (5%) and sometimes silver (10%).
Starting from the other end, identify the first band - write down the number associated
with that color; in this case Blue is 6.Now 'read' the next color, here it is red so write
down a '2' next to the six. (you should have '62' so far.)Now read the third or 'multiplier'
band and write down that number of zeros.In this example it is two so we get '6200' or
'6,200'. If the 'multiplier' band is Black (for zero) don't write
any zeros down.If the 'multiplier' band is Gold move the decimal point one to the left. If
the 'multiplier' band is Silver move the decimal point two places to the left. If the resistor
has one more band past the tolerance band it is a quality band.
Read the number as the '% Failure rate per 1000 hour' This is rated assuming full
wattage being applied to the resistors. (To get better failure rates, resistors are typically
specified to have twice the needed wattage dissipation that the circuit produces) 1%
resistors have three bands to read digits to the left of the multiplier. They have a
different temperature coefficient in order to provide the 1% tolerance.

Calculating Resistance from Codes The above chart also shows a

lot more information than showing the values assigned to each
colour. As you can see in this picture of an actual resistor that the
coding shows the values on one end and the tolerance at another
end which is spaced at a greater distance than normal spacing
between the code lines. Just remember that the 1 stripe is
counted as the one which is at the other end than the tolerance
strip. You have first value strips and the multiplier strips. so if you
see the example of this actual resistor its value comes out to be
as calculated below first stripe is brown, then orange, then black
so from the table this comes as 1, 0 and 1000 (multiplier) so the
value is 10,000 ohms or 10 K-ohms plus the last line shows the
tolerance of the resistor

First
color
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5

Secon Third
d
color
color

Fourth
Color
(error)

Resistan Measur
ce value ed
error
value