Transición Energética

MASTER ENERGIAS RENOVABLES Y
SOSTENIBILIDAD ENERGTICA
Recursos energticos y Sostenibilidad
PARTE 2: Transicin energtica

(abril 2016)
Profesor: Pep Salas
pepsalas.uniba@gmail.com
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ndice
PART I: LOS LMITES FSICOS DE LOS RECURSOS
I.1. Resources, Technology, Society, Sustainability

I.2. Energy transition impact
I.3. Power transition
I.4. Tools for the Energy & Power transition
I.5. Information, the difference
I.6. Smart Grids
I.7. Societies within the boundaries: The Catalan case
I.8. The role of the cities
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PART I: LIMITS OF THE RESOURCES

I.1. RESOURCES, TECHNOLOGY, SOCIETY, SUSTAINABILITY
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Limits of the natural resources

Resource, Technology, Society, Sustainability
The availability of Energy and Power defines the

society and its socio-economical-political model
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Each civilization has modified its landscape for a

better access of resources
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Before oil era, the impacts were local. Last 200

years, has become global
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after the oil era, the impacts will be local again.

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Petroleum
exploitation
led multiply
the
que interacciona
amb elshas
biolements
de la Terra
psalas@smartgrid.cat
energy and power available ...
We need a transition to
gradually reduce
dependence on oil
que interacciona amb els biolements

de la Terra
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Robert Malthus (1766.1834)

An Essay on the Principle of Population
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Contexto. Emisiones de CO2
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Access to cheap and plentiful energy resource ...
1) Has allowed an unprecedented degree of development

2) But we have designed a world "without limits" and is now a
challenge to keep it
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COP 21 Paris, Nov 2015
Monday 8th June 2015

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14
ndice

I.6. Smart Grids
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PART I: LIMITS OF THE RESOURCES

I.2. ENERGY TRANSITION IMPACT
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Energy transition impact
- 25%
- 50%
- 75%
2050
2075
2100
UE (OCTOBER 2014): 40% REDUCTION 2030

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145356.pdf
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17

Implications:
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Socials
Ethics
Economics
Ecologics
Cultural
Technological
Geo-Strategical
...
18

?
+/- =
- 50%
- 75%
2050
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2075
2100
19
UE Commission's plans to reduce CO2 by 80 - 95% (Mt CO2 eqv)
Estado espaol
Poland
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Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Netherlands
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145356.pdf
20
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/03/12/world-energy-consumption-since-1820-in-charts/

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Cosmovisin mecanicista
http://www.daerospace.com/MechanicalSystems/GearDescFig2.png
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Un nuevo recurso energtico + tecnologa ha implicado hasta

ahora un incremento de la potencia disponible = Ms cosas, ms rpido y
ms concentrado / localitzado
Este incremento de productividad tiene un acceso a financiacin fcil que
permite replicar el modelo, posibilitando un periodo socioeconmico expansivo
El incremento en el consumo de energa se asocia a la idea

de progreso (hasta el da de hoy)
http://gilnahirkbaptist.org.uk/2014/03/to-plant-or-not-to-plant-that-is-the-question/
14 de Juliol
de 2015
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Quantificaci de recursos energtics primaris i demanda global denergia. Font: Hessen-Nanotech (2008)
Global energy resources http://www.utwente.nl/mesaplus/nme/Introduction/
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http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/03/12/world-energy-consumption-since-1820-in-charts/
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Capacitat calorfica (MJ/kg) per recurs primari.
C:H
54 MJ/kg
45 MJ/kg
15 MJ/kg
15 MJ/kg
H2: 142MJ/kg
10 6
10 6
10 5
10 5
10 4
Petroleo, Gas
10 4
Gratacielos
Electricidad termoelctrica
10 3
10
Terciario
Carbn
Solar trmica
10 1
10 3
Industria
Nuclear
Fotovoltaica
10 2
Geotermia
Ciudades
10 1
Hidroelctrica
Residencial
10 0
Biofuels lquidos
Elica
10 0
Densidad energtica (W/m2) por energa primaria y usos. Fuente: Adaptado de Smil, 2015
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Densidad de potencia (W/m2)
Densidad de potencia (W/m2)
ndice

I.6. Smart Grids
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PART I: LIMITS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES

I.3. POWER TRANSITION
http://www.biznews.com/global-investing/2014/12/29/oil-hits-five-year-low-sp-500-hits-time-high/
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Power transition
Densitat
t potncia
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Recurs
+ Acum
>
Consu
m
Prdues

