U

General
Knowledge
For All Competitive Examinations


U U
U m, U U

U U UU
U U UU -wv, UU
z~, U - wvxv (U..)
SU wv{
` vz/z

S U U U U
U U , ,
U U U

U U U
U U M U
, UU, , UZU
SU, U, , U U
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U UU
U U

lkekU; Kku



Hkkjrh; bfrgkl --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1&108



izkphu Hkkjr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1&108
fo'o ,oa Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109&200

fo'o dk HkkSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd Hkwxksy--------------------------------------------------------------------------------109&111

lkS j e.My-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------111&117

i`Foh dh vkfr rFkk lajpuk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------117&120

v{kka'k ,oa ns'kkUrj----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120&121

pV~Vku----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11&24

iBkj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124&125

>hy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 126&127

Tokykeq [ kh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------127&128

ok;q e .My------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------128&130

lw ; Z r ki------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 130&130

ok;qnkc rFkk iou------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------131&133

izeq[k LFkkuh; iousa------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133&134

vknZzrk vkSj o"kkZ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134&135

ckny vkSj o"kZ.k------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------135&136

egklkxjh; /kjk,a------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------137&137

tye.My------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 138&144

tSoe.My vkSj ifjfLFkfrdh--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------144&148

fo'o ds egk}hi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------148&157

fo'o ds fofo/ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rF;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------157&162

Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy
163&&164

Hkw & vkfr -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------164&174

Hkkjrh; tyok;q ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 174&175

fefV~V;k-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------175&177

izkfrd ouLifr------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------177&178

oU; tho---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------178&185

Hkkjr esa f"k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------185&187

Hkkjr dh [kfut lEink---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------187&189

Hkkjr ds ize[q k m|ksx-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------189&195

ifjogu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 195&200
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201&260

lao/S kfud fodkl % laf{kIr :ijs[kk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------201&204

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k--------------------------------------------------------------------------------204&205

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds izeq[k lzksr-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------205&206
3
























Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh msf'kdk----------------------------------------------------------------------------206&207

207&207
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh fo'ks"krk,a---------------------------------------------------------------------------Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk % izkfIr ,oa vUr----------------------------------------------------------------------------208&209
ekSfyd vf/dkj--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------209&213
ekS f yd drZ O ; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 213&214
jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rRo----------------------------------------------------------------------------214&215
la ? kh; dk;Z i kfydk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215&223
la ? kh; la l n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 224&230
loks Z P p U;k;ky; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------230&232
jkT; ljdkj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232&237
mPp U;k;ky; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------237&240
v/huLFk U;k;ky;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------240&241
Hkkjr dh lao/S kfud laL------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fkk,--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------241&242
lafo/kuskj vf/dj.k
243&245
bZ&xousZal (bZ&iz'kklu)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------245&246
fuokZpu vk;ksx ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------246&250
iapk;rh jkt -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------250&254
jktHkk"kk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 254&255
vkikr micU/----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255&256
256&256
vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------la'kks/u dh izf;k-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 256&260
lafo/ku dh vuqlwfp;k -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------260&260
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------261&304

ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------268&270

fu/Zurk ,oa csjkstxkjh----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------270&275

f"k {ks=k-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------275&277

m|ks x ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 277&282

jk"V h ; vk; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------282&285

eqnzk ,oa cSafdax-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------285&293

ctV% vrhr ls orZeku rd-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------293&296

tux.kuk 2011--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------296&304
lkekU; foKku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------305&416

HkkS f rd foKku --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 305&341

jlk;u foKku -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 341&372

tho foKku ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------373&411

dEI;w V j ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 411&416
fofo/ lkekU; Kku----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------417&477

vUrjkZ"Vh; laxBu--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------417&425

fo'o esa izFke------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------425&427

Hkkjr esa izFke ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------427&431

varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfrd rF; ,oa izrhd---------------------------------------------------------------------------432&433

jk"Vh; izrhd ,oa fofo/ rF;-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------433&436

dyk laLfr---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------436&439

iqjLdkj&lEeku----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------441&449

