Molten metal is tapped into the ladle from furnaces.

After undergoing any ladle treatments, such as

alloying and degassing, and arriving at the correct temperature, the ladle is transported to the top of
the casting machine. Usually the ladle sits in a slot on a rotating turret at the casting machine. One
ladle is in the 'on-cast' position (feeding the casting machine) while the other is made ready in the
'off-cast' position, and is switched to the casting position when the first ladle is empty.
From the ladle, the hot metal is transferred via a refractory shroud (pipe) to a holding bath called
a tundish. The tundish allows a reservoir of metal to feed the casting machine while ladles are
switched, thus acting as a buffer of hot metal, as well as smoothing out flow, regulating metal feed to
the molds and cleaning the metal (see below).
Metal is drained from the tundish through another shroud into the top of an open-base copper mold.
The depth of the mold can range from 0.5 to 2 metres (20 to 79 in), depending on the casting speed
and section size. The mold is water-cooled to solidify the hot metal directly in contact with it; this is
the primary coolingprocess. It also oscillates vertically (or in a near vertical curved path) to prevent
the metal sticking to the mold walls. A lubricant can also be added to the metal in the mold to prevent
sticking, and to trap any slag particlesincluding oxide particles or scalethat may be present in
the metal and bring them to the top of the pool to form a floating layer of slag. Often, the shroud is
set so the hot metal exits it below the surface of the slag layer in the mold and is thus called a
submerged entry nozzle (SEN). In some cases, shrouds may not be used between tundish and
mold; in this case, interchangeable metering nozzles in the base of the tundish direct the metal into
the moulds. Some continuous casting layouts feed several molds from the same tundish.
In the mold, a thin shell of metal next to the mold walls solidifies before the middle section, now
called a strand, exits the base of the mold into a spray chamber. The bulk of metal within the walls of
the strand is still molten. The strand is immediately supported by closely spaced, water-cooled rollers
which support the walls of the strand against the ferrostatic pressure (compare hydrostatic pressure)
of the still-solidifying liquid within the strand. To increase the rate of solidification, the strand is
sprayed with large amounts of water as it passes through the spray-chamber; this is the secondary
cooling process. Final solidification of the strand may take place after the strand has exited the
spray-chamber.

BEAM-BLANK CASTING REDUCED ENERGY

CONSUMPTION WITH NEAR-NET-SHAPE
CASTING
Beam-blank casting results in fewer passes in the
section mill, reduced energy use and lower
production costs.
Near-net-shape casting is an energy-saving alternative to conventional bloom casting
for the production of beams and sections. The greatest benefits can be derived through
the direct coupling of the caster to the rolling mill. The special mold-taper design from
Primetals Technologies offers a large operating window with respect to varying casting
speeds and different steel grades. High-quality structural beams can be produced with a
broad range of product dimensions.

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Gambar bentuk dan ukuran semifinished produk (dalam mm)

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