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22
f(x)dx + g(y) =
0,
y cuya solucin general se halla por integracin directa de cada trmino
de la ecuacin.
Dada la ecuacin:
(, ) + (, ) = 0
23
C es la constante de integracin.
Ejemplo 01
: ( ) = .
Solucin:
(1 ) = 0 (1 ) =
=
|1 |
=
(1 )
(1 )
=
ln|| = ln|1 | + ln|| ln|| = ln |
| ||
1
1
=|
|
1
=
(1 )
24
Ejemplo 02
= , () = .
Solucin:
= = = 2 = 2 + 1
2 + 2 = 1 2 + 2 = 2
Es la ecuacin de una circunferencia en forma general, aplicando la
condicin general tenemos:
(4) = 3 {
=4
(3)2 + (4)2 = 1 1 = 25 2 + 2 = 25
=3
Solucin Particular.
25
Ejemplo 03
Resolver
+ ( + ) =
Solucin:
Tambin se puede resolver multiplicando por 3 y dividiendo en 4
3 +
( 2 + 2)
= 0 3 + ( 2 + 2 4 ) = 0
4
3 + ( 2 + 2 4 ) = 0
3 3
2
1 3 = 1 3 3 9 3 9 1 6 3 = 31
3
9
3
(3 1) 3 =
9 6
+
=
3
Ejemplo 04
= ;
() =
Solucin:
Primero separamos variables
1
2
= 2 4 2
= 2
=
ln |
|
4
4
2(2) + 2
= + 1 ln |
2
| = 4 + 41
+2
Luego despejamos y:
2
+24
4
= 4+2
= 4 2 1
= 4 1 4
+2
+2
+2
=
4
4
+2=
+2
1 4
26
4
2
1 4
=0
Luego aplicamos la condicin inicial (0) = 2 {
= 2
2 =
4
4
4
2
=
=0
1 4(0)
1 4(0)
1 4(0)
= ( 2)( + 2)
1)
+ ( 3 2 + 3 ) = 0
Solucin
= ( 3 2 + 3 ) = 3 ( 2 + 1)
( 2 + 1)
1
=
(
+
)
3
2)
1
2
+
ln 2 2 + 2 2 ln = 1 + 2
2 2
2
sen + 2 sen
3 + cos
Solucin
sen (1 + 2 )
sen
=
(3 + cos )
1 + 2 3 + cos
sen
( )
(3 + cos )
=
2
2
1+
3 + cos
1+
3 + cos
arctan( ) + = ln(3 + cos )
ln(3 + cos ) + arctan( ) =
3)
27
+1
+
Solucin
(1 + )
+1
+1
=
=
+
(1 + )
+1
(1 + )
2
=
{ = = } = 2 +
+1
2 =
(1 + )2
(2 2 + 2 + 2 2 )
=
2
+
= 2 +
2 + 1
2 + 1
2( 2 + 1)
2
+ 2
2 2
= 2 +
2
+1
+1
+1
2 + ln( 2 + 1) 2 arctan() = 2 +
2 + ln( 2 + 1) 2 arctan() = 2 +
2 + ln( + 1) 2 arctan() = 2 +
4)
(3 2 6 2 2 ) ( 3 ) = 0
2 (3 6 2 ) (1 3 ) = 0 3 2 (1 2 2 ) = (1 3 )
3 2
3 2
=
(1 3 ) (1 2 2 )
(1 3 )
1
4
=
4 (1 2 2 )
= ln
1
1
ln|1 3 | ln = ln|1 2 2 | ln[(1 3 )] = ln(1 2 2 )4
4
1
(1 3 ) = (1 2 2 )4 (1 3 )4 = 1 2 2
2 = 1 (1 3 )4
5)
2
=
+1
(3) = 1 .
: 3 3 3 3 || = 15
Solucin
( 2 1)
+1
=
= ( 2 1)
+1
28
1
(1 + ) = ( 2 1)
1
3
(1 + ) = ( 2 1) + ln|| =
+
3
3 + 3 ln|| = 3 3 +
Remplazando las condiciones iniciales (3) = 1
3 + 3 ln|1| = 27 9 + = 15
15 = 3 3 3 3 ln||
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
En los problemas siguientes resuelva la ecuacin diferencial respectiva
por separacin de variables.