Power transition
Densitat
t potncia
Recurs
+ Acum
>
Consu
m
Prdues
f ( k*, t, S ) *
Dp = Densitat de Potncia
K = constant solar 1353 W/m2
= Rendiment de transformaci intermig
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t = temps
S = Superfcie, m2
= Rendiment de la tecnologia

Power transition
Densitat
t potncia
Recurs
+ Acum
Consu
m
>
E
P =
t
P = Potncia (W)
E = Energia (Wh)
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t = Temps (h)
Prdues

Power transition
Densitat
t potncia
Recurs
+ Acum
>
Consu
m
Prdues
f ( V, I, d, c )
V = Caigudes de tensi (V)
I = Intensitat (A)
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d = distncia (m)
c = constant de materials

Power transition
Economa
Tecnologa
Ecologa
Sociedad
Cultura
The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity
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I.6. Smart Grids
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PART I: LIMITS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES

I.4. TOOLS FOR THE ENERGY & POWER TRANSITION
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Tools for the Energy & Power transition: Beyond mechanicism
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Tools for the Energy & Power transition: uncertainty-impact
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Tools for the Energy & Power transition: we are ecosystem
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Tools for the Energy & Power transition: Epistemological framework
http://culturacolectiva.com/leonardo-da-vinci-y-el-pensamiento-complejo/
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Tools for the Energy & Power transition: Biomimetics
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14 de Juliol de 2015
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44
http://johnosullivan.wordpress.com/

Tools for the Energy & Power transition: Complex Systems
Type of
System
Energy
transfer
Mass
transfer
Evolution
OPEN
Expansion
CLOSE
Equilibrium
ISOLATED
Collapse
A CITY is, thermodynamically, an OPEN SYSTEM

What is the scope of the analysis of smart cities?
The city itself, or also the surroundings?
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Generaci de complexitat a partir de la degradaci de lenergia del fot solar en

combinaci amb els recursos materials a travs de, com a mnim, un cicle i mediat per
un procs informacional que permet estratgies danticipaci i oportunitat. Sassoleix
un equilibri estacionari lluny, per prop de lequilibri amb baixa emissi trmica residual
http://www.londie.com/index.php#mi=2&pt=1&pi=10000&s=16&p=27&a=0&at=0
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http://fentaleta.blogspot.com.es/p/fotografies.html
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http://grupdaskalos.blogspot.com.es

Tools for the Energy & Power transition: Scientific approach
= 400K
Carnot cycle
mx = 1 Tf/Tc = 25%
a mxP = 1 (Tf/Tc)
= 13,4%
= 300K
if we draw a graph with maximum efficiency and the efficiency at maximum power, well see
a straight line and a curve characteristic of the square root, respectively:
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I.6. Smart Grids
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PART I: ELS LMITS FSICS DELS RECURSOS

I.5. INFORMATION, THE DIFFERENCE
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Information, the difference

A trade off between energy and power
150 km
holidays
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40 km
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WHAT TO DO ...
before reaching the next petrol station?
Go faster?
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Reduce speed?

40 km
WORK
INFORMATION
DECISION
INFORMATION allows us to anticipate and take advantage of

opportunities to do the (same) work in an efficient way
Information saves Energy and Resources

This is the basis of being SMART
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The new magnitude for smart cities
Characteristic magnitude (besides energy and

materials) of living, social, technological and artistic
processes that allows its purpose effectively and
with an specific efficiency.
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The new magnitude for smart cities
The electrical system, the "machine" more

complex ever built, must include the handling of
information in the management and optimization
at every level of power.
ICT is the technology that enables it.

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I.6. Smart Grids
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PART I: ELS LMITS FSICS DELS RECURSOS

I.6. SMART GRIDS
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Smart Grids
From a centralized to a decentralized generation
Centralized Generation (CG)

Few and large energy power
plants
Huge number of consumers and
far away from energy generating
points
Unidirectional power networks
Without any flexibility in energy
demand (peak consumption, )
Passive role of the consumers
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Smart Grids
Source: European Commission
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Smart Grids
The European Internal Market: This market evolution, associated with an efficient regulatory framework,
will promote economic growth and play a key role in the EUs competitiveness strategy. Increasing competition will
encourage efficiency and spur on technological progress and innovation. As a result, the internal market is expected
to provide benefits to the European citizens such as a wider choice of services and downward pressure on
electricity prices.
Security and Quality of Supply: Modern society depends critically on a secure supply of energy.
Countries without adequate reserves of fossil fuels are facing increasing concerns for primary energy availability.
Furthermore, the ageing infrastructure of Europe's electricity transmission and distribution networks is increasingly
threatening security, reliability and quality of supply.
It is time to redesign electricity grids which take account of new roles and challenges. Significant investment will
be required to develop and renew these infrastructures: the most efficient way to achieve this is by incorporating
innovative solutions, technologies and grid architectures.
The Environment: Besides issues of primary energy supply, the major disadvantage of fossil fuels is that
they emit CO2, SO2, NOx and other pollutants when burnt to generate electricity. The greenhouse gases contribute
to climate change, which is recognised to be one of the greatest environmental and economic challenges facing
humanity. Research is needed to help identify the most cost-effective technologies and measures that will enable
the EU to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol and beyond.
Source: European Commission
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Smart Grids
Decentralized Generation (DG)

