SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS

6200 North Central Expressway

Dallas, Texas 75206

OF AIME

This Is A Preprint

---

INTRODUCTION

PAPER
NUMBER SPE 5906

Subject

TO CARBON

To Correction
LOGGING

by
Vernie Co McWhirter
Dresser At !as, Houston, Texas

American

Institute

Copyright
1976
of Mining, Metallurgical,
and ?etroleum

Engineers,

lr~c.

This paper was prepared for the 1976 Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting of the Society of
Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, to beheld
in Camper, Wyotning - May 1[-12, 1976. Pertnission
to copy is restricted
to an abstract
of not more than 300 words.
Illustrations
may not be
copied.
The abstract
should contain conspicuous acknowiedgementof
where and by whom the
Publication
elsewhere
after
publication
in the JOURNAL
OF
paper
is presented,
PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM
ENGINEERS JOURNAL is
usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate
journal provided agreement
to
give proper credit is made.
Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Discussion of this paper is invited.
Society of Petroleum
Engineers
office.
Such discussions
may be presented
at the above
meeting
and, with the paper, may be considered
for publication
in one of the two SPE
magazines.

..
A nuclear
presence
regardless
veloped.

..

: ABSTRACT

logging method tocietermine

the
of hydrocarbons
behind
casing
of water salinity
has been de-

Examples
of interpretation
techniques
for
the
determination
of
oil
saturation:
Iithology, salinity and the presence of gas
are shown.

INTRODUCTION
This log, referred to as the Carbon Log or
Carbon/Oxygen
Ratio Log, is commercially
available
on a limited basis in the United
States and Canada.
For most of us in the oil production
industry, the Carbon Log principle,
including the technique,
terminology
and method
of operation,
is new. This paper is written
and presented
for those who desire
an
introduction
to Carbon Logging.
The intent of this paper is to cover the
basic nuclear
principle!
involved,
instrument operation and how use is made of the
nuclear reactions.

1 References
paper.

and il lustrat ions at

..

end of

The nuclear
reactions
from
which the
Carbon Log measurements
are obtained are
not new.
Reactions
that
occur
when
certain elements
are bombarded
with high
energy neutrons are wel I documented.
Fortunately,
a number of the elements that
are present in the rock tnatrix and the fluid
contained
therein do react in some identifiable way to neutron bombardment.
The Carbon Log is Imade possible due to the
. fact
that
Dresser
Atlas
has a .monoenergetic
neutron :cwrce that can be con-.
tiol led so as to provide a desired amount of
neui rons in periodic bursts,
i.e. the neutrons produced are_ of one specific energy
This differs
from the
level--- 14.2MEV.
.
convent ions I chemical
sources
used for
- running nwtron
logs in= that the chemical-

INTRODUCTION
sources used for running neutron logs emit
neu~rons continuously
in the 3-7MEV range
With
along with some gamma radiation.
are more
the llpulsed source the reactions
predictable
and with the high energy neutrons many more reactions are possible.
With the reactions
known and the availability of the source to create them, our
problem was then to construct
a subsurface
instrument
capable of initiating
them, resolving the information
and transmitting
to
the
surface
signals
that
retained
the
identity
of the elements
from which they
came.
Then at the surface to retain this
information
in such a manner as to be able
to analyze it.
There are three different
types of Gamma
Rays produced when elements
are exposed
to neutron bombardment.
They are:
1.
$:,

Inelastic or prompt Gamma Rays

Gamma Rays of capture
Gamma Radiation from activation.

Some elements respond in only one way and

others in all ways by giving off Gamma
Rays of some distinct
energy level.
The
inelastic reaction occurs vet-y early in the
life of a high energy neutron;
gene-al Iy
after 8-10 microseconds,
the neutrons have
insufficient energy to produce the reaction.
The capture occurs later in time after the
neutrons
have lost enough energy or have
been slowed down by many COIIisions to the
Activation
point they can be captured.
results in those elements
that have been
transmuted
to--tin unstable
isotope during
neutron bombardment.
,

