Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(w10 21/22/23)
Disease: an abnormal condition affecting an organism, which reduces the
effectiveness of the functions of the organism.
Infectious disease: a disease caused by a pathogen that can be
transmitted from one host organism to another.
Non-infectious disease: a disease with a cause other than a pathogen,
including genetic disorders (such as sickle cell anaemia) and lung cancer
(linked to smoking and other environmental factors).
Disease
Cholera
Malaria
Type of causative
organism
Bacterium
Protoctist-Plasmodium
Tuberculosis (TB)
Bacteria
AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency
Syndrome)
Smallpox
Measles
Borne-carried by_____
Virus
Virus
Virus
Name of causative
organism
Vibrio cholerae
Plasmodium
falciparum, P. vivax, P.
ovale, P.malariae
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, M. bovis
Human
immunodeficiency
virus(HIV)
Variola
Morbillivirus
Malaria
Reduce the number of mosquitoes
HIV/AIDS
Measles
Cholera
Distribution- no need
Malaria
1 Anopheles mosquito (vector) breeds / lives, within the tropics in hot and
humid areas ; ora
2 Plasmodium (pathogen) needs to reproduce within the mosquito (at
temperatures above 20C) ;
3 eradicated in some countries outside the tropics ;
4 ref. to LEDCs(less economically developed countries) and, poor / non-existent,
mosquito control programmes ; (this programme was hugely expensive and
unpopular)
5 mosquitoes resistant to, DDT / insecticides / pesticides such as dieldrin ;
6 An increase in Plasmodium that are resistant to drugs / chloroquine / other
named drug ;
TB distribution
HIV/AIDS
Virus cannot survive outside the human body
People with multiple partners are put at risk
Haemophiliacs who were treated with a clotting substance (factor VIII)isolated
from blood pooled from many donors
Virus has a long latent stage- transmitted by people who are HIV positive but who
show no symptoms of AIDS and do not know that they are infected
Virus changes its surface proteins which make its hard for the bodys immune
system to recognise it. Difficult to develop a vaccine.
HIV infection rates are especially high in sub- Saharan Africa. Many of
these people are not able to receive treatment with effective drugs,
generally for economic reasons.
People in Britain tend to have an HIV test far later stage than any other
Europeans
In Africa and South-East Asia, the epidemic is not restricted to such easily
identifiable groups and widespread testing is not feasible due to expense
of reaching the majority of population and the difficulty of organising it.
70% of all HIV infected adults and children are found in sub-Saharan Africa
Heterosexual sexual transmission is predominant and sub-Saharan Africa is the only
region where more women than men are infected.
The inaccessibility of antiretroviral treatment in this region means that the vast
majority of HIV infected people die around 810 years after infection, with
tuberculosis being the most common AIDS-related illness.
Climbing elsewhere such as in eastern Europe and central Asia. Male-male sex, injection drug use,
and sex work are the predominant risk factors in most other regions. Infection rates are declining in
some regions, including some of the most heavily affected countries in Africa, but Recent HIV
epidemiologic research findings include new insights into the role of HIV viral load, co-infection with
sexually transmitted infections, male circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, serosorting, and
superinfection in HIV transmission and prevention.
Measles
ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotic
sensitivity test
Bacteria collected from food, water or faeces and are grown on an agar
medium.
Various antibiotics are absorbed onto discs of filter paper and placed on
the agar plate.
The plate is incubated and the diameters of the incubation zones where
no bacteria are growing are measured.
The diameters are compared with a standard table and the most effective
antibiotics are chosen to treat infected people.