MATHEMAATICAL REASONING

1) Determine Whether a Given Sentence is a Statement

Example 1: Determine whether the following sentences are statements or not. If
it is statement, state whether true or not.
(a) 3 + 3 = 8
(b) A pentagon has 5 sides.
(c) Is 40 divisible by 3?
(d) Find the perimeter of a square with each side of 4cm.
(e) Help!

2) Statement using All and Some

Example 2 : Complete each of the following statements using the quantifiers all
or some to make the statement true.
(a) _______ polygons have the same number of vertices and sides.
(b) _______ multiples of 9 are even numbers.
(c) _______ of the whole numbers are divisible by 7.

3) Operations on Statements
Example 3: Change the true value of the following statements by using no or
not and state whether it is true or not
(a) 17 is a prime number.
(b) 39 is a multiple of 9.

Example 4: Determine whether the following statement is true or not.

(a) 12 (3) = 36 and 15 7 = 8.
(b) 5 > 3 and 4 < 5.
(c) Hexagons have 5 sides and each of the interior angles is 90o.
(d) 60 is divisible by 4 or 9.
(e) 53 = 25 or 43 = 64.
5) Implications of the Form p if and only if q

Example 5: Construct a mathematical statement in the form of implication

(a) If p, then q.
(b) p if and only if q.
(C) Converse of an Implication

6) Arguments
Example 6: Identify the premises and conclusion of the following argument.
(a) A pentagon has 5 sides. ABCDE is a pentagon. Therefore, ABCDE has 5 sides.

7) Forms of Arguments
Example 7: Make a conclusion based on the two premises given below.
a) Premise 1: All multiples of 5 are divisible by 5.
Premise 2: 45 is a multiple of 5.
Conclusion: ______________
b)Premise 1: If a number is a factor of 18, then the number is a factor of 54.
Premise 2: 3 is a factor of 18.
Conclusion: ______________
c)Premise 1: If P is a subset of Q, then P Q = P.
Premise 2: P Q P
Conclusion: ______________

8) Reasoning by Deduction and Induction

Example 8: Determine whether the following conclusion is made based on an
inductive reasoning.
1 = 7 (1)2 6
22 = 7 (2)2 6
57 = 7 (3)2 6
106 = 7 (4)2 6
7n2 6, n = 1, 2, 3, 4