Carbon responds only to the inelastic calli~ sion with a high energy neutron to produce
a 4.43 M13V.Gamma Ray. This is the only
reaction from carbon.
Oxygen re~cts in more than one way, but
one of its reactions
is also to produce an
inelastic
Gamma Ray of 6. I MEV energy.
Since the only reaction from carbon is the
inelastic Gamma Ray, we must look in this
mode for its presence.
Since oxygen also
reacts
in the same manner,
but with a
distinctively
different
ga~lma energy, we
make a reading which contains
the total
inelastic gamma spectrum.
From this total
spe_c_trum W6 can select
energy windows

TO CARBON

LOGGING

SPF

59(

that are best representative

of the gamma
From
energies
from oxygen and carbon.
the total counts
obtained
in these
two
windows,
we obtain
the Carbon/Oxygen
This carbon to oxygen ratio is a
ratio.
function
of hydrocarbon
saturation,
rock
matrix and porosity.
The Carbon/Oxygen
ratio alone cannot distinguish
between
carbon
in the form of
hydrocarbons
from
carbon
in the rock
So it is necessary
and advantamatrix.
geous to have companion measurements
of
silicon and calcium in order to identify the
rock type. These two measurements
can be
made from the same burst of high energy
neutrons
by looking for gamma
rays of
capture.
Both silicon and calcium give off
gamma rays of capture and by again choosing energy windows that best represent
the
capture
gamma energies
from si Iicon and
calcium
we derive
a silicon
to calcium
ratio.
In addition to the Carbon/Oxygen
ratio and
the Silicon/Calcium
ratio a Total Counting
Rate vs. Neutron Output is obtained.
This
Total Count Rate is very helpful in identifying Gas, Low Porosity
and i=l~id Filled
Zones.
. .

From the~e three companion

information
data the interpretation
is made.
CALIBRATION
The data acquisition
must be very accurate
since we are looking for distinct
gamma
energy levels.
In order to do this, calibra~-tion from known energy sources are made
on the surface (Figure l).
This surface
calibration
is Inade using a
with
the
source
conveiri?onal
neutron
source sfill in its carrying container.
The
container
is made of wax with an outer
shell of iron.
This gives us a number of
known energy i)eaks, namely
iron, with its
photo peak at 7.64 MEV, oxygen photo peak
at 6. I MEV (only a small amount of oxygen
is observed since we are in air), carbon at
4.43 MEV, hydrogen at 2.2 MEV and silicon
at 1.78 MEV.
The escape peaks from the higher energy
eiements
are more predominant
and their
energy is always .5 I ,MEV down scale from
,=

..=

>E 5906

Vernie C. McWhirter

the photo peak.

It can be seen then that
we have several known energy peaks so as
to be able to adjust the gain and linearity
of the equipment.
When we areactualiy
in
the well logging a number of the elements
are always present so it is a unique feature
of the Carbon
Log to actually
get a
calibration
with every spectra made.
The energy peaks are assigned to specific
channels so that every log we run has the
same element in the same energy channel.
Figure 2 shows the element,
its energy and
channel.
When we are downhole,
we have always
been able to resolve at least three peaks.
We have iron present
in the casing and
hydrogen
is always
it]strument
housing,
-p-resent and in either
silicon or calcium,
depending on the rock type, with this many
peaks readi Iy distinguishable
at both the
high end and the low end of the energy
scale.
It is possible for the engineer
to
maintain calibrations.
Figure 3 shows a typical downhole capture
spectra with the information
and calibration peaks that we observe.
The response of the instrument
to lithology, porosity and borehole fluids was evaiuated in laboratory
test pits and simulated
boreholes.
With this as a background
and
now with tnany wel Is logged,
we have
established
some guidelines for determining
oil saturation.
Figure 4 is a graphic picture
of the C/O response as related to porosity
al {d oil saturation.
The C/O ratios fall, wiiilin three distinct
groups depending on rock type. Sands have
C/O ratios sfarting at 1.58-1.60 for 100%
water and range upward to a maximum of
1.78-1.80, depending on the amount of oil
With the best high porosity
saturation.
sands, we have observed giving C/O ratios
of about 1.77. Limestone
starts at a C/O
ratio
of 1.78-1.80
for 100?4 water
and
range upward. to about. a maximum of 2.00
for the best high porosity,
maximum
oil
Doloniite
falls approximately
saturation.
one-half way between ,sar]d and lime for a
C/O ratio of 1.70 being water, and 1.90 the
highest oil. saturation:
From these numhers, it can be seen that regardless
of
formation
type, the C/O rcitio ha~ about
the same response.
,
~
-