[ksydwn-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------449&458

fofHkUu [ksyksa ls lacfa /r di ,oa VkfiQ;k------------------------------------------------------------------------------459&460

foKku ,oa iz k S | ks f xdh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 460&477
4

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
izkphu Hkkjr
lkfgfR;d lk{;

bfrgkl ds ksr

lkfgfR;d lk{; ds varxZr lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa ls izkIr lkefxz;ksa dk v;;u fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gSakked lkfgR; ,oa ykSfdd lkfgR;A

kked lkfgR;

kked lkfgR; ds varxZr czk.k rFkk czk.kskj xzaFkksa dh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA
czk.k xzaFkksa ds varxZr osn] mifu"kn~] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] iqjk.k rFkk Le`fr xazFk vkrs gSA
czk.kskj lkfgR; ds varxZr ckS rFkk tSu lkfgR; ls lacafkr jpukvksa dk mYys[k
fd;k tkrk gSA
osn% ;g Hkkjr dk loZizkphu keZ xzaFk gS ftlds ladyudrkZ eg"k ".kk}Sik;u osnO;kl
dks ekuk tkrk gSA
osnksa dh la[;k pkj gSXosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn rFkk vFkoZosnA bu pkjksa osnksa dks lafgrk
dgk tkrk gSA
pkjksa osnksa esa lokZfkd izkphu Xosn esa 10 e.My] 8 v"Vd] 10]600 ea=k ,oa 1028
lwDr gSaA
Xosn dk jpuk dky lkekU;r% 1500 bZiw ls 1000 bZiw ds chp ekuk tkrk gSA
Xosn dk nwljk ,oa lkroka e.My lokZfkd izkphu rFkk igyk ,oa nloka e.My lcls
ckn dk gSA
Xosn ds ukSosa e.My dks lkse eaMy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Xosn dh ekU; 5 'kk[kk, gSa'kkdy] vk'oyk;u] ek.MwD;] 'ka[kk;u ,oa ok"dyA
Xosn ds 10osa e.My ds iq#"klqDr esa loZizFke o.kZ O;oLFkk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA
izfl xk;=kh ea=k (lkfo=kh) dk mYys[k Xosn esa feyrk gSA
lkeosn dks Hkkjrh; laxhr dk ewy dgk tkrk gSA blesa eq[;r% ;Kksa ds volj ij xk;s
tkus okys ea=kksa dk laxzg gSA lkeosn esa dqy 1549 pk;sa gSaA buesa ek=k 78 gh u;h gSa]
'ks"k Xosn ls yh x;h gSa
bl osn dh rhu eq[; 'kk[kk, gSatSfeuh;] jk.kk;uh; rFkk dkSFkqeA
;tqosZn esa ;Kksa ds fu;eksa ,oa fofk&fokkuksa dk ladyu feyrk gSA ;g ,dek=k ,slk osn
gS tks i| ,oa x| nksuksa gh Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k gSA
bl osn ds nks Hkkx gSa".k ;tqosZn vkSj 'kqDy ;tqosZnA
".k ;tqosZn dh pkj 'kk[kk, gSarSfkjh;] dkBd] dfi"By] eS=kk;.khA
'kqDy ;tqosZn dh izkku 'kk[kk, ek;fUnu rFkk dk.o gSaA
'kqDy ;tqosZn ds laafgrkvksa ds jpf;rk otlus;h ds iq=k ;kKoYD; gSa] blfy, bls

