Session 1

Evolution of
communication technology
from 2G to 4G LTE
ITU ASP COE Training on Technology,
Standardization and Deployment of Long
Term Evolution (IMT)
Sami TABBANE

9-11 December 2013 Islamic Republic of Iran

1

Agenda

1.

4G Motivations

2.

Evolution 3G-4G

3.

Evolution R99-R10

4.

Performance Objectives

5.

LTE Key Features

6.

Radio Stack Overview

7.

Evolution towards LTE Advanced and 4G systems

8.

LTE/SAE Motivation
2

LTE/SAE

1. 4G motivations

Introduction
Geneva, 18 January 2012 Specifications for nextgeneration mobile technologies IMT-Advanced agreed
at the ITU Radiocommunications Assembly in Geneva.
ITU determined that "LTE-Advanced" and "WirelessMANAdvanced" should be accorded the official designation of
IMT-Advanced:
Wireless MAN-Advanced: Mobile WiMax 2, or IEEE
802. 16m;
3GPP LTE Advanced: LTE Release 10, supporting both
paired Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and unpaired
Time Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum.

LTE/SAE

2. Evolution 3G-4G

Standardization bodies

ITU-T: Definition of the characteristics of the

generation (2, 3, 4, ), validation of proposed
standards and allocation of spectrum,
3GPP: European
family),

standardization

3GPP2: North-American
(CDMA family),

body

(GSM

standardization

body

IEEE: data networks standards (802.xx family),

Evolution from 3G to 3.9G from ITU-T perspective

IMT-2000

ITU-T Recommendation F.116:

IMT-2000 systems = third generation (3G) mobile
systems
Coverage: all environments through both terrestrial or
satellite
Services: mobile speech, data, pictures, graphics, video
communication
2GHz frequency

Evolution from 3G to 3.9G from ITU-T perspective

IMT-2000 Evolutionary 3G standards
IMT-DS (Direct-Sequence) or W-CDMA (or UTRA-FDD),
IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000,
IMT-TD (Time Division), including TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. Standardized by 3GPP
under the name UTRA TDD-HCR (3,84 Mcps, 5 MHz band, TD-CDMA radio interface)
and UTRA TDD-LCR (1,28 Mcps, 1,6 MHz band, TD-SCDMA radio interface).
IMT-SC (Single Carrier) or UWC.
IMT-FT (Frequency Time) or DECT.
WiMAX or "IP-OFDMA" (october 2007)

Wireless technology evolution path

2005/2006
GSM/
GPRS

2009/2010

2007/2008

2011/2012

EDGE, 200 kHz

EDGEevo

VAMOS

DL: 473 kbps

UL: 473 kbps

DL: 1.9 Mbps

UL: 947 kbps

Double Speech
Capacity

2013/2014

UMTS

HSDPA, 5 MHz

HSPA+, R7

HSPA+, R8

HSPA+, R9

HSPA+, R10

DL: 2.0 Mbps

UL: 2.0 Mbps

DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 2.0 Mbps

DL: 28.0 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

DL: 42.0 Mbps

UL: 11.5 Mbps

DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps

DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps

HSPA, 5 MHz
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps

cdma
2000

1xEV-DO, Rev. 0
1.25 MHz

1xEV-DO, Rev. A
1.25 MHz

1xEV-DO, Rev. B
5.0 MHz

DL: 2.4 Mbps

UL: 153 kbps

DL: 3.1 Mbps

UL: 1.8 Mbps

DL: 14.7 Mbps

UL: 4.9 Mbps

LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHz

LTE-Advanced R10

DL: 300 Mbps

UL: 75 Mbps

DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)

UL: 500 Mbps

DO-Advanced
DL: 32 Mbps and beyond
UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond

Fixed WiMAX
scalable bandwidth

Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e

Up to 20 MHz

Advanced Mobile
WiMAX, 802.16m

1.25 28 MHz
typical up to 15 Mbps

DL: 75 Mbps (2x2)

UL: 28 Mbps (1x2)

DL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)

UL: up to 100 Mbps

Main wireless broadband systems

10

LTE/SAE

3. Evolution R9 R10

11

What is 3GPP?