!t is also evident
that the rock type is
important.
For this we are dependent
on
the si !icon calcium measurement
and any
other well logs or information
available.
The Si/Ca rat!os that we obtain range from
approximately
1.70+ in clean fresh water
, sands to. approximately
1.20- in carbonate
rock. It is important
here to point out the
effect
of chlorine.
Whereas the salinity
does not affect
the C/O measurement,
it
does enter
into the Si/Ca measurement.
Calcium
and chlorine
give off capture
gamma
rays of the same energy
level
(Figure 5); therefore,
as salinity
increases
the Si/Ca ratio decreases.
This can be very helpful
in knowri sand
reservoirs
because the Si/Ca ratio can be
converted
to read approximate
PPN NaC1.
Figure 6 is a nomograph used to determine
water salinity from the Si/Ca ratio.
This
can be helpful in water injection areas to
determine
not only is a zone watered-out,
but whether
with formation
water or injetted water.
The presence
of shale also affects
the
Si/Ca ratio.
The greater the shale content
the lower the silicon content,
therefore,
the lower the Si/Ca ratio.
Figure 6, which
is used to determine
water salinity,
can
also be used to estitnate
shale content:
When work ing in shaly sands that also
contcin salinity, some knowledge of one or
the other is necessary
in order to use the
chart, as they both add up to drive the
Si/Ca ratio !owero
There are some definit6 character
peaks
that
must be observed
in 1he capture
spectra,
from which the 5i/Ca
ratio
is
derived, to help determine
whether a low
or intermediate
Si/Ca ratio is due to the
presence
of shale or the presence cif calFigures
3, 7 and 8 exhibit
the
cium.
capture peaks we can look for to help us.
Note in Figure
3 the prominent
silicon
peak, this at 1.78 MEV and the clean-cut
valley between silicon and hydrogen at 2.2
MEV: This is typical of a clean fresh water
sand Si/Ca ratio i .65.

..Note in Figure 7 the. 1.78 MEV si licm peak

is gone and a prominent
peak appears at
1.96 MEV. Just beside the ever-present
2.2
hydrogen
peak is a calcium
peak.,
This
spectra
is typical
of that obtained
in a

carbonate
rock,
Si/Ca
ratio
1.16.
_ . .
--

:ARBON
Note in Figure8
that both the silicon peak
at 1.78 MEV and the calcium peak at 1.96
MEV are present.
This can bedue to either
being in a Iimey sand or a sand with a
significant
amount of salinity Si/Ca ratio
I.43.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

A monitor which is an indication of

source output.
A silicon curve with capture gamma energy window
set. (2.35-5.08
MEV).
A calcium curve with capture gamma energy window set. (5.08-6.44
MEV).
An analog ratio of silicon/calcium.
A total counts curve that contains
both silicon and calcium.
A casing cot Iar locator
for depth
correlaf;on.

The continuous
log is used primarily
for
correlation
with existing logs and is excel!ent for that purpose.
Figures 9 and 10
show examp!es of correlation
with an old
electric
log in a fresh water area and an
induction
Icg in a newer
well.
This
continuous silicon-calcium
log also gives us
some clues as to tho rock type. By looking
d the count rate on each curve and the
ratio, we get an indication
of the sand,
shale and calcium content.
A very important clue observed on the continuous
Si/Ca
log is a high count rate if we log through a
gas zone.
Figure I 1 shows the gas effect
on these curves.
The second step of the carbon log is to
make stationary
measurements
at selected
.It is at these selected
depth intervals.
intervals that the carbon to oxygen ratio is
made.
Another silicon to, calcium ratio is
also made, and from the information
obtained
in these two readings
the actual
interpretation
is made.
-.

SPE 5906

FIELD EXAMPLES
Four examples of actual logs from different areas are presented.
The data sheets
have been condensed
to leave out several
zones in each well but still contain enough
to iIlustrate
the information
obtained
f~r
interpretation.