vej mtkyk ifCyosG'kUl

lkekU; Kku
oklus;h lafgrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa
oSfnd iqjksfgr
dsoy ea=kksa dk lekos'k gSA
iq j ks f gr
os n
vFkoZosn esa lkekU; euq";ksa ds fopkjksa
rFkk vakfo'olksa dk fooj.k feyrk gS] gksr`
Xosn ds iqjksfgr
blesa dqy 20 e.My] 731pk,a rFkk
mn~xkrk
lkeosn ds iqjksfgr
5987 ea=k gSaA
vFkoZons esa ijhf{kr dks dq#vksa dk jktk vo;qZ
;tqosZn ds iqjksfgr
dgk x;k gSA
vFkoZosn ds iqjksfgr
mifu"kn~% bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS lehi czk
cSBukA blesa vkRek&ijekRek ,oa lalkj
ds lUnHkZ eas izpfyr nk'kZfud fopkjksa dk laxzg gSA
mifu"kn~ osnksa dk vafre Hkkx gSA bls osnkUr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
mifu"kn~ksa dh dqy la[;k 108 gSaA
izeq[k mifu"kn~ gSabZ'k] dB] dsu] eq.Md] ek.MqD;] iz'u] ,srjs;] rSfkjh;] NkUnksX;]
o`gnkj.;d] 'osrk'oj] dkSf"krdh ,oa eS=kk;.khA
izfl jk"Vh; okD; ^lR;eso t;rs* eq.Mdksifu"kn~ ls fy;k x;k gSA
vkj.;d% ;g czk.k xzaFkksa dk vafre Hkkx gS ftlesa nk'kZfud ,oa jgL;kRed fo"k;ksa
dk o.kZu gSA budh jpuk ouksa esa i<+k;s tkus ds fufek dh x;hA
izeq[k vkj.;d gS,srjs;] 'ka[kk;u] rSfkjh;] o`gnkj.;d] tSfeuh] NkUnksX;A
osnkax% osnksa dks Hkyh Hkkfr le>us ds fy, N% osnkaxksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gsA ;s osnksa ds
'kq mPpkj.k rFkk ;Kkfn djus eas lgk;d FksA
iqjk.k% iqjk.kksa ds jpf;rk ykseg"kZ vFkok muds iq=k mxzJok dks ekuk tkrk gSA
iqjk.kksa dh la[;k 18 gSA vfkdka'k iqjk.kksa dh jpuk rhljh pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZLoh esa dh xbZ FkhA
jkek;.k% ;g vkfn dkO; gS ftldh jpuk nwljh 'krkCnh ds yxHkx laLr Hkk"kk esa
ckYehfd }kjk dh xbZ FkhA izkjEHk esa blesa 6000 'yksd Fks tks dkykarj esa 24]000 gks x,A
bls prqo'kfr lkgL=kh lafgrk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
egkHkkjr% bl egkdkO; dh jpuk pkSFkh 'krkCnh ds yxHkx eg"k O;kl }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
izkjaHk esa blesa 8]800 'yksd Fks ftls t;lafgrk dgk tkrk Fkk] rRi'pkr~ blesa 'yksdksa dh
la[;k 24]000 gks xbZ vkSj bls Hkkjr dgk tkus yxkA dkykarj esa blesa 'yksdksa dh la[;k
,d yk[k gks tkus ij egkHkkjr
dYi lw=k ds izdkj
;k 'krlkgL=kh lafgrk dgk tkus
yxkA
lw=k
fo'ks " krk
egkHkkjr dk izkjafHkd mYys[k
vk'oyk;u x`glw=k esa feyrk gSA Jksr lw=k ;K lacakh fu;eksa dk mYys[k
lw=k% bl lkfgR; dh jpuk bZ x`g lw=k
euq " ;ks a ds ykS f dd rFkk
iwoZ NBh 'krkCnh ds vkl&ikl
ikjykSfdd dkZO;ksa ls lacafkr
dh xbZ FkhA lw=k xzFa kksa dks dYi
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
keZ lw=k lkekftd] kked ,oa jktuhfrd
dYi lw=k% ,sls lw=k ftuesa fu;eksa
dkZO;ksa dk mYys[k
,oa fofk dk izfriknu fd;k tkrk
gS] dYilw=k dgykrs gSAa
'kqYo lw=k cfy osnksa vkSj vfXu osnh dk
"kM~n'kZu% mifu"knksa ds n'kZu dks
mYys[k
Hkkjrh; us N% Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr
6