3GPP history and members

Founded in December 1998
3GPP is a collaborative standardization activity between ETSI (Europe) and:
ARIB (Japan-radio)
TTC (Japan-network)
TTA (Republic of Korea)
CCSA (Peoples Republic of China)
ATIS (North America)
3GPP should:
Have a significant presence in press and web based media,
Have a significant presence in telecoms conferences, workshops,
webinars, , on mobile telecommunications technology evolution
Be recognised by companies, engineers, students, , involved in mobile
telecommunications technology evolution

12

3GPP family standards evolution

13

3GPP evolution

3GPP evolution
2G: GSM, Mainly voice
2.5G/2.75G: Add Packet Services: GPRS, EDGE
3G: Added 3G Air Interface with UMTS
3G Architecture:
Support of 2G/2.5G and 3G Access
Handover between GSM and UMTS technologies
3G Extensions:
HSDPA/HSUPA
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Inter-working with WLAN (I-WLAN)
Beyond 3G:
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
System Architecture Evolution (SAE)
Mobility towards WLAN and non-3GPP air interfaces

14

3GPP Standardization Process

3GPP develops technical specifications for 3rd Generation and beyond mobile communication
systems
3GPP Organizational Partners standardize local specifications based on the specifications
developed by 3GPP
The standardization process in each OP is only a form of transposition and that no technical
changes are introduced

ITU Recommendations

Partners
Organisational PartnersOP

ITU
Existing process

Market Representation PartnersMRP

Member
companies
Technical proposals and
contributions
Local specifications

Technical
specifications

4G Americas, CDG, COAI, GSA, GSM

Association, IMS Forum,
Info Communication Union,
IPV6 Forum, NGMN Ltd.,
Small Cell Forum, TDIA,
TD-SCDMA Forum, UMTS Forum

Standardisation process in each OP

15

3GPP Releases main features

Release '99
The basis for early 3G
deployment

Release 4
First steps towards IP-based
operation
Also defines the low chip rate
TDD mode (TD-SCDMA)

Release 5
IMS - IP-based Multimedia
Services
HSDPA - High Speed Downlink
Packet Access

Release 6
2nd phase of IMS
High Speed Uplink

Release 7
Enhanced uplink
Other spectrum
Multiple input multiple output
antennas (MIMO)

Release 8
Long Term Evolution (LTE) and
System Architecture Evolution
(SAE)

Release 9
Enhancement of Release 8
features
Refinement of LTE
Preliminary studies into LTE
Advanced

Release 10
LTE Advanced

16

LTE/SAE

4. Performance Objectives

17

Introduction to LTE and SAE and performance objectives

Needs at the access level for LTE (Release 8)

Radio interface bitrates: 100 Mbit/s DL and 50 Mbit/s UL.

Data transmission delay: less than 5 ms between UE and the
Access Gateway (AGW)
Mobility: speeds between 120 and 350 km/h (or even up to
500 km/h depending on the frequency band)
Co-existence and Interworking with 3G: HO between EUTRAN and UTRAN should be achieved with less than 300
ms for real-time services and 500 ms for NRT services.
Multicast support for multimedia applications.

18

Latency definitions

Latency = time a message takes to traverse a system.

In a computer network =time for a data packet data to get from one point to another.
Depends on:
Speed of the transmission medium (e.g., copper wire, optical fiber or radio waves)
Delays in the transmission by devices (e.g., routers and modems).

Latency and bandwidth determine the network connection speed.

A low latency indicates a high network efficiency.
If the latency is low enough, there is no need for local storage or computing in a wireless
device.
Latency increase = grow of local processing.
Latency increases with distance, larger packets, network hierarchy and queuing.

