Questions

Q1.
(a) The table below gives some of the features of bacteria and viruses.
Place one tick ( ) in each row to indicate whether the feature is found in bacteria only, viruses only or both
bacteria and viruses.
(3)

(b) In human populations, the bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, is associated with the development of severe
chronic atrophic gastritis (SCAG) in the stomach. SCAG is the first step that can lead to the most common form
of stomach cancer.
The table below shows the reported new cases of stomach cancer in 2006 in the UK.
The mean rate of stomach acid secretion for each age group is also shown.

(i) Suggest why patients with SCAG may be given antibiotics as part of their treatment.
(2)
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*(ii) Using the information about SCAG and the data, describe and suggest explanations for the trends shown
in the table.
(5)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q2.
Tuberculosis (TB) kills approximately three million people every year. Droplets containing the organisms that
cause TB are released into the air when a person suffering from TB coughs. Transmission of TB occurs if these
droplets are inhaled into the alveoli of the lungs.
In the lungs, the organisms are taken up by macrophages and carried to lymph nodes.
(a) (i) State one characteristic symptom of TB other than coughing.
(1)
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(ii) Place a cross

in the box next to the name of the organism that causes TB.
(1)

A Macrobacterium tuberculosis
B Microbacterium tuberculosis
C Monobacterium tuberculosis
D Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(iii) Describe how the organisms that cause TB are taken up by macrophages.
(3)
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(iv) Ingesting food containing these organisms is unlikely to lead to the development of TB. Give an
explanation for this.
(2)
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*(b) The graphs below show data related to TB and HIV infections in the population of central Africa from 1990
to 2008.

Discuss how far the data in the graphs support the following hypothesis.
The increase in HIV infection in central Africa has led to an increase in TB infection.
(4)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q3.
The common cold is a disease caused by a variety of viruses.
The flow diagram below describes how common cold viruses attack the cells on the inside of the nose.

(a) Common cold viruses infect only the cells inside the nose.
(i) Suggest why common cold viruses cannot infect cells if they land on unbroken skin.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest why common cold viruses cannot infect cells if they enter the blood through a cut in the skin.
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(b) Compare the action of the RNA in the common cold virus with that found in HIV.
(2)
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(c) At Stage C, three enzymes are formed.
(i) Suggest why two of these enzymes, S and T, are needed at Stage D.
(2)
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(ii) Suggest how enzyme U might catalyse the breakdown of the host cell membrane at Stage E.
(3)
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(Total for Question = 11 marks)

Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.

Q3.