lkekU; Kku
vej mtkyk ifCyosG'kUl
fd;k gS ftls "kM~n'kZu dgk tkrk gSA blesa vkRek] ijekRek] thou vkSj e`R;q ls lacfa kr
nk'kZfudrk dk o.kZu gSA
Le`fr;k% osnkax vkSj lw=kksa ds ckn Le`fr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA bls keZ 'kkL=k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
euqLe`fr ds Hkk";dkj e'k% gSes?kkfrfFk] Hkk#fp] dqYywd HkV~V rFkk xksafon jk;A
;kKoYD; Le`fr ds Hkk";dkj e'k% gSavijkdZ] fo'o:i ,oa foKkus'ojA
ykSfdd lkfgR;
ykSfdd lkfgR; ds varxZr ,sfrgkfld ,oa vZ&,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa rFkk thofu;ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftuls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl tkuus esa dkiQh enn feyrh gSA
dkS f VY; (pk.kD;) jfpr
Le`fr;k ,oa muds o"kZ
vFkZ'kkL=k ls ekS;d
Z kyhu bfrgkl
,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh
Le`fr;k
o"kZ
izkIr gksrh gSA
200200 bZiw
,sfrgkfld jpukvksa esa lokZfkd euqLe`fr
ego d'ehjh dfo dYg.k ;kKoYD; Le`fr
100300 bZiw
}kjk fojfpr jktrjafx.kh dk gSA
300400 bZiw
vZ&,sfrgkfld jpukvksa esa ukjn Le`fr
ikf.kuh dh v"Vk;k;h]
300500 bZiw
d k R ; k ; u d k o k r d k ] ijk'kj Le`fr
xkxhZ l a f grk] ira t fy dk c`gLifr Le`fr
300500 bZiw
egkHkk";] fo'kk[knk dk
eqnzkjk{kl rFkk dkfynklr dkY;k;u Le`fr
300600 bZiw
ekyfodkfXufe=k vkfn fo'ks"k
:i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
xkxhZlafgrk ;|fi ,d T;ksfr"k xzaFk gS rFkkfi blesa Hkkjr ij gksus okys ;ou vke.k dk
mYys[k feyrk gSA
,sfrgkfld thofu;ksa esa v'o?kks"k ds cqpfjr] ok.kHkV~V dk g"kZpfjr] okDifr dk
xkSM+ogks] foYg.k dk foekadnsopfjr] in~exqIr dk uolkg'kkadpfjr] t;kudr
i`Fohjkt fot; bR;kfn mYys[kuh; gSA

fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ds fooj.k

fons'kh ;kf=k;ksa ds fooj.k lkfgfR;d lk{; ds varxZr vkrs gSaA buds fooj.k ls rRdkyhu
lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd voLFkk dk irk pyrk gSA
fonsf'k;ksa ds fooj.k dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS(i) ;wuku vkSj jkse ds ys[kdksa dk
fooj.k (ii) phuh ;kf=k;ksa ds o`kkar ,oa (iii) vjc ;kf=k;ksa ds o`kkarA

;wuku ,oa jkse ds ys[kdksa dk fooj.k

gsjksMksV~l% bls bfrgkl dk firk dgk tkrk gSA blus viuh iqLrd fgLVhfjdk esa ikpoh
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds Hkkjr iQkjl ds lacak dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
esxkLFkuht% ;g lsY;wdl fudsVj dk jktnwr Fkk tks pUnzxqIr ekS;z ds njckj esa vk;k
FkkA blus ^bf.Mdk* uked vius xzFa k esa ekS;;Z xq hu lekt ,oa laLfr ds fo"k; esa fy[kk gSA
Mkbesdl% ;g lhfj;u ujs'k ,fUV;ksdl izFke dk jktnwr Fkk tks fcUnqlkj ds njckj esa
vk;k FkkA
Mk;ksfufl;l% ;g fe ujs'k VkWyeh f}rh; fiQysMsYiQl dk jktnwr Fkk tks v'kksd ds
njckj esa vk;k FkkA
7

vej mtkyk ifCyosG'kUl

lkekU; Kku
VkWyeh% blus nwljh 'krkCnh bZ ds yxHkx (150 bZ)^Hkwxksy* uked xzFa k dh jpuk dh FkhA
fIyuh% blus ^uspqjy fgLVksfjdk* uked xzaFk dh jpuk izFke 'krkCnh bZLoh ds yxHkx
dh FkhA blesa Hkkjrh; i'kqvksa] isM+&ikSkksa] [kfut inkFkks bR;kfn dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA

phuh ;kf=k;ksa dk o`kkar

phuh ;k=kh iQkku] laqx;qu] sulkax rFkk bRlx ds fooj.k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iquuekZ.k
esa fo'ks"k mi;ksxh jgs gSaA
iQkku% ;g xqIr ujs'k pUnzxqIr foekfnR; (375&415 bZ) ds njckj esa Hkkjr vk;k
FkkA blus vius fooj.k esa e;ns'k ds lekt ,oa laLfr dk o.kZu fd;k gS ftlesa e;
ns'k dh turk dks ^lw[kh ,oa le`* crk;k gSA
laqx;qu% ;g 518 bZ esa Hkkjr vk;k FkkA blus vius rhu o"kks dh ;k=kk esa ckS xzaFkksa dh
izfr;k ,df=kr dhA
sulkax% bls ;qokuOpkax ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g g"kZoZu ds le; 629 bZ ds
yxHkx Hkkjr vk;k Fkk tks ;gk 16 o"kks rd jgkA
sulkax dk ;k=kk o`Urkar ^fl&;w&dh* uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ftlesa 138 ns'kksa dk fooj.k
feyrk gSA
sulkax dh thouh hyh us fy[kh FkhA ;g sulkax dk fe=k FkkA
bRlx% ;g lkroha 'krkCnh ds var esa Hkkjr vk;k FkkA blus vius fooj.k esa ukyUnk fo'ofo|ky;]
foe'khyk fo'ofo|ky; rFkk vius le; ds Hkkjrh; n'kkvksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA

vjc ;kf=k;ksa ds o`kkar

vjch ys[kdksa esa vyc:uh] vy fcyknqjh] lqyseku] vy elwnh] glu futke] iQfj'rk]
futkeqhu bR;kfn eqlyeku ys[kd gS ftudh fr;ksa ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl fo"k;d egoiw.kZ
tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
vyc:uh% bldk iwjk uke vcwjsgku eqgEen bCn vgen vyc:uh FkkA bldk tUe
973 bZ esa [okfjTe ([khok) esa gqvk FkkA
;g egewn xtuch ds lkFk Hkkjr vk;k FkkA ;g vjch iQkjlh ,oa laLr Hkk"kkvksa dk
vPNk Kkrk FkkA
bCu[kqnkZo% blus uoha 'krh ds xazFk ^fdycqy&elkfyd oy eekfyd* esa Hkkjrh;
lekt rFkk O;kikfjd ekxks dk fooj.k fn;k gSA
vyelwnh% blus vius xzaFk ^eq:jt tgc* esa rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dk ltho
fp=k.k fd;k gSA
lqyseku% blds fooj.k ls izfrgkj ,oa iky jktkvksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA
ehj eqgEen elwe ds rkjh[k&,&fgUn ls flUk ns'k ds bfrgkl rFkk eqgEen fcu
dkfle dh liQyrkvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA

iqjkro lacakh lk{;

iqjkrRo ds varxZr rhu izdkj ds lk{; vkrs gSavfHkys[k_ eqnzk ,oa LekjdA
vfHkys [ k
vfHkys[k ik"kk.k f'kykvksa] LraHkksa] nhokjksa] eqnzkvksa ,oa rkezi=kksa ij [kqns tkrs FksA
vfHkys[kksa ds v;;u dk iqjkys[k 'kkL=k dgrs gSA
lcls izkphu ds vfHkys[k e; ,f'k;k ds cksxtdksbZ ls izkIr vfHkys[k gSA ftlesa fgrh
ujs'k lfIyqY;qek rFkk fer=kh ujs'k efroktk ds chp lafk dk mYys[k gSA
8