19

Introduction to LTE and SAE and performance objectives

LTE performance requirements

Mobility
Low mobility (0-15km/h) and high speeds
Latency:
user plane < 5ms
Control plane < 50 ms

Improved spectrum efficiency

Cost-effective migration from Release 6
Improved broadcasting
IP-optimized
Scalable bandwidth of 20MHz, 15MHz, 10MHz, 5MHz and <5MHz
Co-existence with legacy standards

LTE MIMO
2x2

LTE MIMO
4x4

20

Peak data rates DL and UL

21

LTE Go Back Time Report

The transmission time is considered as an important performance factor

Characterized by the RTT (Round Trip Time)

It impacts the TCP transmission rate and the VoIP Quality

Transmission Time is the sum of Radio Transmission and Core Network Delays.

The radio transmission time always the highest

In theory: the radio ping time is in the best cases equal to 4ms (without HARQ) and 20 ms in normal
operation
Delay Component

Delay Value

Transmission Time Uplink + Downlink

2 ms

Buffering Time (0.5 x Transmission Time)

2 x 0.5 x 1ms = 1ms

Retransmissions 10%

2 x 0.1 x 8ms = 1,6 ms

Uplink Request

0.5 x 5ms = 2.5ms

Uplink Scheduling Grant

4ms

UE Delay Estimated

4ms

eNodeB delay estimated

4ms

Core Network

1ms

Total delay with pre-allocated resources

13.6ms

Total delay with scheduling

20.1ms

Core

20

eNodeB
UE
Uplink Scheduling
Grant

10

Uplink Scheduling
Request
Retransmissions

Measured in practice: 30 40 ms

Buffereing Time
Transmission Time

0
LTE Round Trip Time

22

RTT LTE Radio Latency

The RTT is between 20 and 30 ms

32-Byte ping
Static Position

NC

MC

CE

Single Cell 10 MHZ

13.4

13.4

14.4

Multi Cell 10 MHZ 0% OCNS

12.4

12.4

12.4

Multi Cell 10 MHZ 60% OCNS

12.4

13.4

22.4

Multi Cell 20 MHZ 0% OCNS

16

14

15

Multi Cell 20 MHZ 60% OCNS

14

14

16

NC

MC

CE

31.4

Multi Cell 10 MHZ 0% OCNS

12.4

12.4

13.4

Multi Cell 10 MHZ 60% OCNS

14.4

14.4

24.4

Multi Cell 20 MHZ 0% OCNS

14.5

14.5

23.5

Multi Cell 20 MHZ 60% OCNS

23.5

Min

MC

CE

32 Bytes / 20 MHZ /0% OCNS

19

107

23

1400 Bytes / 20 MHZ / 0% OCNS

28

126

28

32 bytes / 20 MHZ / 60% OCNS

19

249

23

1400 Bytes / 20 MHZ / 60% OCNS

29

171

35

Single Cell 10 MHZ

1400-Byte ping
Static Position

Mobility 30 Km/h
Average Calculated over 5
runs

23

Spectrum and Technology Roadmap

24

LTE/SAE

5. Key features of LTE and LTE Advanced

25

Differences between HSPA and LTE

RNC
v Original
IP packets
HC
Ciphering

HC

eNodeB

Ciphering

Outer ARQ
HCed and
ciphered IP
packets

NodeB
Outer ARQ
HARQ

UMTS (HSDPA)

HARQ

LTE

26

Key Features

Key Features of LTE (1)

Multiple access scheme

Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
Adaptive modulation and coding
DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state
constituent encoders, and a contention- free internal
interleaver.
Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized
allocated spectrum bands
Single frequency network (SFN) operation to support MBMS
27

Key Features

Key Features of LTE (2)

MIMO technology for enhanced data rate and

performance.
ARQ at the RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ at the MAC
sublayer.
Power control and link adaptation
Interference coordination between eNBs
Support for both FDD and TDD
Channel dependent scheduling
Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost,
protocol-related processing time & call set-up time

28

Key techniques for enhancing network capacity

29

3GPP LTE objectives

Scalable bandwidth: 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, (15), 20MHz
Peak data rate (scaling linearly with the spectrum allocation)
DL (2 Rx @ UE): 100Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation
UL (1 Tx @ UE): 50Mb/s for 20MHz spectrum allocation

