Professional Documents
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The advancement and latest development of major construction is largely associated
with improving the efficiency of the building under seismic effect, reducing cost, economic use
of new materials etc., concrete is one such material, which is consumed in construction
industry next to water consumption in the world. This marvelous material is strong in
compression but very weak in tension. Use of dispersed reinforcement in the cement based
matrix/concrete attains promising new material and eliminates certain drawbacks and entrances
certain property.
1.2 HISTORICAL BACK GROUND
Historically, fibers were used to reinforced the brittle material since ancient times,
straws were used to reinforce sun-baked bricks, horse hairs were used to reinforce plaster and
asbestos fibers were used to reinforce cement.
In 1910, porter put the idea that concrete can be strengthened by the inclusion of
fibers. Till 1963; there was only slow progress on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC). Romualdi
and Batson gave rise to FRC by conducting numerous experimental works to determine the
basic engineering properties such as compressive, tensile strength FRC.
Typical types of fibers used are steel, acrylic asbestons, glass, xylon, polyster,
polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, rock wool and so on. Steel fibers are available in round,
flat, reimped, deformed forms. Steel fibers were used in different structural elements in
various zones and investigated its performance. Now-a-days synthetic fibers have become
more attractive and used for the reinforcement of cementitious materials.
Fiber Reinforced Cement as a material made from hydraulic cement and discrete,
discontinuous fibers (containing no aggregate). Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is made
with hydraulic cement, aggregates of various sizes, in corporating discrete, discontinuous
fibers. Both are firmly established as a new construction material.
Steel fibers and synthetic fibers find applications in civil engineering on a larger scale
by virtue of their inherent advantages; it is of interest to note that the performance of concrete
can be enhanced through the employment of these micro-reinforcements in a hybrid form. The
volume of data available on the performance studies of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete
appears to be inadequate for a better understanding the investigation, it is proposed to combine
these fibers at different proportions in the beam structural elements and engineering properties
and performance are being investigated.
The necessity for the addition of fibers in structural material is to increase the strength
of the concrete and mortar and also to reduce the crack propagation that mainly depends on the
following parameters.
Strength characteristics of fiber
Bond at fiber matrix interface
Ductility of fibers
Volume of fiber reinforcement
Spacing, dispersion, orientation, shape and aspect ratio of fiber.
High strength fibers, favorable orientation large volume, fiber length and diameter of
fiber have been found independently to improve the strength of composites. The steel fiber is
known to have possessed high tensile strength and ductility.
The most significant factor affecting resistance to crack propagation and strength of the
fibrous concrete and mortar are
Shape and bond at fiber matrix interface
Volume fraction of fibers
Fiber aspect ratio and Orientation of fibers
Workability and Compaction of Concrete
Size of Coarse Aggregate
Mixing:
A) SHAPE AND BOND AT FIBER MATRIX INTERFACE
The modulus of elasticity of matrix must be much lower than that of fiber for
efficient stress transfer. Low modulus of fibers such as nylon and polypropylene are therefore
unlikely to give strength improvement, but they help in the absorption of large energy and
therefore impart greater degree of toughness and resistance to impact. High modulus fibers
such as steel, glass and carbon impart strength and stiffness to the composite. Interfacial bond
between the matrix and the fibers also determine the effectiveness of stress transfer, from the
matrix to the fiber. A good bond is essential for improving tensile strength of the composite.
The interfacial bond could be improved by larger area of contact, improving the frictional
properties and degree of gripping and treating the steel fibers with sodium hydroxide or
acetone.
aggregates controls the orientation and distribution of the fibers and consequently the
properties of the composite. Friction reducing admixtures and admixtures that improve the
cohesiveness of the mix can significantly improve the mix.
G) MIXING
Mixing of fiber reinforced concrete needs careful conditions to avoid balling of
fibers, segregation, and difficulty of mixing the materials uniformly. Increase in the aspect
ratio, volume percentage and size and quantity of coarse aggregate intensify the difficulties and
balling tendencies. It is important that the fibers are dispersed uniformly throughout the mix.
This can be done by adding fibers before adding water. When mixing in a laboratory mixer,
introducing the fibers through a wire mesh basket will help even distribution of fibers.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
A) Waheeb Ahmed al-khaja (1997 volume 7) studied the mechanical properties
And time dependent deformation of polypropylene fiber concrete. This investigation
conducted to study the effect of PPF used for reinforcing concrete mixes.
The compression, tension and flexural strength test were performed changing fiber
0.1 to 3 % of the cement weight content. Adding the 0.5 % of PPF the compressive strength
can obtain the maximum value.