Demand priority: what, how and when it happens
Energy efficiency
Energy production close to the consumption

Priority of local resources
Bidirectional power networks

Big Data
Peak savings
Consumer engagement
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Smart Grids
http://www.grid4eu.eu
(...) electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it generators, consumers and those that do both - in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic
and secure electricity supplies. A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with
intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies in order to:
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Smart Grids
Better facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and
technologies
Allow consumers to play a part in optimising the operation of the system
Provide consumers with more information and better options choosing their
energy supplier
Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply
system
Maintain and improve the existing high levels of system reliability, quality, and
security of supply
Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently
Foster the development of an integrated European market.
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Smart Grids
Prosumer
Aggregation of
Renewables
Low Voltage Electricity retailer (liberalized) + consumer
Huge potential !!
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Energy
Efficiency and
prosumers
Medium Voltage Regulated
Centralized
energy
production
Transmission
TSO
High voltage Regulated
Distribution
DSO
Smart Grids
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Information
The new magnitude for smart cities and SMART GRIDS
SMARTGRID (>2018)
- Power network meshed
- Combination of DG and CG
- Electric vehicle
- Automatization of power network
- Self-healing power network

- Microgrids
- Demand response
- New services for the consumers
- consumer engagement
- Smart Metering
SMART METERING (2012 - 2018) (2020 in UE)

- Digital meters roll out
- Dynamic energy contracts
- Signals of energy prices
- Remote meter set up
- Incident detection
- Telemetry and monitoring
TELEMETRY (today)
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Smart Grids
Smart Grid: Generation and Demand response

Source: e-Harbours (Rotterdam i Anvers)
traditional energy
production
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traditional energy
consumption
Smart Grids

traditional energy
production
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traditional energy
consumption
Smart Grids

ittermittent
energy production
traditional energy
production
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traditional energy
consumption
Smart Grids

ittermittent
energy production
traditional energy
production
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traditional energy
consumption
Smart Grids

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ittermittent
energy production
flexible energy
consumption
traditional energy
production
traditional energy
consumption
Smart Grids

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ittermittent
energy production
flexible energy
consumption
traditional energy
production
traditional energy
consumption
ndice

I.6. Smart Grids
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PARTE I: LOS LMITES DE LOS RECURSOS

I.7. SOCIETIES WITHIN THE BOUNDARIES: THE CATALAN CASE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem
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Society and energy dependence

The Catalan case and the UE framework
Repte i Oportunitat per Catalunya (95% dependncia, 3-4%PIB)

+ Energia Solar incident
Balan Energtic CATALUNYA 2009
+ Nuclears
23,3%
+ Renovables
4,4%
+ Materials
24.297,4 kteps
+ Recursos
fssils
72,3%
Total Energia Primria
NIVELL DANLISIS 2
RECURSOS
Activitat
socieconmica
(193.000M)
71,9%
Prdues Sistema
28,1%
- Residus /
Emissions
- Calor
Residual
NIVELL
DANLISIS 1 TECNOLOGIA
FONT: adaptat ICAEN - Generalitat
http://icaen.gencat.cat/ca/pice_serveis/pice_estadistiques_energetiques/pice_resultats/pice_estadistiques_energ
etiques_anuals_de_catalunya/pice_balanc_energetic
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Socioeconmica
Alta dependencia recursos fsiles

Modelo socioeconmico adaptado al petrleo
Recurso fsil
No se dispone de autctono (prospecciones, fracking)

Seguridad de subministro
Impacte en el PIB +/- 5% (transferencia de renta) [a 100$/barril]

Deuda tarifaria elctrica > 30.000 M (Estado espaol. Catalunya 20%)
Ambiental: COP21, Objetivos UE, Impactos locales (EERR, infraestructuras...)
Situacin en Catalunya
Exceso de produccin (nuclear >50%) + reduccin de la demanda,

Modelo empresarial oligopolstico sin separacin de actividades. 1 solo gran operador
Dficit de infraestructuras energticas (paper Frontiers). Bloqueo de Francia
Conflictividad social creciente por el acceso a los servicios bsicos - pobreza energtica
Sin competencias polticas
Regulacin discrecional + Inseguridad jurdica se paran las inversiones
Competidores mundiales con acceso a recursos afectacin a la competitividad
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Grfic: Dependncia energtica neta de gas i petroli per pasos actual i previsi importadors.
FONT: Agncia Internacional dEnergia, World Energy Outlook, 2012
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Grfic: exportaci per destinacions de petroli des del Prxim Orient.