Spectrum efficiency
DL: 3-4 times HSDPA for MIMO (2,2)
UL: 2-3 times HSUPA for MIMO(1,2)

> Reference Antenna configurations (typical achievable targets)

DL: 2Tx and 2 Rx
UL: 1 Tx and 2 Rx

Latency

C-plane: < 50-100ms to establish U-plane

U-plane: << 10ms from UE to AGW

Capacity
200 users for 5MHz, 400 users in larger spectrum allocations (active state)

Mobility
LTE is optimized for speeds 0-15km/h up to 350km/h
30

LTE/SAE

6. Radio Stack Overview

31

LTE 3GPP Stack overview

MME

32

LTE 3GPP Stack overview PDCP

Robust Header Compression

(RoHC, IETF RFC 4995).
Reduced overhead, more
efficient
Once RoHC has been applied the
whole packet (data AND header)
is ciphered
Headers and Message
Authentication Code (MAC) are
added

33

LTE 3GPP Stack overview RLC

Acknowledged Mode (AM)

Unacknowledged Mode (UM)
Transparent Mode (TM)
Error Correction through ARQ (CRC check
provided by the physical layer: no CRC needed at
RLC level)
Concatenation, segmentation, re-segmentation
of SDUs to match transmission (Transport Block
TB) parameters set by MAC
Re-ordering of PDUs received out of order
Buffering, timers, state switching.
34

LTE 3GPP Stack overview All layers user data/voice

35

Construction of the radio blocks

36

LTE/SAE

7. Evolution towards LTE Advanced and 4G systems

37

LTE Advanced performance objectives

LTE
LTE--Advanced: The Evolved LTE

ITU IMT2000 Advanced objectives

High degree of commonality of functionality worldwide with
the flexibility to support cost efficiently a wide range of services;
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks;
Interworking with other RATs;
High quality mobile services;
User equipment suitable for worldwide use;
User-friendly applications, services and equipment;
Worldwide roaming capability;
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and
applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility)*.
* Data rates sourced from Recommendation ITU-R M.1645 Framework and overall objectives of the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000.
38

LTE releases evolutions

39

LTE Release 11 and 12 main features

40

LTE Advanced versus LTE

3.9G (LTE)

4G LTE Advanced (1)

Backward
Not backward compatible with any 3G. 3GPP Release 8.
compatibility
MIMO Throughput

4G (LTE-Advanced)
Backward compatible with LTE. 3GPP Release 10.

326 Mbps with 44 MIMO and 172 Mbps with 22 MIMO 40 times faster than 3G commercial networks with
in 20 MHz spectrum.
8x8 in DL and 4x4 in the UL.
a) Same as LTE requirement. b) Optimized for
deployment in local areas/micro cell environments.

Coverage

Full performance up to 5 km.

Mobility

Mobile speeds up to 350km/h (or 500km/h depending on Same as that in LTE, System performance
the frequency band).
enhanced for 0 to 10km/h.

Transmission
bandwidth
Peak data rate
Latency
Peak spectrum
efficiency
Capacity
Scalable BW

Scalable bandwidths ranging from 1.25MHz to 20 MHz.

About 100 MHz in DL and 40 MHz in UL.

DL: 100 Mbps, UL: 50 Mbps.

DL: 1 Gbps, UL: 500 Mbps.

C-plane from Idle (with IP address allocated) to Connected

C- plane from Idle (with IP address allocated) to
in <100 ms, U-plane latency of less than 5 ms in unload
Connected in <50 ms, U-plane latency reduced
condition (i.e single user with single data stream) for small
compared to Release 8.
IP packet.
DL 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA, UL - 2 to 3 times
DL 30 bps/Hz and UL 15 bps/Hz.
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink.
At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active At least 300 active users without DRX
state for spectrum allocations up to 5 MHz.
(Discontinuous Reception) in a 5 MHz Bandwidth.
1.3, 3, 5, 10 and 20 MHz. Connection setup delay <100 ms.