B) K.Anbuvelan, M.M. Khadar. M.h, M.Lakshmipathy and K.S. Sathyanarayann
studies on properties of concretes containing polypropylene, steel and reengineered plastic
shred fiber work an attempt has been made to study the influence of polypropylene fibers, steel
fibers and re-engineered plastic shreds with0.1 %, 0.5 % and 0.5 % by volume of concrete mix.
1.
increased in the range of 4 %-17 %. The improvement in its wear and impact
3.
and 123%-139% respectively. The reduction in its maximum crack width is 59%73%.
CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
Collection of materials
Mix proportions
(M20 grade of concrete)
Casting of specimens
Steel Fiber
Polypropylene Fiber
Curing of Specimens
Test on Specimens
Hardened concrete
1. Comprehensive strength test
2. Split tensile strength test
10
Conclusion
CHAPTER-4
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Test Particulars
Result Obtained
Specific gravity
Normal consistency (%)
Initial setting time
(minutes)
3.15
31
37
3.10-3.15
30-35
30 minimum
570
600 maximum
28
38
44
43
33
23
11
12
Figure 4.1: The figure shows the general view of steel fiber
13
Figure 4.2: The figure shows the general view of polypropylene fiber
B. NYLON FIBER
Commercial available nylon fibers are made of nylon 6. They are available in varies
lengths in single filament form. Since this fibers are very thin, a number of fibers per pound in
the range of 35 million per pound for fiber length of 0.75 inch (19 mm).
C. POLYESTER
14
Polyester fibers are made of ethyl acetate monomers. Their physical and chemical
properties can be changed substantially by altering manufacturing techniques. The higher
modulus of elasticity and better bonding to concrete that is important for FRB application can
be achieved by some of this modification.
Effective Dia
10-3 (mm)
Specific
Gravity
Tensile
Strength
(MPa)
Elastic
Modulus
(GPa)
Ultimate
Elongation
(%)
Nylon
1.16
965
5.17
20
Polyester
1.34-1.39
896-1100
17.5
25-1020
0.96
200-300
0.9-0.91
310-760
3.5-4.9
15
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polyethylene fibers are available both in standard length (0.52-2, 12-50 mm)and in
pulp form .the longer fiber available in the market have wart-like surface deformation, better
bond to concrete. The fibers that are available in pulp form have been promoted has a
replacement for asbestos fibers in concrete. These short fibers can also used in cement matrix
to improve ductility, impact resistance and fatigue strength
E. GLASS FIBERS
The glass fibers are primarily used for glass fiber reinforced cement (GFRC) sheets.
Regular E-Glass fibers were found to deteriorate in concrete.
16
Akwara is a natural fiber derived from a plant stem grown in large quantities in
Nigeria. They are made of a cellular core covered with a smooth sheath. Akwara fibers were
found to be durable in alkaline environment of cement matrix, and they are also dimensionally
stable under wetting and drying conditions. The disadvantages are their low elastic modulus
and brittleness.
B. BAMBOO FIBERS
Bamboo, which is a member of the grass family, grows in tropical and subtropical
region. Plants can grow up to a height of 15 m. their hollow stalks have intermediate joints, the
diameters of these stalks range from 0.4 to 4.0 inch (1 to 10 cm).
Special techniques are needed to extract the fibers from bamboo. Bamboo fibers are
strong in tension, but have a relatively low modulus of elasticity. Their tendency absorb water
adversely affects the bonding between the fibers and the mixture during the curing process.
C. COCONUT FIBERS
A mature coconut has an outer fibrous husk. Coconut fibers, called coir, can be
extracted simply by soaking the husk in water or, alternatively, by using mechanical processes.
These short (only a few inches) stiff fibers have been used for making rope for centuries. Coir
has a low elastic modulus and is also sensitive to moisture changes.
D. FLAX AND VEGETABLE FIBERS
Flax is grown for its fiber. Flax fibers are strong under tension and also possess a high
modulus of elasticity. Fibers extracted from other plant such as elephant grass, water reed,
18
plantain, and musamba have also been tried as reinforcements for concrete. Most of these
fibers are removed from the stems of the plants manually.