By observing these character

peaks, watching the count rates in both the stationary
and continuous
logs, and when available
using the gamma ray or open hole resistivi ty logs, good interpretations
can be
made of the rock type and salinity.
OPERATIONS
The actual carbon logging operation
is done
in two steps.
First a continuous
SiliconCalcium log is made:
This continuous
log
will consist of some 4 or 5 curves;
the
curves are:

1.

LOGGING

South Texas Area

- Figure

12

This, log is in an area wh?re the sands are

Water salinities
are low,
fairly
clean.
From
the
data
sheet,
4000-5009
ppm.
zones I and 2 have C/O ratios of 1.73 and
1.76. This is accompanied
by Si/Ca ratios
of 1.62. The indications
from these types
of ratios are that it is a clean sand with
A vel y good wet; was
good oi I saturation.
made by completion
in this <one. Zones 3,
4 and 7 are typical of what we observe in
The Si/Ca
ratios
the depleted
zones.
indicate
that we are still in fairly
good
sands but the C/O ratios of 1.65 to 1.66 are
C/O ratios of this type in
very marginal,
sands indicate a high residual oil saturation
but frotn our experience
the zones would
probably produce mostly water.
Zones 5, 6
and 8 with C/O ratios of 1.58, 1.59 and 1.6 I
we would interpret
as original water zones.
The Si/Ca ratio indicates
that they are
aood sands but the C/O ratio indicates
&Proximately
100% water.
Zones 9 and I(I
illustrate
the necessity
of good companion
information
for the C/O ratio.
C/O ratios
of 1.73 and 1.74 would definitely
be good if
we were in a sand matrix,
but in this
example
the Si/Ca ratio dropped to 1.45
and 1.47 indicating
calcium
in the rock.
We know this is not frolm calcium
or
qhlorine in the water because of a high C/O
it must be from calcium
ratio; therefore,
carbonate
in the rock. This would raise theC/Cl ratio and lower the Si/Ca ratio or be
%terpreted
as a Iimey sand.
East Texas Area

- Figure

13

This example
shows. typical
readings
obtdined
in limestone
in comparison
with
sands containing
oil, gas and water.
Note
in zoyes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 14 a C/O ratio of
1.80- is obtained.
this is accompanied
by
Si/Ca ratios of 1.20-.
These are known to.
be in limestone
and Austin chalk and the
ratios
confortn
to what
we expect.
in
carbonate
rock. Zones 5, 6 and 7 have C/O

,.

E 5906

Vernie C.

cWhirter
~

ratios of 1.76 and 1.75, accompanied by

very high Si/Ca ratios 1.70+. These readings are in the clean high porosity Woodbine sand. C/O ratios of this magnitude
indicate very high oil saturation.
Zones 8,
10, I I and 12 are in the same high porosity
clean sand but are interpreted as being gas.
The continuous log in Example
is from
this wel I so we already had our gas clue.
This is confirmed by the high count rate
Note the
and mid-range
C/O ratio.
total/monitor
column and the channel I
The total
si 1icon column in these zones.
counts is up a significant amount even over
the low porosity limestone. Zones 9 and 13
were made in shale; note the very low
count rates obtained in the silicon and
calcium windows; this is typical of shale.
The carbon/oxygen
ratio of these shales
were 1.66 and 1.65. We have found that
shale does not inf Iuence the C/O ratio very
much.
Readings obtained in shaly sands
usual Iy do not have to be corrected unless
the shale content is extremely high. Reading 13 with a C/O ratio of 1.6 I and a..Si/Ca
ratio of 1.39 would indicate a water sand
containing water salinity of approximately
35,000 ppm calorides.
Rocky Mountain Area - Figure 14
This example
is in an area of mixed
1ithology.
It contains both dolomite and
limestone.
Other logs were used to help
define the rock matrix so that a better
Repeat
interpretation
could be made.
readings are presented on this example to
iIIustrate the reliability
we expect ond
need for good results.
From the previous
section on C/O ratios we defined the
dolomite response as fal Iing between 1.70
and 1.90 for the maximums.
Zone I with
an average of 1.72 C/O ratio is in the high
water saturation area. Zones 2 and 3 with
C/O ratios of 1.8 I are well within the
range of expected good oi I production.
Zone 4, with a C/O ratio of 1.765; falls in
the range of 50% water saturation; therefore, is predicted to produce both oil and
water. Zone 5, with C/O ratio of 1.835, is
definitely in the high oil saturation range.
Zone 6 is again a dolomite in the C/O
water range. Zones 5 and 7 are identified
as low porosity Iimestone.
A slight increase in the count rate is evident and a
slight decrease in the Si/Ca ratio is obtained but the other logs were real Iy
needed to define these zones.