Up to 20-100 MHz Connection setup delay <50

ms.
41

Carrier aggregation in LTE

Release-10 carrier aggregation supports the following features:

Peak data rates of 1 Gbps on downlink and 500 Mbps on uplink.
Up to five carriers (called a component carriers) aggregated.
Each component carrier can have any of the bandwidths
supported in LTE Rel-8 (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz). LTE carrier
aggregation can support operation on transmission bandwidths
of up to 100 MHz by aggregating five 20 MHz carriers.
A carrier aggregation capable UE can simultaneously receive and
transmit in one or multiple component carriers.

42

LTE/SAE

8. LTE/SAE motivations

43

LTE: definitions and objectives

The next step in the evolution of 3GPP radio interfaces to deliver Global Mobile
Broadband

Standardization
clearly defined:
performance targets
economic targets
improved radio spectrum
efficiency
simplified system design

LTE (and SAE) are the

basis of 3GPP
Release 8, frozen in
December 2008.
44

LTE Motivations

Limits of 3G/3G+
Very High Speed limit (> 100 Mbit/s per cell) cannot be reached;
Bandwidth limits (5 Mhz for HSPA and 2x 5Mhz for HSPA+);
Impossible to reach 1Gbit/s per cell for HD Video Service.
Radio Management Complexity
Many terminal radio resource allocation possibilities: DCH, FACH, PCH, HSDPA,
3G technologies evolution (HSDPA, HSUPA, CPC, Dual Carrier)
Cell Management Complexity.
Radio processing functions shared between RNC and NB;
Terminal Complexity (power control, performance, );
Reasons why 4G is needed
Meet consumers needs which are no longer supported by 3G technologies.
Increase transmission rates Needs (@: doubling every 18 months)
Network capacity optimization "requires adaptation to the IP services flow

45

LTE motivations

46

Minimum and desirable bandwidths for services (Mbps)

47

Drivers for LTE deployment

48

Mobile video

+50% of the
mobile
traffic and
+70% in
some
networks
(85% of
Voda
Germany
LTE traffic in
09/2012)
66% of the mobile data traffic in 2017
49

2012 FRENCH BACKBONE TRAFFIC

SOURCE CTOIC
50

Bandwidth increasing Video & TV drive needs

51

Services more and more greedy

With the voice, demand preceeded the offer (2G).

With the data, offer has preceeded the demand (3G) then the demand preceeds
52
the offer (3G+ and 4G).

52

Growing needs in wideband

Video and HD (3-5 Mb/s) and 3D (> 9 Mb/s) TV will explode the
needs in bandwidth and traffic volumes on the networks.
53
53

Bandwidth needs per service

54
54

Technologies evolution

4G promises1 Gb/sec., that is much than the optical fibre.

55
55

Wideband technologies

FO

56
56

Average mobile user, traffic per month

Data services are

exploding increasing
from 52% of the market
in 2012 to 72% by 2020.
This growth is driven by:
- Mobile Data,
- M2M (e.g. GPS in cars,
asset tracking, medical,
) to represent 5% of
global mobile data
traffic in 2017,
- Cloud computing.
Nielsen: 78% of all smartphone
data in UK is over WiFi (01/2013)
www.slideshare.net/CiscoSP360/cisco-visual-networking-index-vni-global-mobile-data-traffic-forecast-2011 -2016
57

Mobile traffic evolution

In 2012: 33% of the

total mobile data
traffic was offloaded.
In 2017: 46%.

