Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is toothpaste ?
History
Early toothpaste
Tooth powder
Modern toothpaste
Whitening toothpaste
Herbal and "natural toothpaste"
Ingredients
Abrasives
Fluorides
Surfactants
Other Components
Antibacterial agents
Flavorants
Toxicity
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep sense of gratitude
of my guide Mr. Arun Gupta for his
valuable guidance, inspiration and help
provided in every aspect of this
project.
I am thankful to him for his constant
evaluation of this project and
subsequent in this regard.
Last but not the least, I extend my
sincere thanks to my school, Lab
Assistant, and Friends, who played
an important role in proper tunings
of my project.
Piyanka Singh
CERTIFICATE
This is certify that Piyanka
Singh
student
of
class
XII
Varanasi
has
followed
by
C.B.S.E.,
the
instruction
and
Teacher's Signature
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Laboratory Manual in
Chemistry.
- Evergreen
Publication
3. www.wikipediafoundation.
org.
COLGATE
Detection of Cation
Sr.No. Experiment
Observation
Inference
1.
No reaction
2.
No reaction
3.
No ppt.
4.
5.
6.
7. A.
Above ppt.+CH3COOH
B.
(i)
White ppt.
(ii)
Add K2 Cr2 O4
Yellow ppt.
(iii)
Forms ppt.
8.
Efferserence of CO2
Detection of Anions
Sr.No. Experiment
Observation
Inference
1. A.
White fumes
Cl- May be
evolved
B.
2.
Cl- is confirmed
evolved
PO43- is confirmed
B.
present
Ppt. Doesn't
Dissolve
4.
No Reaction Takes
acid
Place
absent
Experiment
Observation
Inference
1.
Toothpaste sol.+NaOH
No Reaction
2.
No Reaction
3.
No Ppt. is formed
4. A.
Warm
Above
NH4Cl+NH4OH
+ NO Ppt. is formed
B.
C.
sol.
Ppt. Formed
5.
6.
7.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8.
Theory
Inorganic compounds are combination of cations and
anions. Therefore, we can find out -which type of cations
and unions are present in particular compound. Cation can
be detected by preliminary test. The usual procedure are
analyzing a mixture of several cations involves a systematic
separations of each group in to its compounds. By this type
of method-we can detect any type of cations in the given
sample,
Anions are also detected By this procedure, the
analysis scheme for anions can be diviided into two parts :
1)
Identification
By
volatile
product
obtained
By
CH3COOH+NaHCO3
CH3COONa+CO2+H2O
Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory
to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote
oral hygiene: it acts as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food
from the teeth, assists in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, and delivers
active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to help prevent tooth and gum disease
(gingivitis). It is important to note that most of the cleaning is done by the mechanical
use of the toothbrush, and not by the toothpaste. Salt and Baking soda are among
materials that can be substituted for commercial toothpaste. Most toothpastes contain
trace amounts of chemicals that may be toxic when ingested; toothpaste is not
intended to be swallowed.
History
Early toothpastes
Toothpastes or powders did not come into general use until the 19th century.
The Greeks, and then the Romans, improved the recipes for toothpaste by adding
abrasives such as crushed bones and oyster shells. In the 9th century, the Persian
musician and fashion designer Ziryab is known to have invented a type of toothpaste,
which he popularized throughout Islamic Spain. The exact ingredients of this
toothpaste are currently unknown, but it was reported to have been both "functional
and pleasant to taste". It is not known whether these early toothpastes were used
alone, were to be rubbed onto the teeth with rags, or were to be used with early
toothbrushes such as neem tree twigs or miswak. Washington Sheffield made the
original collapsible toothpaste tubes that were made of lead.
Tooth powder
Tooth powders for use with toothbrushes came into general use in the 19th
century in Britain. Most were homemade, with chalk, pulverized brick, or salt as
ingredients. An 1866 Home Encyclopedia recommended pulverized charcoal, and
cautioned that many patented tooth powders that were commercially marketed did
more harm than good.
Modern toothpaste
An 18th century American and British toothpaste recipe containing burnt
bread has been found. Another formula around this time called for dragon's blood (a
resin), cinnamon, and burnt alum.
On August 1, 1960, the ADA reported that "Crest has been shown to be an
effective anticavity (decay preventative) dentifrice that can be of significant value
when used in a conscientiously applied program of oral hygiene and regular
professional care." Countries limit and suggest different amounts of fluoride
acceptable for health.
