Labor problems in the Philippines

Over employment
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Over employment refers to a situation where workers are willing but unable
at their current jobs to reduce the amount of time they devote to earning an
income. Many people go through a spell at some point when they would
prefer shorter work hours. They are prepared to sacrifice income to attain it in
order to avoid the more costly step of leaving an occupation or withdrawing
from the labor force entirely." (Golden L. 2003)

Over employment is another dimension which refers to those who work

long hours in jobs which provide very low earnings and productivity.

Another is Soft employment which refers to less decent employment or

those jobs which provides no security of tenure, no social security benefits
and very limited rights for workers both in terms of participation in decision
making and the rights to organized.

Apart from unemployment is its halo such as the problems of (1) child
labor, statistics of which are not captured in the labor force survey, (2) old
age without pension and (3) female workers with young children.

Over time
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Overtime refers to working hours beyond some standard or norm. For

employees on payrolls, this standard is widely considered 40 hours/ week,
embodying the spirit of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) standard
workweek. (Golden)
Labor Code of the Philippines defines Overtime as work performed
beyond an employee's regular duty hours of 8 hours in a day (Art. 87, Labor
Code), while regular hour is the whole time when an employee is required to
be on duty in his workstation not exceeding 8 hours per day (Art. 84, Labor
Code)

Unemployment
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Unemployment is defined as the total lack of work at a given point in time. It

is a situation
of those persons who want work and are able to take suitable jobs but cannot
find them.
Unemployment complements the measurement of employment. The two
concepts together make up the countrys labor force or supply of labor.

Underemployment

A situation in which a worker is employed, but not in the desired capacity,

whether in terms of compensation, hours, or level of skill and experience.
While not technically unemployed, the underemployed are often competing
for available jobs.

In the Philippines, the rising incidence of underemployment is considered a

more serious problem than unemployment since underemployment rate is
usually higher or twice the unemployment rate. While unemployment is
usually a problem among youth (with an average rate of 17.0%),
underemployment cuts across age groups and affects more the less educated
workers and heads of families.