(01)
= sin(5)
(03) + 3 = 0
(05)( + 1)
=+6
(07) = 4
(02)
= ( + 1)2
(04) 2 = 0
= 2
(08)
+ 2 = 0
+ 1
(10)
=
(06)
(09)
3
=
2
(11)
2 2
=
1 +
(12)
(13)
= 3+2
(14)
1 + 2
=
sin()
= + 2
(15)(4 + 2 ) (2 + 2 ) = 0
(16)(1 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 ) = 2
(17) 2( + 1) =
(18) 2 2 = ( + 1)
+1 2
(19) ln()
=(
)
(20)
(23)
= 2
(21)
2 + 3 2
=(
)
4 + 5
= ( 70)
(24)
+ = +2
(22)
= ( + 1)2
(30)
(33)
+ 3 3
=
2 + 4 8
(34)
(35)
(36) sec()
+ 2 2
=
3 + 3
+ sin( ) = sin( + )
(37) 1 2 =
(39)(e + e )
29
(38) 4 2 = (4 + 2 )2
= 2
(40)( + )
= +
(42)(1 + 2 ) = (1 + 4 2 ),
(0) = 0
(1) = 0
= 4( 2 + 1)2 ,
(1) = 3
(45)
= 4( 2 + 1),
( ) = 1
(43)
(47) 2 = ,
(1) = 1
+ = ,
(1) = 3
2 1
(46)
=
,
2 1
(2) = 2
(44)
(48) + 2 = 1,
(0) =
5
2
(49)
2 = 9
(50)
= 2
1
()(0, 0)()(0, 3)() ( , 1)
3
1 1
()(0, 1)()(0, 0)() ( , )
2 2
30
(51)
= ( 1)2 ,
(53)
(52)
(0) = 1
(54)
= ( 1)2 ,
(0) = 1,01
= ( 1)2 0,01,
(0) = 1
(55) Cada Libre. Analizamos un modelo para un objeto que cae hacia la
tierra. Si
es
una
constante,
5 y (0) = 10 ,
Si
= 100, = 9,8 2 , =
31
=
,
100
n aos
2.3. ECUACIONES
DIFERENCIALES
ORDINARIAS
REDUCIBLES
VARIABLES SEPARABLES
Estas ecuaciones son de la forma siguiente:
= ( + + )
1
=+
= ( )
= ()
= () + = (() + )
() +
=
Esta ecuacin esta lista para ser resuelta por separacin de variables.
32
En forma de diferencial
= + + donde = + =
1
( )
1
( + + ) ( ) = ()
=
= () = [ + ()]
=
+ ()
EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS
()
= + +
Sea z = 2 + 1
= 2
= 2
Reemplazamos 2
= 2 +
dz
dz
= z z = dx z dz = dx z dz = dx
dx
z = x + C (2x y + 1) = x + C
2x + y 1 = x + C
()
=
+
Sea z = + 2 3
= 1+2
1 1
1 1 2
=
Reemplazamos
=
2 2
2 2
1 2 1
4
4 +
= +
= +1
=
2 2
(4 + 4)
(4 + )
4
=
=
=
4+
4+
4+
4+
= 4 ln(4 + ) = +
4+
+ 2 3 4 ln( + 2 + 1) = +
()
= +
1 2
=2+3
3 3
1 2
Reemplazamos
=
3 3
= 3 + 2
=
3 + 2
Sea z = 2 + 3
= 3 + 2
2
3
]
( 2)2
2
=
= ( 2)
9
9
2 ( 2)
2
2
= = ln +
9
9
9
2
2
ln = ln +
9
9
2
2
(3 + 2) ln(3 + 2) = ln +
9
9
2
2
(32 + 3 + 2) ln(32 + 3 + 2) = ln +
9
9
2 2
2
( 2 + 3 + 2) ln(32 + 3 + 2) = ln +
9 3
9
33
34
()
+
=
+
Solucin:
+ 1
=
1
=1+
1+
=
+ 5
+ 1
+ 1 5
4
=
1
=
=
+ 5
+5
+ 5
=
( + 5) = 4
2
+ 5 = 4 +
2
2 + 10 = 8 + ( )2 + 10( ) + 8 =
( )2 + 10 2 =
35
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
En los problemas siguientes resuelva la ecuacin diferencial respectiva
reduciendo a separacin de variables.