lkekU; Kku
vej mtkyk ifCyosG'kUl
cksxtdksbZ vfHkys[k (,f'k;k ekbuj) yxHkx 1400 bZiw dk vfHkys[k gS ftlesa oSfnd
nsork bUnz] fe=k] o#.k ,oa uklR; ds uke feyrs gSaA
egoiw.kZ vfHkys[k
vfHkys [ k
oa'k
'kkld
gkFkh xqEiQk vfHkys[k
[kkjosy
dyx ujs'k
(frfFk jfgr vfHkys[k)
twukx<+ (fxjukj) vfHkys[k
;ou
#nznkeu
ukfld vfHkys[k
lkrokgu
xkSreh cyJh
iz;kx LrEHk ys[k
xqIr
leqnzxqIr
,sgksy vfHkys[k
pkyqD;
iqydsf'kuII
eUnlkSj vfHkys[k
ekyok
;'kksoeZu
Xokfy;j vfHkys[k
izfrgkj
Hkkst
fHkrjh ,oa twukx<+ vfHkys[k
xqIr
LdUnxqIr
nsoikM+k vfHkys[k
lsuoa'k
fot;lsu
Hkkxor keZ fodflr gksus dk izek.k ;ou jktnwr ^gksfy;ksMksjl* ds osluxj (fofn'kk)
x#M+ LrEHk ys[k ls izkIr gksrk gSA
loZizFke ^Hkkjr o"kZ* dk mYys[k dyx ujs'k [kkjosy ds gkFkh xqEiQk vfHkys[k ls izkIr
gksrk gSA
loZizFke nqfHkZ{k dh tkudkjh nsus okyk vfHkys[k lkSgxkSjk vfHkys[k gSA
loZizFke Hkkjr ij gksus okys gw.k vke.k dh tkudkjh LdanxqIr ds Hkhrjh LraHk ys[k
ls izkIr gksrh gSA
lrh izFkk dk igyk lk{; 510 bZ ds ,j.k vfHkys[k (lsukifr Hkkuw xqIr) ls izkIr gksrh gSA
js'ke cqudj dh Jsf.k;ksa dh tkudkjh eanlkSj vfHkys[k ls izkIr gksrh gSA

eq k

;|fi Hkkjr esa flDdksa dh izkfIr vkBoha 'krkCnh bZiw ls gh feyrh gS rFkkfi bZlk iw
NBh 'krkCnh ls fu;fer flDds feyus ls izkIr gks tkrh gSA
izkphure flDdksa dks vkgr flDds (Punch Marked Coins) dgk tkrk gS] lkfgfR;d
xzaFkksa eas bUgsa dk"kkZi.k] iqjk.k] kj.k] 'kreku vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
vkgr flDds vfkdka'kr% pkanh ds VqdM+s gSa ftu ij fofok vkfr;k vafdr dh xbZ gSaA
flDdksa ij ys[k fy[kokus dk dk;Z loZizFke ;ou 'kkldksa us fd;kA
izkphu Hkkjr ds x.kjkT;ksa dks vfLrRo eqnzkvksa ls gh izekf.kr gksrk gSA
dfu"d ds flDdksa ls gesa mlds ckS keZ ds vuq;k;h gksus dk irk pyrk gSA
loZizFke flDdksa ij ys[k fy[kus dk dk;Z ;ou 'kkldksa us fd;kA

izkxSfrgkfld dky

ftl dky ds bfrgkl dk fyf[kr fooj.k ugha feyrk gS] og dky izkxSfrgkfld dky
dgykrk gS] tSlsik"k.k dkyhu bfrgklA
ftl dky ds fyf[kr fooj.k rks feyrs gSa ysfdu mldk vFkZ Li"V ugha gks ldk gS] og
dky vk| ,sfrgkfld dky dgykrk gS] tSlsflUkq lH;rk rFkk oSfnd lH;rkA
ftl dky ds fyf[kr lk{; dk Li"V fooj.k izkIr gksrk gS og dky ,sfrgkfld dky
dgykrk gS] tSlsegktuinksa ds ckn dk dky (NBh lnh bZiw ls)A
9