California

Area - Figure 15A & 15B

This carbon log example is accompanied

with a core analysis and a water saturation
chart derived for this area. This example
15A shows repeats of the C/O ratio at each
station and frorn the core analysls is listed
(3) one foot intervals, so as to average
vertical
area being investigated
by the
carbon log. The water saturation chart 15B
was constructed for this area using only a
30% porosity line. Porosit ies do not vnry
much in this area so it was felt one point
was sufficient.
This chart would then be
used on other wells in the field to determine oi I and water saturation direct Iy from
the carbon log.
.
APPLICATION
The Carbon Log is most applicable in wells
where conventional logs are not capable of
providing the needed information on posOther logs infer
sible productive zones.
the presence of hydrocarbons by making a
The
measurement
of water saturation.
Carbon Log looks directly for the presence
of hydrocarbons by making a measurement
of the carbon atoms and for water..by a
measurement
of the oxygen atoms.! WHh
this carbon. to oxygen ratio we can ciosely
approximate
oi I and water saturations,
whereas with resistivity
logs and pulsed
neutron capture logs we must have ade
quate salinity and know its concentration
in
order to calculate saturations.
The Carbon Log is also ben >ficial in determining iithology. Measurements relating to
silicon and calcium are made to identify
the reservoir rock as being sand, carbonate
Other minerals can be
or a mixture.
identified that can be helpful in mixed
Iithology.
Shale has very little effect on the Carbon/Oxygen reading. This makes it possible
to use the Carbon Log in very shaly sands
with. little or no corrections
required.
. Also, readings. can be made in shale to
check its carbon cmtent.
- CONCLUSIONS
In general the results obtained infield tests
havk been consistent
with expectations
based on instrument performance specifi.

SPE 59f14

INTRODUCTION TO CARBGN LOGGING

cations. Reliability hus been
no operating problems have
tered.
As tu the accuracy
fluid evaluation
which can
certain general conclusions
fiech

excellent and
been encounof formation
be attained,
appear justi-

1. Inhighporosity
sands, oil saturation can
be estimated
with good accuracy regardless of formation water salinity and
regardless of shale content.
2. In intermediate
porosity
formations
with varying proportions of limestone
matrix there are encouraging prospects
can be made
that reliable interpretation
with the help of a silicon-calcium
ratio curve.
3. Borehole effects due to normal cased
hole conditions such as annular fluid
variations, borehole size, cement type,
K!tc., do not alter the measured C/()
ratio to a degree that wrong interpretation is made.
The carbon to oxygen ratio log has been
found to be a field worthy system.
The
apparatus is complex and its required per-.
formance specifications
are exacting because the nuclear processes involved are
very difficult to measure with the required
accuracy and reliability.
These difficulties
appear to have been overcome and the
system is now available commercia IIy on a
limited basis. Continuation of instrument
development and field testing is planned to
evaluate the economic feasibi Iit y of extending the service to regions where more
refined techniques of interpretation
may be
required.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author acknowledges the coopera~ion
and assistance of many members of the
Dresser At Ias staff. Mr. R. A. Berganz Mr.
R. B. Culver, Mr. E. C. Hopkinson are
responsible for the design, development and
field evaluation
of the instrumentation.
This paper has used the results and conclusions from their work, both published and
The patient support of the
unpublished.
Dresser At Ias management for over twenty
years of research and development is also
acknowledged.
.