= cos( + )
(02)
= sin2 ( + 1)
+
(03)
=
+ + 2
(09) = Sin( )
(01)
(10) = (8 + 2 + 1)2
(11)
= tan( + )
(12) (2 + 3 1) + (4 + 6 5) = 0
(05) = ( + )2
(13) (6 + 3 5) + (2 + ) = 0
(06) ( + 1) + (2 + 2 3) = 0
(14) (2 ) + (4 2 + 3) = 0
(07) =
+1
+5
(15) = 2 + 3
(08) = sin( )
(16) = ( + 3)2 2( + 3)
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Determinar si las funciones siguientes son Homogneas y diga cual es su
grado
(01) (, ) = 2 4 3
(02) (, ) = 2 tan
(09) (, ) = 5 + 6
36
(03) (, ) = 3 3
(04) (, ) =
(11) (, ) =
2 2
2 + 2
3 2 4 3
(12) (, ) = 3 + 3
(13) (, ) = ln ln
2
(14) (, ) = ( 2 + 2 ) + 4
(07) (, ) =
(15) (, ) = ln ln
(08) (, ) = ( 2 + 2 )2
= (, )
Ser homognea si
(, ) y (, )
= , de donde
= +
y al
37
Ejercicios Resueltos:
2(2x2 + y2)dx - xydy = 0
1) Resolver la ecuacin:
Solucin
de donde = +
Remplazando tenemos:
2(2x2 +u2x2)dx - ux2(udx + xdu) = 0 , de donde
(4x2 + 2u2x2 - u2x2)dx - ux3du = 0 , que es una ecuacin de Variable
Separable de la forma:
x2(4 + u2)dx - x3udu = 0
de donde obtenemos:
du
=
2 + 4
Integrando tenemos:
Ln(x) 1/2Ln( u2 +4) = Ln C, pero u = y/x
De donde, la solucin general es:
X4 = C(4x2 + y2).
2) Resolver:
Solucin
Como la ecuacin diferencial es Homognea, hacemos:
y = ux
de donde
dy = udx + xdu
Remplazando tenemos:
(6x2 - 7u2x2)dx - 14ux2(udx + xdu) = 0 , de donde
(6x2 + 21u2x2)dx - 14ux3du = 0 , que es una ecuacin de Variable
Separable de la cual obtenemos:
14du
= 0
212 + 6
De donde resulta la solucin general siguiente:
2x3 - 7xy2 = C
38
()
( )
= ( ) +
=
=+
sen() +
sen() [ + ] = sen() + +
=
sen()
Sea u =
= + csc()
= csc()
=
csc()
sen() =
cos() = ln +
cos ( ) = ln +
()
= +
=
=+
+
= + 2 1
= 2 1
=
2 1
Sea u =
ln [ + 2 1] = ln + ln
+ 2 1 =
2
+ ( ) 1 = + ( ) 1 =
() ( )
= ( )
Solucin:
Sea =
=
=+
remplazando
() [ +
: = ()
] = ()
= ()
2 ()
= () =
() =
sen = ln +
sen ( ) + = ln = sen( )+
() + 2 ()
= sen( )
()
+
= =
Solucin:
=
=+
3 2 2 2
( + ) + 2 2
=0
3 2
1+
3 2
+
=0
3 2 1
3 2
3 + 2 3 2 + 1
= 2
1
=
3 1
3 2 1
2 2 2
2 + 1
=
=
2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= 2
2
( + 1)
3 2 1
+
= + 2
3 2 1 = ( 2 + 1) + 2 +
2
( + 1) + 1
(2) 3 = + = 4
39
40
=0
(0) 1 =
= 1
1
2
+ 2 2
= 2
+1
ln + 2 ln( 2 + 1) = 2 ln + ln
( 2 + 1)2
ln
= ln 2
2
( 2 + 1)
( 2 + 2 )2
2
3
2
( 2 + 2 )2 =
41
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS:
Resolver las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales Homogneas.
(01)
= + cos(/)
(11)
3 2 2
+
=0
3 2 2
arctan ( )
+
(03)
=
+ + 2
(12) ( 2 + 2 2 )
+ (3 2 2 ) = 0
(04) ln | | = + ln | |
(14) ( 2 3 2 ) + 2 = 0;
=2
(02)
(05) =
2
3 2 2
(06) (6 2 7 2 )
14 = 0
(07) = 2( )
(08) = + 2 /
(09) 2 = 4 2 + 7
+ 2 2
(10)
= +
1
2
(13) (4 2 + 3 + 2 )
+ (4 2 + 3 + 2 ) = 0
(15)
2
=4+ +( ) ,
(2)
(1) = 2
(16) ( 2 3 2 ) + 2 = 0, (0) = 1
(17) (3 2 2 2 ) = 2,
(18)
= / + ,
(0) = 1
(1) = 0
+ cos2 ( )
(19)
=
,
(1) =
4
(20)
2 2
=
; (1) = 2
2 + 2
42
+ +
= (
)
+ +
(1)
+ + = 0
+ + = 0
( + ) + ( + ) +
+ +
+ +
= (
)
= (
)
( + ) + ( + ) +
+ +
+ +
0
2.