CMCCs Mobile data traffic increased 60 times

in the past 5 years

58

Mobile Data Tsunami

Global growth of mobile data traffic:
Japans NTT DoCoMo predicts 12x network
18 times from 2011 to 2016
traffic growth in the next 3 years.
AT&T network:
Telefonica forecasts a requirement for up to 50x
2007-2012: wireless data traffic has
capacity growth in cities (improved spectral
grown 20,000%
efficiency of 3G/4G will only satisfy up to 8x).
At least doubling every year since 2007

Global Mobile Data Traffic Growth

2011 to 2016
12

10.8

Annual Growth 78%

Exabytes per Month

10

6.9

8
6

4.2

4
2

2.4
0.6

1.3

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Source: CISCO Visual Networking Index (VNI) Global Mobil Data Traffic Forecast 2011 to 2016

59

LTE motivations

Evolution to LTE report September 11, 2012

60

LTE motivations

Primary motivation towards LTE: need for network

capacity, performance management and efficiency

New products/services

Revenue growth

LTE is a tool to charge more for mobile data:

Much faster uplink
Lower latency
New video-based services only possible using LTE
61

LTE motivations

Cost distribution in mobile networks

Core & Backbone network

Transport network

Radio Access network

BTS

MSC

BSC

ISP internet
connection

BTS
Hub

Core
Backbone network

Access network

m*E1

n*E1

MGW

E1

BTS

Backhaul

CAPEX share for

greenfield voice

30%

20%

50%

CAPEX share for

greenfield MBB

10%

45%

45%

62

LTE motivations

$
COST

Revenue

Traffic

63

Traffic and revenues decoupled

64

64

Cost per Mbyte reduction with Telstra (Australia)

65

Business models changes

Revenues are taken by OTT players

Added
value and
revenues

Services
Layer
Control
Layer
Transport
Layer

Access
Layer
66

Current trends: OTT services migration

KPN (May 2011): first mobile operator to report that

use of OTT voice and messaging applications firstly
WhatsApp caused a decline in voice and
messaging traffic and revenues.
KPN effect confined to Hi brand: 85 %
subscribers were using WhatsApp
Decline of 24
% in outgoing SMS traffic by 3Q 2011.
OTT players offering messaging:

WhatsApp daily traffic in August 2012: peak of 10 billion messages.

67

KPN Mobile SMS / subscriber decline

Source: KPN

Overall margin (EBITDA) mix evolve: telecom operators have traditionally enjoyed
margins of 40% to 50% in fixed voice dans data with margins as high as 70% for SMS

68

SMS ARPU, selected operators, annual average

Source: Wireless Intelligence.

69

Evolution of ARPU in Europe

70

LTE motivations
Lower production cost per bit
Cost per Mbyte
Network cost

LTE

3G

HSPA HSPA+

LTE

Source: NSN
HSPA+

HSPA
Basic

3G
= Resulting network cost

Traffic load

4G offers to
reduce the cost
of delivering data
by
75%
compared
to
traditional
designs
71

LTE motivations
100

Evolution in site capacity from GSM to LTE

90

96

- Downlink, sum of voice and data

Total capacity per site (Mbps)

80
70
60
50

45

40

32
28

30

21
20

10

4,5
1

0
Plain GSM
Year 1995
(10 MHz)

GSM/EDGE
Year 2010
(10 MHz)

3G Rel.99
(15MHz)

Turbo-3G
(HSPA)
(15MHz)

Turbo-3G
(HSPA+)
(15 MHz)

LTE 800
(5 MHz)

LTE 1800
(10 MHz)

LTE 2600
(20 MHz)

Disclaimer: Values should be taken as indicative. Performance will vary greatly with deployed solution,
surrounding environment, terminal penetration and size of frequency spectrum. HSPA assumes 14,4 Mbps
version. HSPA+ assumes 64QAM feature, not MIMO or Dual Carrier.
Source: CONTEST, Telenor.
72

Needs for IMT-Advanced systems

Need for higher data rates and greater

spectral efficiency
Need for a Packet Switched only optimized
system
Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee
quality of services
Always-on experience (reduce control plane
latency significantly and reduce round trip delay)
Need for cheaper infrastructure
Simplify architecture of all network elements
73

Impact and requirements on LTE characteristics

Architecture (flat)
Frequencies (flexibility)
Bitrates (higher)
Latencies (lower)
Cooperation with other technologies (all 3GPP and non3GPP)
Network sharing (part or full)
Full-IP (QoS issues, protocols integration, lower costs)
OFDMA
Broadcast services
Intelligent radio schemes
74

Thank you

75