vej mtkyk ifCyosG'kUl

lkekU; Kku
izkxSfrgkfld dky dks lkekU;r% rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSiqjkik"kk.kd dky] e;
ik"kk.kdky rFkk uo ;k mkj iqjkik"kk.k dkyA
iqjkik"kk.k dky (5]00]00010]000 bZiw)
loZizFke ik"kk.kdkyhu lH;rk rFkk laLfr dk vUos"k.k czwl qV egksn; us 1863 bZ esa
fd;kA
iqjkik"kk.k dky dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS (i) fuEu iqjkik"kk.k dky (ii) e;
iqjkik"kk.k dky rFkk (iii) mPp iqjkik"kk.k dkyA
fuEu iqjkik"kk.k ;qx ds LFky orZeku ikfdLrku ds lksgu ?kkVh ,oa egkjk"V esa ik, x, gSAa
bl dky ds y{k.k FksdqYgkM+h ;k gLr&dqBkj (gSaM ,Dl)] fonkfj.kh (Dyhoj) vksj
[kaMd (xaMklk) ds iz;ksxA
Hkkjr esa lcls iqjkuk gLrdqBkj lksgu ?kkVh ls izkIr gqvk gSA
yksgnk ukyk (osyu ?kkVh] mkj izns'k) ls i'kq dh gM~Mh ls cuh ewr izkIr gqbZ gSA
gFkukSjk (e; izns'k) ls gkFkh dk lcls iqjkuk thok'e feyk gSA
e; iqjkik"kk.k ;qx ds vkStkj eq[;r% 'kYd (Flake) ds FksA vr% bl laLfr dks
iQyd laLfr dh laKk nh xbZ gSA
[kqjpuh] iQyd] oskuh] oskd rFkk r{k.kh bl laLfr ds izkku midj.k FksA
iqjkik"kk.k dky esa vkx dk vkfo"dkj gqvk tcfd uoik"kk.k dky esa ifg, dk fodkl
gqvkA
bl dky ds ekuoksa dh xqiQk,a HkhecsVdk ls feyh gS ftuesa fofHkUu dkyksa dh fp=kdkjh
ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
mPp iqjkik"kk.k dkyhu fp=kksa esa HkSals] gkFkh] ck?k] xSaMs rFkk lwvj ds fp=k izeq[k gSaA
HkhecsVdk xqiQk dh [kkst 1958 esa ch,l okd.kdj us dh FkhA
e; ik"kk.k dky (10]0004]000 bZiw)
;g dky iqjk ik"kk.kdky rFkk uoik"kk.k dky nksuksa dh lfEefJr fof'k"Vrkvksa dk
izn'kZu djrk gSA
bl dky ds yksx f'kdkj djds] eNyh idM+dj rFkk [kk| oLrq, cVksjdj isV Hkjrs FksA
e; ik"kk.k dky esa ik"k.k ds y?kq midj.k cuk;s tkrs FksA
Hkkjr esa lcls igys y?kq ik"kk.k midj.k 1867 bZ esa o; {ks=k esa lh,y dkykZby
}kjk [kkstk x;kA
izeq[k e; ik"kk.kdkyhu midj.k gSabdkj] iQyd] oskuh] vZpUnzkdkj] leyaac
bR;kfnA
e;ik"kk.kdky esa iz{ksik rduhd dk fodkl gqvk ftlls rhj&deku dk izpyu
vkjaHk gqvkA
uoik"kk.k dky (9]0001000 bZiw)
bl dky dh 'kq:vkr 9]000 bZ iwoZ ls gksrh gSA
LFkk;h fuokl dh vokkj.kk uoik"kk.k dky esa vkbZ rFkk ekuo us ^dqks* dks loZizFke
ikyrw cuk;kA
bl dky ds yksx ikWfy'knkj iRFkj ds vkStkjksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA
uoik"kk.k dky dk izeq[k fo'ks"krk, Fkhf"k dk vkjaHk] xrZ&vkokl (cqtZgkse)] vkx
dk vkfo"dkj] ekuo 'ko ds lkFk dqkk niQukuk] cM+h ek=kk esa vfLFk ds vkStkj]
iksr&fuekZ.k] u ds lk{;] LFkk;h thou ,oa lekt dk fuekZ.kA
10