FONT: Agncia Internacional dEnergia, World Energy Outlook, 2012
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Grfic: Relaci entre tecnologies daprofitament de recursos fssils i costos

FONT: Unburnable Carbon 2013, Carbon Tracker Initiative and Grantham Research Institute of Climate
Change and the Environment
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Grfic: Previsi devoluci de preus del petroli. FONT: IEA - 2012 WEO i BP 2012 Statistical
Review of World Energy.
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Grfic: Balan comercial de la balana energtica

FONT: CNE, Ministeri dIndstria, Economia. Adaptat per El Pas
Cada 15
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del barril (al canvi actual) 1% PIB
ndice

I.6. Smart Grids
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PARTE I: LOS LMITES DE LOS RECURSOS

I.8. THE ROLE OF THE CITIES
http://www.catalunyavoluntaria.cat/international-summer-school-barcelona/
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The role of the Cities

Leading the energy transition
1.
2.
3.
4/5
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Model econmic menys intensiu i Eficincia energtica

Smart Grid Infraestructura, Generaci Distribuda, gesti de la demanda
Reducci necessitats denergia primria (electrificaci transport, )
Recursos autctons i diversificaci de fonts i provedors

Concept: maximum consumption of energy is fixed by

potential of local (and renewable) energy resources.
From the concept to the reality: (is not only technology!)
Consumer behaviour: being part of the energy chain, mobility
Efficiency revolution: decrease energy consumption and processes.
Demand management (peak savings, ).
Local energy production (renewables, CHP, ) . Local storage facilities.
Open data to boost innovation
Manage of energy&materials fluxes with the surrenders (supra-network)
This could be a good approach of Smart Cities!

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To be discussed:
Maximum capacity of local energy resources ( energy

production and intensity). Is it a new limit? (Is it The limit?)
Requirements of socioeconomic activities (industry, residential,

tourism, services) in terms of energy and power demanded.
Social constraints: environmental impacts, scope of analysis (local,

regional, national wide), governance and regulation, quality of life
Other infrastructures and services into the area: Power distribution,

electric grids, IT (fibre), roads and transport, railways
There is not smart city without smart rural
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Debate PARTE I
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Transición Energética

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Transición Energética

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MASTER ENERGIAS RENOVABLES Y

PARTE 2: Transicin energtica

PART I: LOS LMITES FSICOS DE LOS RECURSOS

I.1. Resources, Technology, Society, Sustainability

PART I: LIMITS OF THE RESOURCES

Limits of the natural resources

The availability of Energy and Power defines the

Limits of the natural resources

Each civilization has modified its landscape for a

Limits of the natural resources

Before oil era, the impacts were local. Last 200

Limits of the natural resources

after the oil era, the impacts will be local again.

que interacciona amb els biolements

Limits of the natural resources

Robert Malthus (1766.1834)

Limits of the natural resources

Contexto. Emisiones de CO2

Access to cheap and plentiful energy resource ...

1) Has allowed an unprecedented degree of development

Limits of the natural resources

COP 21 Paris, Nov 2015

Monday 8th June 2015

PART I: LOS LMITES FSICOS DE LOS RECURSOS

I.1. Resources, Technology, Society, Sustainability

PART I: LIMITS OF THE RESOURCES

Limits of the natural resources

UE (OCTOBER 2014): 40% REDUCTION 2030

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

UE Commission's plans to reduce CO2 by 80 - 95% (Mt CO2 eqv)

Energy transition impact

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Un nuevo recurso energtico + tecnologa ha implicado hasta

El incremento en el consumo de energa se asocia a la idea

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Energy transition impact

Capacitat calorfica (MJ/kg) per recurs primari.

Limits of the natural resources

Densidad de potencia (W/m2)

Densidad de potencia (W/m2)

Energy transition impact

PART I: LOS LMITES FSICOS DE LOS RECURSOS

I.1. Resources, Technology, Society, Sustainability

PART I: LIMITS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

The Atlas of Economic Complexity: Mapping Paths to Prosperity

PART I: LOS LMITES FSICOS DE LOS RECURSOS

I.1. Resources, Technology, Society, Sustainability

PART I: LIMITS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources

Limits of the natural resources