+
= (
)
+
Esta ecuacin se resuelve con la sustitucin
= =
=+
()
Solucin:
4 + 6 = 2
=1
2 2 + 3 = 1 {
=1
{
9 6 = 15 {
{
= 1
3 3 2 = 5
= 1
13 = 13
Sea el cambio de variable
{
=+1
=1
=
{
{
=1
=+1
=
Reemplazando se tiene:
2( + 1) + 3( 1) + 1
=
3( + 1) 2( 1) 5
2 + 3
=
3 2
Ahora esta ecuacin es homognea
=
=+
+1
Adems =
1
=
Remplazando
+
2 + 3
2 + 3
=
=
3 2
3 2
2 + 3 3 + 22
2 + 22
=
=
3 2
3 2
=
3
= 2
2
2
2
1+
1+
1+
3 arctan ln|1 + 2 | = 2 ln +
Reemplazando u y z se tiene
3 arctan (
+1
+1 2
) ln |1 + (
) | = 2 ln| 1| +
1
1
43
44
() ( + ) + ( + ) =
Solucin:
2 = 5
2 = 5 {
= 1
= 1
{
4 + 2 = 8 {
{
=2
=2
2 2 = 4
3 = 3
Sea el cambio de variable
{
=1
=+1
=
{
{
=+2
=2
=
Reemplazando se tiene:
( 1) 2( + 2) + 5
=
2( 1) ( + 2) + 4
2
=
2
Ahora esta ecuacin es homognea
=
=+
2
Adems =
+1
=
Reemplazando
+
2
1 2
=
=
1 2 2 + 2
1 4 + 2
=
=
1 2( 2)
=
2
=
2
4 + 1
2 4 + 1
1
ln|2 4 + 1| = ln +
2
1
ln + ln|2 4 + 1| =
2
Reemplazando u y z se tiene
1
2 2
2
ln| + 1| + ln |(
) 4(
) + 1| = +
2
+1
+1
=(
)
()
Solucin:
3 = 5
3 = 5 {
=2
=2
{
3 + 3 = 3 {
{
=
1
=
1
= 1
3
4 = 8
Sea el cambio de variable
{
=+2
=2
=
{
{
=1
=+1
=
Reemplazando se tiene:
( + 2) 3( 1) 5
=[
]
( + 2) + ( 1) 1
3 2
=(
)
+
Ahora esta ecuacin es homognea
=
=+
+1
Adems =
2
=
Remplazando
3 2
(1 3)2
+
=(
)
=
(1 + )2
1 6 + 92 22 3
1 7 + 72 3
=
=
(1 + )2
(1 + )2
( 1)(2 6 + 1)
=
(1 + )2
=
2
2
( 1)( 6 + 1)
( 1)( 6 + 1)
45
46
2 + 2 + 1
+
=
+ 2
2
( 1)( 6 + 1) 1 6 + 1
2 + 2 + 1 = (2 6 + 1) + (2 ) + (
1), Comparamos los grados
1=+
3 = 5 +
{
= 1
{2 = 6 + 1 = {
=2
= 2
1=
4 = 4
2 2
+ 2
= ln +
1
6 + 1
ln| 1| +
2 6
+
4
= ln +
2 6 + 1
2 6 + 1
ln| 1| + ln|2 6 + 1| + 4
= ln +
( 3)2 8
1
3 22
ln| 1| + ln|2 6 + 1| + 4 [
ln |
|]
42 3 + 22
= ln +
ln |
2 6 + 1
1
3 22
|+
ln |
| + ln =
1
2 3 + 22
Remplazando u y z se tiene
+1 2
+1
+1
( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) + 1
3 22
1
ln |
|+
ln | 2
| + ln| 2| =
+1
2 + 1 3 + 22
1
2
2
()
+
=
,
Solucin
+1=0
1=0
2 = 2 = = 1 = = 0
Sabemos que: = + , = +
= + 1 = 1 =
=+0 =
=
+ 1 + 1
+
=
=
+ 1 1
=
=
=
=+
+
1 +
+
=
1
Reemplazando:
(1 )
1 + + 2
1 + 2
=
=
=
2
1
1+
1 2
=
2
2
1+
2 1+
1
arctan ln[1 + 2 ] = ln +
2
2 arctan + = 2 ln + ln[1 + 2 ]
2 arctan + = ln[ 2 (1 + 2 )] 2 (1 + 2 ) = 2 arctan +
2
) ] = 2 arctan[1]+
1
( 1)2 [1 + (
( 1)2 + 2
2 arctan[
]
1
( 1)2 [
]
=
( 1)2
( 1)2 + 2 = 2 arctan[1]
47
48
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
En los problemas siguientes resuelva la ecuacin diferencial reduciendo a
una ecuacin diferencial homognea
(01)
+ + 4
=
6
1 + 1 2
(13)
= (
)
2
+2
(02)
+ + 1
=
+ 1
(14) (2 3 + 4) + 3( 1) = 0,
(03)
2 + 5
=
2 4
(04)