REFERENCES
1. Hoyer, W. A.; hnd Rumble, R. C.: Field
Experience in Measuring Oil Content,
Lithology and Porosity with a High
Energy Neutron-induced
Spectral Logging System, Journal Petroleum Technology, July, 1975, 80!.
2. Caldwell,
Richard L.; Mills, Wm. R.,
Jr.; and Hichman, John B., Jr.: Gamma Radiation from Inelastic Scattering
of 14-MEV Neutrons by the Common
Earth Elements, Nuclear Science and
Engineering (1960), Vol. 8, 173.
3. Lawson, B. L.; Cook, C. F.; and
Owen, J. D.: A Theoretical and Laboratory Evaluation, presented at the 45th
Annual Meeting of the SPE of AlME,
Houston, Texas (October 4-7, 1970).
4. Lock, G. A., and Hoyer$ W. A., CarbonOxygen (C/0) Log: Use and Interpretation, Journal of Petroleum Technology,
(Sept. 1974), I044.
5. Schultz, Ward E.; and Smith, Harry D.,
Jr.; Laboratory and Field Evaluation of
a Carbon/Oxygen
(C/0) Wet 1 Logging
System, Journal of Petroleum TechnoL
WY, (Oct.

1975), vol. Xxvi.

6. Smith, H. W.; Schultz, W. E.: Field

Experience in Determining Oi I Saturations from Continuous C/O and Ca/Si
Logs independent of Salinity and Scaliness, Transactions of SPWLA Fifteenth
Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5,
1974, McAllen, Texas.
7. Culver, R. B.; Hopkinson, E. C. and
Youmans, A. H., Carbon/Oxygen (C/0)
Logging Instrumentation,
SPE Journal,
Vol. 14, No. 5, Oct. i974.
L,

.-.
.-

Vernie C. McWhirter

I?E 5906

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~ 2nd Escape ~ la E&Pe

: Peak Carbon: peak Carbon ~
I, ~ 3.41 MEV ; 3.92 MEV ,

. . .
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.~ .. 1.. .. /.
11111111
1

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~
~oto peak c~rbo~
: .43 MEV - CH. 128

11
;:

Silicon Peak
1.78 MEV
CH. 51

2nd EscapeOxygen -5.11 MEV ~

Ist EscapeOxygen -5.62 MEV

Photo Peak Oxygen -6.13 MEV

.
: 2nd EscapePeak Iron ~

l.l/

..ljl

.....

20

~~

48

80
T

Scale Change

100

120

1st EscapePeak Iron;

Photo Peak1ron

I,I,,,,,
Illllllillllllll~~~~
11111111
111111111111
Ill

140

1a

180

lllllll!ll,,,,,,,,,,,!,,.,,,,,,![l,l,,..,,

2f30

220

240

CHFINNELNO.

FIGURE 1- SURFACE CALIBRATION

Channel
Number
51
57
64

Element
Silicon
calcium
Hydrogen

Energy-Mev
1.78
1.96
2.2

Carbon 2nd Escape

carbon 1st Escape
Carbon Photo Peak

3.41
3.92
4.43

99
113
128

Cxy 2nd Escape

Oxy 1st -Escape
Oxygen Photo Peek
Iron 2nd Escape
Iron 1st Escape
Iron Photo Peak

5.11
5.62
6.13

147
161
177

6.62
7.13
7.64

189
204
218 ~

FIGURE 2
.,
.

INTRODUCTION

TO CARBON LOGGING

.
.

SPE 5901

,..
.::

::
.:
.

.
i,

.,

I
I

Il[l,i[l II ,:
1~I
I !Il1,11,,
ii v
[1!1,1/I,1,
[i ,
!

I I 1~~ ,11
I

,,,,,.

.l.

,.,

.,,

,0,

I .1 ,

I(

ill!

lllllllllllllllllll!llllllll,ll:ll

FIGURE 3- CAPTURE SPECTRA IN SAND

WCARATIO1.65

4.0

~ 3.0
$
z 2.0
i?
E
G
1.0

tT#
o~

Limestone _

Sandstone

\~

()~~

4
Gamma Ray Energy -

Porosity

FIGURE 4- POROSITY VS C/O RATIO

6
MeV

FIGURE 5- CAPTURE GAMMA RAY SPECTRA

PE 5906

Vernie C. McWhirter

Si/Ca
Ratio

1.7

c
.

