3

ABSTRACT
Biodiesel, a gifted substitute as an alternative fuel has gained significant
attention due to the predicted littleness of conventional fuels and environmental
concern. The utilization of liquid fuels such as biodiesel produced from Calophyllum
Inophyllum oil by transesterification process represents one of the most promising
options for the use of conventional fossil fuels. The Calophyllum Inophyllum oil is
converted into Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester known as biodiesel processed
in the presence of homogeneous acid catalyst. The best combination of the
parameters was found as 6:1 molar ratio of Methanol to oil, 9 gram of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst, 60C reaction temperature. The physical properties such
as Kinematic viscosity, Density, Calorific Value, Cetane number, Fire point and
Flash point were found out for Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester at different
blends. The same characteristics study was also carried out for the diesel fuel. The
values obtained from the Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester is nearly matched
with the values of conventional diesel and can be used in the normal diesel engine
without any modification. The Performance and Emission Characteristics were taken
out at five different blends, from these five blends B20 blend were gives good
Performance Characteristics.

Key Words-Transesterification, Calophyllum Inophyllum oil, Biodiesel, Alternative

Fuel, Performance, Emission

4
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6 : 1 ,
(NaOH) , 60C 9 .
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B20
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of
great people to this effort. I would like to thank god almighty for giving us the
confidence and power to complete this Project work successfully.

5
I have immense pleasure and satisfaction in expressing our hearty thanks to
our beloved Managing Trustee Thiru. R.VIJAYAKUMHAR and our Joint
Managing Trustee Thiru. D.LASHMINARAYANASWAMY

who are the source

of this great Institution.

I

express

my

sincere

thanks to the Director (academics)

Dr.A.EBENEZERJEYAKUMAR,M.E.,Ph.D.,

and

our

beloved

Principal

Dr.N.R.ALAMELU, M.E., Ph.D., for extending their support.

I

very

much

thankful

to

our

Head

of

the

Department

Prof.B.SURESHKUMAR,M.E., for his encouragement and valuable suggestions

for incessant improvement of the report.
I convey my whole hearted and sincere thanks to the Project Co-ordinator and
my Project Supervisor Mr.G.ANBARASU,M.E., Assistant Professor (Selection
Grade), Department of Thermal Engineering, for his dedicated guidance, ideas and
timely advice in completion of this Project and all the faculty members of
Department of Thermal Engineering of our institution, for their excellent moral
support and suggestions to complete my Project work successfully.
Finally my acknowledgement goes to my parents and all my friends those
who had extended their excellent support and ideas to make my project a pledge one.

ELANGOVAN.T

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CAHPTER

TITLE

NO.
ABSTRACT

PAGE
NUMBER
iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURE

xi

INTRODUCTION

1.1.Introduction

1.2. Indias Energy Scenario

1.3. National Biodiesel Mission

1.4. Biodiesel

1.4.1.Introduction

1.4.2.Direct Use/Blending

1.4.3.Micro-emulsions

1.4.4.Pyrolysis

1.4.5.Transesterification

1.4.6.Criteria for a fuel to be engine fuel

LITERATURE REVIEW

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM

13

3.1.Introduction

13

3.2.Calophyllum inophyllum Common Names

14

3.3. Callophyllum Inophyllum Uses

17

3.4.Advantages of Calophyllum inophyllum

18

OIL EXTRACTION FROM CALOPHYLLUM

INOPHYLLUM SEEDS

20

4.1.Oil Extraction

20

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM OIL

23

5. Biodiesel Production

23

5.1.Pre-treatment process

23

5.2Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

23

5.3.Acid Catalyzed Transesterification

25

5.4.Base Catalyzed Transesterification

26

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND

TRANESTERIFICATION PROCEDURE

28

6.1.Experimental Setup

28

6.2.Experimental Procedure

28

6.3. Seperation

30

6.4.Acid catalyzed Esterification (Acid pretreatment)

Procedure:

31

6.5.Base catalyzed transesterification Procedure

32

PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

BIODIESEL

34

7.1.Introduction

34

7.2.Kinematic viscosity

34

7.3.Density

34

7.4.Flash point (FP)