Physical properties of naturally occurring fibers as shown in the given table 4.2
Fiber
Coconut
Type
Fiber
52
Length
to
(mm)
350
Fiber Dia
0.1
(mm)
to
0.4
Specific
1.12
Gravity
to
1.15
Modulus
19
of
to
Elasticity
26
(GPA)
Ultimate
120
Tensile
to
Strength
200
(MPa)
Sisal
Sugarcane
Bagasse
-
Bamboo
Jute
Flax
500
0.05
to
0.4
1.5
13
to
16
0.2
to
0.4
1.2
to
1.3
15
to
19
33
to
40
180
to
300
0.1
to
0.2
1.02
to
1.04
26
to
32
280
to
568
170
to
290
350
to
500
250
to
350
19
Elephant Musamba
Grass
-
Wood
fiber
2.5
to
5
0.015
to
0.08
1.5
100
4.9
.9
1000
178
83
700
Elongatio
n of
Break
(%)
Water
Absorpti
on (%)
10
to
25
3
to
5
1.5
to
1.9
1.8
to
2.2
3.6
9.7
130
to
180
60
to
70
70
to
75
40
to
45
50
to
75
CHAPTER-5
MATERIAL SELECTION
Water
5.1 CEMENT
21
Ordinary Portland cement is hydraulic cement that hardens by interacting with water and
forms a water resistance compound when it receives its final set. Compared with non-hydraulic
cements such as gypsum and lime, which absorb water after hardening, Portland cement is highly
durable and produces high compressive strengths in mortars and concretes.
The size of the cement particles has a strong influence on the reaction of cement with
water. For a given weight of finely ground cement, the surface area of the particles is greater than
that of the coarsely ground cement. Since there are different types of cement for various needs, it is
necessary to study the percentage variation in the chemical composition of each type n order to
interpret the reasons for variations in behavior. OPC-53 Grade con forming to IS: 12269-1987 was
used.
5.2 AGGREGATES
Aggregate are those parts of the concrete that constitute the bulk of the finished product.
They comprise 60-80% of the volume of the concrete and have to be so graded that the entire mass
of concrete acts as a relatively solid, homogenous, dense combination, with the smaller sizes acting
as an inert filler of the voids that exist between the larger particles.
They are two types:
1. Coarse aggregate, such as gravel, crushed stone, or blast furnace slag
2. Fine aggregate, such as natural or manufactured slag
Since the aggregate constitutes the major portion of the mixture, the more aggregate in the
mixture, the cheaper is the concrete, provided that the mixture is of reasonable workability for the
specific job for which it is used.
22
The long term performance if the concrete produced, whether normal strength or high
strength is governed to a large extent by the quality of the coarse aggregate, low porosity and low
permeability, high resistance to freezing and thawing, high resistance to abrasion strength, and low
expansion that can be produce cracking, disintegration, low or no alkali-aggregate reactivity.
Aggregate should always be selected to have minimum drying shrinkage effects. Their
choice determines the long term performance of a structure, as drying shrinkage is a long term
process that takes several years for the concrete in a structural member to achieve complete drying.
The following are the factors to be taken into account in selection of the coarse aggregate.
The fine aggregate conforming to zone-II as per IS: 383-1987 was used. Fine aggregate is
smaller filler made of sand. A good fine aggregate should always be free of organic impurities,
clay, or any deleterious materials or excessive filler of size smaller than N.For radiation-shielding
concrete, fine steel shot and crushed iron ore are used as fine aggregate.
A fineness modulus (FM) in the range 2.5-3.2 is recommended for concrete, to facilitate
workability. Lower values result in decreased workability and a higher water demand. The mixing
water demand is dependent on the void ratio in the sand.
CHAPTER-6
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
6.1 GENERAL
In order to increase the performance of concrete, many types of mineral and chemical
admixtures are added. Addition of fibers may change the performance in the hardened stages.
Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate the effect of fibers on mechanical properties of concrete.
Thus chapter deals with the properties of materials used in this investigation, methodology,
preparation of test specimens, experimental test set up and testing procedure that have been
performed.
6.2 STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
24
The age at is a governing criterion for selecting mixture proportions. The standard 28-day
strength for normal-strength concrete penalizes high strength concrete since the later continues
gaining strength after that age. One has also to consider that a structure is subjected to service load
at 60 to 90 days age at the earliest.
Table5.1 shows the Specific gravity test result for fine aggregate by using Pyconometer test.
Description
651.5
651.5
851.5
855.5
1668
1675
1545.5
1549.5
2.6
2.6
Average
(W3)
2.6
(W3-W4)]
Table5.1: Specific gravity of fine aggregate coarse
Table5,2 shows the Specific gravity test result for coarse aggregate by using Pyconometer test.
25
Description
Pyconometer bottle (W1)
Wt of Pyconometer + dry soil (W2)
Wt of Pyconometer + dry soil + water (W3)
651.5
881.5
1753.68
651.5
855.5
1765
1606
2.8
1633
2.8
Average
2.8
W4)]
Table 5.2: Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Table5.3 shows the Sieve analysis test for fine aggregate concrete.