Fresh
Water
Clean
Sand

10,000 P.P.M.

1.6

50%

40%
1.5

30%
..

1.4

20%

lo%
1.3

1.2

Correct For
Shale

o
100% Shale

1.

Wash Out
\

FIGURE 6- ESTIMATION OF PPM CHLORINE.

~ FROM S1/CA MEASUREMENTS
.

INTRODUCTION

TO CARBON LOGGING

SPE 590

..................,,,
!

60

100

1221

14B

lG@

Is@

MB

CHANNELNO.

FIGURE 7- CAPTURE SPECTRA IN CARBONATE ROCK

S1/CA RATIO I ,16
.,

.
,..
.

.
.
:
.

.
.::
.
.

.
.

.:

.1111

..
..,
.. . ....1
..............
!?8

Ipthlmp,
n!

40

60

ml

108

128

la

160

180

208

220

31a

CHfiNNEL No.

FIGURE.8 - LIMEY SA_ND SI(CA RATIO f.4.3

-..

...- ..-.. ...,

iPE 5906

Vernie C. McWhirter

Electrolog

FIGURE 9- CORRELATION BETWEEN S1/CA AND ELECTROLOG

SPONTANEOUS
POTENTIAL
y

MILIVOLTS

20

GAMMA-RAY

1) .100

+.

4,000

COUNTS/MiN.
8,000

t
%
> v
?

;alcium

_-c- .-

-4 s
-e --

.-

FIGURE 10- CORRELATION BETWEEN I

S1/CA AND INDUCTION LOG

. .

12,C

INTRODUCTION

TO CARBON LOGGING

SPE 59(X

Gas Effect on Si/Ca Curves

-L
/\

!4 u
/ w

P %4

5600

FIGURE 11- GAS EFFECT ON SI/CA C JRVES

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
--78
9
10

Depth
2977.
2973
2961
2880
2542
2286
2070
1930
1388
1335

Total
10 sac.
7400
7600
7500
7400
7200
71(?0
8400
(s400
8200
8200

Channal 1
Carbon
13,482
13,622
13,095
12,966
12,613
12,310
14,246
14,359
14,922.
14,692

Channal 2
Oxygan
7812
7725
7892
7797
7920
7796
8660
8933
8565
8511

Clo
Ratio

Total
Mon.

1.73
1.76
1.66
1.66
1,59
1.56
1.65
1.61
1.74
1.73

617
633
625
617
600
592
646
646
630
630

Mon.
C.D.
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13 13

Channel 1
Silicon
17,312
19,683
18;539
13,859
19,361
17,766
12,376
14,967
10,291
10,075

Channel 2
Calcium
10,718
12.113
11 ;606
8,948
11,575
10,955
7,638
8,891
7,095
6,861

SilCa
Ratio
1.62
1.62
1.60
1,55
1.67
1.62
1.62
1.b.
1.45
1.47

Ramarks
Sand Oil
Sand Oil
Sand Depleted
Shaly Sand Depleted
Sand Water
Sand Water
Sand Depleted
Sand Water
Limey Sand Water
Limey Sand Water

FIGURE 12

Total
10 sec.

Channal 1

Channel 2

(YO
Ratio

Total
Mon.

5720

10,099
10,791
10,961
10,900
10,014

1.80
1.18
1.81
1.83
1.76

1.61
q.64
1,69
1.66
1.64

3600
,3600

6100
51300
5900

18,205
19,623
19,883
19,960
1.7,657

6
7
8
9
10

5670
5580
5546
5515
5500

5900
5900
6000
6000
6000

18.186
17,505
18,467.
16,503
17,697

10,444
10.023
11,134
9,924
10,733

1.75
1.75
1.66
1.66
1,65

1.66
1.66
2.14
1.67
2.14

3500
3600
2800
3600
2800

11
12
13
14
15

5438
5410
5370
5110
4238

6000
6200
6000
6000
6000

19,180
16,262
17,965
19,029
19,281

11,443

1.68
1.62
1.65
1.78
1.6!

.2.55
2.14
1.58
1.67
1.62

2350
2900
3800
3600
3700

No.

Depth

1
2
3
4

6285
6285 R
6070
5950

5800
5900

10,013
10,885
10,674
12,002

Mon.
10 sac.