2 + 3 + 1
=
2 + 1
(05) =
cuando (3) = 2
(15) ( 3 + 2) + 3( + 3 4) = 0
2 + 3 + 1
3 2 5
(06) ( 2 + 1) + (2 + + 1) = 0
(07) =
2
2
(16) ( + 2 1) (2 + 5) = 0;
(0) = 2
(17) (2 4) + ( + 3) = 0,
(0) = 3
(18) (2 + 3) + ( + 2) = 0,
(0) = 1
(19) ( + 1) = + 1,
(0) = 1
(08) (4 + 3 7) ( + 1) = 0
(20) ( + 4) (3 4) = 0,
(4) = 1
(09) ( + 2) + ( + 4) = 0
(21) ( + 1) + ( + 2 5) = 0
(10)
2 + 5
=
2 4
(11) ( + + 1) +
(2 + 2 1) = 0
(12) ( 5) ( + 1) = 0
(22)( 2 + 4) + (2 + 2) = 0
(23) ( + + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = 0
(24) (2 + ) (4 + 2 1) = 0
49
(1)
= (, )
= (, )
=
;
= (, ) + (, ) = 0
Entonces
= 0
Luego (, ) = .
(01)
50
= (, ) = (, ) = (, )
(, ) = (, ) + ()
(2)
= (, )
=
[ (, ) + ()]
(, ) =
[ (, ) + ()]
(, ) + () =
EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS:
+ ) =
(,)
(,)
Solucin
Primero veremos si la ecuacin dada es homognea
= 2
= 2
es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= 2 + 3 = (2 + 3 ) = (2 + 3 )
(, ) = 2 +
+ ()
= 2 + ()
4
Luego se tiene:
2 + () = 2 + 2
() = 2 () =
3
3
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 = 2 +
4 3
+
4
3
12 2 + 3 4 + 4 3 = 0
( + ) +
( + ) =
()
(,)
(,)
Solucin
Tenemos que:
= 4 + 2
= 4 + 2
es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
Luego tenemos:
= 2 2 + 2 = (2 2 + 2)
= (2 2 + 2)
(, ) = 2 2 + 2 + ()
= 2 2 + 2 + ()
Luego se tiene:
2 2 + 2 + () = 2 2 + 2
() = 0 () =
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 = 2 2 + 2 +
2 2 + 2 =
51
52
()
Solucin:
( cos ) +
(sen + ) = 0
(,)
(,)
= cos
= cos
es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= cos = ( cos )
= ( cos )
(, ) = sen
2
+ ()
2
Derivando
= sen + ()
Luego se tiene:
sen + () = sen +
() = () =
2
+
2
2 2
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 = sen +
+
2
2
2 sen 2 + 2 =
()
( + ) + ( + ) =
Solucin:
(ln + 2) = 0
( 2 + ) +
(,)
(,)
1
=
1
=
es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= 2 + = ( 2 + )
= ( 2 + )
3
(, ) =
+ ln + ()
3
Derivando
= ln + ()
Luego se tiene:
ln + () = ln + 2
() = 2 () = 2 +
3
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 =
+ ln + 2 +
3
3 + 3 ln + 3 2 =
() ( ) + [ + ( ) ] = ,
= =
Solucin:
(1
)2 + [
2 + 2 (1 )2 ] = 0
(,)
(,)
= 2(1 )3
= 2(1 )2 + 2 2 (1 )3
2
2 2
=
+
(1 )2 (1 )3
2
=
(1 )3
2 2 2 + 2 2
=
(1 )3
2
=
(1 )3
2
=
(1 )3
= (, )
= (, )
Es Exacta
53
54
= (1 )2 = (1 )2
= (1 )2
(, ) =
1
1
+ () (, ) =
+ ()
(1 )
2
Derivando
1 2
=
+ ()
( 2 )2
1 2 + 2 2 2 2
=
+ ()
2 (1 )2
(1 )2 2 2
=
+ ()
2 (1 )2
Luego se tiene:
1
2
2
()
2
2+ 2
+
= +
(1 )2
(1 )2
() = 2 +
1
3 1
()
=
+
2
3
1
3 1
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 =