IS Sieve size
(mm)
Quantity
Retained (g)
10
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0
0
120
1425
880
1670
905
Cumulative
Wt Retained
(g)
0
0
120
1545
2425
4095
5000
% Retained
% Passing
0
0
2.4
28.5
17.6
33.4
18.1
100
100
97.6
69.1
51.5
18.1
0
Limits for
Zone-II
(IS383)
100
90-100
95-100
55-90
35-59
8-30
0-10
Table5.4 shows the Sieve analysis test for coarse aggregate concrete.
Quantity
Retained (g)
Cumulative Wt
Retained (g)
26
% Retained
% Passing
63
40
20
12.5
10
4.75
0
0
803
0
12562
374
0
0
803
803
13365
13739
0
0
5.8
5.8
96.5
99.2
100
100
94.2
94.2
3.5
0.8
CHAPTER-7
MIX DESIGN
Proper design of concrete mixture is intended to obtain such proportioning of ingredients
which will produce concrete of high durability performance during the designed life of a structure,
usually 50 years.
For a particular strength and long term qualities and performance. Several factors
determine these properties.
1. Quality of cement
2. Proportion of cement and other cementations materials in relation to water in the
mixture (water/cementation ratio)
3. Strength and cleanliness of aggregate
4. Interaction or adhesion between cement paste and aggregate
27
A study of these requirements shows that most of the control actions have to be taken
prior to placing the fresh concrete. Since each control is governed by the proportion and the
mechanical ease or difficulty in handling and placing, the development of criteria based on the
theory of proportioning for each mixture should be studied.
In addition, a determination has to be made as to the admixtures that need to be
prescribed to enhance the long-term high performance and durability of the finished product.
There are several types of strength-modifying admixtures: high range water reducers
(super plasticizer), polymers, granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, or slica fume. However, in
mixture proportioning for very high strength concrete, isolating the water/cementation materials
ratio W/(C+P) (often called simply w/cm) from the paste/aggregate ratio due to the very low water
content can be more effective in arriving at the optimum mixture with fewer trial mixtures and
field trial batches. The very low w/cm material ratio required for strength in the range 138 Mpa or
higher requires major modification to the present standard approach used in mixture proportioning
that seems to work well for strength up to 83 Mpa. The optimum mixture that can be chosen with
minimum trials has to produce satisfactory concrete product in both its plastic and hardened states.
28
29
total
31
Changing Condition
Adjustment Required
In water content %
%sand in total
aggregate
-2.0
+3
-1.5
3%
-3.5%
Therefore required sand content as % of total aggregate by absolute volume = 353.5 = 31.5%
Required water content = 186 + (1863)/100
=191.6 l/m3
volume (m 3)
From IS: 383 : 1970 specified maximum size of aggregate 20 mm, the amount of
entrapped air in the wet concrete is 2%, taking this into account and apply into the
above equation.
0.98 = [191.6 + (383/31.5) + (1/0.315) + (fa/2.6)] (1/1000)
fa = 545 kg/m3
Therefore
Ca = (1-0.315/0.315) (1/1000)
33
Ca = 1188 kg/m3
fa = amount of fine aggregate
Ca = amount coarse aggregate
MIX PROPORTION
Water
191.6 kg
0.5
Cement
383kg
1
Fine Aggregate
545 kg
1.4
Coarse Aggregate
1188 kg
3.1
CHAPTER-8
TESTING OF SPECIMEN
8.1 SPECIMEN PREPARATION
The steel fiber and polypropylene fiber added in the range of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75, 2%, and
2.5% by volume of concrete specimen.
The concrete was mixed in hand then the decided quantity of fiber was added evenly and
mixed to get the uniform distribution and homogeneous mixer without forming fiber balls.
34
The compressive strength and tensile strength performance were evaluated using 150 mm
cube, 100 mm diameter and 200 mm height cylinder.
The specimens were cast in steel mould. The test specimens were normal cured under
water.
35
In order to determine the compressive strength, a total number of 144 cubes were cast.
After 24 hours of casting, the specimens were de-molded and cured under water.
At the end of curing period, the above specimens were tested in a compressive testing
machine as per: IS516-1989.
8.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
This is also sometimes referred as, Brazilian Test. This test was developed in Brazil
in 1943.At about the some time this was also independently developed in Japan. The test is carried
out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of a compression
testing machine and the load is applied until failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter.
