BLOOD GROUPS in the RBC membrane

Antigens react to immune system

Antibody react w/ antigen
- proteins produced by immune system in
response to antigenic stimulation
Naturally occurring antibodies
produced even w/out antigenic
stimulation
Antigens:
(in the RBC membrane) Agglutinogens
(antibody react) Agglutinins
Agglutinogens + Agglutinins = rxn:
AGGLUTINATION

Anti-A

Blood Typing:
1. Forward typing/ Front typing addition
known Antibody (Ab) to detect known
Antigens (Ag+)
2. Back typing addition of known Antigen
(Ag+) to identify unknown Antibody (Ab)
Gen
e

Bloo
d
Typ
e

Ag

AA

AO

BB

BO

OO

Non
e

AB

AB

A&B

Ab

Forward

Ant
i-A

Ant
i-B

AntiB

AntiA
AntiA, B,
AB
Non
e

Rever
se

A
A
g
0

B
A
g
+

NOTES:
Anti- A = (+) agglutination w/ Ag A
Anti-B = naturally occurring Ab
O gene amorph gene
- silent gene -> no detectable
product
Karl Landsteiner father of ABO blood
group system
Landsteiner rule (rule of
reciprocality)
- Ag present in RBC membrane
is reciprocal of Ab present in
plasma
Anti-serum:
BLAISE CACHUELA 2APH

Anti-A: BLUE
Anti-B: YELLOW
Anti-D: COLORLESS (determine RH
blood group)

Anti-B

Anti-D

If there is agglutination in:

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-D
RESULT

A+

X
X
AX
X
X
OX
X

O+
BLEEDING TIME indirect measure of platelet
function (involved cells platelet)
- first filter paper with no more blot
If bleeding not in vascular (superficial)
form PLATELET plugs
DUKES METHOD
- start time once na prick na
- after 30 sec blot filter paper
- repeat every after 30 sec
- endpoint: no more blot
CLOTTING TIME measure of coagulation
factors *coagulation factors -> proteins ->
cascade-pababa
Stable fibrin clot
XII(contact factor) -> XIIa -> XI -> XIa ->
end: I -> Ia (fibrin clot)
XII activated when touched by (-)
charged particles
Fibrin clot stabilize platelet plugs
Procedure slide method
- start time: after drop sa slide
- every after 30 sec: check for Fibrin
thread (white)
ADDITIONAL NOTES OF SIR
Plasma made up of 91% of water and
and 9% of dissolved elements wherein 7%
(7 + 2) of the dissolved elements are
proteins while the 2% are organic and
inorg compounds, (urea, glucose, etc)
Serum liquid matrix in a clotted blood

Plasma contains fibrinogen, serum has no

fibrinogen
Hematocrit packed cell volume after
centrifugation
RBC are the most dense thats why they
are at the bottom then the buffy coat, then
the plasma
Buffy coat mixture of WBC and platelets
Females have less hematocrit because of
menstruation and less body mass than
males

BLAISE CACHUELA 2APH

Infants have the highest hematocrit count

because of they have a lot of extra
hematopoietic production
Hemoglobin has the affinity to oxygen and
other gases
Polycythemia vera many blood because
of hyperactivity of bone marrow
Oxygen is thin in high altitudes, mas
mataas ang RBC content
Sahli pipette pipette with predetermined
measurement that is 20 microLiters