+
+
(1 ) 3
Usando las condiciones iniciales cuando = 2 = 1
0=
1
1 1
1
5
+ + =2 =
1(1 2) 3 1
3
3
1
3 1 5
0=
+
+
(1 ) 3 3
1
3 1
5
+
=
(1 ) 3
3
55
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS:
En los problemas siguientes resuelva las que son ecuaciones diferenciales
exactas
(01) (2 1) + (3 + 7) = 0
(02) (2 + ) ( + 6) = 0
(15) (2
(03) (5 + 4) + (4 8 3 ) = 0
(04)(2 2 3) + (2 2 + 4) = 0
1
(17) ( ln ) + ( ln ) = 0
(05)
( 3
3 )
+ 3 = 0
(06) (1 + ln + ) = (1 ln )
(07) ( + )( ) + ( 2) = 0
(08)
2
2
2 = 0
(09)
= 2 + 6 2
(10) (5 2) 2 = 0
(11) (1 2 2 2) = 4 3 + 4
1
+ cos 3)
+ 4 3 + 3 sin 3 = 0
(20) (1
3
3
+ ) + (1 + ) = 0
(21) ( 2 3
)
+ 32 = 0
2
1 + 9
(12)
1 1
( + 2 2
) + ( + 2
) = 0
2
+
+ 2
(13)
(4 3 15 2 ) + ( 4 + 3 2 ) = 0
= (4 3 sin2 4 )
3 2 2
)
+ 4 = 0, (1) = 1.
5
(29) ( 2 3 3 2) + (2 3 + ) = 0, (0) = .
56
(30) (
+ 2)
= ( + ), (0) = 1.
2
1+
() (, ) + (sec 2 () cos()) = 0
()
(, ) + (sin() cos() ) = 0
) + (, ) = 0
+
()
( 2 2 +
()
( cos() + ) + (, ) = 0
()
( 4 3 + 2) + (, ) = 0
57
(1)
(01)
(02)
(
Si
)
es continua y slo depende de , entonces se tiene el siguiente factor
integrante
() = () .
(
Si
)
() =
)
es continua y slo depende de , entonces se tiene el siguiente factor
integrante
)
() =
() = () .
58
(03)
EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS
= 2 (, ) = 2 ( ) = 2 3
= 2 3 2
() =
() =
2 (2 3 2 ) 2 + 2 2 2( )
= 2
= 2
2 ( )
( )
( )
2
1
= 2 = 2 ln = 2
1
) + ( ) = 0
2
1
(, ) = 2
= 1 (, ) =
= 1
1
1
= 2 = ( 2 )
1
(, ) = + ()
2
= + () = + () = ()
2
= ()
= +
()
(,)
2
2
) =
+ (
(,)
Solucin
=1
=2
No es exacta
1
Hallamos el factor Integrante: () =
=
(, )
() =
= ln () =
2 ) = 0
2 + (2
(,)
= 2
(,)
= 2
Es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= 2 = ( 2 ) = ( 2 )
(, ) = 2 + ()
Luego se tiene:
= 2 + ()
2 + () = 2 2
() = 2 () = 2
=
{
= 2
=
=
2 }
2
59
60
() = {
2
2
2 2
+
} () =
+
+
2
2
2
4
2 2
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 = +
+
+
2
4
4 2 + 22 + 2 =
2
()
+ ) =
+ (
(,)
(,)
Solucin
Primero probamos que:
= 2
= 3
No es exacta
= ln () =
Multiplicamos por el factor integrante:
3 + (3
2 2 )
(,)
=0
= 3 2 =
= 3 2
Es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= 3 = ( 3 ) = ( 3 )
(, ) = 3 + ()
Luego se tiene:
= 3 2 + ()
3 2 + () = 3 2 2
() = 2 () = ( + 2 ) ()
=
2 3
+
2
3
(,)
Ahora reemplazamos en (, ) 0 = 3
2 3
+
2
3
= 6 3 3 2 2 3
() (
) + (
+ ) =
(,)
(,)
Solucin
Vemos que:
= 2 cos 1
=1
o es exacta
2( cos 1)
1 (2 cos 1)
() =
=
=
()
(, )
( cos 1)
( cos 1)
=
() =
= 2 ln () =
1
2
(cos ) + ( 2 + 1) = 0
(,)
1
= 2
(,)
1
= 2
Es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