In 2006 appeared in Europe the first toothpaste containing biomimetic
synthetic hydroxylapatite as an effective alternative to fluoride for the
remineralization and reparation of tooth enamel. The function of the biomimetic
hydroxylapatite is to protect the teeth by creating a new layer of synthetic enamel
around the tooth instead of hardening the existing layer with fluoride that chemically
changes it into Fluorapatite.
In June, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies in
Panama, Puerto Rico and Australia advised consumers to avoid certain brands of
toothpaste manufactured in China, after some were found to contain the poisonous
diethylene glycol, also called diglycol or labeled as "DEG" on the tube. The chemical
is used in antifreeze as a solvent and is potentially fatal.
Whitening toothpastes
Many toothpastes make whitening claims. However, there is also a lot of hype.
The toothpastes may have peroxide in them, which is the same ingredient found in
tooth bleaching gels, but it's the abrasive in the toothpaste that removes the stains.
However, whitening toothpaste can't change the natural color of teeth or
reverse discoloration caused by excessive exposure to fluoride during tooth
development, penetrating surface stains or decay. To remove surface stains, whitening
toothpaste may include:
- Special abrasives that gently polish the teeth - Chemicals, such as sodium
tripolyphosphate, that help break down or dissolve stains
When used twice a day, whitening toothpaste typically takes two to four weeks
to create an optical illusion that makes teeth appear less yellow. Whitening toothpaste
is generally safe for daily use, but excessive use might damage tooth enamel.
Therefore users might want to try teeth whitening gels. Bleaching solutions contain
peroxide, which bleaches the tooth enamel to change its color.
Other ingredients
In addition to fluoride, the other fundamental ingredient in most
toothpastes is an abrasive. Studies have shown that abrasives in
toothpaste reduce the time needed to remove plaque from the teeth by
approximately 50%. Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in
dentist's offices, also cause a small amount of enamel erosion which is
termed "polishing" action. Some brands contain powdered white mica
which acts as a mild abrasive, and also adds a cosmetically-pleasing
glittery shimmer to the paste. Many may contain frustules of dead
diatoms as a mild abrasive. The removal of plaque and calculus prevents
caries and periodontal disease. The polishing of teeth removes stains from
tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve dental health over and
above the effects of the removal of plaque and calculus.
Toxicity
With the exception of toothpaste intended to be used on pets such
as dogs and cats, and toothpaste used by astronauts, most toothpaste is
not intended to be swallowed, and doing so may cause nausea or diarrhea;
fluoride toothpaste can be either acutely toxic if swallowed in large
amounts, or chronically toxic if swallowed in any amount consistently. If
a large amount of toothpaste is swallowed at once, medical attention
should be sought immediately. Extended consumption of large volumes
of fluoride toothpaste can result in fluorosis. Though the main reason why
the NHS advises supervised brushing up to 6 years is to ensure proper
brushing, keeping an eye on toothpaste consumption, and thus the risk of
fluorosis. It is worthy of note that the risk of using fluoride is low
enough that the use of 'full-strength' toothpaste (1350-1500ppm fluoride)
is advised for all ages (though smaller volumes are used for young
children; a 'smear' of toothpaste until 3 years). There are several nonfluoride toothpaste options available in the market for those who choose
not to use fluoride. Natural toothpaste can contain peppermint oil, myrrh,
plant extract (strawberry extract), special oils and cleansing agents. Case
reports of plasma cell gingivitis have been reported with the use of herbal
toothpaste containing cinnamon. Reports have suggested that triclosan, an
active ingredient in many toothpastes, can combine with chlorine in tap
water to form chloroform , which the United States Environmental
Protection Agency classifies as a probable human carcinogen. An animal
study revealed that the chemical might modify hormone regulation, and
many other lab researches proved that bacteria might be able to develop
resistance to triclosan in a way, which can help them to resist antibiotics
also.
Some experts believe the chemicals used in 'tartar fighting'
toothpastes are toxic to the cells in the mouth (oral mucosa). The theory is
the ingredients initiate an autoimmune response referred to as aphthous
ulcers. These ulcers last 7-10 days and have no cure. According to
textbooks on oral pathology, 20% of the population are susceptible to this
reactive disorder.