3600
3500
3600

Channal 1

Channal 2

8,060

6854

6,821
8,092

7560
6715
7174
4986

8,220
8,637
9,089
7,786
.

12,437
2,951
10,837
11,581
6,834
2,953
8,187
6,323

5131
4505
6966
2144
6290
7513
4685
2330
6858
4544

SilCa
Ratio

Rarnarks

1.18
1.17
1.21
1.15
1.73

Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limewone
Sand Oil

1.75
1.73
1.79
1.38
1.72

Sand Oil
Sand Oil

1.54
1.46
1.27
.

1.19
1.39

Sand Gas
Shale
Sand Gas
Sand Gas
Sand Gas
Shale
Chalk
Sand Water

FIGURE 13
,.,

>E

No.
:
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Oapth
6685
5565
6665
6665
6645
6645
6637
6637
6612
6612
6? 10

11
12
13
14
15
16

13

Vernie C. McWhirter

5906

6510
6496
64%
6426
6426

Total
10 eat.
70U)
7000
7500
7500
82(XI

Channal 1
Carbon
16.169
16,278
18,405
18,485
22.893

Chartnal 2
Oxygnrr
9,456
9,410
10.168
10,213
12,646

Clo
Ratio
1.71
1.73
1.61
1.61
1.61

Total
Mon.
437
437
@q
469
512

8260
8200
82~
8000
8000

22,732
22,2el
22,204
13%7
19,655

12,628
12,594
12,573
10,852
10,850

1.80
1.77
1.76
1.84
1.83

512
512
512
500
500

6500
8500
7000
7000
7500
7500

24.419
23.672
16,423
15,983
17,716
18.232

13,556
13,189
9,548
9,347
9,842
10,243

1.80
1.81
1.72
t.71
1.80
1,78

531
531
467
467
500
500

Mon.
CD.
16
16
16
16
16

Channel 1
Wcon
20,690
20,890
20,696
20,696
25,696

Channel 2
Calcium
18,981
16,991
18,967
18,987
23,150

8ilCa
Ratio
1.10
1,10
1,08
1.Oe
1.11

Remarka
Dolomite
Dolomite
Dolomite
Dolomite
Dolomite

Water
Water
Prob. Oil
Prob. Oil
Prob. Oil

16
16
16
16
16

25,696
24,790
24,790
21.231
21,231

23.150
22,954
22,954
19,478
19,478

1.11
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.09

Dolomite
Oolomite
Dolomite
Dolomite
Dolomite

Prob. Oil
Prob. Oil& Water
Prob. Oil & Water
Od
Oil

16
16
15
15
15

29,523
29.523
20,372
20,372
27,614
27,614

28,663
26,663
18,863
18.863
26,299
26.299

1.03
1.03
1.08
1.08
1.05
1.05

Lime Low II
Lime Low O
Dolomite Water
Dolomite Water
Lime Low O
Lime Low 0

FIGURE 14

CALIFORNIA

1.72

Core Analysis

Depth

Cfo

Si/Ca

f$

785

1.61
1.61
1.60
1.61

1.65

759

1.67

oil

Water

31.3
34.5
32.4
32.3
31.5
29.5
27.2
30.1

0.0
0.0
26.9
23.8
16.4
22.2
21.5
34.3

78.4
81.7
70.0
76.4
82.0
71.2
71.5
55.2

31.4
32.8
31.7

42.5
42.3
43.9

57.1
55.1
53.5

740

1.63
1.64

1.66

723

1.66
1.67

1.69

702

1.56
1.57

1.44

Shale

683

1.68
1.68

1.64

1.69
1.68

1.60

32.5
31.5
31.2
31.1
30.2
30.7

647

EXAMPLE

1.70
. 1.68 _

California Example
CIO versus SW
#

Q I .(56
+
/

$1.64
Q
~ 1.62
1.60

/
A

1.58
54.6
53.8
47.4
60.2
57.6
60.2

41.0
45.1
46.2
39.0.
.41.9 -38.7

1.56
100

80
60
40
Water Saturation %
FIGURE 16

,.

FIGURE 15

L..

.
.,

20

..