1
1
1
= cos = (cos ) = (cos )
(, ) = sen
+ ()
= 2 + ()
Luego se tiene:
()
+
=
+ 1 () = 1 () = +
2
2
Ahora reemplazamos en (, )
61
62
++
sen
+ =
() (
( + ) =
+ ) +
(,)
(,)
Solucin
Vemos que:
= 3 2 + 2
o es exacta
3 2 + 2 3 2 +
() =
=
=
() = 1
(, )
+ 3 2
+ 3 2
() = = () =
Multiplicamos por el factor integrante:
( 3 + 22 ) +
(2 + 3 2 ) = 0
(,)
= 3 2 + 22
(,)
= 22 + 3 2
Es exacta
= (, )
= (, )
= 3 + 22 = ( 3 + 22 )
= ( 3 + 22 )
(, ) = 3 + 2 + ()
= 3 2 + 2 + ()
Luego se tiene:
3 2 + 2 + () = 2 + 3 2 () = 0 () =
Ahora reemplazamos en (, )
0 = 3 + 2 +
3 + 2 =
63
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
En
los
que
son
ecuaciones
(8) (3 2 + 4) + (3 2 2 + 2) = 0
(10) ( 3 + 4 ) + (2 + 3 2 ) = 0
(11) ( 2 + 2 ) + 3 = 0
(5) (y 2 + 2xy)dx x 2 dy = 0
(12) (4 2 + 2 2 ) = 0
(13) (2 2 ) + = 0
(7) (2 2 2) + (3 2 y 4) = 0
(14) (2 3 + 2 2 ) + (3 2 + 2) = 0
+ 2 () = ()
(1)
+ () = ()
(2)
2 ()
1 ()
() =
()
1 ()
()
+ ()()
= ()()
()
(())
Luego:
(()) = ()()
64
1
()() +
()
= ()()
= ()
()
= ()
()
ln[()] = () () = ()
EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS
Resolver las ecuaciones diferenciales Lineales
()
Solucin:
Como vemos que la ecuacin diferencial es Lineal en y e x.
2
= 2 sen 3
La solucin general es:
2
2 2
=
[
sen 3 + ]
= 2 ln [ 2 ln 2 sen 3 + ]
= 2 [ sen 3 + ]
= 2 [
65
cos 3
2 cos 3
+ ] =
+ 2
3
3
+
2 cos 3
= 2
3
2
() =
= 2 ln () = 2
Multiplicamos a todo por
[ 2 ]
2 2
2
+ 2 = 10
= 10 2 2
[ 2 ] = 10 2 2
Integrando por partes forma especial
2 = 10 [
2 2 2 2
+ ]
2
2
4
+
2
2
2
() =
52 5
2
2
(5
5
+ )
2
2
2
66
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Resolver las ecuaciones diferenciales Lineales siguientes
(1)
(2)
(3)
= 3
= + 2 + 1
+ tan = sec
(9) ( + + 1) = 0
= 2 4 4
(11)
+ 2 = 5 3
(10)
+ 2 = 3
( 2 + 1)
+ =
( 2 + 1)
= 2 + 2 1 4
= : (1) = 1
cos()
+ sin = 2 cos2 :
+ 3 + 2 2 = 3 + 4
4
+ 4 = 0, (0) =
3
+ 3 2 = ,
(2) = 0
3
+
+ 2 = 3, (1) = 1
(4)
(12)
(5)
(13)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(14)
(15)
152 2
( ) =
2
32
(16) Halla la solucin continua de la ecuacin diferencial:
donde () = {
; 0 < 1
; con (0) = 2
0,
1
+ 2 = ()
+ 2
= ()
donde () = {
; 0 < 1
; con (0) = 0
,
1
(18) (6 2)
+ 2 = 0
(19) + 2 sin(2) =
cos
(20)
=
con (5) = 2
(24)
(23) ( + 2)2
67
= 5 8 4
2
=
ecuacin diferencial. y
()
+2
= ()
()
68
+ () = ()
(1)
+ ()1 = ()
Damos
= (1 )
ecuacin por
(1 ) quedando:
(1 )
+ (1 )() 1 = (1 )()
4 Reemplazamos:
+ (1 )() = (1 )()
69
EJERCICIOS RESUELTOS
Resolver las ecuaciones diferenciales:
()
+
=
:
+ () = ()
Solucin
La ecuacin lo escribimos como:
1
1
2
2
+ = 2 sec 2 2
+ = 2 sec 2 2
1
2 .