When the load is applied along the generatrix, an element on the vertical diameter of
the cylinder is subjected to a vertical compressive stress. In order to determine the split tensile
strength of various concretes test was conducted as per IS: 5816-1999.
A total number of 96 cylindrical specimens were cast and after 28 days of curing, they
were tested in a compression testing machine by loading it on the longitudinal direction.
CHAPTER-9
TEST RESULTS
The compressive strength of various percentage steel fibers added are given by the table9.1.
Sl. no
1.
2.
Mix
CC
SF1
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
SF2
SF3
SF4
SF5
SF6
SF7
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
2.5
14.6
14.8
16
18.5
18
17.3
20
21.4
24.2
25.3
23
22
23.5
24.5
26
29
26.3
26
Table 9.1: Compressive strength of M20 grade concrete with and without steel fiber
Where
CC Control Concrete
SF1 0.25 % steel fiber added concrete
SF2 0.5 % steel fiber added concrete
SF3 0.75 % steel fiber added concrete
SF4- 1 % steel fiber added concrete
SF5 1.5 % steel fiber added concrete
SF6 2 % steel fiber added concrete
SF7 2.5 % steel fiber added concrete
37
Figure 9.1: Graph showing the compressive strength of M20 grade concrete with and without
steel fiber
38
The compressive strength of various percentage added Polypropylene fiber added concrete as
given by the table9.2.
Mix
Sl. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
Polypropylene
fiber (%)
CC
PPF1
PPF2
PPF3
PPF4
PPF5
PPF6
PPF7
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
2.5
12.5
13.5
18
17.3
17
16.6
15.3
14
15.5
18.5
21.3
20
19.2
18.6
17.9
17
18
21
25.5
24.3
23
22
21.1
20.8
Table 9.2: Compressive strength of M20 grade concrete with and without polypropylene fiber
Where
CC Control concrete
PPF1 0.25 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF2 0.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF3 0.75 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF4 1% polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF5 1.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF6 2 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF7 2.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
39
Figure 9.2: Graph shows the compressive strength of M20 grade concrete with and
without polypropylene fiber
The Split tensile strength of various percentage steel fiber added concrete as given by the table9.3.
40
Sl. no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mix
CC
SF1
SF2
SF3
SF4
SF5
SF6
SF7
Table9.3: Split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete with and without steel fiber
Where
CC Control Concrete
SF1 0.25 % steel fiber added concrete
SF2 0.5 % steel fiber added concrete
SF3 0.75 % steel fiber added concrete
SF4- 1 % steel fiber added concrete
SF5 1.5 % steel fiber added concrete
SF6 2 % steel fiber added concrete
SF7 2.5 % steel fiber added concrete
41
Figure9.3: Graph showing the split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete with and without
steel fiber
The Split tensile strength of various percentage Polypropylene fiber added concrete as given by the
table9.4.
42
Sl. no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mix
CC
PPF1
PPF2
PPF3
PPF4
PPF5
PPF6
PPF7
Polypropylene
fiber (%)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
2.5
1.8
3.8
4
4.1
4.5
4.4
4.32
4.2
3
4.2
4.23
4.5
5.2
5.1
5.02
4.8
Table9.4: Split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete with and without polypropylene fiber
Where
CC Control concrete
PPF1 0.25 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF2 0.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF3 0.75 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF4 1% polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF5 1.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF6 2 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
PPF7 2.5 % polypropylene fiber added concrete
43
Figure 9.4: Graphs shows the split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete with and without
polypropylene fiber
44
45
46
47
48
CHAPTER-10
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental investigation
carried out on concrete mixture.
1. Higher compressive strength is obtained for 1.5 % steel fiber and 0.5% for
Polypropylene Fiber added concrete.
2. Higher split tensile strength is obtained for 1.5 % steel fiber and 1% for
Polypropylene Fiber added concrete.
3. Concrete attained maximum compressive and split tensile strength when mixing
Minimum amount of polypropylene fiber compared to steel fiber.
49
CHAPTER-11
REFERENCE
1. IS 10262:1982 Hand Book of Concrete Mix Design, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi
2. IS 383:2000, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, (4th
Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
3. IS 383:1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural
sources for concrete
4. IS 5816:1999 Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Test.
5. M.S. SHETTY (2000).,Concrete Technology, S.CHAND and Company Ltd.
M.L. GAMBHIR (1998) Concrete Technology , Tata McGraw-Hill
7. ACI Committee 2111, (1994) mechanical properties
and time dependent deformation of polypropylene fiber concrete. ACI
Manual of Concrete Practice.
8.
50