35

7.6.Cetane number

35

7.6.Calorific value

35

BIODIESEL STANDERDS AND BLENDS

37

8.1. Biodiesel Standerds

37

8.2.Biodiesel Blends

38

8.3. ITA Lab Reports

40

8
8.3.1 B20-20% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum

40

oil + 80% Diesel

8.3.2 B40-40% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum

41

oil + 60% Diesel

8.3.3. B60-60% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum

42

oil + 40% Diesel

8.3.4. B80-80% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum

43

oil + 20% Diesel

8.3.5 B100- 100% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil

44

Viscosity and Calorific Value

10

8.3.6. B100- 100% methyl ester of Calophyllum

45

Inophyllum oil Properties

ENGINE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERTICS

47

9.1.Engine Specification:

47

9.2.Power and Mechanical Efficiency

48

9.3.Mean Effective Pressure and Torque

50

9.4.Specific Output

51

9.5.Volumetric Efficiency

52

9.6.Fuel-Air Ratio (F/A)

52

9.7.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

53

9.8.Thermal Efficiency and Heat Balance

53

9.9. Performance Characteristics

54

9.9.1. Break Power vs Break Thermal Efficiency

57

9.9.2. Break Power vs Specific Fuel Consumption

58

9.9.3 Break Power vs Volumetric Efficiency

58

9.9.4 Break Power vs Exhaust gas temperature

59

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

60

10.1. Emission Analysis

60

9
10.2. Exhaust Smoke and Other Emissions
10.2.1.HC emissions

61

10.2..2.CO emissions

61

10.2.3.NO Emission

61

10.3.Emission Characteristics

11

60

61

10.3.1. Brake Power Vs Carbon monoxide

Emission

62

10.3.2. Brake Power Vs Unburn Hydro Carbon

Emission

63

10.3.3. Brake Power Vs NOX Emission

64

10.3.3. Brake Power Vs NOX Emission

65

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

66

11.1. Conclusion

66

11.2. Future Work

66

REFERENCES

67

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO.

NAME OF THE TABLE

PAGE
NUMBER

2.1

Summary of Literature Review

11

3.1

Physical Properties of Callophyllum Inophyllum oil

17

3.2

Oil content of some potential feedstock for biodiesel

19

7.1

Summary of some important characteristics of biodiesel

36

8.1

Biodiesel specification

37

10
8.2

Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel Properties at different

Blends

46

9.1

B20-20% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

80% Diesel

54

9.2

B40-40% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

60% Diesel

54

9.3

B20-60% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

40% Diesel

55

9.4

B80-80% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

20% Diesel

55

9.5

B100-100% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil

56

9.6

Diesel Performance

56

10.1

Brake Power Vs Carbon monoxide Emission

62

10.2

Brake Power Vs Unburn Hydro Carbon Emission

63

10.3

Brake Power Vs NOX Emission

64

10.4

Brake Power Vs CO2 Emission

65

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NO.

NAME OF FIGURE

PAGE
NUMBER

1.1

Annual imports and cost of crude oil imports

3.1

Calophyllum Inophyllum Tree

13

3.2

Distribution map of Calophyllum inophyllum around the

world.

14

3.3

Calophyllum Inophyllum Flowers

15

3.4

Callophyllum Inophyllum Fruits

15

11
3.5

Biodiesel Productivity

16

4.1

Oil Extraction Flow Chart

20

4.2

Biodiesel Extraction

22

5.1

Transesterification reaction of a triglyceride

24

5.2

Tranesterification Process

25

5.3

Mechanism of an acid catalyzed process

26

5.4

Mechanism of a base catalysed process

27

6.1

Experimental setup

29

6.2

Biodiesel Production at Various Stages

30

6.3

Biodiesel Separating Funnel

31

6.4

Tranesterified Biodiesel

33

8.1

Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel at different Blends

39

8.2

B20-20% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

80% Diesel

40

8.3

B40-40% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

60% Diesel

41

8.4

B60-60% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

40% Diesel

42

8.5

B80-80% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil +

20% Diesel

43

8.6

B100-100% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil

Viscosity and Calorific value

44

8.7

B100- 100% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum

oil Properties

45

9.1

Engine Setup

47

9.2

Break Power vs Break Thermal Efficiency

57

9.3

Break Power vs Specific Fuel Consumption

58

12
9.4

Break Power vs Volumetric Efficiency

58

9.5

Break Power vs Exhaust gas temperature

59

10.1

Break Power vs CO Emission

62

10.2

Brake Power Vs Unburn Hydro Carbon Emission

63

10.3

Brake Power Vs NOX Emission

64

10.4

Brake Power Vs CO2 Emission

65