1
1
2 1
1 1
2 = 2 sec 2 = 2
= 2
1
2
1 1 1 1
1
2
+ 2 = sec 2 reemplazando:
+ = sec 2
2
Que es una ecuacin diferencial Lineal, cuya solucin es:
=
[ sec 2 + ]
= ln [ ln sec 2 + ]
1
2 =
1
=
[ sec 2 + ] = [
= sec 2
=
]+
= tan
()
+ () = ()
Solucin
Procedemos del mismo modo del ejemplo anterior
1
1
4
4 1
= 2 2
2 =
1
= 2
1 1
1
= 2
2
1 1 2 1
2
2 = reemplazando:
=
2
2
2
70
1
2
[ + ] = 2 ln [ 2 ln + ]
2
2
2 = 2 [ 2 + ] = 2 [
+ ] = 2 [ln + ]
= 2 [ln + ]
()
=
+
: = +
Solucin:
4 + 2 = 4 3
= 4
1 4
4 3
=
= 4 3
= = [ + ]
= ln [ ln + ] = [ + ]
Remplazando
4 = [ + ] 4 = 2 +
()
+
=
+
: 12( + 1)2 3 = 3 4 + 8 3 + 6 2 +
Solucin:
2
+
3 = = 3
+ 1
= 3 2
2
2
2
+
= = +1 [ +1 + ]
+ 1
3 2
= 2 ln|+1| [ 2 ln|+1| + ]
3 = ( + 1)2 [( + 1)2 + ]
3 =
1
[( 3 + 2 2 + ) + ]
( + 1)2
( + 1)2 3 =
4 2 3 2
+
+ +
4
3
2
12( + 1)2 3 = 3 4 + 8 3 + 6 2 +
()
= +
Solucin:
+ () = ()
ln
1 1
= 2
ln = 2
Tiene la forma:
Sea = ln
1
=
1 1
1
ln = 2 reemplazando:
= 2
=
(2) + ]
[
= ln [2 ln + ]
ln = [ + ] ln = [ + ]
ln = 2 +
() =
Solucin:
Tiene la forma:
+ () = ()
3
= 4
Sea =
=
3
2
= 4 reemplazando:
= 4
2
2
(4) + ]
=
[
71
72
= 2 ln [4 2 ln + ]
1
= 2 [4 + ]
= 2 [4 ln + ] = 4 2 ln + 2
= 4 2 ln + 2 = 4 2 ln + 2
= 4 2 ln + 2
={
}+ +
4 3
3
2
= 4 =
3
= ln
4 3
4
3
2
= ln + +
3
3
3
4 3
4 3
3
= ln + +
3
9
3
EJERCICIOS POROPUESTOS
En los problemas siguientes resuelva las que son ecuaciones diferenciales de
Bernoulli
(1)
1
+
= 5( 2)
2
3
+ = 2 4 4
(3)
+ = 2 ln
(4) 2
2 + = 0
(5) = 5 2 5 +
2
(2) 3
(6) + 2 = cos
(7) y 3
2
+ 4 =
(8) ( 2 + 2 + 1) + = 0
(9)
+ =
(10)
= 2 2 ( 2 2 )
(11) (4 2 + 2 ) + 4 = 0
(12)
+ 3 + 2 2 = 3 + 4
(13) 2 3 = ( 2 + 3 2 )
+
= 2
+ 1
1
2
(15)
= 2
(14) 3
(16) ( 2 + 1)
= + 2 2
73
(1) 3 2
3
+
8( + 1) = 0;
+ 1
(6) 2 + (1 + ) 2 = ,
(1) =
(0) = 0
(2) ( 4 2) + 3 2 = 0; (2)
=1
(3) 2 = 2 2 3 ; (1) = 2
(4) 4 =
1
2 2 ;
(7)
+
= 3 ; (1) = 2
2
1
(8) 2 = 4 3 2 ; (1) = 0
(9) 2 = ( 2 4 + ); (1) = 1
(0) = 2
1
(5) + = 2 2 ln ; (1) =
2