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Urban planning and city health: characteristics and advantages of the
city health and their applicability in Iraq using the seven statistical
methods for quality control and performance improvement
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) ( Quality







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-1 ) (Flow chart
-2 )( Check sheet
-3 [ ] ) ( Ishikawa Diagram
-4 ) ( Control Chart
-5 [ ] ) ( Histogram
-6 ) ( Scatter Plots
-7 ) ( Pareto Diagram

-1 ): ( Flow chart

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-2 ): ( Check sheet


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-3 [ ] ) : ( Ishikawa Diagram
)
( . )
( Kaoru.Ishikawa 1969
. ) ( cause & effect
) (
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)
( .

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4 histogram
) . ( bar chart

) ( . )
(
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) ( bell shaped curve


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) (

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- 5 -scatter plots 5



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( positively correlated )
( regression .
) ( positively correlated
) ( correlated negatively )
( .
) . ( uncorrelated

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- 6 Pareto diagram

. X

. ) " ( Vilfredo Pareto %80
%20 "


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-7 ) ( Control Chart
control chart
.
individuals chart
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) ( ) LWL ( LWL
2
. ) LCL (UCL
3 .

:1
UCL . LCL

Indivi
duals
Contr
ol
Chart
s
Samples are Individual Measurements
Moving range Control charts for individual measurements, e.g., the sample size = 1,
used to derive use the moving range of two successive observations to measure the
upper and lower process variability.
limits
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The moving range is defined as

Individuals
control limits for
an observation

Example of
moving range

which is the absolute value of the first difference (e.g., the difference
between two consecutive data points) of the data. Analogous to the
Shewhart control chart, one can plot both the data (which are the
individuals) and the moving range.
For the control chart for individual measurements, the lines plotted are:

where is the average of all the individuals and

is the average of
all the moving ranges of two observations. Keep in mind that either or
both averages may be replaced by a standard or target, if available. (Note
that 1.128 is the value of d2 for n = 2).
The following example illustrates the control chart for individual
observations. A new process was studied in order to monitor flow rate.
The first 10 batches resulted in
Batch
Number

Flowrate
x

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Limits for the
moving range

49.6
47.6
49.9
51.3
47.8
51.2
52.6
52.4
53.6
52.1
= 50.81

This yields the parameters below.

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Moving
Range
MR

2.0
2.3
1.4
3.5
3.4
1.4
0.2
1.2
1.5
= 1.8778

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chart

The control chart is given below

The process is in control, since none of the plotted points fall outside
either the UCL or LCL.
Note: Another way to construct the individuals chart is by using the
standard deviation. Then we can obtain the chart from
It is preferable to have the limits computed this way for the start of
Phase 2.

Example of
individuals
chart

Alternative for
constructing
individuals
control chart

: 2 -
UWL .UCL
-
LWL . LCL
: 3
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