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M th
SIMPLE HARMONIC
MOTION
CHAPTER
ne
t
x=0
x=x
ey
n
x = a
ot
e
s.
It is the motion of a particle moving in a straight line with an acceleration which is always
directed towards a fixed point in the line and is proportional to the distance of the particle
from that point.
x - axis
x=a
.h
on
Let O be a fixed point on the line along the particle is moving. Let the particle be at a point P
a distance x from the point O towards its right as shown in figure. Then the acceleration of
the particle is
d2 x
a= 2
dt
://
For simple harmonic motion this acceleration is proportional to x and is directed towards O
i.e.
ht
tp
a x
Where is constant of proportionality and negative sign indicates that the acceleration is
directed against the direction in which x is increasing. This motion is taking place in such
away that when the particle is moving away from the point O, the acceleration is acting
against so that as the time progresses, the velocity becomes lesser and lesser.
dv
dx
Since
acceleration = a = v
vdv xdx
vdv xdx
dv
x
dx
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2
v2
x2
= +A
2
2
Where A is constant of acceleration.
____________(i)
When x = a then v = 0
a2
2
Using the value of A in (i), we get
(i)
A=
x2
a2
v2
= +
2
2
2
v2 = a2 x2
v = a2 x2
ne
t
Which gives the velocity for a given displacement. If particle is moving to the right then as t
ot
e
____________(ii)
dx
dx
= a2 x2
=v
dt
dt
dx
= dt
a2 x2
dx
= dt
a2 x2
x
sin
1 = t + B
a
ey
n
v = a2 x2
.h
on
Thus
s.
://
tp
Initially at t = 0, x = 0
B = sin
1 0 =
ht
sin
1 = t +
a
2
x
= sin t +
a
2
x = acos t
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3
_________(i)
Also 1 cos t 1
a acos t a a x a
Thus the maximum displacement from a fixed point O is x = a. The fixed point O is called the
centre of motion. The maximum displacement from the centre is called the amplitude of the
motion.
B
x=0
x = a
x - axis
x=a
ne
t
Now
x=x
s.
x = acos t
ot
e
cos(2 + ) = cos
= acos
t + 2
2
ey
n
= acos t +
= a cos t + 2
://
= a cos t +
cos(2 + ) = cos
ht
tp
is same.
.h
on
is same.
between x = a and x = a.
At point A, x = a
velocity = v = a2 a2 = 0
and
acceleration = a = x = a
Thus at point A, (x = a), its velocity is zero but acceleration is maximum and is directed
towards O and due to maximum acceleration it moves toward O.
At point O, x = 0
velocity = v = a2 0 = a
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4
And
acceleration = a = x = 0
Thus at point O, (x = 0), its velocity is maximum but acceleration is zero and due to
maximum velocity it moves toward B.
At point B, x = a
velocity = v = a2 a2 = 0
And
acceleration = a = x = a
Thus at point B, (x = a), its velocity is zero but acceleration is maximum and due to
maximum acceleration it moves toward O and finally comes to rest at A.
The motion is repeated after time t = 2 . The time taken by a particle to complete one
T=
s.
i.e.
ne
t
ot
e
The number of vibration or oscillation completed in unit time is called frequency and it is
denoted by .
1
=
T 2
ey
n
Summary
Maximum velocity = a
.h
on
i.e.
ht
tp
://
Maximum acceleration = a
2
Time Period =
Frequency =
2
Question 1
A particle describes simple harmonic motion with frequency N. If the greatest velocity is V,
find the amplitude and maximum value of the acceleration of the particle.
Also show that
the velocity v at a distance x from the centre of motion is given by
v = 2Na2 x2 , where a is the amplitude.
Solution
Given that
Frequency = N
But
Frequency =
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5
N=
= 2N
________(i)
Given that
Maximum velocity = V
But
Maximum velocity = a
V = a
________(ii)
Amplitude =
V
2N
s.
So
ot
e
a=
ne
t
V
2N
Maximum acceleration = a
2N 2
v = a2 x2
V
2N
.h
on
2NV
ey
n
Now
= 2N 2 a2 x2
tp
://
= 2N a2 x2
ht
Question 2
A particle describing simple harmonic motion has velocities 5ft/sec. and 4ft/sec. when its
distances from the centre are 12ft. and 13ft. respectively. Find the time-period of motion.
Solution
The time-period of a particle describing simple harmonic motion is given by
Time Period =
We know that
________(i)
v2 = a2 x2
When x = 12ft then v = 5ft/sec and when x = 13ft then v = 4ft/sec
So
25 = (a2 144)
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________(ii)
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6
and
16 = (a2 169)
_______(iii)
3
5
10
3
Question 3
s.
ne
t
The maximum velocity that a particle executing simple harmonic motion of amplitude a
attains, is v. If it is disturbed in such a way that its maximum velocity becomes nv, find the
change in the amplitude and the time period of motion.
ot
e
Solution
ey
n
Given that
v = a
v
a=
________(i)
Maximum velocity = a
But
.h
on
Maximum velocity = v
://
tp
ht
Where a is the amplitude. Suppose that A is the new amplitude when the velocity is nv. Then
Change in amplitude = A a
nv
v
v
n 1 an 1
2
The time period in both cases is
Question 4
A point describes simple harmonic motion in such a way that its velocity and acceleration at a
point P are u and f respectively and the corresponding quantities at another point Q are v and
g. Find the distance PQ.
Solution
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7
x = x1
P
vel. = u
acc. = f
x = x2
Q
vel. = v
acc. = g
________(i)
We know that
v2 = a2 x2 and a = x
At point P
u2 = a2 x1 2
f = x1
ne
t
and
At point Q
g = x2
ot
e
and
s.
v2 = a2 x2 2
ey
n
Now
u2 v2 = a2 x1 2 a2 x2 2
.h
on
= x2 2 x1 2
= x2 x1 x2 + x1
f+g
x1 + x2
://
=
tp
= (x1 + x2)
Now f + g = x1 x2
_______(ii)
ht
f+g
x2 x1 x2 + x1
x 1 + x2
u2 v 2
f+g
x2 x1 =
v2 u 2
x2 x1 =
f+g
PQ =
v2 u 2
f+g
By(i)
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8
Question 5
If a point P moves with a velocity v given by
v 2 = n2(ax2 + 2bx + c)
Show that P executes a simple harmonic motion. Find the centre, the amplitude and the timeperiod of the motion.
Solution
Given that
v 2 = n2(ax2 + 2bx + c)
Diff. w.r.t x, we get
ne
t
dv 2
= n (2ax + 2b)
dx
s.
b
dv 2
= n a x +
a
dx
b
acceleration = n2a x +
a
.h
on
acceleration X
://
acceleration = n2aX
Put
b
acceleration = n2a x +
a
b
X = x +
a
dv
acceleration
dx
v
ey
n
ot
e
2v
tp
ht
n2(ax2 + 2bx + c) = 0
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
x
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9
b
a
Amplitude = CA
= OA OC
=
b + b2 ac b
+
a
a
ot
e
s.
ne
t
b2 ac
=
a
2
Time Period =
Time Period =
2
n a
.h
on
ey
n
Here = n2a
x
b
a
A
x=
b b2 ac
a
b + b2 ac
a
ht
tp
://
x=
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